Stock-Based Compensation

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2018

Disclosure of Compensation Related Costs, Share-based Payments [Abstract]

Disclosure of Compensation Related Costs, Share-based Payments [Text Block]

10. Stock-Based Compensation

The Company maintains two equity compensation plans under which stock-based compensation has been granted: the 2017 Long-Term Incentive Plan, (the “LTIP”) and the 2007 Long-Term Incentive Plan (the “2007 Plan”). Upon the adoption of the LTIP during the second quarter of 2017, awards were no longer granted under the 2007 Plan. The LTIP provides for grants of (a) incentive stock options qualified as such under U.S. federal income tax laws, (b) stock options that do not qualify as incentive stock options, (c) stock appreciation rights, (d) restricted stock awards, (e) restricted stock units, (f) performance share awards, (g) phantom stock units, (h) stock bonuses, (i) dividend equivalents, and (j) any combination of such grants.

The company grants time-vested stock awards in the form of restricted stock awards, restricted stock units or equity-settled phantom stock. During the nine months ended September 30, 2018, the Company granted 93,280 shares of time-vested stock awards under the LTIP, which primarily vest ratably over three years, at a weighted average grant date fair value of $30.22. Additionally, 96,840 shares of time-vested stock awards vested during the nine months ended September 30, 2018, at a weighted average grant date fair value of $28.91.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2018, the Company granted 66,764 performance share awards under the LTIP at target, which cliff vest on December 31, 2020, at a weighted average grant date fair value of $34.52. The number of shares actually earned under a performance award may vary from zero to 200% of the target shares awarded, based upon the Company’s performance compared to certain metrics. The metrics used were determined at grant by the Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors and were either based on internal measures, such as the Company’s financial performance compared to target, or on a market-based metric, such as the Company’s stock performance compared to a peer group. Performance awards cliff vest upon attainment of the stated performance targets and minimum service requirements and are paid in common shares of the Company’s stock. In the first quarter of 2018, management concluded that it was probable that the minimum performance criteria would not be met for certain performance shares that were granted during 2016. As a result, the Company reversed $0.4 million in stock compensation from previous accruals.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2018, plan participants exercised 87,557 stock options with a weighted average exercise price of $21.55.

The Company recognizes stock-based compensation expense related to restricted stock awards, phantom stock awards and restricted stock units based on the grant date fair value, which was the closing price of the Company’s stock on the date of grant. The fair value is expensed over the service period. The Company recognizes stock-based compensation expense related to market-based performance awards based on the grant date fair value, which is computed using a Monte Carlo simulation. The fair value is expensed over the service period, which is approximately 2.8 years. The Company recognizes stock-based compensation expense related to internal measure-based performance awards based on the grant date fair value, which was the closing price of the Company’s stock on the date of grant. The fair value is expensed over the service period of approximately 2.8 years, and the Company adjusts the stock-based compensation expense related to internal metric-based performance awards according to its determination of the potential achievement of the performance target at each reporting date. The fair value of restricted stock units that were granted to directors during the second quarter of 2018 will be expensed over an amortization period of 1.0 year. The fair value of restricted stock units granted to directors in 2017 was expensed on the date of the grant because the award agreements contain provisions which call for the vesting of all shares awarded upon change in control or resignation from the board for any reason except breach of fiduciary duty.