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Income taxes | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2016
Income taxes |
Income taxes | 14 Income taxes a. Income tax benefit / (expense) No current tax charges or liabilities were recorded in 2016, 2015 and 2014 by the Dutch and U.S operation since these operations were in a loss-making position. Due to the uncertainty surrounding the realization of the favorable tax attributes in future tax returns, the Company has recorded a full valuation allowance against the Company's otherwise recognizable net deferred tax assets. For the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, loss before income taxes consists of the following:
|  | Years ended December 31, |
|  | 2016 |  | 2015 |  | 2014 |
|  | in thousands |
Dutch operations |  | $ | (51,107 | ) | $ | (63,304 | ) | $ | (41,063 | )
U.S. operations |  |  | (21,221 | ) |  | (20,406 | ) |  | (8,937 | )
Foreign operations |  |  | 99 |  |  | 448 |  |  | (312 | )
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Total |  | $ | (72,229 | ) | $ | (83,262 | ) | $ | (50,312 | )
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
The income tax benefit / (expense) for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, consists of the following:
|  | Years ended December 31, |
|  | 2016 |  | 2015 |  | 2014 |
|  | in thousands |
Current benefit / (expense) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Dutch operations |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |
U.S. operations |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Foreign operations |  |  | (51 | ) |  | (51 | ) |  | — |
Deferred benefit / (expense) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Dutch operations |  |  | (1,094 | ) |  | 714 |  |  | 535 |
U.S. operations |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Foreign operations |  |  | — |  |  | 516 |  |  | — |
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Total income tax benefit / (expense) |  | $ | (1,145 | ) | $ | 1,179 |  | $ | 535 |
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
b. Tax rate reconciliation The reconciliation of the Dutch statutory income tax rate to the Company's effective tax rate for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, is as follows:
|  | December 31, 2016 |  | December 31, 2015 |  | December 31, 2014 |
|  | in thousands |
Net loss before tax for the period |  | $ | (72,229 | ) | $ | (83,262 | ) | $ | (50,312 | )
Expected tax benefit / (expense) at the tax rate enacted in the Netherlands (25%) |  |  | 18,057 |  |  | 20,816 |  |  | 12,578 |
Difference in tax rates between the Netherlands and foreign countries |  |  | 1,905 |  |  | 1,816 |  |  | 819 |
Net change in valuation allowance |  |  | (20,054 | ) |  | (16,301 | ) |  | (10,843 | )
Non deductible expenses |  |  | (1,323 | ) |  | (4,984 | ) |  | (2,111 | )
Deductible expenses directly recognized in equity |  |  | — |  |  | 168 |  |  | 139 |
Change in fair value of contingent consideration |  |  | 270 |  |  | (336 | ) |  | (47 | )
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Income tax benefit / (expense) |  | $ | (1,145 | ) | $ | 1,179 |  | $ | 535 |
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Non-deductible expenses predominantly relate to share-based compensation expenses for an amount of $1.6 million in 2016 (2015: $2.9 million; 2014: $2.1 million) and non-deductible results on derivative financial instruments of nil (2015: $1.9 million; 2014: nil). c. Significant components of deferred taxes The tax effects of temporary differences that give rise to significant portions of deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities at December 31, 2016 and 2015 are as follows:
|  | December 31, 2016 |  | December 31, 2015 |
|  |  |  | in thousands |
Deferred tax assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net operating loss carryforwards |  | $ | 59,468 |  | $ | 40,236 |
Intangible assets |  |  | 1,621 |  |  | 1,986 |
Property, plant and equipment |  |  | 1,412 |  |  | 1,202 |
Deferred revenue |  |  | 19,997 |  |  | 21,410 |
Accrued revenue |  |  | — |  |  | 962 |
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities |  |  | 144 |  |  | 935 |
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Gross deferred tax asset |  | $ | 82,642 |  | $ | 66,731 |
Less valuation allowance |  |  | (82,642 | ) |  | (65,593 | )
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Net deferred tax asset |  |  | — |  |  | 1,138 |
Deferred tax liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Intangible assets |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Long-term loan to foreign operation |  |  | — |  |  | (1,138 | )
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Net deferred tax liability |  | $ | — |  | $ | (1,138 | )
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Net deferred tax asset/(liability) |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
The valuation allowance for deferred tax assets as of December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014 was $82.6 million, $65.6 million and $50.0 million, respectively. The net change in the total valuation allowance was an increase of $17.0 million in 2016 and an increase of $15.6 million in 2015. The valuation allowance at December 31, 2016 was primarily related to net operating loss carryforwards that, in the judgment of management, are not more-likely than-not to be realized. Management considers the scheduled reversal of deferred tax liabilities (including the impact of available carryback and carryforward periods), projected future taxable income and tax-planning strategies in making this assessment. According to Dutch income tax law, a tax loss carry-forward expires nine years after the end of the respective period. The Dutch fiscal unity has as of December 31, 2016 an estimated $182.0 million (2015: $137.0 million; 2014: $175.7 million) of taxable losses that can be offset in the following nine years. The expiration dates of these Dutch losses, is summarized in the following table. In the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015, no amounts of unused tax losses expired.
|  | 2017 |  | 2018 |  | 2019 |  | 2020 |  | 2021 |
|  | in thousands |
Loss expiring |  | $ | 21,523 |  |  | 17,579 |  |  | 19,070 |  |  | 17,333 |  |  | 13,043 |
There are no unrecognized tax benefits for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014.

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- Definition The entire disclosure for income taxes. Disclosures may include net deferred tax liability or asset recognized in an enterprise's statement of financial position, net change during the year in the total valuation allowance, approximate tax effect of each type of temporary difference and carryforward that gives rise to a significant portion of deferred tax liabilities and deferred tax assets, utilization of a tax carryback, and tax uncertainties information. + References Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 235 -SubTopic 10 -Section S99 -Paragraph 1 -Subparagraph (SX 210.4-08.(h)) -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=26873400&loc=d3e23780-122690 Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 740 -SubTopic 10 -Section 50 -Paragraph 3 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=65882285&loc=d3e32559-109319 Reference 3: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 740 -SubTopic 10 -Section 50 -Paragraph 15 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=65882285&loc=d3e32718-109319 Reference 4: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 740 -SubTopic 10 -Section 50 -Paragraph 9 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=65882285&loc=d3e32639-109319 Reference 5: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 740 -SubTopic 10 -Section 50 -Paragraph 2 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=65882285&loc=d3e32537-109319 + Details
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