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SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Policies)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2019

SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

Presentation

The consolidated financial statements include the accounts and operations of the ARLP Partnership and present our financial position as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, and results of our operations, comprehensive income, cash flows and changes in partners' capital for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2019. All of our intercompany transactions and accounts have been eliminated.

As a result of the AllDale Acquisition, we now control the underlying oil & gas mineral interests held by AllDale I & II. This control over the oil & gas mineral interests held by AllDale I & II reflects a strategic change in how we manage

our business and how resources are allocated by our chief operating decision maker. Due to this strategic change, we realigned our reportable segments in 2019 to include our oil & gas mineral interests within a new Minerals reportable segment. In August 2019, we added the Wing Acquisition to the Minerals reportable segment. As part of our realignment, we have also included the operations of our Mt. Vernon Transfer Terminal, LLC ("Mt. Vernon") and Mid-America Carbonates, LLC ("MAC") subsidiaries in the Illinois Basin reportable segment rather than Other and Corporate to better reflect our Illinois Basin related activities. Prior periods have been recast to include our oil & gas mineral interests in the Minerals segment, and Mt. Vernon and MAC in the Illinois Basin segment. See Note 23 – Segment Information for further discussion of our reportable segments.

Consolidation

Consolidation—The consolidated financial statements present the consolidated financial position, results of operations and cash flows of ARLP, the Intermediate Partnership, Alliance Coal and other directly and indirectly wholly- and majority-owned subsidiaries of ARLP. For the periods presented prior to the Simplification Transactions, MGP's interests in both Alliance Coal and the Intermediate Partnership are reported as part of the general partner's interest in the ARLP Partnership's consolidated financial statements. For the periods presented prior to the Exchange Transaction, MGP's managing general partner interest and IDRs in ARLP and the SGP's special general partner interests in ARLP and the Intermediate Partnership are also reported as part of the general partners' interest in the ARLP Partnership's consolidated financial statements. All intercompany transactions and accounts have been eliminated. See Note 10 – Partners' Capital for more information regarding MGP's previously held IDR's in ARLP. See Note 1 – Organization and Presentation for more information regarding the Simplification Transactions and Exchange Transaction.

Variable Interest Entity ("VIE")

Variable Interest Entity ("VIE")—VIEs are primarily entities that lack sufficient equity to finance their activities without additional financial support from other parties or whose equity holders, as a group, lack one or more of the following characteristics: (a) direct or indirect ability to make decisions, (b) obligation to absorb expected losses or (c) right to receive expected residual returns. A VIE must be evaluated quantitatively and qualitatively to determine the primary beneficiary, which is the reporting entity that has (a) the power to direct activities of a VIE that most significantly impact the VIE's economic performance and (b) the obligation to absorb losses of the VIE that could potentially be significant to the VIE or the right to receive benefits from the VIE that could potentially be significant to the VIE. The primary beneficiary is required to consolidate the VIE for financial reporting purposes.

To determine a VIE's primary beneficiary, we perform a qualitative assessment to determine which party, if any, has the power to direct activities of the VIE and the obligation to absorb losses and/or receive its benefits. This assessment involves identifying the activities that most significantly impact the VIE's economic performance and determine whether it, or another party, has the power to direct those activities. When evaluating whether we are the primary beneficiary of a VIE, we perform a qualitative analysis that considers the design of the VIE, the nature of our involvement and the variable interests held by other parties. See Note 11 – Variable Interest Entities for further information.

Estimates

Estimates—The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles of the United States ("GAAP") requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Significant estimates and assumptions include:

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Impairment assessments of investments, property, plant and equipment, and goodwill;

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Asset retirement obligations;

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Pension valuation variables;

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Workers' compensation and pneumoconiosis valuation variables;

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Acquisition related purchase price allocations; and

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Life of mine assumptions;

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Oil & gas reserve quantities and carrying amounts; and

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Determination of oil & gas revenue accruals

These significant estimates and assumptions are discussed throughout these notes to the consolidated financial statements.

Fair Value Measurements

Fair Value Measurements—We apply fair value measurements to certain assets and liabilities. Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in an orderly transaction

between market participants at the measurement date. Fair value is based upon assumptions that market participants would use when pricing an asset or liability, including assumptions about risk and risks inherent in valuation techniques and inputs to valuations. Fair value measurements assume that the transaction occurs in the principal market for the asset or liability or, in the absence of a principal market, the most advantageous market for the asset or liability (the market for which the reporting entity would be able to maximize the amount received or minimize the amount paid). Valuation techniques used in our fair value measurements are based upon observable and unobservable inputs. Observable inputs reflect market data obtained from independent sources, while unobservable inputs reflect our own market assumptions.

We use the following fair value hierarchy, which prioritizes the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value into three broad levels:

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Level 1 – Quoted prices for identical assets and liabilities in active markets that we have the ability to access at the measurement date.

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Level 2 – Quoted prices for similar instruments in active markets; quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in markets that are not active; and model derived valuations whose inputs are observable or whose significant value drivers are observable.

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Level 3 – Unobservable inputs for the asset or liability including situations where there is little, if any, market activity for the asset or liability.

The fair value hierarchy gives the highest priority to quoted prices in active markets (Level 1) and the lowest priority to unobservable data (Level 3). In some cases, the inputs used to measure fair value might fall into different levels of the fair value hierarchy. The lowest level input that is significant to a fair value measurement determines the applicable level in the fair value hierarchy. Assessing the significance of a particular input to the fair value measurement requires judgment, considering factors specific to the asset or liability. Significant fair value measurements are used in our significant estimates and are discussed throughout these notes.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

Cash and Cash Equivalents—Cash and cash equivalents include cash on hand and on deposit, including highly liquid investments with maturities of three months or less.

Cash Management

Cash Management—The cash flows from operating activities section of our consolidated statements of cash flows reflects an adjustment for $14.0 million representing book overdrafts at December 31, 2017. We did not have material book overdrafts at December 31, 2019 and 2018.

Inventories

Inventories—Coal inventories are stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value on a first-in, first-out basis. Supply inventories are stated at an average cost basis, less a reserve for obsolete and surplus items.

Business Combinations

Business Combinations—For acquisitions accounted for as a business combination, we record the assets acquired, including identified intangible assets and liabilities assumed at their fair value, which in many instances involves estimates based on third-party valuations, such as appraisals, or internal valuations based on discounted cash flow analyses or other valuation techniques.

Goodwill

Goodwill—Goodwill represents the excess of cost over the fair value of net assets of acquired businesses. Goodwill is not amortized, but instead is evaluated for impairment periodically. We evaluate goodwill for impairment annually on November 30th, or more often if events or circumstances indicate that goodwill might be impaired. The reporting unit or units used to evaluate and measure goodwill for impairment are determined primarily from the manner in which the business is managed or operated. A reporting unit is an operating segment or a component that is one level below an operating segment. There were no impairments of goodwill during 2019 or 2018.

Property, Plant and Equipment

Property, Plant and Equipment—Expenditures which extend the useful lives of existing plant and equipment assets are capitalized. Interest costs associated with major asset additions are capitalized during the construction period. Maintenance and repairs that do not extend the useful life or increase productivity of the asset are charged to operating expense as incurred. Exploration expenditures are charged to operating expense as incurred, including costs related to drilling and study costs incurred to convert or upgrade mineral resources to reserves. Land, machinery and equipment under capital lease agreements are capitalized and amortized over the useful lives of the assets given that in each case, ownership transfers at the end of the lease term. Preparation plants, processing facilities and mineral rights, assuming

current production estimates, are depreciated or depleted using the units-of-production method over a range from 1 to 28 years. Mining equipment and other plant and equipment assets are depreciated principally using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets, ranging from 1 to 28 years, limited by the remaining estimated life of each mine. Depreciable lives for buildings, office equipment and improvements range from 1 to 25 years. Gains or losses arising from retirements are included in operating expenses. Depletion of coal mineral rights is provided on the basis of tonnage mined in relation to estimated recoverable tonnage, which equals estimated proven and probable reserves. Therefore, our coal mineral rights are depleted based on only proven and probable reserves. See Oil & Gas Reserve Quantities and Carrying Amounts below for a discussion of our accounting policies for oil & gas properties.

Mine Development Costs

Mine Development Costs—Mine development costs are capitalized until production, other than production incidental to the mine development process, commences and are amortized on a units of production method based on the estimated proven and probable reserves. Mine development costs represent costs incurred in establishing access to mineral reserves and include costs associated with sinking or driving shafts and underground drifts, permanent excavations, roads and tunnels. The end of the development phase and the beginning of the production phase takes place when construction of the mine for economic extraction is substantially complete. Coal extracted during the development phase is incidental to the mine's production capacity and is not considered to shift the mine into the production phase.

Long-Lived Asset Impairment

Long-Lived Asset Impairment—We review the carrying value of long-lived assets and certain identifiable intangibles whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount may not be recoverable based upon estimated undiscounted future cash flows. To the extent the carrying amount is not recoverable, the amount of impairment is measured by the difference between the carrying value and the fair value of the asset (See Note 4 – Long-Lived Asset Impairments).

Oil & Gas Reserve Quantities and Carrying Amounts

Oil & Gas Reserve Quantities and Carrying Amounts—We are wholly dependent on third-party operators to explore, develop, produce and operate the properties associated with our mineral interests. We follow the successful efforts method of accounting for our oil & gas mineral interests. Under this method, costs to acquire mineral interests in oil & gas properties are capitalized when incurred. The costs of mineral interests in unproved properties are capitalized pending the results of exploration and leasing efforts by operators. As mineral interests in unproved properties are determined to be proved, the related costs are transferred to proved oil & gas properties.

Mineral interests in oil & gas properties are grouped using a reasonable aggregation of properties with a common geological structural feature or stratigraphic condition, which we may also refer to as a depletable group. Mineral interests in proved oil & gas properties are depleted based on the units-of-production method. Proved reserves are quantities of oil & gas that can be estimated with reasonable certainty to be recoverable in the future from a given date forward, from known reservoirs, under existing economic conditions, operating methods, and government regulations. Proved developed resources are the quantities expected to be recovered through our operators' existing wells with existing equipment, infrastructure and operating methods.

We evaluate impairment of our mineral interests in proved properties whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. This evaluation is performed on a depletable group basis. We compare the undiscounted projected future cash flows expected in connection with a depletable group to its unamortized carrying amount to determine recoverability. When the carrying amount of a depletable group exceeds its estimated undiscounted future cash flows, the carrying amount is written down to its fair value, which is measured as the present value of the projected future cash flows of such properties. The factors used to determine fair value include estimates of proved reserves, future commodity prices, timing of future production, future expenditures, and a risk-adjusted discount rate.

Our mineral interests in unproved properties are also assessed for impairment periodically on a depletable group basis when facts and circumstances indicate that the carrying value may not be recoverable. Impairment of individual unproved properties whose acquisition costs are relatively significant are assessed on a property-by-property basis, and an impairment loss is recognized to the extent the carrying value exceeds the estimated recoverable value for the property. Impairment of unproved properties whose acquisition costs are not individually significant are assessed on a group basis. Any amount of loss to be recognized and the amount of a valuation allowance needed to provide for impairment of those properties is determined by amortizing those properties in the aggregate on the basis of historical experience and other relevant information, such as the relative proportion of such properties on which proved reserves have been found in the past. The carrying value of unproved properties, including unleased mineral rights, are determined based on management's

assessment of fair value using factors similar to those previously noted for proved properties, as well as geographic and geologic data.

Upon the sale of a complete depletable group, the book value thereof, less proceeds or salvage value, are charged to income. Upon the sale or retirement of an aggregation of interests which make up less than a complete depletable group, the proceeds are credited to accumulated depreciation, depletion and amortization, unless doing so would significantly alter the depreciation, depletion and amortization rate of the depletable group, in which case a gain or loss would be recorded.

Intangibles

Intangibles—Intangibles subject to amortization include contracts with covenants not to compete, customer contracts acquired from other parties and mining permits. Intangibles other than customer contracts are amortized on a straight-line basis over their useful life. Intangibles for customer contracts are amortized on a per unit basis over the terms of the contracts. Amortization expense attributable to intangibles was $9.1 million, $6.9 million and $10.5 million for the years ending December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Our intangibles are included in Prepaid expenses and other assets and Other long-term assets on our consolidated balance sheets at December 31, 2019 and 2018. Our intangibles are summarized as follows:


	December 31, 2019						December 31, 2018
			Accumulated		Intangibles,				Accumulated		Intangibles,
	Original Cost		Amortization		Net		Original Cost		Amortization		Net
	(in thousands)
Non-compete agreements	$	9,803	$	(9,440)	$	363	$	9,697	$	(8,385)	$	1,312
Customer contracts and other		32,371		(24,258)		8,113		23,000		(16,293)		6,707
Mining permits		1,500		(307)		1,193		1,500		(241)		1,259
Total	$	43,674	$	(34,005)	$	9,669	$	34,197	$	(24,919)	$	9,278

Amortization expense attributable to intangible assets is estimated as follows:


Year Ended December 31,		(in thousands)
2020	$	4,495
2021		2,952
2022		647
2023		647
2024		66
Thereafter		862

Investments

Investments—Our investments and ownership interests in equity securities without readily determinable fair values in entities in which we do not have a controlling financial interest or significant influence are accounted for using a measurement alternative other than fair value which is historical cost minus impairment, if any, plus or minus changes resulting from observable price changes in orderly transactions for identical or similar investments of the same entity. Distributions received on those investments are recorded as income unless those distributions are considered a return on investment, in which case the historical cost is reduced. We accounted for our ownership interests in Kodiak Gas Services, LLC ("Kodiak") as equity securities without readily determinable fair values. In the first quarter of 2019, Kodiak redeemed our preferred interests and therefore Kodiak ceased to be an equity security investment. See Note 10 – Investments for further discussion of this investment.

Our investments and ownership interests in entities in which we do not have a controlling financial interest are accounted for under the equity method of accounting if we have the ability to exercise significant influence over the entity. Investments accounted for under the equity method are initially recorded at cost, and the difference between the basis of our investment and the underlying equity in the net assets of the joint venture at the investment date, if any, is amortized over the lives of the related assets that gave rise to the difference.

As of December 31, 2019, we held an equity method investment in AllDale III through our subsidiary, Alliance Minerals, LLC ("Alliance Minerals"). Prior to the AllDale Acquisition, our equity method investments also included AllDale I & II, both held through Cavalier Minerals. AllDale III and AllDale I & II are collectively referred to as the "AllDale Partnerships." See Note 12 – Investments for further discussion of our equity method investment in AllDale III and Note 3 – Acquisitions for discussion of the AllDale Acquisition.

We review our investments for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate a loss in the value of the investment may be other-than-temporary.

Advance Royalties, net

Advance Royalties—Rights to coal mineral leases are often acquired and/or maintained through advance royalty payments. Where royalty payments represent prepayments recoupable against future production, they are recorded as an asset, with amounts expected to be recouped within one year classified as a current asset. As mining occurs on these leases, the royalty prepayments are charged to operating expenses. We assess the recoverability of royalty prepayments based on estimated future production. Royalty prepayments estimated to be nonrecoverable are expensed. Our Advance royalties are summarized as follows:


	December 31,
	2019		2018
	(in thousands)

Advance royalties, affiliates (see Note 20 – Related-Party Transactions)	$	41,216	$	32,645
Advance royalties, third-parties		12,685		11,552
Total advance royalties	$	53,901	$	44,197

Asset Retirement Obligations

Asset Retirement Obligations—Our coal mining operations are governed by various state statutes and the Federal Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977, which establish reclamation and mine closing standards. These regulations require, among other things, restoration of property in accordance with specified standards and an approved reclamation plan. We record a liability for the fair value of the estimated cost of future mine asset retirement and closing procedures, escalated for inflation then discounted, on a present value basis in the period incurred or acquired and a corresponding amount is capitalized by increasing the carrying amount of the related long-lived asset. Those costs relate to permanently sealing portals at underground mines and to reclaiming the final pits and support surface acreage for both our underground mines and past surface mines. Examples of these types of costs, common to both types of mining, include, but are not limited to, removing or covering refuse piles and settling ponds, water treatment obligations, and dismantling preparation plants, other facilities and roadway infrastructure. Accounting for asset retirement obligations also requires depreciation of the capitalized asset retirement cost and accretion of the asset retirement obligation over time. The depreciation is generally determined on a units-of-production basis and accretion is generally recognized over the life of the producing assets. As changes in estimates occur (such as mine plan revisions, changes in estimated costs or changes in timing of the performance of reclamation activities), the revisions to the obligation and asset are recognized at the appropriate credit-adjusted, risk-free interest rate. Federal and state laws require bonds to secure our obligations to reclaim lands used for mining and are typically renewable on a yearly basis. See Note 18 – Asset Retirement Obligations for more information.

Pension Benefits

Pension Benefits—The funded status of our pension benefit plan is recognized separately in our consolidated balance sheets as either an asset or liability. The funded status is the difference between the fair value of plan assets and the plan's benefit obligation. Pension obligations and net periodic benefit costs are actuarially determined and impacted by various assumptions and estimates including expected return on assets, discount rates, mortality assumptions, employee turnover rates and retirement dates. We evaluate our assumptions periodically and make adjustments to these assumptions and the recorded liability as necessary (See Note 15 – Employee Benefit Plans).

The discount rate is determined for our pension benefit plan based on an approach specific to our plan. The year end discount rate is determined considering a yield curve comprised of high-quality corporate bonds and the timing of the expected benefit cash flows.

The expected long-term rate of return on plan assets is determined based on broad equity and bond indices, the investment goals and objectives, the target investment allocation and on the average annual total return for each asset class.

Unrecognized actuarial gains and losses and unrecognized prior service costs and credits are deferred and recorded in accumulated other comprehensive loss until amortized as a component of net periodic benefit cost. Unrecognized actuarial gains and losses in excess of 10% of the greater of the benefit obligation or the market-related value of plan assets are amortized over the participants' average remaining future years of service.

Workers' Compensation and Pneumoconiosis (Black Lung) Benefits

Workers' Compensation and Pneumoconiosis (Black Lung) Benefits—We are liable for workers' compensation benefits for traumatic injuries and benefits for black lung disease (or pneumoconiosis). Both traumatic claims and pneumoconiosis benefits are covered through our self-insured programs. In addition, certain of our mine operating entities are liable under state statutes and the Federal Coal Mine Health and Safety Act of 1969, as amended, to pay pneumoconiosis benefits to eligible employees and former employees and their dependents.

We provide income replacement and medical treatment for work-related traumatic injury claims as required by applicable state laws. Workers' compensation laws also compensate survivors of workers who suffer employment related deaths. Our liability for traumatic injury claims is the estimated present value of current workers' compensation benefits, based on our actuarial estimates. Our actuarial calculations are based on a blend of actuarial projection methods and numerous assumptions including claim development patterns, mortality, medical costs and interest rates.

Our pneumoconiosis benefits liability is calculated using the service cost method based on the actuarial present value of the estimated pneumoconiosis obligation. Our actuarial calculations are based on numerous assumptions including claim development patterns, medical costs and mortality. Actuarial gains or losses are amortized over the remaining service period of active miners. See Note 19 – Accrued Workers' Compensation and Pneumoconiosis Benefits for more information on Workers' Compensation and Pneumoconiosis Benefits.

Revenue Recognition

Coal Revenue Recognition—Revenues from coal supply contracts with customers are recognized at the point in time when control of the coal passes to the customer. We have determined that each ton of coal represents a separate and distinct performance obligation. Our coal supply contracts and other revenue contracts vary in length from short-term to long-term contracts and do not typically have significant financing components. Transportation revenues represent the fulfillment costs incurred for the services provided to customers through third-party carriers and for which we are directly reimbursed. Other revenues primarily consist of transloading fees, administrative service revenues from our affiliates, mine safety services and products, other coal contract fees and other handling and service fees. Performance obligations under these contracts are typically satisfied upon transfer of control of the goods or services to our customer which is determined by the contract and could be upon shipment or upon delivery.

The estimated transaction price from each of our contracts is based on the total amount of consideration we expect to be entitled to under the contract. Included in the transaction price for certain coal supply contracts is the impact of variable consideration, including quality price adjustments, handling services, government imposition claims, per ton price fluctuations based on certain coal sales price indices and anticipated payments in lieu of shipments. We have constrained the expected value of variable consideration in our estimation of transaction price and only included this consideration to the extent that it is probable that a significant revenue reversal will not occur. The estimated transaction price for each contract is allocated to our performance obligations based on relative standalone selling prices determined at contract inception. Variable consideration is allocated to a specific part of the contract in many instances, such as if the variable consideration is based on production activities for coal delivered during a certain period or the outcome of a customer's ability to accept coal shipments over a certain period.

Contract assets are recorded as trade receivables and reported separately in our consolidated balance sheet from other contract assets as title passes to the customer and our right to consideration becomes unconditional. Payments for coal shipments are typically due within two to four weeks of performance. We typically do not have material contract assets that are stated separately from trade receivables as our performance obligations are satisfied as control of the goods or services passes to the customer thereby granting us an unconditional right to receive consideration. Contract liabilities relate to consideration received in advance of the satisfaction of our performance obligations. Contract liabilities are recognized as revenue at the point in time when control of the good or service passes to the customer.

Oil & Gas Revenue Recognition—Oil & gas royalty revenues are recognized at the point in time when control of the product is transferred to the purchaser by the lessee and collectability of the sales price is reasonably assured. Oil & gas are priced on the delivery date based upon prevailing prices published by purchasers with certain adjustments related to oil quality and physical location. The royalty we receive is tied to a market index, with certain adjustments based on, among other factors, whether a well connects to a gathering or transmission line, quality and heat content of the product, and prevailing supply and demand conditions.

We also periodically earn revenue from lease bonuses. We generate lease bonus revenue by leasing our mineral interests to exploration and production companies. A lease agreement represents our contract with an operator, which is generally an exploration and production company. The contract will a) generally transfer the rights to any oil or gas

discovered, b) grant us a right to a specified royalty interest from the operator, and c) require the operator to commence drilling and complete operations within a specified time period. Control of the minerals transfers to the operator when the lease agreement is executed. At the time we execute the lease agreement, we expect to receive the lease bonus payment within a reasonable time, though in no case more than one year, such that we do not adjust the expected amount of consideration for the effects of any significant financing component.

As a non-operator, we have limited visibility into the timing of when new wells start producing, in addition, production statements may not be received for 30 to 90 days or more after the date production is delivered. As a result, we are required to estimate the amount of production delivered to the purchaser and the price that will be received for the sale of the product. The expected sales volumes and prices from our properties are estimated and recorded within the Trade receivables line item in our consolidated balance sheets. Generally, the difference between our estimates and the actual amounts received for oil & gas royalty revenue are recorded in the month that payment is received from the third-party purchaser unless new production information is received prior to the payment allowing us to update the estimate recorded.

Common Unit-Based Compensation

Common Unit-Based Compensation—We have the Long-Term Incentive Plan ("LTIP") for certain employees and officers of MGP and its affiliates who perform services for us. The LTIP awards are grants of non-vested "phantom" or notional units, also referred to as "restricted units", which upon satisfaction of time and performance based vesting requirements, entitle the LTIP participant to receive ARLP common units. Annual grant levels and vesting provisions for designated participants are recommended by the Chairman, President and CEO of MGP, subject to review and approval of the compensation committee of our general partner ("Compensation Committee"). Vesting of all grants outstanding is subject to the satisfaction of certain financial tests, which management currently believes is probable. Grants issued to LTIP participants are expected to cliff vest on January 1st of the third year following issuance of the grants. We account for forfeitures of non-vested LTIP grants as they occur. We expect to settle the non-vested LTIP grants by delivery of ARLP common units, except for the portion of the grants that will satisfy tax withholding obligations of the LTIP participants. As provided under the distribution equivalent rights provisions of the LTIP and the terms of the LTIP awards, all non-vested grants include contingent rights to receive quarterly distributions in cash or, at the discretion of the Compensation Committee, phantom units in lieu of cash credited to a bookkeeping account with value equal to the cash distributions we make to unitholders during the vesting period.

We utilize the Supplemental Executive Retirement Plan ("SERP") to provide deferred compensation benefits for certain officers and key employees. All allocations made to participants under the SERP are made in the form of "phantom" ARLP units and SERP distributions will be settled in the form of ARLP common units. The SERP is administered by the Compensation Committee.

Our directors participate in the MGP Amended and Restated Deferred Compensation Plan for Directors ("Directors' Deferred Compensation Plan"). Pursuant to the Directors' Deferred Compensation Plan, for amounts deferred either automatically or at the election of the director, a notional account is established and credited with notional common units of ARLP, described in the Directors' Deferred Compensation Plan as "phantom" units. Distributions from the Directors' Deferred Compensation Plan will be settled in the form of ARLP common units.

For both the SERP and Directors' Deferred Compensation Plan, when quarterly cash distributions are made with respect to ARLP common units, an amount equal to such quarterly distribution is credited to each participant's notional account as additional phantom units. All grants of phantom units under the SERP and Directors' Deferred Compensation Plan vest immediately.

The fair value of restricted common unit grants under the LTIP, SERP and the Directors' Deferred Compensation Plan are determined on the grant date of the award and recognized as compensation expense on a pro rata basis for LTIP and SERP awards, as appropriate, over the requisite service period. Compensation expense is fully recognized on the grant date for quarterly distributions credited to SERP accounts and Directors' Deferred Compensation Plan awards. The corresponding liability is classified as equity and included in limited partners' capital in the consolidated financial statements (See Note 16 – Compensation Plans).

Income Taxes

Income Taxes—We are not a taxable entity for federal or state income tax purposes; the tax effect of our activities accrues to the unitholders. Although publicly traded partnerships as a general rule will be taxed as corporations, we qualify for an exemption because at least 90% of our income consists of qualifying income, as defined in Section 7704(c) of the Internal Revenue Code. Net income for financial statement purposes may differ significantly from taxable income reportable to unitholders as a result of differences between the tax basis and financial reporting basis of assets and liabilities and the taxable income allocation requirements under our partnership agreement. Individual unitholders have different investment bases depending upon the timing and price of acquisition of their partnership units. Furthermore, each unitholder's tax accounting, which is partially dependent upon the unitholder's tax position, differs from the accounting followed in our consolidated financial statements. Accordingly, the aggregate difference in the basis of our net assets for financial and tax reporting purposes cannot be readily determined because information regarding each unitholder's tax attributes in our partnership is not available to us. We have certain subsidiaries that are subject to federal and state income taxes. These income taxes are not material to our financial position or results of operations.

New Accounting Standards

New Accounting Standards Issued and Adopted—In February 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") issued Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842) ("ASU 2016-02"). ASU 2016-02 requires lessees to record right-of-use assets and corresponding lease liabilities on the balance sheet and disclose key information about lease arrangements. Leases are now classified as either finance or operating, with the resulting classification affecting the pattern of expense recognition in the income statement. We elected to use the modified retrospective transition method which allows a cumulative effect adjustment on the balance sheet upon adoption. The adoption of the standard resulted in the recognition of approximately $25.0 million in additional net lease assets and respective lease liabilities as of January 1, 2019.

As part of our transition there are a number of practical expedients available in the new standard. We elected a package of practical expedients that, among other things, allows us to not reassess the lease classification of expired or existing leases. In addition to the package of practical expedients, we also elected to use a practical expedient allowing us to use hindsight in determining the lease term for existing leases.

New Accounting Standards Issued and Not Yet Adopted—In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments–Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments ("ASU 2016-13"). ASU 2016-13 changes the impairment model for most financial assets and certain other instruments to require the use of a new forward-looking "expected loss" model that generally will result in earlier recognition of allowances for losses. ASU 2016-13 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, and interim periods within those fiscal years. After an analysis of our historical credit losses and development of an allowance for expected credit losses on our financial assets, we have determined the adoption of the standard will not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.