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SHARE-BASED COMPENSATION AND EMPLOYEE BENEFIT PLANS | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2023
Share-Based Payment Arrangement [Abstract] |
SHARE-BASED COMPENSATION AND EMPLOYEE BENEFIT PLANS | SHARE-BASED COMPENSATION AND EMPLOYEE BENEFIT PLANS Successor 2021 Equity Plan In connection with the Business Combination, the Company's Board adopted, and its shareholders approved, the 2021 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2021 Equity Plan”). A total of 31,900,000 Ordinary Shares are authorized and reserved for issuance under the 2021 Equity Plan which provides for the grant of stock options (either incentive or non-qualified), stock appreciation rights (“SARs”), restricted stock, restricted stock units (“RSUs”), performance shares, performance share units and other share-based awards with respect to the Ordinary Shares. Shares associated with underlying awards that are expired, forfeited, or otherwise terminated without the delivery of shares, or are settled in cash, and any shares tendered to or withheld by the Company for the payment of an exercise price or for tax withholding will again be available for issuance under the 2021 Equity Plan. T he Company has granted PBNQSO to its executive officers, non-employee directors and other members of senior management under the 2021 Equity Plan. The exercise prices of these PBNQSO ranged from $2.94 to $14.00 per Ordinary Share and consist of two types of vesting criteria. Of the aggregate number of PBNQSO granted, 245,004 PBNQSO were eligible to vest based on the achievement of certain performance goals for fiscal year 2021 (the “Bridge Option”), and the remaining 10,999,167 PBNQSO outstanding are eligible to vest based on the achievement of AOP during the 5 year vesting period from the grant date. For PBNQSO grants through December 31, 2023, the 5 year vesting period ranges from fiscal year 2022 through fiscal year 2027. The PBNQSO expire ten years from the grant date. The Bridge Options vest and became exercisable upon (i) the Company achieving an Adjusted EBITDA target of $136.0 million for fiscal year 2021; and (ii) the recipient remaining in continuous service through the first anniversary of the grant date. As of December 31, 2023, all the Bridge Options are vested and available to exercise. On February 14, 2023 and to be effective prospectively, the compensation committee approved the elimination of “Unusual or Nonrecurring Transactions or Events” provision in the PBNQSO agreement whereby it could make certain adjustments to operational performance criteria “for unusual or nonrecurring transactions or events affecting the Company or the financial statements of the Company.” This provision had precluded the establishment of a grant date on the date when PBNQSO were awarded in accordance with the technical requirements under Topic 718. On March 8, 2023, in connection changes in the Company’s leadership structure, it amended the performance terms and conditions of the outstanding 5-Year Options previously granted to its former chief executive officer (the “Executive”) where by 50% of such outstanding options eligible to vest in each of fiscal years from 2023 through 2026 will remain subject to the existing performance terms and conditions. The remaining 50% of such outstanding options will be eligible to vest in such fiscal years subject to the performance terms and conditions related to the Executive’s position and duties as Vice Chairman. For the remaining 50% of outstanding options, the Company’s compensation committee will establish performance goals and communicate them to the Executive and assess achievement annually. For accounting purposes, the Company will recognize compensation expense related to the remaining 50% of outstanding options when the specified performance goal for future periods have been established and communicated to the Executive. In March 2023, based on the Company’s performance for 2022, its compensation committee verified and determined the AOP for the 2022 tranche of the 5-Year Option to be $8.39. As a result, it was determined that a mutual understanding of the key terms and conditions for the 2022 tranche had been ascertained and the grant date was therefore established. The cumulative compensation expense for the 2022 tranche was adjusted based on the fair value calculated using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model at the grant date. As the AOP for the 2022 tranche was below the minimum vesting AOP target of $11.35 employees separated from the Company through the date of determination of the 2022 AOP relinquished 240,000 options retained by them relating the 2022 tranche and such options were cancelled by the Company. On the Options Modification Date, the Company modified certain terms in the PBNQSO agreements as noted below: •eliminated a term that provided discretion to the compensation committee to make certain adjustments on how AOP against the performance target will be measured with respect to the Prior Grants; •eliminated the two-year look-back and two-year look-forward for excess AOP; •adjusted the minimum and maximum AOP growth targets from 13.5% and 23.5% to 10% and 20%, respectively; •added of cumulative vesting term, under which if the maximum AOP target was achieved in an option performance year, (including in any one of the two years immediately following the fifth and final year of the option term), any number of unvested options that were eligible to vest in all prior performance years, will be eligible to vest based on AOP calculated in such option performance year; •added an alternative vesting provision if the market price of the Company's Ordinary Shares is more than twice the exercise price for a sustained period of time commencing in the third fiscal year after option grant; and •made certain clarifying and other changes. The above modifications affected all of the outstanding Prior Option Grants and Pre Modification 2023 Option Grants and there was no incremental share-based compensation expense as a result of modifications. The Company had 2,175,000 Pre Modification 2023 Option Grants and 405,000 Post Modification 2023 Option Grants that vest based on the achievement of certain performance goals for fiscal years 2023-2027 to employees and non-employees. For the Pre Modification 2023 Option Grants, the Company estimated the grant date fair value, and the resulting share-based compensation expense, using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. For the Post Modification 2023 Option Grants, the Company estimated the grant date fair value, and the resulting share-based compensation expense, using the Hull-White model. The Company recognized compensation costs related to the PBNQSO granted in 2023 based on the estimated fair value of the awards on the date of grant. The Company records forfeitures as they are incurred. The grant date fair value of the PBNQSO is expensed proportionately for each tranche over the applicable service period. The fair value of performance-based stock options is recognized as compensation expense beginning at the time in which the performance conditions are deemed probable of achievement, over the remaining applicable service period. The Company's chief executive officer, ("CEO") and business director, North America Retardant and Services, are required to hold a minimum level of personal investment of $2.2 million and $1.5 million, respectively, in Ordinary Shares pursuant to stock retention guidelines attached to their respective PBNQSO agreement. The aggregate value may include the fair market value of shares associated with underlying options over the exercise price, but half of the value must be attributable to Ordinary Shares held by each officer. Each officer will have five years after grant date to comply with these requirements. The table below summarizes the PBNQSO activity:
| Number of Options |  | Weighted-Average Exercise/Conversion Price |  | Weighted-Average Remaining Contractual Life (years) |  | Aggregate Intrinsic Value (in thousands)
Outstanding at December 31, 2022 | 10,339,171 |  |  | $ | 9.75 |  |  |  |  |
Granted | 2,580,000 |  |  | $ | 7.76 |  |  |  |  |
Exercised | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  |
Forfeited | (1,675,000) |  |  | $ | 9.71 |  |  |  |  |
Outstanding at December 31, 2023 | 11,244,171 |  |  | $ | 9.75 |  |  | 8.24 |  | $ | 154 |
Options vested and exercisable | 245,004 |  |  | $ | 10.00 |  |  | 6.14 |  | $ | — |
The weighted-average assumptions used to fair value the PBNQSO for Post Modification 2023 Option Grants, Prior Option Grants on the modification date and Pre Modification 2023 Option Grants were as follows:
| Post Modification 2023 Option Grants |  | Prior Option Grants |  | Pre Modification 2023 Option Grants
Dividend yield | — | % |  | — | % |  | — | %
Risk-free interest rate | 4.01% to 4.40% |  | 3.48 | % |  | 3.93% to 4.18%
Expected volatility | 45.00% to 48.00% |  | 44.00 | % |  | 45.00 | %
Expected life (years) | 10.00 |  | 8.50 to 9.25 |  | 6.50
Suboptimal exercise multiple | 2.50 |  | 2.50 |  | — |
Drift rate | 4.01% to 4.40% |  | 3.51% to 3.52% |  | — | %
Weighted average exercise price of options granted | $ | 4.82 |  |  | $ | 9.78 |  |  | $ | 8.31 |
Weighted average fair value of options granted | $ | 2.48 |  |  | $ | 3.15 |  |  | $ | 4.24 |
Non-cash share-based compensation expense recognized by the Company during the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 and 2021 Successor Period was $1.6 million, $14.6 million and $3.6 million, respectively. The total tax benefit recognized during the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 and 2021 Successor Period related to non-cash share-based compensation expense was $0.8 million, $1.5 million and $0.3 million, respectively. Compensation expense is recognized based upon probability assessments of achieving the AOP targets determined using estimated EBITDA, net debt and diluted shares for PBNQSO that are expected to vest in future period s. Such probability assessments are subject to revision and, therefore, unrecognized compensation expense is subject to future changes in estimate. As of December 31, 2023, there was approximately $15.6 million of total unrecognized compensation expense related to non-vested PBNQSO expected to vest, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 2.1 years. On December 7, 2021, the Company granted 100,000 Ordinary Shares to a consultant for his services to the Company in connection with the transactions contemplated by the Business Combination Agreement. The fair value per share on the grant date was $11.75. The shares vested upon grant. The grant date fair value of $1.2 million was recorded by the Company as an expense related to Business Combination and is reported in selling general and administrative expense in the 2021 Successor Period of the accompanying consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss). Founder Advisory Amounts As discussed in Note 13, Related Parties, following the Business Combination, the Company assumed, and agreed to pay, perform, satisfy and discharge in full, all of EverArc’s liabilities and obligations under the key terms and conditions of the Founder Advisory Agreement previously executed between EverArc and EverArc Founder Entity. The fair value of the Fixed Annual Advisory Amount as of November 9, 2021 was calculated to be $197.4 million based on the closing share price of Ordinary Shares on November 9, 2021 of $12.00. The fair value of the Variable Annual Advisory Amount is determined using a Monte Carlo simulation because of the market condition (i.e., achievement of a specified share price) associated with this award and was determined to be $376.4 million. For Advisory Amounts classified within equity, the Company does not subsequently remeasure the fair value. For the Advisory Amounts classified as a liability, the Company remeasures the fair value at each reporting date. The key inputs into the Monte Carlo simulation model for the Variable Annual Advisory Amounts were as follows at December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 and at the initial measurement date:
| December 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022 |  | December 31, 2021 |  | November 9, 2021
Dividend yield | — | % |  | — | % |  | — | % |  | — | %
Risk-free interest rate | 3.84 | % |  | 3.87 | % |  | 1.52 | % |  | 1.47 | %
Expected volatility | 48.10 | % |  | 43.10 | % |  | 37.50 | % |  | 35.00 | %
Expected life (years) | 8.00 |  | 9.00 |  | 10.00 |  | 10.15
10-day volume weighted average share price | $ | 4.51 |  |  | $ | 8.86 |  |  | $ | 13.63 |  |  | $ | 12.00 |
All of the Founder Advisory Amounts vested on the date of the Business Combination because, the Company believes that, as a result of the consummation of the Business Combination, it has incurred an obligation equal to the present value of the Advisory Amounts. Share-based compensation expense related to the Advisory Amounts recognized by the Company during the 2021 Successor Period was $653.0 million. This consists of $574.4 million that was recognized on the Business Combination date and $78.6 million recognized on December 31, 2021 based on the change in fair value for liability-classified Advisory Amounts since the Closing Date. Compensation expense recorded by the Company in the future will depend upon changes in the fair value of the liability-classified Advisory Amounts. See Note 13, Related Parties, for additional information related to the Founders Advisory Amounts. Predecessor Prior to the Business Combination, SK Invictus Holdings, LP, a Cayman limited partnership and the former ultimate parent of the Company (the “Parent”), established an Incentive Unit Grant agreement under which the Parent granted incentive units to individuals employed by the Company. The incentive units vest as follows: (i) 50% vest on the date on which the Company’s investors achieve a rate of return of at least 2.0x, (ii) an additional 25% vest on the date on which the Company’s investors achieve a rate of return of at least 2.5x, and (iii) the remaining 25% vest on the date on which the Company’s investors achieve a rate of return of at least 3.0x. The Business Combination resulted in the Company’s investors achieving a rate of return greater than 3.0x, which resulted in 100% of the incentive units vesting on the date of the Business Combination. On the Closing Date there were 103,820 incentive units outstanding. Since the incentive units are equity classified instruments, the Company measured the units at their grant date fair value. The Company measured the fair value of the incentive units using a Black-Scholes model. The grant date fair value of the incentive units that was recognized on the date of the Business Combination was $2.7 million. This amount was recognized on the “black-line” financial statements between the Predecessor and Successor periods because this amount is not directly attributable to either the Predecessor or Successor period but was instead contingent on the Business Combination. Savings and Investment Plans The Company sponsors a savings and investment plan under which a portion of employee contributions are matched. For the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, 2021 Successor Period and 2021 Predecessor Period the Company made matching contributions of $1.3 million, $1.3 million, $0.3 million and $0.9 million, respectively.

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