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Income Taxes
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2024
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]  
Income Tax Disclosure [Text Block] Income Taxes
Income from continuing operations before income taxes for the periods presented below consisted of the following:
 Year Ended December 31,
 202420232022
 (Dollars in millions)
U.S. $180.2 $77.8 $59.7 
Non-U.S. 335.9 1,047.0 1,218.9 
Total$516.1 $1,124.8 $1,278.6 
Total income tax provision (benefit) for the periods presented below consisted of the following:
 Year Ended December 31,
 202420232022
 (Dollars in millions)
Current:
U.S. federal$(0.1)$(0.1)$(0.2)
Non-U.S. 96.7 225.9 42.9 
State— 0.1 0.1 
Total current96.6 225.9 42.8 
Deferred: 
Non-U.S. 12.2 82.9 (81.6)
Total deferred12.2 82.9 (81.6)
Total income tax provision (benefit)$108.8 $308.8 $(38.8)
The following is a reconciliation of the expected statutory federal income tax expense to the Company’s income tax provision (benefit) for the periods presented below:
 Year Ended December 31,
 202420232022
 (Dollars in millions)
Expected income tax expense at U.S. federal statutory rate$108.4 $236.2 $268.5 
Changes in valuation allowance, income tax(19.6)(11.1)(595.6)
Changes in tax reserves0.5 (0.8)(1.5)
Excess depletion(10.2)(15.0)(17.2)
Foreign earnings repatriation— — 42.3 
Foreign earnings provision differential46.0 91.6 80.7 
Global intangible low-taxed income— — 197.2 
Remeasurement of foreign income tax accounts(5.7)(0.9)(2.6)
State income taxes, net of federal tax benefit(12.5)6.3 1.1 
Other, net1.9 2.5 (11.7)
Total income tax provision (benefit)$108.8 $308.8 $(38.8)
Certain reconciliation items included in the above table exclude the remeasurement of foreign income tax accounts as these foreign currency effects are separately presented. The Company recognizes the tax on global intangible low-taxed income (GILTI) as a period expense. The Company recorded a provision of $197.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, which was fully offset within the effective tax rate by the release of valuation allowance associated with the net operating losses (NOLs) that absorbed the GILTI inclusion. No provision for GILTI was recorded for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023.
On August 16, 2022, the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 was signed into law and contained numerous tax provisions including a 15% minimum tax on book income of certain large corporations. This act did not have a material impact on the Company’s tax provision.
The tax effects of temporary differences that gave rise to significant portions of the deferred tax assets and liabilities as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 consisted of the following:
December 31,
 20242023
 (Dollars in millions)
Deferred tax assets:  
Tax loss carryforwards and credits$732.5 $745.6 
Property, plant, equipment and mine development, principally due to differences in depreciation, depletion and asset impairments
523.2 550.1 
Accrued postretirement benefit obligations33.7 38.6 
Asset retirement obligations102.4 99.1 
Employee benefits19.7 20.1 
Take-or-pay obligations5.5 6.7 
Investments and other assets32.6 40.8 
Workers’ compensation obligations8.4 7.3 
Operating lease liabilities29.0 17.2 
Other33.0 30.6 
Total gross deferred tax assets1,520.0 1,556.1 
Valuation allowance(1,420.9)(1,473.5)
Total net deferred tax assets99.1 82.6 
Deferred tax liabilities:  
Property, plant, equipment and mine development, principally due to differences in depreciation, depletion and asset impairments
95.5 84.9 
Operating lease right-of-use assets29.1 16.3 
Investments and other assets15.4 10.0 
Total deferred tax liabilities140.0 111.2 
Net deferred tax liability$(40.9)$(28.6)
Deferred taxes are classified as follows:  
Noncurrent deferred income tax liability$(40.9)$(28.6)
As of December 31, 2024, the Company had gross U.S. federal NOLs of $1.7 billion. The Company’s tax loss carryforwards and credits of $732.5 million as of December 31, 2024 were comprised primarily of net federal NOLs of $361.5 million, tax general business credits (GBCs) of $139.1 million, net Australia NOLs and capital tax loss carryforwards of $125.4 million, state NOLs of $87.8 million and other foreign NOLs of $17.8 million. The foreign tax loss carryforwards have no expiration date. The federal NOLs begin to expire in 2037, the state NOLs begin to expire in 2028 and the GBCs begin to expire in 2027.
In assessing the near-term use of NOLs and tax credits and corresponding valuation allowance adjustments, the Company evaluates the expected level of reversals of existing taxable temporary differences, available tax planning strategies and future taxable income. The Company maintained valuation allowances of $1.4 billion against the U.S. net deferred tax asset position of $1.0 billion and against certain foreign deferred tax assets, primarily in Australia, of $0.4 billion. The valuation allowance against the U.S. and certain foreign deferred tax assets continues to be recorded due to unlikely realization.
Unrecognized Tax Benefits
Net unrecognized tax benefits (excluding interest and penalties) were recorded as follows in the consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2024 and 2023:
December 31,
 20242023
(Dollars in millions)
Deferred income taxes$9.2 $7.4 
Other noncurrent liabilities— 1.3 
Net unrecognized tax benefits$9.2 $8.7 
Gross unrecognized tax benefits$9.2 $8.7 
The amount of the Company’s gross unrecognized tax benefits increased by $0.5 million since December 31, 2023 primarily due to additions for current and prior year positions, partially offset by reductions due to expiration of statutes. The amount of the net unrecognized tax benefits that, if recognized, would directly affect the effective tax rate was $9.2 million and $8.7 million at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of gross unrecognized tax benefits for the periods presented below is as follows:
 Year Ended December 31,
 202420232022
(Dollars in millions)
Balance at beginning of period$8.7 $9.5 $11.0 
Additions for current year tax positions1.4 0.9 0.8 
Additions (reductions) for prior year tax positions0.4 (1.7)(2.3)
Reductions for expirations of statutes limitations(1.3)— — 
Balance at end of period$9.2 $8.7 $9.5 
The Company recognizes interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits in its income tax provision. During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company’s gross interest and penalties decreased by $6.2 million due to expiration of statutes. The Company recorded $0.2 million of gross interest and penalties in each of the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022. The Company had no accrued gross interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits at December 31, 2024. The Company had $6.1 million and $5.9 million of accrued gross interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
The Company expects a decrease in its net unrecognized tax benefits of $0.8 million during the next twelve months due to expiration of statutes.
Tax Returns Subject to Examination
The Company’s federal income tax returns for the tax years 2017 and 2020 through 2023 are subject to potential examinations by the Internal Revenue Service. The Company’s state income tax returns for the tax years 2016 and thereafter remain potentially subject to examination by various state taxing authorities due to NOL carryforwards. Australian income tax returns for tax years 2019 through 2023 continue to be subject to potential examinations by the Australian Taxation Office.
Foreign Earnings
As of December 31, 2024, the Company has unremitted earnings relating to certain wholly owned subsidiaries that are not permanently reinvested, but there are no residual cash taxes on the unremitted earnings. The Company has an earnings deficit for remaining investments outside the U.S. and continues to be permanently reinvested with respect to its historical earnings. However, when appropriate, the Company has the ability to access foreign cash without incurring residual cash taxes due to the existence of NOLs.
Tax Payments and Refunds
The following table summarizes the Company’s income tax payments, net for the periods presented below:
 Year Ended December 31,
 202420232022
 (Dollars in millions)
U.S. — federal$(0.1)$(0.2)$(0.3)
U.S. — state and local— 0.1 — 
Non-U.S. 222.6 130.7 36.9 
Total income tax payments, net$222.5 $130.6 $36.6 
The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)/G20 Inclusive Framework on Base Erosion and Profit Shifting published the Pillar Two model rules designed to address the tax challenges arising from the digitalization of the global economy. Pillar Two legislation has been enacted or substantially enacted in certain jurisdictions in which the Company operates, effective for the financial year beginning January 1, 2024. Based on an assessment performed, the Pillar Two effective tax rates in all jurisdictions in which the Company operates are above 15% and the Company is not currently aware of any circumstances under which this might change. Therefore, the Company did not incur any Pillar Two top-up taxes in the year ended December 31, 2024.