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Fair Value | 3 Months Ended
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Mar. 31, 2024
Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract] |
Fair Value | 9. Fair Value Considerable judgment is often required in interpreting market data to develop estimates of fair value, and the use of different assumptions or valuation methodologies may have a material effect on the estimated fair value amounts. Recurring Fair Value Measurements The assets and liabilities measured at estimated fair value on a recurring basis and their corresponding placement in the fair value hierarchy are presented in the tables below. Investments that do not have a readily determinable fair value and are measured at net asset value (or equivalent) as a practical expedient to estimated fair value are excluded from the fair value hierarchy.
| March 31, 2024
| Fair Value Hierarchy |  | Total Estimated Fair Value
| Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |
| (In millions)
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fixed maturity securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. corporate | $ | — |  |  | $ | 34,995 |  |  | $ | 942 |  |  | $ | 35,937 |
Foreign corporate | — |  |  | 11,434 |  |  | 325 |  |  | 11,759 |
U.S. government and agency | 3,167 |  |  | 4,466 |  |  | — |  |  | 7,633 |
RMBS | — |  |  | 7,442 |  |  | 20 |  |  | 7,462 |
CMBS | — |  |  | 6,411 |  |  | 43 |  |  | 6,454 |
ABS | — |  |  | 6,046 |  |  | 419 |  |  | 6,465 |
State and political subdivision | — |  |  | 3,761 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,761 |
Foreign government | — |  |  | 982 |  |  | 21 |  |  | 1,003 |
Total fixed maturity securities | 3,167 |  |  | 75,537 |  |  | 1,770 |  |  | 80,474 |
Equity securities | 51 |  |  | 10 |  |  | 25 |  |  | 86 |
Short-term investments | 709 |  |  | 638 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,347 |
Derivative assets: (1) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate | — |  |  | 259 |  |  | — |  |  | 259 |
Foreign currency exchange rate | — |  |  | 478 |  |  | 6 |  |  | 484 |
Credit | — |  |  | 24 |  |  | 5 |  |  | 29 |
Equity market | — |  |  | 3,073 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,073 |
Total derivative assets | — |  |  | 3,834 |  |  | 11 |  |  | 3,845 |
Embedded derivatives on index-linked annuities (2) | — |  |  | — |  |  | 22 |  |  | 22 |
Market risk benefit assets | — |  |  | — |  |  | 839 |  |  | 839 |
Separate account assets | 14 |  |  | 90,318 |  |  | — |  |  | 90,332 |
Total assets | $ | 3,941 |  |  | $ | 170,337 |  |  | $ | 2,667 |  |  | $ | 176,945 |
Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Market risk benefit liabilities | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 8,964 |  |  | $ | 8,964 |
Derivative liabilities: (1) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate | — |  |  | 2,738 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,738 |
Foreign currency exchange rate | — |  |  | 31 |  |  | — |  |  | 31 |
Credit | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |
Equity market | — |  |  | 2,603 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,603 |
Total derivative liabilities | — |  |  | 5,373 |  |  | — |  |  | 5,373 |
Embedded derivatives on index-linked annuities (2) | — |  |  | — |  |  | 9,963 |  |  | 9,963 |
Total liabilities | $ | — |  |  | $ | 5,373 |  |  | $ | 18,927 |  |  | $ | 24,300 |
| December 31, 2023
| Fair Value Hierarchy |  | Total Estimated Fair Value
| Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |
| (In millions)
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fixed maturity securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. corporate | $ | — |  |  | $ | 34,760 |  |  | $ | 995 |  |  | $ | 35,755 |
Foreign corporate | — |  |  | 11,340 |  |  | 325 |  |  | 11,665 |
U.S. government and agency | 3,786 |  |  | 4,633 |  |  | — |  |  | 8,419 |
RMBS | — |  |  | 7,415 |  |  | 15 |  |  | 7,430 |
CMBS | — |  |  | 6,371 |  |  | 39 |  |  | 6,410 |
ABS | — |  |  | 6,080 |  |  | 326 |  |  | 6,406 |
State and political subdivision | — |  |  | 3,874 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,874 |
Foreign government | — |  |  | 996 |  |  | 36 |  |  | 1,032 |
Total fixed maturity securities | 3,786 |  |  | 75,469 |  |  | 1,736 |  |  | 80,991 |
Equity securities | 55 |  |  | 22 |  |  | 25 |  |  | 102 |
Short-term investments | 614 |  |  | 555 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,169 |
Derivative assets: (1) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate | — |  |  | 245 |  |  | — |  |  | 245 |
Foreign currency exchange rate | — |  |  | 437 |  |  | 12 |  |  | 449 |
Credit | — |  |  | 21 |  |  | 6 |  |  | 27 |
Equity market | — |  |  | 2,993 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,993 |
Total derivative assets | — |  |  | 3,696 |  |  | 18 |  |  | 3,714 |
Embedded derivatives on index-linked annuities (2) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Market risk benefit assets | — |  |  | — |  |  | 656 |  |  | 656 |
Separate account assets | 20 |  |  | 88,251 |  |  | — |  |  | 88,271 |
Total assets | $ | 4,475 |  |  | $ | 167,993 |  |  | $ | 2,435 |  |  | $ | 174,903 |
Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Market risk benefit liabilities | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 10,323 |  |  | $ | 10,323 |
Derivative liabilities: (1) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate | — |  |  | 2,209 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,209 |
Foreign currency exchange rate | — |  |  | 55 |  |  | — |  |  | 55 |
Credit | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Equity market | — |  |  | 2,824 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,824 |
Total derivative liabilities | — |  |  | 5,088 |  |  | — |  |  | 5,088 |
Embedded derivatives on index-linked annuities (2) | — |  |  | — |  |  | 8,186 |  |  | 8,186 |
Total liabilities | $ | — |  |  | $ | 5,088 |  |  | $ | 18,509 |  |  | $ | 23,597 |
_______________ (1)Derivative assets are reported in other invested assets and derivative liabilities are reported in other liabilities. The amounts are presented gross in the tables above to reflect the presentation on the consolidated balance sheets. (2)Embedded derivative assets on index-linked annuities are reported in premiums and other receivables. Embedded derivative liabilities on index-linked annuities are reported in policyholder account balances Valuation Controls and Procedures The Company monitors and provides oversight of valuation controls and policies for securities, mortgage loans and derivatives, which are primarily executed by its valuation service providers. The valuation methodologies used to determine fair values prioritize the use of observable market prices and market-based parameters and determines that judgmental valuation adjustments, when applied, are based upon established policies and are applied consistently over time. The valuation methodologies for securities, mortgage loans and derivatives are reviewed on an ongoing basis and revised when necessary. In addition, the Chief Accounting Officer periodically reports to the Audit Committee of Brighthouse Financial’s Board of Directors regarding compliance with fair value accounting standards. The fair value of financial assets and financial liabilities is based on quoted market prices, where available. Prices received are assessed to determine if they represent a reasonable estimate of fair value. Several controls are performed, including certain monthly controls, which include, but are not limited to, analysis of portfolio returns to corresponding benchmark returns, comparing a sample of executed prices of securities sold to the fair value estimates, reviewing the bid/ask spreads to assess activity, comparing prices from multiple independent pricing services and ongoing due diligence to confirm that independent pricing services use market-based parameters. The process includes a determination of the observability of inputs used in estimated fair values received from independent pricing services or brokers by assessing whether these inputs can be corroborated by observable market data. Independent non-binding broker quotes, also referred to herein as “consensus pricing,” are used for a non-significant portion of the portfolio. Prices received from independent brokers are assessed to determine if they represent a reasonable estimate of fair value by considering such pricing relative to the current market dynamics and current pricing for similar financial instruments. A formal process is also applied to challenge any prices received from independent pricing services that are not considered representative of estimated fair value. If prices received from independent pricing services are not considered reflective of market activity or representative of estimated fair value, independent non-binding broker quotations are obtained. If obtaining an independent non-binding broker quotation is unsuccessful, the last available price will be used. Additional controls are performed, such as, balance sheet analytics to assess reasonableness of period-to-period pricing changes, including any price adjustments. Price adjustments are applied if prices or quotes received from independent pricing services or brokers are not considered reflective of market activity or representative of estimated fair value. The Company did not have significant price adjustments during the three months ended March 31, 2024. Determination of Fair Value Fixed Maturity Securities The fair values for actively traded marketable bonds, primarily U.S. government and agency securities, are determined using the quoted market prices and are classified as Level 1 assets. For fixed maturity securities classified as Level 2 assets, fair values are determined using either a market or income approach and are valued based on a variety of observable inputs as described below. U.S. corporate and foreign corporate securities: Fair value is determined using third-party commercial pricing services, with the primary inputs being quoted prices in markets that are not active, benchmark yields, spreads off benchmark yields, new issuances, issuer rating, trades of identical or comparable securities, or duration. Privately-placed securities are valued using the additional key inputs: market yield curve, call provisions, observable prices and spreads for similar public or private securities that incorporate the credit quality and industry sector of the issuer, and delta spread adjustments to reflect specific credit-related issues. U.S. government and agency, state and political subdivision and foreign government securities: Fair value is determined using third-party commercial pricing services, with the primary inputs being quoted prices in markets that are not active, benchmark U.S. Treasury yield or other yields, spread off the U.S. Treasury yield curve for the identical security, issuer ratings and issuer spreads, broker-dealer quotes, and comparable securities that are actively traded. Structured Securities: Fair value is determined using third-party commercial pricing services, with the primary inputs being quoted prices in markets that are not active, spreads for actively traded securities, spreads off benchmark yields, expected prepayment speeds and volumes, current and forecasted loss severity, ratings, geographic region, weighted average coupon and weighted average maturity, average delinquency rates and debt-service coverage ratios. Other issuance-specific information is also used, including, but not limited to, collateral type, structure of the security, vintage of the loans, payment terms of the underlying asset, payment priority within tranche, and deal performance. Equity Securities and Short-term Investments The fair value for actively traded equity securities and short-term investments are determined using quoted market prices and are classified as Level 1 assets. For financial instruments classified as Level 2 assets, fair values are determined using a market approach and are valued based on a variety of observable inputs as described below. Equity securities and short-term investments: Fair value is determined using third-party commercial pricing services, with the primary input being quoted prices in markets that are not active. Derivatives Derivatives are financial instruments with values derived from interest rates, foreign currency exchange rates, credit spreads and/or other financial indices. Derivatives may be exchange-traded or contracted in the OTC market. Certain of the Company’s OTC derivatives are cleared and settled through central clearing counterparties (“OTC-cleared”), while others are OTC-bilateral. The fair values for exchange-traded derivatives are determined using the quoted market prices and are classified as Level 1 assets. For OTC-bilateral derivatives and OTC-cleared derivatives classified as Level 2 assets or liabilities, fair values are determined using the income approach. Valuations of non-option-based derivatives utilize present value techniques, whereas valuations of option-based derivatives utilize option pricing models which are based on market standard valuation methodologies and a variety of observable inputs. The significant inputs to the pricing models for most OTC-bilateral and OTC-cleared derivatives are inputs that are observable in the market or can be derived principally from, or corroborated by, observable market data. Certain OTC-bilateral and OTC-cleared derivatives may rely on inputs that are significant to the estimated fair value that are not observable in the market or cannot be derived principally from, or corroborated by, observable market data. These unobservable inputs may involve significant management judgment or estimation. Even though unobservable, these inputs are based on assumptions deemed appropriate given the circumstances and management believes they are consistent with what other market participants would use when pricing such instruments. Most inputs for OTC-bilateral and OTC-cleared derivatives are mid-market inputs but, in certain cases, liquidity adjustments are made when they are deemed more representative of exit value. Market liquidity, as well as the use of different methodologies, assumptions and inputs, may have a material effect on the estimated fair values of the Company’s derivatives and could materially affect net income. The credit risk of both the counterparty and the Company are considered in determining the estimated fair value for all OTC-bilateral and OTC-cleared derivatives, and any potential credit adjustment is based on the net exposure by counterparty after taking into account the effects of netting agreements and collateral arrangements. The Company values its OTC-bilateral and OTC-cleared derivatives using standard swap curves which may include a spread to the risk-free rate, depending upon specific collateral arrangements. This credit spread is appropriate for those parties that execute trades at pricing levels consistent with similar collateral arrangements. As the Company and its significant derivative counterparties generally execute trades at such pricing levels and hold sufficient collateral, additional credit risk adjustments are not currently required in the valuation process. The Company’s ability to consistently execute at such pricing levels is in part due to the netting agreements and collateral arrangements that are in place with all of its significant derivative counterparties. An evaluation of the requirement to make additional credit risk adjustments is performed by the Company each reporting period. Market Risk Benefits MRBs principally include guaranteed minimum benefits on variable annuity contracts including benefits reinsured related to these guarantees. The estimated fair value of variable annuity guarantees accounted for as MRBs is determined based on the present value of projected future benefits less the present value of projected future fees attributable to the guarantees. At policy inception, the Company determines an attributed fee ratio by solving for a percentage of projected future rider fees to be collected from the policyholder equal to the present value of projected future guaranteed benefits. To the extent the rider fees are insufficient, the Company may also include fees related to mortality and expense charges in the attributed fee ratio, provided the total fees included in the calculation do not exceed total contract fees and assessments collected from the contract holder. Any additional fees not included in the attributed fee ratio are considered revenue and reported in universal life and investment-type product policy fees. The attributed fee ratio is not updated in subsequent periods. The Company updates the estimated fair value of variable annuity guarantees in subsequent periods by projecting future benefits using capital markets inputs and actuarial assumptions including expectations of policyholder behavior. A risk neutral valuation methodology is used to project the cash flows from the guarantees under multiple capital markets scenarios. The reported estimated fair value is then determined by taking the present value of these cash flows using a discount rate that incorporates a spread over the risk-free rate to reflect the Company’s nonperformance risk and adding a risk margin. The valuation of MRBs includes an adjustment for the risk that the Company fails to satisfy its obligations, which is referred to as nonperformance risk. The nonperformance risk adjustment is captured as an additional spread applied to the risk-free rate in determining the rate to discount the cash flows of the liability. The spread over the risk-free rate is based on the Company’s creditworthiness taking into consideration publicly available information relating to spreads in the secondary market for Brighthouse Financial’s debt. These observable spreads are then adjusted, as necessary, to reflect the financial strength ratings of the issuing insurance subsidiaries as compared to the credit rating of Brighthouse Financial. Risk margins are established to capture the non-capital markets risks of the instrument which represent the additional compensation a market participant would require to assume the risks related to the uncertainties in certain actuarial assumptions. The establishment of risk margins requires the use of significant actuarial judgment, including assumptions of the amount needed to cover the guarantees. Actuarial assumptions are reviewed at least annually, and if they change significantly, the estimated fair value is adjusted through net income. Capital market inputs used in the measurement of variable annuity guarantees are updated quarterly through net income, except for the change attributable to the Company’s nonperformance risk, which is reported in OCI. Embedded Derivatives Embedded derivatives include crediting rates associated with index-linked annuity contracts. Embedded derivatives are recorded at estimated fair value with changes in estimated fair value reported in net income. The crediting rates associated with these features are embedded derivatives which are measured at estimated fair value separately from the host fixed annuity contract. These embedded derivatives are classified within policyholder account balances on the consolidated balance sheets. The estimated fair value of crediting rates associated with index-linked annuities is determined using a combination of an option pricing model and an option-budget approach. The valuation of these embedded derivatives also includes the establishment of a risk margin, as well as changes in nonperformance risk. Actuarial assumptions including policyholder behavior and expectations for renewals at the end of the term period are reviewed at least annually, and if they change significantly, the estimated fair value is adjusted through net income. Capital market inputs used in the measurement of crediting rate embedded derivatives are updated quarterly through net income. Transfers Into or Out of Level 3: Assets and liabilities are transferred into Level 3 when a significant input cannot be corroborated with market observable data. This occurs when market activity decreases significantly and underlying inputs cannot be observed, current prices are not available, and/or when there are significant variances in quoted prices, thereby affecting transparency. Assets and liabilities are transferred out of Level 3 when circumstances change such that a significant input can be corroborated with market observable data. This may be due to a significant increase in market activity, a specific event, or one or more significant input(s) becoming observable. Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value Using Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) Certain quantitative information about the significant unobservable inputs used in the fair value measurement, and the sensitivity of the estimated fair value to changes in those inputs, for the more significant asset and liability classes measured at fair value on a recurring basis using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) were as follows at:
|  |  |  |  |  |  | March 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023 |  | Impact of Increase in Input on Estimated Fair Value
| Valuation Techniques |  | Significant Unobservable Inputs |  | Range |  | Range |
Market Risk Benefits |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Variable annuity guaranteed minimum benefits | • | Option pricing techniques |  | • | Mortality rates |  | 0.04% | - | 12.90% |  | 0.04% | - | 12.90% |  | Decrease (1)
|  |  |  | • | Lapse rates |  | 1.00% | - | 22.80% |  | 1.00% | - | 22.80% |  | Decrease (2)
|  |  |  | • | Utilization rates |  | 0.00% | - | 25.00% |  | 0.00% | - | 25.00% |  | Increase (3)
|  |  |  | • | Withdrawal rates |  | 0.00% | - | 10.00% |  | 0.00% | - | 10.00% |  | (4)
|  |  |  | • | Long-term equity volatilities |  | 11.72% | - | 23.10% |  | 12.59% | - | 22.50% |  | Increase (5)
|  |  |  | • | Nonperformance risk spread |  | 0.53% | - | 1.37% |  | 0.76% | - | 1.63% |  | Decrease (6)
Embedded Derivatives |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Index-linked annuity crediting rates | • | Option pricing techniques |  | • | Mortality rates |  | 0.03% | - | 9.24% |  | 0.03% | - | 9.24% |  | Decrease (1)
|  |  |  | • | Lapse rates |  | 1.00% | - | 62.30% |  | 1.00% | - | 62.30% |  | Decrease (2)
|  |  |  | • | Withdrawal rates |  | 0.50% | - | 9.00% |  | 0.50% | - | 9.00% |  | (4)
|  |  |  | • | Nonperformance risk spread |  | 0.26% | - | 1.67% |  | 0.45% | - | 1.74% |  | Decrease (6)
_______________ (1)Mortality rates vary by age and by demographic characteristics such as gender. The range shown reflects the mortality rate for policyholders between 35 and 90 years old. Mortality rate assumptions are set based on company experience and include an assumption for mortality improvement. (2)The lapse rate range reflects base lapse rates for major product categories for duration 1-20. Base lapse rates are adjusted at the contract level based on a comparison of the actuarially calculated guaranteed values and the current policyholder account value, as well as other factors, such as the applicability of any surrender charges. For variable annuity guarantees, a dynamic lapse function reduces the base lapse rate when the guaranteed amount is greater than the account value as in-the-money contracts are less likely to lapse. Lapse rates are also generally assumed to be lower in periods when a surrender charge applies. (3)The utilization rate assumption for variable annuity guarantees estimates the percentage of contract holders with a guaranteed minimum income benefit (“GMIB”) or lifetime withdrawal benefit who will elect to utilize the benefit upon becoming eligible in a given year. The range shown represents the floor and cap of the GMIB dynamic election rates across varying levels of in-the-money. For lifetime withdrawal guarantee riders, the assumption is that everyone will begin withdrawals once account value reaches zero which is equivalent to a 100% utilization rate. Utilization rates may vary by the type of guarantee, the amount by which the guaranteed amount is greater than the account value, the contract’s withdrawal history and by the age of the policyholder. (4)The withdrawal rate represents the percentage of account balance that any given policyholder will elect to withdraw from the contract each year. The withdrawal rate assumption varies by age and duration of the contract, and also by other factors such as benefit type. For any given contract, withdrawal rates vary throughout the period over which cash flows are projected for purposes of valuing the embedded derivative. For variable annuity guaranteed minimum withdrawal benefits, any increase (decrease) in withdrawal rates results in an increase (decrease) in the estimated fair value of the guarantees. For variable annuity guaranteed minimum accumulation benefits and GMIBs, any increase (decrease) in withdrawal rates results in a decrease (increase) in the estimated fair value. (5)Long-term equity volatilities represent equity volatility beyond the period for which observable equity volatilities are available. For any given contract, long-term equity volatility rates vary throughout the period over which cash flows are projected for purposes of valuing MRBs. (6)Nonperformance risk spread varies by duration. For any given contract, multiple nonperformance risk spreads will apply, depending on the duration of the cash flow being discounted for purposes of valuing the MRB or embedded derivative. The Company does not develop unobservable inputs used in measuring fair value for all other assets and liabilities classified within Level 3; therefore, these are not included in the table above. The other Level 3 assets and liabilities primarily included fixed maturity securities and derivatives. For fixed maturity securities valued based on non-binding broker quotes, an increase (decrease) in credit spreads would result in a higher (lower) fair value. For derivatives valued based on third-party pricing models, an increase (decrease) in credit spreads would generally result in a higher (lower) fair value. The changes in assets and (liabilities) measured at estimated fair value on a recurring basis using significant unobservable inputs (excluding MRBs disclosed in Note 4) were summarized as follows:
|  | Fair Value Measurements Using Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
|  | Fixed Maturity Securities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Corporate (1) |  | Structured Securities |  |  |  | Foreign Government |  | Equity Securities |  |  |  | Net Derivatives (2) |  | Embedded Derivatives on Index-Linked Annuities |  |
|  | (In millions)
Three Months Ended March 31, 2024 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance, beginning of period |  | $ | 1,320 |  |  | $ | 380 |  |  |  |  | $ | 36 |  |  | $ | 25 |  |  |  |  | $ | 18 |  |  | $ | (8,186) |  |  |
Total realized/unrealized gains (losses) included in net income (loss) (3) (4) |  | (5) |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | (3) |  |  | (1,886) |  |  |
Total realized/unrealized gains (losses) included in AOCI |  | (8) |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |
Purchases (5) |  | 37 |  |  | 147 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 2 |  |  | — |  |  |
Sales (5) |  | (28) |  |  | (5) |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |
Issuances (5) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |
Settlements (5) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 131 |  |  |
Transfers into Level 3 (6) |  | 15 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |
Transfers out of Level 3 (6) |  | (64) |  |  | (40) |  |  |  |  | (15) |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | (6) |  |  | — |  |  |
Balance, end of period |  | $ | 1,267 |  |  | $ | 482 |  |  |  |  | $ | 21 |  |  | $ | 25 |  |  |  |  | $ | 11 |  |  | $ | (9,941) |  |  |
Three Months Ended March 31, 2023 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance, beginning of period |  | $ | 1,787 |  |  | $ | 365 |  |  |  |  | $ | 38 |  |  | $ | 27 |  |  |  |  | $ | 35 |  |  | $ | (3,932) |  |  |
Total realized/unrealized gains (losses) included in net income (loss) (3) (4) |  | 1 |  |  | (1) |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | (2) |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | (1,090) |  |  |
Total realized/unrealized gains (losses) included in AOCI |  | 24 |  |  | 1 |  |  |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | (1) |  |  | — |  |  |
Purchases (5) |  | 142 |  |  | 19 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |
Sales (5) |  | (13) |  |  | (4) |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |
Issuances (5) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |
Settlements (5) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | (142) |  |  |
Transfers into Level 3 (6) |  | 19 |  |  | 1 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |
Transfers out of Level 3 (6) |  | (24) |  |  | (31) |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | (1) |  |  | — |  |  |
Balance, end of period |  | $ | 1,936 |  |  | $ | 350 |  |  |  |  | $ | 39 |  |  | $ | 25 |  |  |  |  | $ | 33 |  |  | $ | (5,164) |  |  |
Changes in unrealized gains (losses) included in net income (loss) for the instruments still held at March 31, 2024 (7) |  | $ | (3) |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  | $ | (3) |  |  | $ | (2,040) |  |  |
Changes in unrealized gains (losses) included in OCI for the instruments still held as of March 31, 2024 (7) |  | $ | (19) |  |  | $ | (2) |  |  |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  |
Changes in unrealized gains (losses) included in net income (loss) for the instruments still held at March 31, 2023 (7) |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | (1) |  |  |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (2) |  |  |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (1,166) |  |  |
Changes in unrealized gains (losses) included in OCI for the instruments still held as of March 31, 2023 (7) |  | $ | 23 |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  | $ | (1) |  |  | $ | — |  |  |
_______________ (1)Comprised of U.S. and foreign corporate securities. (2)Freestanding derivative assets and liabilities are reported net for purposes of the rollforward. (3)Amortization of premium/accretion of discount is included in net investment income. Changes in the allowance for credit losses and direct write-offs are charged to net income (loss) on securities are included in net investment gains (losses). Lapses associated with net embedded derivatives are included in net derivative gains (losses). Substantially all realized/unrealized gains (losses) included in net income (loss) for net derivatives and net embedded derivatives are reported in net derivative gains (losses). (4)Interest and dividend accruals, as well as cash interest coupons and dividends received, are excluded from the rollforward. (5)Items purchased/issued and then sold/settled in the same period are excluded from the rollforward. Fees attributed to embedded derivatives are included in settlements. (6)Gains and losses, in net income (loss) and OCI, are calculated assuming transfers into and/or out of Level 3 occurred at the beginning of the period. Items transferred into and out of Level 3 in the same period are excluded from the rollforward. (7)Changes in unrealized gains (losses) included in net income (loss) for fixed maturities are reported in either net investment income or net investment gains (losses). Substantially all changes in unrealized gains (losses) included in net income (loss) for net derivatives and net embedded derivatives are reported in net derivative gains (losses). Fair Value of Financial Instruments Carried at Other Than Fair Value The following tables provide fair value information for financial instruments that are carried on the balance sheet at amounts other than fair value. These tables exclude the following financial instruments: cash and cash equivalents, accrued investment income and payables for collateral under securities loaned and other transactions. The estimated fair value of the excluded financial instruments, which are primarily classified in Level 2, approximates carrying value as they are short-term in nature such that the Company believes there is minimal risk of material changes in interest rates or credit quality. All remaining balance sheet amounts excluded from the tables below are not considered financial instruments subject to this disclosure. The carrying values and estimated fair values for such financial instruments, and their corresponding placement in the fair value hierarchy, are summarized as follows at:
| March 31, 2024
|  |  | Fair Value Hierarchy |  |
| Carrying Value | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Total Estimated Fair Value
| (In millions)
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Mortgage loans | $ | 22,670 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 20,546 |  |  | $ | 20,546 |
Policy loans | $ | 1,651 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 834 |  |  | $ | 930 |  |  | $ | 1,764 |
Other invested assets | $ | 256 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 245 |  |  | $ | 11 |  |  | $ | 256 |
Premiums, reinsurance and other receivables | $ | 8,188 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 132 |  |  | $ | 8,246 |  |  | $ | 8,378 |
Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Policyholder account balances | $ | 31,973 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 31,377 |  |  | $ | 31,377 |
Long-term debt | $ | 3,155 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,775 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,775 |
Other liabilities | $ | 1,550 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 874 |  |  | $ | 676 |  |  | $ | 1,550 |
Separate account liabilities | $ | 1,245 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,245 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,245 |
| December 31, 2023
|  |  | Fair Value Hierarchy |  |
| Carrying Value | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Total Estimated Fair Value
| (In millions)
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Mortgage loans | $ | 22,508 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 20,609 |  |  | $ | 20,609 |
Policy loans | $ | 1,331 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 518 |  |  | $ | 937 |  |  | $ | 1,455 |
Other invested assets | $ | 257 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 245 |  |  | $ | 12 |  |  | $ | 257 |
Premiums, reinsurance and other receivables | $ | 7,577 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 88 |  |  | $ | 7,636 |  |  | $ | 7,724 |
Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Policyholder account balances | $ | 31,471 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 30,606 |  |  | $ | 30,606 |
Long-term debt | $ | 3,156 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,769 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,769 |
Other liabilities | $ | 1,142 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 463 |  |  | $ | 679 |  |  | $ | 1,142 |
Separate account liabilities | $ | 1,150 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,150 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,150 |

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- Definition The entire disclosure for the fair value of financial instruments (as defined), including financial assets and financial liabilities (collectively, as defined), and the measurements of those instruments as well as disclosures related to the fair value of non-financial assets and liabilities. Such disclosures about the financial instruments, assets, and liabilities would include: (1) the fair value of the required items together with their carrying amounts (as appropriate); (2) for items for which it is not practicable to estimate fair value, disclosure would include: (a) information pertinent to estimating fair value (including, carrying amount, effective interest rate, and maturity, and (b) the reasons why it is not practicable to estimate fair value; (3) significant concentrations of credit risk including: (a) information about the activity, region, or economic characteristics identifying a concentration, (b) the maximum amount of loss the entity is exposed to based on the gross fair value of the related item, (c) policy for requiring collateral or other security and information as to accessing such collateral or security, and (d) the nature and brief description of such collateral or security; (4) quantitative information about market risks and how such risks are managed; (5) for items measured on both a recurring and nonrecurring basis information regarding the inputs used to develop the fair value measurement; and (6) for items presented in the financial statement for which fair value measurement is elected: (a) information necessary to understand the reasons for the election, (b) discussion of the effect of fair value changes on earnings, (c) a description of [similar groups] items for which the election is made and the relation thereof to the balance sheet, the aggregate carrying value of items included in the balance sheet that are not eligible for the election; (7) all other required (as defined) and desired information. + References Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef -Topic 820 -SubTopic 10 -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Section 50 -Paragraph 2 -Publisher FASB -URI https://asc.fasb.org//1943274/2147482106/820-10-50-2 + Details
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