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UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549

Form 10-K

(Mark One) | ☒ | ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
|  | For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022
| ☐ | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
|  | For the transition period from to

Commission File Number 1-32729

POTLATCHDELTIC CORPORATION

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware |  | 82-0156045
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) |  | (IRS Employer Identification No.)
601 West 1st Ave., Suite 1600 |  |
Spokane, Washington |  | 99201
(Address of principal executive offices) |  | (Zip Code)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (509) 835-1500

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

TITLE OF EACH CLASS | Trading symbol(s) | NAME OF EACH EXCHANGE ON WHICH REGISTERED
Common Stock ($1 par value) | PCH | The Nasdaq Global Select Market

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. ☒ Yes ☐ No

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act ☐ Yes ☒ No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. ☒ Yes ☐ No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). ☒ Yes ☐ No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer”, “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer | ☒ | Accelerated filer | ☐ | Non-accelerated filer | ☐
Smaller reporting company | ☐ | Emerging growth company | ☐ |  |

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☒

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive oﬃcers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). ☐ Yes ☒ No

The aggregate market value of the common stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant at June 30, 2022, was approximately $2,995.8 million, based on the closing price of $44.19.

As of February 1 3, 2023, 79,682,669 s hares of the registrant's common stock, par value $1 per share, were outstanding.

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

Portions of the definitive proxy statement for the 2023 annual meeting of stockholders expected to be filed with the Commission on or about March 28, 2023, are incorporated by reference in Part III hereof.

Auditor Name: KPMG LLP Auditor Location: Seattle, Washington Auditor Firm ID: 185

POTLATCHDELTIC CORPORATION AND CONSOLIDATED SUBSIDIARIES

|  | PAGE NUMBER
PART I |  |
ITEM 1. | BUSINESS | 3
ITEM 1A. | RISK FACTORS | 18
ITEM 1B. | UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS | 30
ITEM 2. | PROPERTIES | 30
ITEM 3. | LEGAL PROCEEDINGS | 30
ITEM 4. | MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES | 30
PART II |  |
ITEM 5. | MARKET FOR REGISTRANT'S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES | 31
ITEM 6. | RESERVED | 32
ITEM 7. | MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS | 33
ITEM 7A. | QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK | 47
ITEM 8. | FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA | 48
| Consolidated Statements of Operations | 50
| Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income | 51
| Consolidated Balance Sheets | 52
| Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows | 53
| Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity | 54
| Index for Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | 55
| Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | 56
ITEM 9. | CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE | 87
ITEM 9A. | CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES | 87
ITEM 9B. | OTHER INFORMATION | 90
ITEM 9C | DISCLOSURE REGARDING FOREIGN JURISDICTIONS THAT PREVENT INSPECTIONS | 90
PART III |  |
ITEM 10. | DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE | 90
ITEM 11. | EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION | 90
ITEM 12. | SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS | 90
ITEM 13. | CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE | 90
ITEM 14. | PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING FEES AND SERVICES | 90
PART IV |  |
ITEM 15. | EXHIBITS AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES | 91
ITEM 16. | FORM 10-K SUMMARY | 96
SIGNATURES | 97

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EXPLANATORY NOTE

For purposes of this report, any references to "the company,” “us,” “we” and “our” include PotlatchDeltic Corporation and its consolidated subsidiaries.

CAUTIONARY STATEMENT REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING INFORMATION

This report contains, in addition to historical information, certain forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933 and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. These statements often reference or describe our expected future financial and operating performance, including without limitation, expected effectiveness of our hedging instruments and swaps; expected return on pension assets; required contributions to pension plans; recognition of compensation costs relating to our performance share awards (PSAs) and restricted stock units (RSUs); expected amortization expenses with respect to intangible assets; expected amortization of unrecognized compensation cost of PSAs and RSUs; amount of net earnings on cash flow hedges expected to be reclassified into earnings in the next 12 months; expected tax payments and deferrals; anticipated share repurchases and dividend payments; anticipated cash balances, cash flows from operations and expected liquidity; potential uses of and estimated payments under our credit facility; the expected impact from the Ola, Arkansas sawmill fire, anticipated insurance coverage and expected timing to finalize the insurance claim and receive the remaining insurance proceeds, expected timing to return to full operation, and the sawmill’s estimated future annual capacity; expectations regarding the development of the forest carbon sequestration market; expectations regarding debt obligations, interest payments and debt refinancing; expected purchase and other obligations; estimated age of existing housing stock and expectations regarding the U.S. housing market, home repair and remodeling activity; the lumber and log markets, lumber prices, lumber shipment volumes, sawlog demand, percent of log sales by log supply agreements; timber harvest volumes, standing timber inventory, sawlog mix and pricing; rural real estate and residential and commercial real estate development sales, and the average price per acre and developed lot; sufficiency of cash to meet operating requirements; expected 2023 capital expenditures; greenhouse gas reduction targets; potential opportunities regarding ESG matters; costs associated with the expansion and modernization of our Waldo, Arkansas sawmill, the expected timing of completion of the project, and expected increases in productivity resulting from the project; and similar matters.

Forward-looking statements can be identified by the fact that they do not relate strictly to historical or current facts. They often involve use of words such as expects, may, could, should, will, believes, anticipates, estimates, projects, intends, plans, targets or approximately, or similar words or terminology. These forward-looking statements are based on our current expectations and assumptions and are not guarantees of future events or performance. The realization of our expectations and the accuracy of our assumptions are subject to a number of risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from those described in the forward-looking statements. The factors listed below and those described under Part I – Item 1A. Risk Factors and Part II – Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, as well as other factors not described herein because they are not currently known to us or we currently judge them to be immaterial, may cause our actual results to differ significantly from our forward-looking statements. We undertake no obligation to update our forward-looking statements after the date of this report.

Risks, Uncertainties and Assumptions

Our actual results of operations could differ materially from our historical results or those expressed or implied by forward-looking statements contained in this report. Important factors that could cause or contribute to such differences include, but are not limited to, the following:

•
the effect of general economic conditions, including employment rates, rates of inflation, interest rate levels, discount rates, housing starts and the general availability of financing for home mortgages;
•
changes in silviculture;
•
timber cruising variables;
•
changes in state forest acts or best management practices;
•
changes in timber growth rates and harvest levels on our lands;
•
changes in timber prices and timberland values;
•
changes in policy regarding governmental timber sales;
•
changes in requirements for Forest Stewardship Council (FSC®) or Sustainable Forest Initiative (SFI®) certification;

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•
changes in the level of residential and commercial construction and remodeling activity;
•
changes in tariffs, quotas and trade agreements involving wood products;
•
changes in demand for our products and real estate;
•
availability of labor and developable land;
•
changes in production and production capacity in the forest products industry;
•
competitive pricing pressures for our products;
•
unanticipated manufacturing disruptions, including disruptions or inefficiencies in our supply chain and/or operations;
•
the effect of weather on our harvesting and manufacturing activities;
•
the risk of loss from fires (such as the Ola, Arkansas sawmill fire and fires on our timberlands), floods, windstorms, hurricanes, pest infestation and other natural disasters;
•
impact of the public health epidemics and other outbreaks, including the global outbreak of the coronavirus (COVID-19 and its variants), governmental responses to such outbreaks, the effects of such responses and the anticipated recovery from such epidemics on our business, suppliers, consumers, customers and employees;
•
changes in the cost or availability of shipping and transportation;
•
performance of our manufacturing operations, including maintenance and capital requirements;
•
the level of competition from domestic and foreign producers;
•
changes in raw material and other costs;
•
changes in principle expenses;
•
collectability of amounts owed by customers;
•
changes in the United States (U.S.) and international economies;
•
changes in exchange rates;
•
changes in federal and state tax laws and policies;
•
changes in global or regional climate conditions and governmental response to such changes;
•
changes in general and industry-specific environmental laws and regulations;
•
unforeseen environmental liabilities or expenditures;
•
changes in accounting principles;
•
the ability to satisfy complex rules in order to remain qualified as a REIT;
•
changes in tax laws that could reduce the benefits associated with REIT status; and
•
the ability to achieve our greenhouse gas emissions targets.

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PA RT I

ITEM 1. B USINESS

General

PotlatchDeltic Corporation, formerly known as Potlatch Corporation and also formerly known as Potlatch Holdings, Inc., was incorporated in Delaware in September 2005 to facilitate a restructuring to qualify for treatment as a real estate investment trust (REIT) for federal income tax purposes. It is the successor to the business of the original Potlatch Corporation, which was incorporated in Maine in 1903. On February 20, 2018, Deltic Timber Corporation (Deltic) merged into a wholly owned subsidiary of Potlatch. Following the merger, Potlatch changed its name to PotlatchDeltic Corporation.

We are a leading timberland REIT with operations in nine states, and ownership of nearly 2.2 million acres of timberland in seven of those states. We also own six sawmills and an industrial grade plywood mill, a residential and commercial real estate development business and a rural timberland sales program.

Our operations are organized into three business segments:

•
Timberlands;
•
Wood Products; and
•
Real Estate

The map below shows the locations of our timberlands, manufacturing facilities, real estate development operations, and our corporate office located in Spokane, Washington.

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Additional information regarding each of our business segments is included in this section, as well as in Part II – Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations and Note 2: Segment Information in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

As a REIT, we generally are not subject to federal and state corporate income taxes on our income from investments in real estate that we distribute to our stockholders, including the income derived from the sale of standing timber. We are required to pay federal corporate income taxes on income generated from the operations of PotlatchDeltic’s taxable REIT subsidiaries (PotlatchDeltic TRS or TRS), which principally consists of our Wood Products manufacturing operations and certain real estate investments. We are, however, subject to corporate taxes on built-in gains (the excess of fair market value over tax basis on the merger date) on sales of former Deltic real property held by the REIT during the five years following the Deltic merger (until February 2023). The sale of standing timber is not subject to built-in gains tax.

Business Strategy

Our business strategy encompasses the following key elements:

•
Timberlands provide stability. We own high-quality timberlands under a tax-efficient REIT structure, representing over 80% of our gross asset value. We manage our timberlands sustainably over the long-term using best management practices designed to optimize the balance among timber growth, prudent environmental management and current cash flow, in order to achieve increasing levels of sustainable yield over the long-term. The stability of our timberlands supports a sustainable and growing dividend.
•
Leverage to lumber prices. We have the highest direct leverage to lumber prices of the timber REITs. Our leverage to lumber is attributable to both our lumber manufacturing business and indexed sawlog prices in Idaho. We are well positioned to take advantage of the favorable long-term housing fundamentals. Returns earned by this component of our strategy provide funding for discretionary capital allocation opportunities.
•
Integrated Timberlands and Wood Products operating model. Internal log sales to our mills comprised approximately 33% of our Timberlands revenues in 2022 and represented approximately 49% of our Wood Product's fiber costs. This strategy enables us to maximize the value of our assets.
•
Efficient and productive Wood Products facilities. We rank as a top-10 softwood lumber producer in the U.S. with approximately 1.1 billion board feet of capacity. We also own an industrial grade plywood mill with approximately 150 million square feet of capacity. Discretionary capital expenditures in our mills are typically targeted to earn returns exceeding 15%.
•
Capturing incremental value of our real estate holdings. A portion of our timberland acreage is more valuable for other purposes, such as recreation, conservation, alternative energy facilities (such as new solar farms), residential or commercial development, or to other timberland or real estate investors. We continually assess the potential uses of our lands and manage them proactively for the highest value. We currently have identified approximately 90,000 acres of non-core timberland real estate that we intend to sell over time. Our real estate development activity in the TRS is primarily focused on a 4,800-acre premier master-planned community in Little Rock, Arkansas that we acquired as part of the 2018 Deltic merger.
•
Pursuing attractive acquisitions. We actively pursue timberland acquisitions that meet our financial and strategic criteria. The critical elements of our acquisition strategy generally include acquiring properties that complement our existing land base, are cash flow accretive and have attractive timber or include non-core timberland uses such as recreational, conservation, commercial or residential purposes, and that we can sell over time. During 2022, we acquired nearly 400,000 acres of timberlands, including approximately 348,000 acres of superior site indexed timberlands located in Alabama, Georgia and South Carolina in our merger with CatchMark Timber Trust, Inc. (CatchMark).
•
Committed to responsible environmental, social and governance values. Environmental Stewardship is a core corporate value instilled by managing a renewable resource for the long-term. We focus on meeting the needs of our stakeholders, now and into the future. We are committed to responsible corporate citizenship and environmental, social and governance considerations are integrated in the way we do business every day. We recognize that our environmental commitment, the well-being of our employees, the independence and oversight of our board of directors, the positive impact we have in our communities, and our public advocacy can have a profound impact on our success for our stakeholders.

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Business Segments

Timberlands Segment

Industry Background. The demand for sawlogs is significantly dependent upon price, species, grade, quality, proximity to wood consuming facilities and the ability to meet customer needs. The demand for pulpwood is dependent on the paper and pulp-based manufacturing industries along with pellets. Both sawlogs and pulpwood are affected by domestic and international economic conditions, global population growth and other demographic factors, industry capacity and the value of the U.S. dollar in relation to foreign currencies. Locally, timber demand and pricing also fluctuate due to the expansion or closure of individual wood products and pulp-based manufacturing facilities.

Local log supplies also change in response to prevailing timber prices. Rising timber prices often lead to increased harvesting on private timberlands, including lands not previously made available for commercial timber operations. In the majority of the U.S. South, an oversupply of ready-to-cut standing timber exists due to years of low and deferred harvesting following the 2009 housing market crash, the conversion of southern row crop land to timberland through federal government incentives over 30 years ago and increased productivity of southern acres due to improved silvicultural practices (genetically modified seedlings, plantations, fertilization). All of these factors contribute to continued depressed sawlog prices in parts of the South. Log supplies and prices are impacted by the demand for new homes in the United States, repair and remodel activity, wood product mill capacity, log and lumber exports and the impacts from weather-related conditions or natural disasters.

Log availability has tightened in the Pacific Northwest and Western Canada as a result of several years of devastating forest fires, continued harvest restrictions on federal and provincial lands and damage caused by the mountain pine beetle. These actions are contributing to British Columbia mill production curtailments, mill closures, a shift of Canadian softwood lumber production to the eastern provinces of Canada, and investment by Canadian producers in existing and new mills in the U.S. South.

Timberlands Operations. We strive to maximize returns from our timberlands by selling both delivered logs and entering into stumpage sales to external customers while managing our timberlands sustainably over the long-term. The Timberlands segment sells a portion of its logs at market prices to our Wood Products facilities. Intersegment sales to our Wood Products facilities were approximately 33%, 37% and 37% of our total Timberlands segment revenues for 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The segment also sells sawlogs and pulpwood to a variety of forest products companies located near our timberlands. The segment’s customers range in size from small operators to multinational corporations. No third-party customer represented more than 10% of our consolidated revenues in 2022, 2021 or 2020. We compete in the marketplace through our ability to provide our customers with a consistent and reliable supply of high-quality logs at scale volumes and competitive prices.

In general, our log supply agreements require a specified volume of timber to be delivered to defined customer facilities at prices that are adjusted periodically to reflect market conditions. Prices in our Northern region contracts are adjusted periodically by species to prevailing market prices for logs, lumber, wood chips and other residuals. Additionally, in Idaho for both external and internal customers, we index the price of approximately 75% of our sawlogs sold to the price of lumber. Prices in our Southern region contracts are adjusted every three months based on prevailing market prices for logs. Typically, our log supply agreements are in place for one to five years. In 2022, approximately 31% of our harvest volume was sold under log supply agreements. We expect approximately the same percentage of our harvest volume to be sold under log supply agreements in 2023. The segment also generates revenue from non-timber resources such as hunting leases, recreation permits and leases, mineral rights leases and carbon sequestration.

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Timberlands Ownership. The Timberlands segment sustainably manages nearly 2.2 million acres of timberlands, including approximately 19,000 acres under long-term leases. The following provides additional information about our timberlands at December 31, 2022.

Region |  | State |  | Description |  | Acres (in thousands) |
Northern region |  | Idaho |  | Variety of commercially viable softwood species, such as Douglas fir, grand fir and inland red cedar |  |  | 626 |
Southern region |  | Arkansas |  | Primarily southern yellow pine and hardwoods |  |  | 952 |
|  | Georgia |  | Primarily southern yellow pine and hardwoods |  |  | 218 |
|  | Alabama |  | Primarily southern yellow pine and hardwoods |  |  | 152 |
|  | Mississippi |  | Primarily southern yellow pine and hardwoods |  |  | 135 |
|  | South Carolina |  | Primarily southern yellow pine and hardwoods |  |  | 63 |
|  | Louisiana |  | Primarily southern yellow pine and hardwoods |  |  | 30 |
|  |  |  | Total Southern region |  |  | 1,550 |
|  |  |  | Total |  |  | 2,176 |

Standing Timberland Volumes. The aggregate estimated volume of current standing merchantable timber inventory is updated annually to reflect increases due to reclassification of young growth to merchantable timber, when the young growth meets defined diameter specifications, the annual growth rates of merchantable timber and the acquisition of additional merchantable timber and to reflect decreases due to timber harvests and land sales. This estimate is derived using methods consistent with industry practice and is based on statistical methods and field sampling. The estimated timberland volume includes timber in environmentally sensitive areas where the timberlands are managed in a manner consistent with best management practices and state forest practice acts.

The following provides additional information about our estimated standing timber inventory at December 31:

(Tons in millions) |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | Change |
Northern region |  | 27.8 |  |  | 28.8 |  |  |  | (1.0 | )
Southern region |  |  | 80.0 |  |  | 59.2 |  |  |  | 20.8 |
Total |  |  | 107.8 |  |  |  | 88.0 |  |  |  | 19.8 |

The increase in our Southern region standing merchantable timber inventory from 2021 was primarily attributable to the addition of approximately 348,000 acres from our merger with CatchMark and three bolt-on timberland acquisitions aggregating approximately 46,000 acres in Mississippi and Arkansas.

Timberlands Harvest. Our short-term and long-term harvest plans are critical factors in our timberland management process. Each year, we prepare a harvest plan designating the timber tracts and volumes to be harvested during that particular year. Our harvest plans take into account changing market conditions, are designed to contribute to the growth of the remaining timber and reflect our policy of environmental stewardship. These plans optimize harvest schedules, incorporating best forest management practices such as streamside management zones and stand level retention of wildlife habitat features. We conduct all operations in accordance with regulatory and certification requirements that protect water quality, wildlife habitat, and worker safety. Each harvest plan reflects our analysis of the age, size and species distribution of our timber, as well as our expectations about harvest methods, growth rates, the volume of each species to be harvested, anticipated dispositions, thinning operations, regulatory constraints and other relevant information. Since sustainable harvest plans are based on projections of weather, timber growth rates, regulatory constraints and other assumptions, many of which are beyond our control, there can be no assurance that we will be able to harvest the volumes projected or the specific timber stands designated in our harvest plans.

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The following table presents a summary of our total timber harvest by region during 2022.

|  | Timber Harvested |
(Tons in thousands) |  | Sawlogs |  |  | Pulpwood |  |  | Stumpage |  |  | Total |
Northern region |  |  | 1,577 |  |  |  | 40 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,617 |
Southern region |  |  | 2,199 |  |  |  | 1,878 |  |  |  | 830 |  |  |  | 4,907 |
Total |  |  | 3,776 |  |  |  | 1,918 |  |  |  | 830 |  |  |  | 6,524 |

Our harvest volume in 2022 was higher than planned primarily due to the addition of the CatchMark timberlands in mid-September 2022. Our current harvest projection for 2023, which is based on constant timberland holdings and takes into consideration such factors as market conditions, the age of our timber stands, and recent timberland sales and acquisitions is expected to be approximately 7.7 million tons.

Detailed harvest information for the year ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, by region and product is presented in Part II – Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

Wood Products Segment

Operations. We are a top 10 softwood lumber manufacturer in the U.S. with 1.1 billion board feet of capacity. We also own an industrial grade plywood mill with 150 million square feet of capacity. We believe that competitiveness in the industry is largely based on individual mill efficiency and on the availability of competitively priced raw materials on a facility-by-facility basis, rather than on the number of mills operated. This is because it is generally not economical to transfer logs between or among facilities, which might permit a greater degree of specialization and operating efficiencies. Instead, each facility must utilize the raw materials that are available to it in a relatively limited geographic area. For these reasons, we believe we are able to compete effectively with companies that have a larger number of mills. We compete based on product quality, customer service and price.

A description of our Wood Products facilities, all of which are owned by us, together with their respective capacities at December 31, 2022, are as follows:

|  | Annual Capacity 1,2
Sawmills: |  |
Warren, Arkansas |  | 220 MMBF
Waldo, Arkansas |  | 190 MMBF
St. Maries, Idaho |  | 185 MMBF
Gwinn, Michigan |  | 185 MMBF
Ola, Arkansas 3 |  | 150 MMBF
Bemidji, Minnesota |  | 140 MMBF
Plywood Mill: |  |
St. Maries, Idaho |  | 150 MMSF

1 | Capacity represents the proven annual production capabilities of the facility under normal operating conditions and producing a normal product mix. Normal operating conditions are based on the configuration, efficiency and the number of shifts worked at each individual facility. In general, the definition includes two shifts per day for four days per week (10 hours per shifts) at each facility, which is consistent with industry-wide recognized measures. Production can exceed capacity due to efficiency gains and overtime. Actual sawmill production for 2022 was 1,019 MMBF.
2 | MMBF stands for million board feet; MMSF stands for million square feet, 3/8-inch panel thickness basis.
3 | In June 2021, a fire occurred in the Ola, Arkansas sawmill’s large-log primary breakdown machine center. The planer mill, kiln, and shipping department were not affected. The new equipment has been installed; the large log line restarted and log processing began in September 2022; and the sawmill is expected to reach its full production rate of 150 million board feet by the end of the first quarter of 2023. Actual production was averaging approximately 130 MMBF prior to the fire.

Our Wood Products segment manufactures and sells lumber, plywood and residual products at seven mills located in Arkansas, Idaho, Michigan and Minnesota. The segment’s products are largely commodity products, which are sold through our sales department to end users, retailers or wholesalers for nationwide distribution primarily for use in home building, repair and remodeling, industrial products and other construction activity. In general, the following factors influence sales realization and demand for wood products:

•
Residential and multi-family construction is influenced by factors such as population growth and other demographics, availability of labor and developable land, level of employment, consumer confidence, consumer income, availability of financing, interest rates, and the supply and pricing of existing homes on the market.
•
Repair and remodel of existing homes is influenced by the size and age of existing housing stock, which is estimated at 42 years on average, and access to home equity financing and other credit.

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•
The supply of commodity building products is influenced by changes in production capacity and utilization rates, weather, raw material supply, availability of skilled labor, and transportation.

We continually invest in maintenance and discretionary capital projects at our Wood Products facilities. We evaluate discretionary capital improvements primarily based on expected level of return on investment. For example, in June 2022, we announced a project to expand and modernize our Waldo, Arkansas sawmill. The project is expected to increase the sawmill’s annual capacity from 190 million board feet of dimensional lumber to approximately 275 million board feet and significantly reduce the sawmill’s operating costs. Our ongoing capital improvements provide increased productivity, enhanced employee safety, compliance with regulatory standards and environmental benefits.

Wood Procurement. Our procurement foresters purchase wood fiber for our facilities from our timberlands or from private, state and federal sources. We are committed to producing wood products that meet both customer demand and quality as well as responsibly sourcing the raw materials. All seven of our facilities are certified to the SFI® Fiber Sourcing Standard, which provides structure to how we, as an SFI® Program Participant, purchase fiber from both certified and non-certified forestland. In 2022, 100% of the timber consumption at all our Wood Products facilities were SFI® Fiber Sourcing certified. We generally do not maintain long-term supply contracts for a significant volume of logs. During 2022, 2021 and 2020, purchases from our Timberlands segment was approximately 49%, 52% and 51% of our Wood Products segment fiber costs, respectively.

Real Estate Segment

The activities of our Real Estate segment consist primarily of the sale of rural land and real estate development and subdivision activity.

Rural real estate operations. We sell rural land that is not strategic to our core timberland operations, or that has higher values for recreational, conservation, commercial or residential purposes over time. Sales of these lands may occur over a decade or more. We continually assess the highest value and best use of our timberlands through periodic stratification assessments on our timberlands, and as new timberlands are acquired. From time to time, we also take advantage of opportunities to sell core timberland where we believe pricing to be particularly attractive, to match a sale with a purchase of more desirable property while deferring taxes in a like-kind exchange transaction, or to meet various other financial or strategic objectives. We currently have identified approximately 90,000 acres of non-core timberland real estate that we intend to sell over time. We expect to identify additional non-core timberland real estate once we finalize the stratification of timberlands acquired under the CatchMark merger and three bolt-on acquisitions completed in 2022, as well as when market opportunities arise. For example, we completed what we believe is the first sale in the industry of land to a solar developer in 2022.

Results for the rural real estate operations depend on the demand for our non-core timberlands, the types of properties sold, the basis of these properties and the timing of closings of property sales.

Development real estate operations. The Real Estate segment also engages in real estate development and sales, and at times sells undeveloped acreage, through our TRS. Chenal Valley in Little Rock, Arkansas is a premier, upscale master planned community, with approximately 4,800 acres of residential and commercial properties centered around a country club with two championship golf courses. In addition, we have 800 acres of land in Hot Springs, Arkansas available for future development. In Chenal Valley, approximately 20% of each neighborhood is set aside as greenspace. In addition, about 15% of the total acreage is preserved as greenspace throughout the development and between neighborhoods. Our Red Oak Ridge development in Hot Springs, Arkansas incorporates many of the same environmentally conscious practices.

Residential lots are sold to homebuilders and individuals, while commercial sites are sold to developers and businesses. Infrastructure and other improvements to support the development and sale of residential and commercial properties are provided for and funded directly by us, or in some circumstances, through real property improvement districts. We develop such properties when sufficient demand exists and substantially all infrastructure is completed. Future infrastructure investments are primarily for the development and sale of additional property. Most of the core infrastructure is already in place for Chenal Valley. We typically develop about 150 residential lots in the Chenal Valley area each year. In addition, approximately 1,430 potential residential lots are available for future development and sale. We have approximately 300 additional acres available for commercial purposes. Our competitors in our real estate markets are other landowners or developers.

Results for the development real estate operations depend on the location within the development, the amount of new and existing housing inventory levels, and the timing of closing of property sales.

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Seasonality

Log and pulpwood sales volumes in our Timberlands segment are typically lower in the first half of each year as winter rains in the Southern region and spring thaw in the Northern region limit timber harvesting operations due to softened roadbeds and wet logging conditions that restrict access to logging sites. The third quarter is typically our Timberlands segment's strongest production quarter. Demand for our manufactured wood products typically decreases in the winter months when construction activity is slower, while demand typically increases during the spring, summer and fall when construction activity is generally higher. Rural real estate dispositions and acquisitions can be adversely affected when access to any properties to be sold or considered for acquisition are limited due to adverse weather conditions. Development real estate sales at Chenal Valley occur throughout the year, though historically most sales take place in the second half of the year as builders prepare for the following spring and summer traditional home building and buying season. The timing of development real estate sales can also be impacted by contractor availability needed to complete infrastructure and other improvements prior to bringing developed real estate to market.

Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) Practices

We deliver a range of sustainable economic, social, and environmental values for our stakeholders and strive to do our part to help the planet for future generations. Our mission is to grow and produce the resources that build a foundation for our lives and improve the communities where we live, work, and play. Our values are safety, inclusion and respect, integrity, operational excellence, community, and environmental stewardship. We acknowledge the importance of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) as part of a commonly agreed global ambition and support all seventeen SDGs and have identified SDG 6 (Clean water and sanitation), 8 (Decent work and economic growth), 12 (Responsible consumption and production), 13 (Climate action), 15 (Life on land), and 17 (Partnerships for the goals) as where we can make the largest impact. Maintaining a strong ESG foundation is a key component of our ability to drive long-term stakeholder value, and these principles guide us in how we conduct our business every day.

ESG Governance

Our ESG governance, which includes oversight by our board of directors, sets the framework for embedding ESG considerations throughout the organization and implementing ESG targets and initiatives. The Vice President, Public Affairs and Chief ESG Officer provides senior leadership on our ESG reporting and initiatives. The board of directors oversees our environmental management, social responsibility, health and safety and corporate governance policies and practices. In addition, we have established cross-functional groups within our organization to provide input on our ESG strategy, develop plans to achieve our ESG targets and embed ESG into our businesses. These groups include an ESG Management Group, ESG Working Group, and mill level environmental teams that focus on carbon and climate goals.

Environmental Practices

Sustainable Forestry Practices. We recognize the role forests play in combating climate change including our timberlands providing a powerful source for carbon removal, storage and cycling. In addition, harvested trees made into wood products continue to store carbon they have sequestered and can substitute for fossil-fuel emissions-intensive building materials. By leveraging decades of management experience and by working closely with scientific research organizations, we manage our timberlands on a sustainable basis in compliance with internationally recognized forest management standards while considering how climate change could create potential risks and opportunities. Our environmental, health, safety and forest stewardship policies reinforce our timberlands management approach. We are a leader in forest stewardship and sustainability with rigorous third-party auditing and certification of our forest practices which further supports clean air and water and protection of wildlife habitats.

Our timberlands are working forests where we take appropriate measures to protect biological diversity, water quality and other ecosystem values. Our timberlands also provide unique environmental, cultural, historical and abundant recreational opportunities for our communities. We recognize that some areas need to be conserved and species at risk need to be protected on the lands we manage. We invest resources and work to protect these and other qualities, while still managing our forests to produce financially mature timber. Our timberlands include a wide diversity of softwood and hardwood species.

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We have developed internal best management practices (BMPs) that include regulatory and certification frameworks and provide a consistent, tested means of implementing environmental protection to promote sustainable timberland management. We use these standards to maintain the health of forest soil, protect water quality and aquatic habitat and promote biodiversity. Our foresters implement BMPs as part of our environmental management system. Logging contractors must be on an approved contractor list and receive annual training, and we require that all contractors implement applicable BMPs during forest management activities on our lands by following specific prescriptions for the tract being harvested and planting following final harvests. We also recognize that some areas need to be conserved and species at risk need to be protected on the lands we manage. We harvest, on average, between 3% and 4% of our forests each year, and 100% of our timberlands are reforested after harvesting. On average, we plant 23 to 25 million tree seedlings per year.

Our timberlands are 100% certified to the SFI® Forest Management standards and approximately 70% of our combined timberlands in Arkansas and Louisiana are certified to the FSC® Forest Management standards. Generally, we are able to realize price premiums for pulpwood from our FSC® certified lands. We also take an active approach to regulatory developments by participating in standard-setting where possible. We work cooperatively with regulators to create voluntary conservation plans that address environmental concerns while preserving our ability to operate our timberlands efficiently.

Timberland fires continue to increase, particularly in Western Canada and the Pacific Northwest. As the largest private landowner in Idaho, we have implemented several practices to help mitigate fire risk on our Idaho timberlands. Such practices include participating in fire protection districts or cooperative agreements with state, federal and private timberland owners where participants contribute assets and resources to fight fires regardless of the location of the fire. During periods of high fire danger, we may prohibit campfires, close access on our timberlands, adjust harvest schedules to late evening/early mornings and post individuals on site following logging activities to monitor for potential fire outbreaks. Further, from May to October, our agreements with both logging and silviculture contractors require them to have on site specific firefighting resources such as water, water pumps and hand tools. Fire is an important tool in forest management to remove post-logging woody debris known as slash and to help prepare sites for replanting. Slash is managed through installation of fire breaks, mechanical piling and pile burning. Approvals for burning the remaining slash are obtained through the Montana/Idaho Airshed Group, which evaluates atmospheric conditions and other burning activities underway to minimize airshed impacts.

Our Southern timberlands are less susceptible to fires as they are located in areas that have relatively high humidity. Our Southern harvesting operations result in less slash at final harvest due to stand thinning techniques to promote timber yield. Warm weather and wet conditions in the South allow the slash to be mechanically spread back into the tract returning nutrients to the soil. These practices not only help ensure our timberlands are available for future harvest, but also reduce potential environmental impacts that often come from timberland fires.

Environmental Stewardship. We have a long legacy of excellence in sustainable timberland management and in protecting water, soil, and wildlife. Our approach includes managing timberlands using advanced long-term strategic harvest scheduling models and replanting harvested areas.

Forests are diverse ecological systems with habitats for plants, animals, and organisms. Active forest management is a valuable tool for creating and maintaining a wide range of biodiversity benefits, enabling forests to stay healthy and productive. Our commitment to conserving biodiversity on our forest lands is based on this recognition that well-managed working forest lands provide a broad range of habitats for aquatic, avian, and terrestrial biodiversity. Four main components comprise our approach to maintaining and enhancing biodiversity: (1) landscape-level management; (2) stand-level diversity; (3) protection of ecologically unique sites or species; and (4) research.

Our timberlands are a source for providing clean water to communities in our watersheds through capturing and filtering water. The water quality BMPs utilized on our timberlands help us to conserve and protect water quality by minimizing sediment through the filtering ability of natural vegetation and erosion control measures adjacent to water bodies. The BMPs include practices such as leaving streamside management zones during harvest, properly designing and constructing logging roads, and using logging methods and equipment that protect water quality.

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Conservation. As a custodian of our timberlands, we recognize that the best outcome for some of our timberlands could be to conserve them as forestland in perpetuity. We realize this goal through land partnerships, conservation land sales and conservation easements. We work with a wide range of stakeholders for conservation, including states, cities, counties, water authorities, and environmental/conservation organizations including The Conservation Fund, The Nature Conservancy, and the Trust for Public Land. In addition, we work to protect species at risk and have entered into habitat conservation agreements to protect endangered species. Since 2018, approximately 70% of our rural land sales acreage has been for conservation with the remaining 30% for rural recreational purposes. Rural recreational land transactions provide an opportunity for neighboring landowners to increase their ownership, and also for both in-state and out-of-state buyers to find a place where they can get away to a rural home, or hunt, fish, hike and enjoy the outdoors.

Responsible Manufacturing. Our Wood Products manufacturing processes focus on safety and operational excellence while minimizing our environmental footprint. Our Wood Products facilities focus on responsible manufacturing and resource efficiency. An experienced professional team actively manages environmental compliance at our Wood Product facilities, and we have implemented compliance programs that include environmental education and training for our employees. Facilities minimize air emissions, monitor water discharge, and protect streams and rivers. We pursue opportunities to reduce energy consumption, conserve resources, and increase the use of renewable energy. Waste is managed throughout our facilities to reduce the amount we create, with opportunities for repurposing or recycling.

Wood Products manufacturing uses sophisticated computerization that maximizes log utilization. During the manufacturing process, wood residuals are generated, including sawdust, shavings, chips, and bark which are used internally in our boilers for steam energy, with the remainder sold for a wide range of uses. As a result, nearly 100% of our logs are utilized. We source energy for the mills from our internal boilers and burners with any shortfall of needs provided by purchased electricity, natural gas and propane. We ship the lumber and plywood produced by rail and truck for end uses that typically have long-life applications prior to recycling or disposal.

Our measurable impact on water use is limited to our Wood Products facilities and our offices. Our Wood Products facilities use little processed water in manufacturing operations, and we make efforts to reduce, reuse, and recycle water at all our locations to reduce consumption. Water is obtained from surface water, groundwater, and municipal sources and is used principally for watering log decks, saw cooling, make-up water at the boilers for steam production, and fire protection. Water withdrawals are minimized through extensive reuse and recycling, especially at the log deck. What little water is discharged is first sent to settling ponds for solids removal prior to being released. Water loss across the facilities is mostly due to evaporation from log watering activities.

Carbon and Climate. Sustainably managed forests combat climate change through carbon removal, storage, and cycling. Trees absorb atmospheric carbon dioxide through photosynthesis and store it in the branches, trunk, needles, and roots. Using wood products for building stores tree carbon and using biomass for energy retains carbon within a natural loop. The trees we plant then grow, renewing the cycle and growing net carbon storage. Active forest management enhances carbon removal from the atmosphere compared to unmanaged forests. As forests mature the rate of carbon sequestration slows, and natural tree mortality increases. Harvesting mature trees and replanting increases the rate of carbon uptake, as well as generating wood for lumber and other wood products. Forest management concentrates on the growth of harvestable trees for use in solid wood products, which maximizes the amount of forest carbon that is captured and stored in long-lived wood products. Utilizing wood for construction requires less energy and results in fewer greenhouse gas emissions compared with other building materials, such as steel and concrete. At the end of 2021, our living trees in our forests stored an estimated total of 114 million metric tons of Carbon Dioxide Equivalent (CO2e), excluding soil carbon, with an estimated 69 million metric tons of CO2e in merchantable above-ground portions.

Resource efficiency is a critical component of our operations, and we work to reduce our waste. Additionally, efforts that increase the efficiency of our manufacturing process and improve energy efficiency provide the benefit and opportunity to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Nitrous oxide and methane are greenhouse gas emissions included in the GHG emission calculation from wood burning energy. It also includes the CO2 from natural gas. Greenhouse gas emissions from our operations largely consist of carbon dioxide from our Wood Products facilities which use energy sourced from a combination of purchased electricity and on-site boilers and burners that utilize residual wood or natural gas for fuel.

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In September 2022, we published our inaugural carbon and climate report which detailed our carbon record and evaluated potential physical impacts that changes in atmospheric CO2, temperature, and precipitation could have on our timberlands under various greenhouse gas (GHG) scenarios. In 2021, our net carbon removal and storage were an estimated 4.7 million metric tons CO2e. Net direct removals from our timberlands totaled an estimated 440,000 metric tons CO2e with approximately an estimated 1.6 million metric tons of net removals from the forests for our external fiber sourcing. Approximately an additional estimated 2.7 million metric tons of CO2e was stored in the wood products we manufacture, and in the products made by our customers from our external log and wood residual sales. Our carbon emissions were estimated at 2.6 million metric tons CO2e with an estimated only 79,000 metric tons CO2e of that total from our Scope 1 and Scope 2 emissions. The remaining estimated 2.5 million metric tons CO2e were Scope 3 emissions across our value chain.

In December 2022, we established greenhouse gas reduction targets: a 2030 greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions reduction target for Scope 1 and Scope 2 GHG emissions of 42 percent and a Scope 3 value chain GHG emissions reduction target of 25 percent from a 2021 baseline. The targets are in accordance with the non-FLAG Science Based Targets initiative (SBTi) to keep global temperature increases to less than 1.5 C compared to pre-industrial levels.

Our climate-related risks and opportunities can be grouped in two categories: physical and transition. Physical risks and opportunities include acute impacts that are event driven and chronic impacts resulting from longer-term changes in climate patterns. Our acute risks could include: 1) potential increases in flooding and extreme weather events; 2) changes in precipitation patterns including volume, type (snow and rain) and timing; 3) changes in soil moisture conditions; 4) changes in risks from insects and disease; and 5) heightened wildfire risks. Chronic impacts could include potential long-term opportunities arising from increased productivity and yield in tree growth. Transition risks and opportunities arise from policy, regulatory, legal, technological, market and other societal responses to the challenges posed by climate change and the transition to a low-carbon economy. Potential opportunities could include market opportunities arising from the increased use of innovative wood products, such as mass timber and policies and incentives that encourage greater use of wood-based products in buildings. Growth in carbon offset markets as sustainably managed forests are recognized as a natural climate solution could also provide opportunities. Transition risks could include a carbon tax, a change in the methodology for biogenic emissions, as well as operational impacts such as changes in energy costs and regulatory impacts in environmental management.

Social Responsibility Practices

We strive to make PotlatchDeltic a workplace of excellence through our company culture, fair compensation, and comprehensive benefit options. We value an environment of ethical, diverse, and inclusive teamwork and look to attract talent with diverse backgrounds and experience.

Our Team. At December 31, 2022, we employed 1,330 team members across our businesses with hourly workers representing approximately 73% of the total employed. Our Wood Products segment employs approximately 82% of our total workforce and is the only segment that includes an hourly workforce. Certain employees at one of our sawmills, representing approximately 14% of our total workforce, are covered under a collective bargaining agreement, which expires in 2023.

Health and Safety. Our commitment to our employees starts with a strong culture that prioritizes health and safety as a core value. We are focused on preventing occupational illness and injuries without compromise. Our operations have comprehensive safety programs that include safety audits, training, contractor safety requirements and annual health and safety budgets as part of essential capital planning. We regularly review safety incidents, risk-identification reports and “near-miss” incidents and apply key learnings across our organization. Contractor safety is a focal point of our timberland safety program. Timber harvesting, road building and trucking contractors must meet stringent state and federal safety regulations and undergo annual industry specific and PotlatchDeltic safety training. In addition, we have implemented a training video and a Supplier Code of Conduct with which we expect our core operational contractors to comply with.

We remain committed to prioritizing the health and well-being of our employees and their families, our customers, suppliers and the communities in which we operate in light of the COVID-19 pandemic. From the outset of the COVID-19 pandemic, we established prevention protocols, which allowed our locations to operate safely with minimal disruption. We have provided our workforce with locally relevant information about the pandemic, including how employees can get vaccinated, have strongly encouraged our employees to get vaccinated, and have offered on-site vaccination clinics at our Wood Product facilities. We continue to monitor COVID-19 variants and adjust our onsite work policies and procedures where necessary.

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Team Member Development. We recognize that employing a highly skilled and diverse workforce is a competitive advantage and leads to better team member engagement. Developing people is a core component of our approach and we are committed to the development of all team members in support of their career aspirations. We have formal and informal programs to develop our workforce to become more proficient in their current roles and grow their careers in preparation for larger roles throughout the company.

We are amid a generational shift in our operations and are focused on transferring years of knowledge to the next generation of workers. This generational shift has created new opportunities for training and career advancement, and sustains local economic benefits as both the company and our employees contribute to the communities where we operate. Succession planning is critical to ensuring that we have the right people in the right position at the right time. We conduct annual succession planning meetings across the organization starting with our local operations and rolling up to our division and corporate levels including our executive team. Individuals who have demonstrated a desire and ability to move to new leadership roles collaborate with their managers to document meaningful development plans designed to help ensure that their development remains on track.

Diversity and Inclusion. Diversity and inclusion are a fundamental part of our values, and we are proud to be an equal opportunity employer. The principles underlying our commitment to diversity and inclusion are reflected through our policies, including our Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion Policy, Human Rights Policy, Corporate Conduct and Ethics Code, Equal Employment Opportunity Policy and Americans with Disabilities Act Policy. We strive to recruit, develop and retain a workforce that is representative of the communities in which we operate and continue to incorporate diversity initiatives into our policies and practices including those related to hiring, employee development, and succession planning.

We review our compensation and benefit plans annually to help ensure that we are providing competitive, contemporary, and inclusive programs so we can attract and retain the best people and support the health and well-being of our employees and their families. We believe in the importance of pay equity and we evaluate gender pay equity on an on-going basis and adjust wages as appropriate. At December 31, 2022, women represent 32% of our salaried workforce, 13% of our hourly workforce, and 18% of our total workforce. The average variance in median pay between men and women by pay grade is less than 2% across the company.

Our ability to influence the overall diversity of our workforce is highly dependent on several key factors, the most important of which is the pool of qualified candidates in the areas in which we operate. Many of our operations are located in rural communities where the economy is driven by the timber industry and our workforce reflects the demographics and culture of those localities. We continue to emphasize the importance of sourcing talent from these local communities and retaining that talent at our company so that our workplace demographics reflect the communities in which we operate. Overall, 20% of our workforce is comprised of individuals that identify as a member of one or more racial minority groups.

We continue to explore how we might more effectively attract women and minorities to our industry and retain them at our company to build a pipeline of talent from which to promote for future leadership roles.

Responsible Governance Practices

Board Composition and Independence. Responsible corporate governance aligned with our mission, a culture that incorporates our values, and rigorous systems for the identification and mitigation of risks increase our competitiveness, build resiliency, and create long-term value for our stakeholders. Our corporate governance policies and procedures, strong and effective board of directors, combined with our culture, guide us to ethical management that promotes respect for the community, a commitment to corporate responsibility, and sound financial management. Our board is committed to diverse representation in its membership and leadership. Currently, the Board has three female directors, one of whom is ethnically diverse and two of whom are committee chairs.

Our Director Independence Policy requires that the board be comprised of a majority of independent directors. Currently, eight of the ten directors are independent. During 2022, the board of directors met five times, with all directors attending 100% of all meetings of the board and committees on which each director served.

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Code of Ethics. Our Corporate Conduct and Ethics Code (Ethics Code) reaffirms our continuing commitment to act with integrity. It outlines our responsibilities to all our stakeholders, guides our decision-making, and outlines the minimum business standards we apply across our value chain. We work to instill the concepts of our Ethics Code in every employee. All employees acknowledge their review of the Ethics Code at the time of their onboarding. Additionally, certain employees, including management, supervisors, and procurement leads, are required to complete an annual review of the Ethics Code, including an attestation of their compliance. We also expect our suppliers and contractors to uphold the same legal and ethical standards and have established these requirements in our Supplier Code of Conduct.

Human Rights. Respect for human rights is a fundamental value of our company. We recognize that we have an important role in fostering human rights. We comply with applicable domestic human rights laws, and we are committed to respect and support internationally recognized human rights including those recognized in the U.N. Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights and the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Our commitment to human rights is embodied in our Human Rights Policy and supported by our Corporate Conduct and Ethics Code, Supplier Code of Conduct, Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion Policy, Forest Stewardship Policy, Environment, Health, and Safety Policy, and our other policies, standards, and practices. We respect Indigenous peoples and traditional livelihoods and value stakeholder engagement on these issues. We recognize the fundamental importance of water and respect the right to water, including quality, sufficiency, and accessibility.

Stakeholder Engagement. We recognize the diverse interests of our stakeholders and believe that our relationships both within and outside of our company are an important part of our value creation and success. We regularly engage with a broad range of stakeholders including investors and analysts, employees, communities, customers, government representatives, Indigenous peoples, industry associations, non-governmental organizations, research organizations, and suppliers. This helps us to understand, prioritize, and manage our impacts as an organization and our opportunities towards systemic change. Meaningful stakeholder engagement is also a critical part of our ESG strategy, promoting increased knowledge and awareness of ESG issues, inviting feedback on insights and trends, and nurturing trust and collaboration.

Our engagement typically has three principal objectives: 1) to share information; 2) to promote meaningful dialogue; and 3) to build and maintain sustainable relationships. By providing information surrounding our strategies, accomplishments and goals, we allow internal and external stakeholders to make informed decisions.

Risk Management. We have a comprehensive process to identify and evaluate a broad spectrum of risks including ESG risks. PotlatchDeltic utilizes an Enterprise Risk Management (ERM) framework to identify, assess and mitigate significant risks facing the company, including risks related to a range of environmental, social and governance topics. The audit committee of the board of directors and senior management have primary responsibility for the oversight of risks facing the company. Specific risks related to environmental issues and climate change are identified, assessed, and mitigated where feasible as part of our ERM process. In addition, our Environmental Management System (EMS) and ESG review conducted annually at the business unit level evaluates business ESG risks and opportunities, including climate-related risks and opportunities.

We conduct internal audits regularly to help ensure compliance with environmental, safety, financial, disclosure and other regulations, voluntary standards, and our own company policies. When noncompliance issues are identified, we develop, implement, and track corrective action plans towards timely resolution. An independent public accounting firm audits our accounting processes, financial reporting, and internal controls on an ongoing basis. Our comprehensive cybersecurity program maintains a strong focus on protecting the company, our customers, partners, and vendors. Our cybersecurity defense strategy includes access controls, monitoring, employee training, and breach response. We also maintain and regularly update other company policies that guide our business, inform our employees, and help manage our identified risks.

For more detailed information regarding our programs and initiatives, see “Committed to Social Responsibility” within our Environmental, Social & Governance Report (on our website). This report and other information on our website are not incorporated by reference into and do not form any part of this annual report on Form 10-K.

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Environmental Compliance and Regulations

We are subject to a multitude of laws and regulations in the operation of our businesses. We also participate in voluntary certification of our timberlands to help sustain their overall quality, including the protection of wildlife and water quality. Changes in law and regulation, or certification standards, can significantly affect our business.

Regulations affecting our timberlands. Enactment of new environmental laws or regulations, or changes in existing laws or regulations, particularly relating to air, wildlife, water quality and climate change, or their enforcement, may require significant expenditures by us or may adversely affect our timberland management, harvesting activities and manufacturing operations. Forest practice laws and regulations that affect present or future harvest and forest management activities in certain states include:

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limits on the size of clearcuts,
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requirements that some timber is left unharvested to protect water quality and fish and wildlife habitat,
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regulations regarding construction and maintenance of forest roads,
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rules requiring reforestation following timber harvests, and
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various related permit programs.

Our operations are regulated under the federal 1972 Clean Water Act (CWA), which regulates the discharge of pollutants into the waters of the U.S. This generally means obtaining permits for certain of our silviculture activities and abiding by applicable restrictions. Federal agency rulemaking and related litigation under the CWA has expanded the definition of waterways subject to the Act’s jurisdiction.

Each state in which we own timberlands has developed best management practices to reduce the effects of forest practices on water quality and aquatic habitats. Additional and more stringent regulations may be adopted by various state and local governments to achieve water-quality standards under the federal CWA, protect fish and wildlife habitats and human health, or achieve other public policy objectives. These requirements may alter or introduce restrictions on some of our silviculture activities, notably the application of pesticides and herbicides to our timberlands in some areas. This, in turn, may increase the number of required federal and state permits in some areas of our operations as it relates to the application of pesticides and herbicides on timberlands, which may increase operating costs. Pending and future federal and state rulemaking, and judicial challenges thereto, could make compliance with the CWA as well as comparable state laws, more or less costly to us, and we are not able to predict the final resolution of these matters.

Similarly, a number of species indigenous to our timberlands have been listed as threatened or endangered or have been proposed for one or the other status under the Endangered Species Act of 1973 (ESA). As a result, our activities in or adjacent to the habitat of these species may be subject to restrictions on the harvesting of timber, reforestation activities and the construction and use of roads. Although the CWA, ESA and related regulations have not had, and we do not expect in 2023 that they will have a material effect on our operations, they could do so in the future.

Regulations affecting our manufacturing operations. Our manufacturing operations are subject to federal and state laws and regulations, including those relating to air emissions, storm water and wastewater discharges, solid and hazardous waste management, site remediation and endangered species. We are also subject to the requirements of the federal Occupational Safety and Health Act and comparable state statutes relating to the health and safety of our employees. We maintain environmental and safety compliance programs and conduct regular internal and independent third-party audits of our facilities to monitor compliance with these laws and regulations. Our capital projects typically are designed to enhance safety, extend the life of a facility, lower costs and improve efficiencies, increase capacity and comply with regulatory standards.

Under the Clean Air Act and our site-specific Renewable Operating Permits, our Wood Products facilities closely monitor operating parameters and air emissions, including hazardous air pollutants to help minimize those emissions. Under the CWA, state and EPA water quality standards, we are subject to discharge limits and other provisions established at each site for process water and stormwater discharges through the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System.

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Our Wood Products facilities have environmental compliance procedures, which establish best practices, programs and procedures to drive continual compliance with federal, state and local regulations governing air emissions, water discharges, and waste disposal. We pursue continual improvement in our compliance programs through plans, training, monitoring and performance evaluation and through regular internal compliance audits and corrective action processes. We share key findings and best practices identified through these processes across facilities to drive improvements across the division.

Compliance. Our manufacturing facilities and timberland operations are currently in substantial compliance with applicable environmental laws and regulations. We cannot be certain, however, that situations that give rise to material environmental liabilities will not be discovered. Compliance with environmental regulations is a significant factor in our business and can require significant capital expenditures as well as additional operating costs. As discussed in Note 18: Commitments and Contingencies in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency (MPCA) has invited us to voluntarily participate as a non-federal sponsor in connection with one of their sediment contamination remediation projects in a reservoir downstream of one of our former properties we sold to a third party in 2002.

At this time, we believe that current federal and state laws and regulations related to the protection of endangered species and air and water quality will not have a material adverse effect on our financial position, results of operations or liquidity. We anticipate, however, that the enactment of increasingly strict laws and regulations relating to the environment, natural resources, climate change and forestry operations may result in additional restrictions on our operations, leading to increased costs, additional capital expenditures and reduced operating flexibility.

Available Information

We make our periodic and current reports that we file with, or furnish to, the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) available on or through our website, www.PotlatchDeltic.com (under “Investors – Financial Information”), at no charge as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file the information with, or furnish it to, the SEC. Information on our website is not incorporated by reference into this Annual Report on Form 10-K and should not be considered part of this report.

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Information About Our Executive Officers

As of February 10, 2023, information on our executive officers is as follows:

Eric J. Cremers (age 59), has been a director since March 2013 and our President and Chief Executive Officer since January 2021. Mr. Cremers also served as President and Chief Operating Officer from March 2013 through December 2020, Chief Financial Officer from March 2013 through August 2013, and Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer from February 2012 to March 2013. Mr. Cremers joined the company in 2007 as Vice President and Chief Financial Officer.

Jerald W. Richards (age 54), has served as Vice President and Chief Financial Officer since September 2013. He was employed by Weyerhaeuser Company and served as Chief Accounting Officer from October 2010 to August 2013, and corporate segment controller from 2008 to October 2010.

Ashlee T. Cribb (age 54), has served as Vice President, Wood Products since July 2021. She previously served in various roles with Roseburg Forest Products, including as Senior Vice President - Chief Commercial Officer from February 2019 to July 2021, Vice President, Structural Products from February 2018 to February 2019 and Business Director, Structural Products from January 2017 to February 2018.

Darin R. Ball (age 57), has served as Vice President of Timberlands since December 2017. From 2012 to December 2017, he served as Manager of our Idaho Timberlands business.

William R. DeReu (age 56), has served as Vice President, Real Estate since February 2018 and as Vice President, Real Estate and Lake States Timberlands from February 2012 to February 2018.

Michele L. Tyler (age 54), has served as Vice President, General Counsel and Corporate Secretary since August 2019. Prior to joining the company, Ms. Tyler served in legal roles with Vectrus, Inc. (NYSE: VEC), from January 2009 to January 2019, including as Senior Vice President, Chief Legal Officer, and Corporate Secretary from September 2014 to October 2018.

Anna E. Torma (age 61), has served as Vice President, Public Affairs and Chief ESG Officer since February 2022, Vice President, Public Affairs from March 2019 to February 2022, and Director of Public Affairs from April 2018 to March 2019. Prior to joining the company, Ms. Torma worked as Principal for Torma Research providing strategic consulting services, primarily to forest products companies, from January 2017 to April 2018.

Robert L. Schwartz (age 50), has served as Vice President, Human Resources since May 2014 and as Director, Human Resources from February 2009 to April 2014.

Wayne Wasechek (age 52) has served as Controller and Principal Accounting Officer since November 2018. He previously served as Vice President and Assistant Controller of Vail Resorts, Inc. (NYSE: MTN) from 2011 to 2018 and as Senior Director of Financial Reporting of Vail Resorts from 2006 to 2011.

The term of office of the officers of the company expires at the annual meeting of our board and each officer holds office until the officer’s successor is duly elected and qualified or until the earlier of the officer’s death, resignation, retirement, removal by the board or as otherwise provided in our bylaws.

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ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS

We are subject to various risks and events that could adversely affect our business, our financial condition, our results of operations, our cash flows and the price of our common stock. Investing in our common stock involves a significant degree of risk. The risks described below should carefully be considered together with the other information contained in this report, particularly in the Cautionary Statement Regarding Forward-Looking Information, Part 1 - Item 1 Business, and Part II – Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, as well as those set forth from time to time in our other public statements, reports, registration statements, prospectuses, information statements and other filings we make with the SEC, in evaluating us, our business and an investment in our securities.

The risks discussed below are not the only risks we face, and our descriptions of such risks, here and elsewhere, should not be considered exhaustive. Additional risks not currently known to us or that we currently deem immaterial also may adversely affect our business, our financial condition, our results of operations, our cash flows and the price of our common stock.

Industry and Business Risks

Economic Conditions

The cyclical nature of our business could adversely affect our results of operations.

The financial performance of our operations is affected by the cyclical nature of our business. The markets for manufactured wood products, timber and real estate are influenced by a variety of factors beyond our control. Our business is particularly dependent upon the health of the U.S. housing market, and specifically demand for new homes and home repair and remodeling which are subject to fluctuations due to changes in economic conditions, changes in employment levels, consumer confidence, financial markets, interest rates, credit availability (including homebuyers’ ability to qualify for mortgages), housing affordability, supply chain disruptions, availability of labor and developable land, inflation, population change, weather conditions and other factors. Historical prices for our manufactured wood products have been volatile as a result of demand, particularly in recent years, and we have limited direct influence over the timing and extent of price changes for our manufactured wood products. In our Timberlands business, our sawlog price realizations in Idaho are subject to fluctuation in lumber prices as we index a significant portion of these sawlogs under long-term supply agreements on a four-week lag to lumber prices. The demand for real estate can be affected by changes in factors such as interest rates, credit availability, economic conditions, changes in consumer preferences, limited wage growth, consumer confidence and the availability of developable land, as well as by the impact of federal, state and local land use and environmental protection laws. The potential effect of these factors on our future operational and financial performance is highly uncertain, unpredictable and outside our control. As a result, our past performance may not be indicative of future results.

Commodity Products

Our wood products are commodities that are widely available from other producers. Failure to compete effectively in our markets could adversely affect our financial results.

Because commodity products have few distinguishing properties from producer to producer, competition for these products is based primarily on price, which is determined by supply relative to demand, and competition from substitute products. Prices for our products are affected by many factors outside of our control, and we have no influence over the timing and extent of price changes, which often are volatile. Our profitability with respect to these products depends, in part, on managing our costs, particularly raw material and energy costs, which represent significant components of our operating costs. These costs can fluctuate based upon factors beyond our control including, but not limited to, changes in demand, supply chain disruptions, and inflation or deflation, all of which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and cash flows. Furthermore, the U.S. has experienced elevated inflation during 2022, which has impacted our business, especially for fuel, energy and repair and maintenance costs. Higher and prolonged levels of inflation could negatively impact our costs and we likely will not be able to fully pass the increased costs to customers.

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The markets for our wood products are highly competitive and companies that have substantially greater financial resources than we do compete with us in each of our lines of business. In addition, our Wood Products facilities are relatively capital intensive, which leads to high fixed costs and generally results in continued production as long as prices are sufficient to cover variable costs. These conditions have contributed to substantial price competition, particularly during periods of reduced demand. Some of our wood products competitors may currently be lower-cost producers than we are or may benefit from weak currencies relative to the U.S. dollar and, accordingly, these competitors may be less adversely affected than we are by price decreases. Wood products also are subject to significant competition from a variety of substitute products, including non-wood and engineered wood products. To the extent there is a significant increase in competitive pressure from substitute products or other domestic or foreign suppliers, our business could be adversely affected.

Competition from wood product imports can vary significantly and have a material effect on U.S. wood product pricing.

The future volume and pricing of lumber imports entering U.S. markets remain uncertain. Historically, Canada has been the most significant source of lumber imports to the U.S. market. For decades, the U.S. and Canada have been in a dispute over pricing for softwood lumber entering the U.S., which has resulted in trade cases and negotiated agreements between the two countries. The U.S. and Canada signed a Softwood Lumber Agreement in 2006, which expired in October 2015. On November 25, 2016, the U.S. lumber industry filed a petition seeking injury determination with the U.S. International Trade Commission, and a petition seeking countervailing (CVD) and anti-dumping (AD) duties on Canadian lumber imports with the U.S. Department of Commerce. Final rulings on injury and CVD and AD duties went into effect on December 28, 2017, resulting in the combined CVD and AD cash deposit rate to be paid by most Canadian exporters initially established at 20.23%. The most recent annual administrative review covering 2020 was completed in August 2022, resulting in the CVD and AD combined rate of 8.59%. The U.S. Department of Commerce has begun preliminary work on its fourth administrative review, which will cover 2021. A final decision on that review is not expected until late 2023. The Government of Canada continues to appeal the determinations by the U.S. Department of Commerce and the U.S. International Trade Commission supporting the AD/CVD duties as well as to challenge these duties in the World Trade Organization.

We are not able to predict when, or if, a new softwood lumber agreement will be reached or, if reached, what the terms of the agreement would be. Similarly, we are not able to predict if the current U.S. policy of imposing import duties on Canadian softwood lumber will continue. We could, therefore, experience significant downward pressure on lumber prices caused by Canadian imports.

Third-Party Logging and Hauling Contractors

Our operations are affected by third-party logger availability, transportation availability and changes in costs from these third parties.

Our Timberlands business depends on the availability of third-party logging and hauling contractors. Our Wood Products business depends on third-party transportation providers, including railcar and truck transportation. Our timberlands are located primarily in rural areas where skilled logging and hauling labor availability may be limited. As a result of weak business conditions in the timber industry that persisted for several years following the Great Recession, there are fewer logging and hauling contractors in certain markets to harvest and deliver our logs. This shortage has resulted in an overall increase in logging and hauling costs and, in some cases, compromised the general availability of these contractors. Any increase in harvest levels due to significant and/or extended increased demand for logs could further strain the existing supply of third-party logging and hauling contractors. This, in turn, could increase the cost of log supply and delivery, or prevent us from fully capitalizing on favorable market conditions by limiting our ability to harvest our timber and deliver our logs to market.

Additionally, our third-party contractors are subject to several events outside of their control, such as disruption of transportation infrastructure, labor issues, increased competition for logger and truck drivers, and railcar availability. Logger and truck driver shortages or failures of a third-party transportation provider to timely deliver our products to our mills and our customers, could harm our supply chain, negatively affect our customer relationships and have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations and our reputation. Further, increases in the cost of labor or fuel have impacted and could continue to negatively impact our financial results by increasing the cost of these services and could also result in an overall reduction in the availability of these services.

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Timberlands Operations

Our operating results and cash flows are materially affected by the supply and demand for timber.

A variety of factors affect prices and demand for timber including changes in availability at the local, national and international level, all of which can vary by region, timber type (sawlogs or pulpwood logs) and species. On a local level, supplies can fluctuate depending upon factors such as changes in weather conditions and harvest strategies of local timberland owners, as well as occasionally high timber salvage efforts due to events such as unusual pest infestations or fires. Our timberlands are primarily located in Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, Idaho, Louisiana, Mississippi and South Carolina. As a result, we may be susceptible to adverse economic and other developments in these regions, including industry slowdowns, mill closures and curtailments, business layoffs or downsizing, relocations of businesses, changes in demographics, increases in real estate and other taxes and increased regulation, any of which could have a material adverse effect on us. Further, as the demand for paper nationwide continues to decline, closures and curtailment of pulp mills have adversely affected the demand and pricing for pulpwood and wood chips in certain regions in which we operate. Also, demand in other parts of the world may affect timber prices in the markets in which we compete. For example, although we do not sell into the Asian markets, Asian demand can indirectly impact pricing and supply in North American timber and lumber markets.

In the U.S. South, most timberlands are privately owned. Historically, increases in timber prices have often resulted in substantial increases in harvesting on private timberlands, including lands not previously made available for commercial logging operations, causing a short-term increase in supply that has tended to moderate price increases. Decreases in log prices have often resulted in lower harvest levels, causing short-term decreases in supply that have tended to moderate price decreases. In the South, timber growth rates have exceeded harvests during the past decade. This condition has led to an oversupply of harvestable timber in the region, which has kept timber prices at relatively low levels.

In Idaho, a greater proportion of timberland is government owned as compared to the southern states where we operate. For more than 20 years, environmental concerns and other factors have limited timber sales by federal agencies, which historically had been major suppliers of timber to the U.S. forest products industry, particularly in the West. Any reversal of policy that substantially increases timber sales from government owned land, including opening federal lands to thinning and additional harvesting to reduce fire risks, could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and cash flows.

We may be unable to harvest timber, or we may elect to reduce harvest levels due to market, weather, climate change or regulatory conditions, any of which could adversely affect our results of operations and cash flows.

From time to time, our timber harvest levels and sales have been and in the future may be limited due to weather impacting timber growth cycles and restrictions on access, availability of contract loggers, mill closures and curtailments, and regulatory requirements associated with the protection of wildlife and water resources. Future timber harvest levels may also be affected by our ability to timely and effectively replant harvested areas as a result of other factors, including availability of contractors, U.S. immigration policies, insufficient or excessive precipitation, damage by fire, pest infestation, disease and natural disasters, and significant regional or local weather events such as ice storms, windstorms, tornadoes, hurricanes and floods. Changes in global climate conditions could intensify one or more of these factors. Although damage from such natural causes usually is localized, affecting only a limited percentage of our timber, there can be no assurance that any damage affecting our timberlands will be limited. Severe weather conditions and other natural disasters can also reduce seedling survival rates, impact the productivity of timberlands and disrupt the harvesting and delivery of logs. Our financial results and cash flows are dependent to a significant extent on our continued ability to harvest timber at adequate levels. As is typical in the forest industry, we assume all risk of loss to the standing timber we own from fire and other hazards because insurance for such losses is either not available or is cost prohibitive. Consequently, a reduction in our timber inventory from such events could adversely affect our financial results and cash flows. In addition, the geographic concentration of our property makes us more susceptible to adverse impacts from a single natural disaster, temporary or permanent closures of wood product facilities that purchase our logs and other factors that could negatively impact our timber production.

We typically experience seasonally lower harvest activity during the winter and early spring due to weather conditions. On a short-term basis, we may adjust our timber harvest levels in response to market conditions. Longer term, our timber harvest levels will be affected by acquisitions of additional timberlands, sales of existing timberlands and shifts in harvest from one region to another. In addition, future timber harvest levels may be affected by changes in estimates of long-term sustainable yield because of silvicultural advances, regulatory constraints and other factors beyond our control.

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Our estimates of timber inventories and growth rates may be inaccurate and include risks inherent in calculating such estimates, which may impair our ability to realize expected revenues.

Whether in connection with managing our existing timberlands or assessing potential timberland acquisitions, we make and rely on important estimates of merchantable timber inventories. These include estimates of timber inventories that may be lawfully and economically harvested, timber growth rates and end-product yields. Timber growth rates and yield estimates are developed by forest biometricians and other experts using statistical measurements of tree samples on given property. These estimates are central to forecasting our anticipated timber harvests, revenues and expected cash flows. However, future growth and yield estimates are inherently inexact and uncertain and subject to many external variables that could further affect their accuracy including, among other things, disease, infestation, natural disasters, changes in weather patterns and changes in product merchandizing specifications. If these estimates are inaccurate, our ability to manage our timberlands in a sustainable or profitable manner may be adversely affected.

Wood Products Operations

A material disruption at one of our manufacturing facilities could prevent us from meeting customer demand, reduce our sales or negatively affect our results of operations and financial condition.

Any of our manufacturing facilities or machines could unexpectedly cease to operate due to a number of events, including unscheduled maintenance outages, prolonged power failures, equipment failures, raw material shortages, equipment and maintenance part shortages, cyber-attacks, labor difficulties or labor availability due to quarantine requirements for those exposed to flu or viruses, such as COVID-19 and its variants, disruptions in the transportation infrastructure, such as roads, bridges, railroad tracks and tunnels, fire such as the fire at our Ola, Arkansas sawmill in June 2021, ice storms, floods, windstorms, tornadoes, hurricanes or other catastrophes, terrorism or threats of terrorism, governmental regulations and other operational problems.

We cannot predict the duration of any such downtime or extent of facility damage. Downtime and facility damage have prevented us and could prevent us in the future from meeting customer demand for our products and/or require us to make unplanned expenditures. If one of our machines or facilities were to incur significant downtime, our ability to meet our production targets and satisfy customer demand could be impaired, resulting in lower sales and income. Although some risks are not insurable and some coverage is limited, we purchase insurance on our manufacturing facilities for damages and business interruption losses resulting from events such as fires, floods, windstorms, earthquakes and catastrophic equipment failure. For example, our Ola, Arkansas sawmill was damaged by fire in June 2021, and we have adequate property and business interruption insurance, subject to a $2.0 million deductible, to cover this event. However, such insurance may not be sufficient or may be cost prohibitive to obtain to cover all our damages and losses in the future.

Our capital investments may not have the expected financial impacts.

We invest cash in maintenance and discretionary capital expenditures at our Wood Products facilities. We evaluate discretionary capital improvements based on an expected level of return on investment. For example, in June 2022, we announced a project to expand and modernize our Waldo, Arkansas sawmill. The project is expected to increase the sawmill’s annual capacity from 190 million board feet of dimensional lumber to approximately 275 million board feet. The modernization project is also expected to reduce the sawmill’s operating costs significantly. The sawmill will continue to operate during the project and completion is expected by the end of 2024. The modernization of the Waldo sawmill will require significant expenditures, is reliant on third parties for construction, may be subject to delays due to material delivery and supply chain interruptions, and may experience fluctuating material prices,

Additionally, we may experience lower than expected productivity during and after the completion of the project, lower than expected return on investment, or other factors that could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and cash flows.

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Real Estate Operations

Changes in demand for our real estate and delays in the timing of real estate transactions may affect our revenues and operating results.

A number of factors, including availability of credit, cost of financing, a slowing of residential and commercial real estate development, availability of funding to support conservation land purchases by governmental and other entities, zoning rules, population shifts, types and location of land available for sale, and changes in demographics could reduce the demand for our real estate and negatively affect our results of operations. Changes in investor interest in purchasing timberlands could reduce our ability to execute sales of non-core timberlands and could also negatively affect our results of operations. Changes in the interpretation or enforcement of current laws, or the enactment of new laws, regarding the use and development of real estate, or changes in the political composition of federal, state and local governmental bodies could lead to new or greater costs, delays and liabilities that could materially adversely affect our real estate business, profitability or financial condition.

The majority of our real estate development projects are concentrated in a few markets.

We have real estate development projects located in Central Arkansas, specifically, in and west of Little Rock, Arkansas and in Hot Springs, Arkansas. These real estate operations are particularly vulnerable to economic downturns, weather or other adverse events that may occur in this specific region and to competition from nearby commercial and residential housing developments. Our results of operations may be affected by the cyclicality of the homebuilding and real estate industries. Factors influencing these industries include changes in population growth, general and local economic conditions, weather, climate impacts, employment levels, consumer confidence and income, housing demand, new and existing housing inventory levels, the availability of developable land, availability and cost of financing, mortgage interest rates and foreclosures, and changes in government regulation regarding the environment, zoning, real estate taxes, and other local government fees. In addition, the tightening of credit and economic recession could delay or deter commercial and residential real estate activity and may affect our operating results.

Legal, Environmental and Regulatory Compliance Risks

Environmental Laws and Regulations

Our businesses are subject to extensive environmental laws and regulations.

We are subject to a wide range of general and industry-specific laws and regulations relating to the protection of the environment, including those governing:

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air emissions,
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harvesting,
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silvicultural activities, including use of pesticides and herbicides,
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surface water management,
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the cleanup of contaminated sites,
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building codes, and
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health and safety matters.

We have incurred, and we expect to continue to incur, significant capital, operating and other expenditures to comply with applicable environmental laws and regulations. We also have incurred and could incur in the future substantial costs, such as civil or criminal fines, sanctions and enforcement actions (including orders limiting our operations or requiring corrective measures, installation of pollution control equipment or other remedial actions), cleanup and closure costs, and third-party claims for property damage and personal injury as a result of violations of, or liabilities under, environmental laws and regulations on properties we currently own or have owned in the past. Because environmental regulations are constantly evolving, we will continue to incur costs to maintain compliance with those laws and our compliance costs could increase materially. In addition, surface water management regulations may present liabilities and are subject to change. Future compliance with existing and new laws and requirements may disrupt our business operations and require significant expenditures.

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As the owner and operator of land, we have been and may be in the future liable under environmental laws for cleanup, closure and other damages resulting from the presence and release of hazardous substances on or from our properties or operations we currently own or have owned and operated in the past. In addition, we lease some of our properties to third-party operators for the purpose of exploring, extracting, developing and producing oil and gas in exchange for fees and royalty payments. These operations may create risk of environmental liabilities for any unlawful discharge of oil, gas or other chemicals into the air, soil or water. Generally, these third-party operators indemnify us against any such liability, and we require that that they maintain liability insurance during the term of our lease with them. However, if for any reason an unlawful discharge occurs and our third-party operators are not able to honor their indemnity obligation, or if the required liability insurance was not in effect, then it is possible that we could be held responsible for costs associated with environmental liability caused by such third-party operators.

The amount and timing of environmental expenditures is difficult to predict, and in some cases, our liability may exceed forecasted amounts or the value of the property itself. The discovery of additional contamination or the imposition of additional cleanup obligations at our current or previously owned sites or third-party sites may result in significant additional costs. The Minnesota Pollution Control Agency (MPCA) has invited us to participate as a non-federal sponsor in connection with one of its sediment contamination remediation projects in a reservoir downstream of a former property that was sold to a third party in 2002. Additional information regarding this matter is included in Note 18: Commitments and Contingencies in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements contained in this report and incorporated herein by reference.

Similarly, threatened and endangered species restrictions apply to activities that would adversely impact a protected species or significantly degrade its habitat. A number of species on our timberlands have been, and in the future may be, protected under these laws. If current or future regulations, including increased mandates for biodiversity, increased wildlife habitats, additional species on our lands classified as endangered, or the enforcement of endangered species regulations become more restrictive, the amount of our timberlands subject to harvest restrictions could increase.

Climate Conditions

Changes in climate conditions and governmental responses to such changes may affect our operations or planned or future growth activities.

Climate change represents an urgent global challenge that has the potential to cause significant disruptions to our business and results of operations, cash flows and profitability. We are committed to do our part to mitigate climate change, and we believe that working forests are part of the solution. Scientific research indicates that emissions of greenhouse gases continue to alter the composition of the global atmosphere in ways that are affecting and are expected to continue affecting the global climate. Over the past several years, changing weather patterns and climatic conditions due to natural and man-made causes have added to the unpredictability and frequency of natural disasters, such as wildfires, hurricanes, tornadoes, earthquakes, hailstorms, snow and ice storms, the spread of disease, and insect infestations. Global temperature increases can result in significant regional differences in weather patterns that affect tree growth. Further, changes in precipitation resulting in droughts have made and could in the future make wildfires more frequent or more severe. Any of these natural disasters could affect our timberlands, timber growth rates, productivity of our timberlands, our harvest operations or cause variations in the cost and supply of raw materials. Additionally, the need to rebuild or the desire to move away from certain areas following a natural disaster could affect the housing market, which may or may not be in the markets we sell our wood products.

Increasing governmental and societal attention to ESG matters, including expanding mandatory and voluntary reporting, diligence, and disclosure on topics such as climate change, waste production, water usage, human capital, labor, and risk oversight, could expand the nature, scope, and complexity of matters that we are required to control, assess and report. These and other rapidly changing laws, regulations, policies and related interpretations, as well as increased enforcement actions by various governmental and regulatory agencies, create challenges for us, may alter the environment in which we do business, and may increase the ongoing costs of compliance. Additionally, environmental groups or interested parties may file or threaten to file lawsuits that seek to prevent us from obtaining permits, harvesting timber under contract with federal or state agencies, implementing capital improvements or pursuing operating plans. Any lawsuit, or even a threatened lawsuit, could delay harvesting on our timberlands or impact our ability to operate or invest in our Wood Products facilities. In addition, failure, or a perception (whether or not valid) of failure to implement our ESG strategy or achieve ESG goals, including our greenhouse gas emission goals, could damage our reputation, causing our investors or customers to lose confidence in our company and negatively impact our operations and the market price of our common stock.

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We anticipate increased future legislative regulations at the state, federal and international level regarding climate change and energy access, security and competitiveness to address emission of carbon dioxide, renewable energy and fuel standards, and the monetization of carbon capture, storage and sequestration. Executive orders issued by the current U.S. presidential administration, including an executive order issued on September 12, 2022, focusing on climate change through the implementation of the Energy and Infrastructure Provisions of the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022, are evidence of the current U.S. government's intent to undertake numerous initiatives in an effort to reduce greenhouse gases. We manage our manufacturing facilities and timberland operations to comply with applicable laws and regulations. It is possible that legislation or government mandates, standards or regulations intended to mitigate or reduce carbon compound or greenhouse gas emissions or other climate change effects could affect renewals or modifications to permits at our facilities, or result in significantly higher energy and compliance costs, and increased capital expenditures.

Future legislative regulations could also limit harvest levels for commercial timberland operators, which could in turn adversely affect our timberland operations as well as potentially lead to significant increases in capital investments and the cost of energy, wood fiber and other raw materials for our Wood Products facilities. Any one or more of these developments, as well as other unforeseeable governmental responses to climate change, could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, cash flows and profitability. While we undertake continuous improvements to our manufacturing facilities to meet or exceed future applicable regulations, there can be no assurance that our commitments will be successful, that regulation in the future will not have a negative competitive impact or that economic returns will reflect our capital investments. Failure to successfully manage new or pending regulatory and legal matters and resolve such matters without significant liability or damage to our reputation may materially adversely impact our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

Legal Matters

Legal matters, disputes and proceedings (collectively “legal matters”), if determined or concluded in a manner adverse to our interests, could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition.

We are, from time to time, involved in legal matters, disputes and proceedings (legal matters). It is possible that there could be adverse judgments against us in some legal matters or that we may agree to settle a matter, and that we could be required to take a charge and make cash payments for all or a portion of any related awards of damages that could materially and adversely affect our results of operations or cash flows for the quarter or year in which we record or pay it. In some cases, all or a portion of any loss we experience in connection with any such legal matters will be covered by insurance; in other cases, any such losses will not be covered by insurance.

Indebtedness and Capital Structure Risks

Access to Capital

We depend on external sources of capital for future growth.

Our ability to finance growth is dependent to a significant degree on external sources of capital. Our ability to access such capital on favorable terms could be hampered by a number of factors, many of which are outside of our control, including a decline in general market conditions, decreased market liquidity, a downgrade to our public debt rating, increases in interest rates, an unfavorable market perception of our growth potential, a decrease in our current or estimated future earnings or a decrease in the market price of our common stock. In addition, our ability to access additional capital may also be limited by the terms of our existing indebtedness, which, among other things, restricts our incurrence of debt and the payment of dividends. For additional details, see Liquidity and Capital Resources in Part II – Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations. Any of these factors, individually or in combination, could prevent us from being able to obtain the capital we require on terms that are acceptable to us and the failure to obtain necessary capital could materially adversely affect our future growth.

Indebtedness

Our indebtedness could materially adversely affect our ability to generate sufficient cash to pay dividends to stockholders and fulfill our debt obligations, our ability to react to changes in our business and our ability to incur additional indebtedness to fund future needs.

Our debt requires interest and principal payments. At December 31, 2022, the total outstanding principal on our long-term debt was approximately $1.0 billion. Subject to the limits contained in our debt instruments, we may be able to incur additional debt from time to time to finance working capital, capital expenditures, investments or acquisitions or for other purposes. If we do so, the risks related to our indebtedness could increase.

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Our indebtedness, combined with our other financial obligations and contractual commitments, could have important consequences for stockholders. If we are unable to generate sufficient cash flow from operations to service our debt, we may be required to, among other things: refinance or restructure all or a portion of our debt; reduce or delay planned capital or operating expenditures; reduce, suspend or eliminate our dividend payments and/or our stock repurchase program; or sell selected assets. Such measures might not be sufficient to enable us to service our debt. In addition, any such refinancing, restructuring or sale of assets might not be available on economically favorable terms or at all, and if prevailing interest rates at the time of any such refinancing or restructuring are higher than our current rates, interest expense related to such refinancing or restructuring would increase.

Changes in credit ratings issued by nationally recognized statistical rating organizations could adversely affect our cost of financing and have an adverse effect on the market price of our securities.

Credit rating agencies rate our debt securities on factors that include our operating results, actions that we take, their view of the general outlook for our industry and their view of the general outlook for the economy. Actions taken by the rating agencies can include maintaining, upgrading or downgrading the current rating or placing us on a watch list for possible future downgrading. Downgrading the credit rating of our debt securities or placing us on a watch list for possible future downgrading could limit our access to the credit markets, increase our cost of financing and have an adverse effect on the market price of our securities. For additional detail on our credit ratings, see Liquidity and Capital Resources in Part II – Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

Ownership of our Common Stock

The price of our common stock may be volatile and influenced by several factors, many of which are beyond our control.

The market price of our common stock may be influenced by several factors, many of which are beyond our control, including those described herein under Risk Factors and the following:

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actual or anticipated fluctuations in our operating results or our competitors’ operating results;
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announcements by us or our competitors of capacity changes;
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acquisitions or strategic investments;
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our growth rate and our competitors’ growth rates;
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the financial markets, interest rates and general economic conditions;
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changes in stock market analyst recommendations regarding us or lack of analyst coverage of our common stock;
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our competitors or the forest products industry;
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failure to pay cash dividends or the amount of cash dividends paid;
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sales of our common stock by our executive officers, directors and significant stockholders or sales of substantial amounts of common stock; and
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changes in accounting principles and changes in tax laws and regulations.

There has been significant volatility in the market price and trading volume of securities of companies operating in the forest products industry that often has been unrelated to individual company operating performance. Some companies that have experienced volatile market prices for their securities have had securities litigation brought against them. If litigation of this type is brought against us, it could result in substantial costs and divert management’s attention and resources.

Additionally, shareholder activism regarding our governance, strategic direction and operations could result in negative impacts to our business by adversely affecting our ability to effectively and timely implement our strategies and initiatives. Any perceived uncertainties as to our future direction resulting from such a situation could result in the loss of potential business opportunities, be exploited by our competitors, cause concern to our current or potential customers and make it more difficult to attract and retain qualified personnel, all of which could negatively impact our business. In addition, actions of activist shareholders may cause significant fluctuations in our stock price based on temporary or speculative market perceptions or other factors that do not necessarily reflect the underlying fundamentals of our business.

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Certain provisions of our certificate of incorporation and bylaws and of Delaware law may make it difficult for stockholders to change the composition of our board of directors and may discourage hostile takeover attempts that some of our stockholders may consider to be beneficial.

Certain provisions of our certificate of incorporation and bylaws and of Delaware law may have the effect of delaying or preventing changes in control if our board of directors determines that such changes in control are not in our best interest and that of our stockholders. Our certificate of incorporation and bylaws include, among other things, the following provisions:

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a classified board of directors with three-year staggered terms;
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the ability of our board of directors to issue shares of preferred stock and to determine the price and other terms, including preferences and voting rights, of those shares without stockholder approval;
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stockholder action can only be taken at a special or regular meeting and not by written consent and stockholders cannot call a special meeting except upon the written request of stockholders entitled to cast not less than a majority of all of the votes entitled to be cast at the meeting;
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advance notice procedures for nominating candidates to our board of directors or presenting matters at stockholder meetings;
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removal of directors only for cause;
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allowing only our board of directors to fill vacancies on our board of directors;
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in order to facilitate the preservation of our status as a REIT under the Internal Revenue Code, a prohibition on any single stockholder, or any group of affiliated stockholders, from beneficially owning more than 9.8% of our outstanding common or preferred stock, unless our board waives or modifies this ownership limitation;
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unless approved by the vote of at least 80% of our outstanding shares, we may not engage in business combinations, including mergers, dispositions of assets, certain issuances of shares of stock and other specified transactions, with a person owning or controlling, directly or indirectly, 5% or more of the voting power of our outstanding common stock; and
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supermajority voting requirements to amend our bylaws and certain provisions of our certificate of incorporation.

While these provisions have the effect of encouraging persons seeking to acquire control of our company to negotiate with our board of directors, they could enable the board of directors to hinder or frustrate a transaction that stockholders might believe to be in their best interests and, in that case, may prevent or discourage attempts to remove and replace incumbent directors. We are also subject to Delaware laws that could have similar effects. One of these laws prohibits us from engaging in a business combination with a significant stockholder unless specific conditions are met.

We may not continue to repurchase our common stock pursuant to our repurchase program, and any such repurchases may not enhance long-term stockholder value. Stock repurchases could also increase the volatility of the price of our common stock and could diminish our cash reserves to a level which may impact our ability to pursue possible future strategic opportunities and acquisitions or meet future obligations.

On August 30, 2018, our board of directors authorized management to repurchase up to $100.0 million of common stock with no time limit set for the repurchase (the 2018 Repurchase Program). Total stock repurchased under the 2018 Repurchase Program was 1,279,100 shares or approximately $45.0 million (excluding transaction fees). On August 31, 2022, our board of directors authorized management to repurchase up to $200.0 million of our common stock with no set time limit for the repurchases (the 2022 Repurchase Program). Concurrently, the board of directors terminated the remaining repurchase authorization under the 2018 Repurchase Program. Total stock repurchased under the 2022 Repurchase Program for the year ended December 31, 2022, was 1,096,283 shares for approximately $50.0 million (excluding transaction fees). At December 31, 2022, we had remaining authorization of $150.0 million for future stock repurchases under the 2022 Repurchase Program.

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The 2022 Repurchase Program does not obligate us to repurchase any specific dollar amount or to acquire any specific number of shares. The timing and amount of repurchases, if any, will depend upon several factors, including market and business conditions, our liquidity and capital resources, the trading price of our common stock and the nature of other investment opportunities. The 2022 Repurchase Program may be limited, suspended or discontinued at any time without prior notice. In addition, repurchases of our common stock pursuant to our 2022 Repurchase Program could cause our stock price to be higher than it would be in the absence of such a program and could potentially reduce the market liquidity for our stock. Additionally, our 2022 Repurchase Program could diminish our cash reserves to a level which may impact our ability to pursue possible future strategic opportunities and acquisitions or meet future obligations. There can be no assurance that any stock repurchases will enhance stockholder value because the market price of our common stock may decline below levels at which we repurchased shares of stock. Although our 2022 Repurchase Program is intended to enhance long-term stockholder value, there is no assurance that it will do so and short-term stock price fluctuations could reduce the program’s effectiveness.

REIT and Tax Risks

If we fail to remain qualified as a REIT, income from our timberlands will be subject to taxation at regular corporate rates and we will have reduced cash available for dividends to our stockholders.

Qualification as a REIT involves the application of highly technical and complex provisions of the Internal Revenue Code to our operations, including satisfaction of certain asset, income, organizational, dividend, stockholder ownership and other requirements, on an ongoing basis. Given the highly complex nature of the rules governing REITs, the ongoing importance of factual determinations and the possibility of future changes in our circumstances, no assurance can be given that we will remain qualified as a REIT.

If in any taxable year we fail to remain qualified as a REIT, unless we are entitled to relief under the Internal Revenue Code:

•
we would not be allowed a deduction for dividends to stockholders in computing our taxable income;
•
we would be subject to a federal income tax on our REIT taxable income at regular corporate rates; and
•
we would also be disqualified from treatment as a REIT for the four taxable years following the year during which we lost qualification.

Any such corporate tax liability could be substantial and would reduce the amount of cash available for dividends to our stockholders, which in turn could have an adverse impact on the value of our common stock. As a result, net income and the cash available for dividends to our stockholders could be reduced for at least five years.

Additionally, federal and state tax laws are constantly under review by persons involved in the legislative process, the Internal Revenue Service (IRS), the United States Department of the Treasury, and state taxing authorities. Changes to tax laws could adversely affect our stockholders or increase our effective tax rates. We cannot predict with certainty whether, when, in what forms, or with what effective dates, the tax laws applicable to us or our shareholders may be changed.

To maintain our REIT qualification, we are generally required to distribute all our REIT taxable income to our shareholders.

Under the REIT rules, to remain qualified as a REIT, a REIT must distribute, within a certain period after the end of each year, 90% of its ordinary taxable income for such year. Our REIT income, however, consists primarily of net capital gains resulting from payments received under timber cutting contracts with our TRS and third parties, rather than ordinary taxable income. Therefore, unlike most REITs, we are not required to distribute material amounts of cash to remain qualified as a REIT. If, after giving effect to our dividends, we have not distributed an amount equal to 100% of our REIT taxable income, then we would be required to pay tax on the undistributed portion of such taxable income at regular corporate tax rates and our stockholders would be required to include their proportionate share of any undistributed capital gain in income and would receive a credit or refund for their share of the tax paid by us.

To our knowledge, no REIT has chosen to pay tax on the undistributed portion of capital gains and we believe it is impractical to do so due to tight reporting deadlines, among other challenges. As a result, our ability to retain REIT cash for use in the business is generally limited by the required distribution rules and our practice of distributing the REIT’s taxable income to stockholders.

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Certain of our business activities are potentially subject to a prohibited transactions tax on 100% of our net income derived from such activities, which would reduce our cash flow and impair our ability to pay dividends.

REITs are generally intended to be passive entities and can thus only engage in those activities permitted by the Internal Revenue Code, which for us generally include owning and managing a timberland portfolio, growing timber and selling standing timber.

Accordingly, the manufacture and sale of wood products, certain types of timberland sales, sale of developed real estate and the harvest and sale of logs are conducted through our taxable REIT subsidiary because such activities generate non-qualifying REIT income and could constitute “prohibited transactions” if such activities were engaged in directly by the REIT. In general, prohibited transactions are defined by the Internal Revenue Code to be sales or other dispositions of property held primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of a trade or business.

By conducting our business in this manner, we believe we will satisfy the REIT requirements and thus avoid the 100% tax that could be imposed if a REIT were to conduct a prohibited transaction. We may not always be successful, however, in limiting such activities to our TRS. Therefore, we could be subject to the 100% prohibited transactions tax if such instances were to occur, which would adversely affect our cash flow and impair our ability to pay quarterly dividends.

Our ability to pay dividends and service our indebtedness using cash generated through our taxable REIT subsidiary may be limited.

Returning cash to shareholders through a secure, regular dividend and opportunistic share repurchases is an important and durable part of our capital allocation strategy. Our board of directors, in its sole discretion, determines the actual amount of dividends to be made to stockholders based on consideration of a number of factors, including, but not limited to, our results of operations, cash flow and capital requirements, economic conditions in our industry and in the markets for our products, REIT requirements, borrowing capacity, debt covenant restrictions, timber prices, harvest levels on our timberlands, market demand for timberlands, including timberland properties we have identified as potentially having a higher and better use and future acquisitions and dispositions. For a description of debt covenants that could limit our ability to pay dividends to stockholders in the future, see Liquidity and Capital Resources in Part II – Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations. Consequently, the level of future dividends to our stockholders may fluctuate and any reduction in the dividend rate may adversely affect our stock price.

Further, the rules with which we must comply to maintain our status as a REIT limit the amount of dividends our REIT can receive from our TRS. In particular, at least 75% of our gross income for each taxable year as a REIT must be derived from sales of our standing timber and other types of real estate income. No more than 25% of our gross income may consist of dividends from our TRS and other non-qualifying types of income. This requirement may limit our ability to receive dividends from our TRS and may impact our ability to pay dividends to stockholders and service the REIT's indebtedness using cash from our TRS.

To maintain our REIT qualification, we are required to limit the size of our taxable REIT subsidiary.

Our TRS enables us to engage in non-REIT qualifying business activities, such as our Wood Products manufacturing operations and certain real estate investments. However, no more than 20% of the value of our REIT gross assets may be represented by securities of our TRS under the REIT rules. We must comply with the 20% limit on a quarterly basis. We believe our TRS’s securities comprise a higher percentage of our REIT’s gross assets than most other REITs, which may limit our ability to grow our TRS.

Our high degree of leverage to volatile lumber prices, coupled with limits on the amount of dividends our REIT can receive from our TRS, also means our TRS can accumulate significant amounts of cash. Cash accumulated and retained by our TRS increases the value of our TRS’s securities and IRS rules may limit our ability to sufficiently rebalance the TRS's assets. The limitations on our ability to reduce the value of our TRS means we have a higher risk than other REITs that we will not comply with the 20% TRS limit and fail to retain our REIT qualification in the future.

Furthermore, our use of the TRS may cause the market to value our common shares differently than the shares of other REITs, which may not use taxable REIT subsidiaries at all, or as extensively as we use them.

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General Risk Factors

Cybersecurity incidents could disrupt business operations, result in the loss of critical and confidential information, and adversely impact our reputation and results of operations.

We use information systems to carry out our operational activities and maintain our business records. Some systems are internally managed, and some are maintained by third-party service providers. In the ordinary course of our business, we collect and store small amounts of sensitive data, including personally identifiable information. We also use information technology for electronic communications between our facilities, personnel, customers and suppliers, to process financial information and results of operations for internal reporting purposes and to comply with regulatory, legal and tax requirements.

We devote significant resources to protecting and improving the security of our systems and have implemented and continue to evaluate security initiatives and disaster recovery plans. We require all employees with company email accounts to complete annual cybersecurity training to learn how to spot and report potential threats and use continuous internal phishing campaigns to test employees’ cyber knowledge and provide supplemental training when necessary. In addition, we maintain cyber liability insurance. However, this insurance may be subject to certain exceptions and may not be sufficient to cover the financial, legal, business or reputational losses that may result from an interruption or breach of our systems.

Attempted cyber-attacks and other cyber incidents are occurring more frequently, are constantly evolving in nature, are becoming more sophisticated and are being made by groups and individuals with a wide range of motives and expertise. Our information technology systems and those of our third-party providers are vulnerable to a variety of disruptions, including but not limited to cyber-attacks, including from computer hackers, foreign governments and cyber terrorists; data breaches, malicious software programs (such as malware, viruses and ransomware); or other attacks including those using techniques that change frequently, may be disguised or difficult to detect; or designed to remain dormant until a triggering event, the process of upgrading or replacing software; an intentional or unintentional personnel action; a natural disaster or other catastrophic event; a hardware or software corruption, failure or error; a telecommunications or utility failure; system failures, a service provider failure or error; or any one or more other causes of a security breach, failure or disruption.

Although we have in the past experienced, and may in the future face, cyber-attacks, other cyber incidents or security breaches, we have not experienced a significant cyber event to date. There can be no assurance that our efforts, or efforts of our third-party service providers, will prevent or quickly identify service interruptions or security breaches. Any such interruption, breach or unauthorized access to our network or systems, or the networks and systems of our vendors, could adversely affect our business operations and result in the loss of critical or sensitive information, the unauthorized or accidental disclosure of material confidential information or regulated individual personal data, as well as impact our ability to meet regulatory or compliance obligations, and could result in financial loss, reputational damage, exposure to legal claims or enforcement actions, theft of intellectual property, fines levied by governmental organizations, and increased cybersecurity protection and remediation costs, which in turn could materially and adversely affect our competitiveness and results of operations. Additionally, we may have limited remedies against third-party service providers in the event of service disruptions.

We may be unsuccessful in carrying out our acquisition strategy.

Our real property holdings are primarily timberlands, and we may make additional timberlands and other forest products asset acquisitions in the future. The markets for timberland and forest products assets are highly competitive. We intend to finance acquisitions through cash from operations, borrowings, proceeds from equity or debt offerings, proceeds from asset dispositions, or any combination thereof. Acquisitions may be dilutive to earnings and involve numerous other risks, including the diversion of management attention to integration matters; difficulties in integrating operations and systems; challenges in conforming standards, controls, procedures and accounting and other policies, business cultures and compensation structures; difficulties in assimilating employees and in attracting and retaining key personnel; challenges in keeping existing customers and obtaining new customers; difficulties in achieving anticipated cost savings, synergies, business opportunities and growth prospects; contingent liabilities that are larger than expected; and potential unknown liabilities, adverse consequences and unforeseen increased expenses associated with acquired companies.

In addition, it is uncertain whether any acquisitions we make will perform in accordance with our expectations. The failure to identify, complete and successfully integrate acquisitions into our operations could adversely affect our operating results, cash flows, financial condition and the market price of our common stock.

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Our financial condition and results of operations may be materially adversely affected by a global health crisis such as coronavirus (COVID-19).

We face risks related to public health epidemics and other outbreaks, including the global outbreak of a novel strain of COVID-19 and its variants. We, our suppliers, contractors and customers modified business practices for the continued health and safety of our employees during the outbreak of COVID-19. If a resurgence of COVID-19 or a potentially more severe global health crisis occurs, we or our suppliers, contractors, customers and others may be restricted or prevented from conducting business activities for indefinite or intermittent periods of time, including as a result of employee health and safety concerns, shutdowns, supply chain disruptions, shelter in place orders, travel restrictions and other actions and restrictions that may be prudent or required by governmental authorities. The full extent to which a global health crisis, such as COVID-19, will impact our business and operating results will depend on future developments that are highly uncertain and cannot be accurately predicted, including new medical and other information that may emerge and the actions by governmental entities or others to contain the crisis or treat its impact. The impact of COVID-19 or other virulent disease may also trigger the occurrence, or exacerbate, other risks discussed herein, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operation, cash flows and financial condition.

Our defined benefit pension plans are currently underfunded.

We have a qualified defined benefit pension plan covering certain of our current and former employees which, at December 31, 2022, was 85.9% funded. Future actions involving our qualified and unqualified defined benefit and other postretirement plans, such as annuity buyouts and lump-sum payouts could cause us to incur significant pension and postretirement settlement and curtailment charges and may require cash contributions to maintain a legally required funded status.

The measurement of the pension benefit obligation, determination of pension plan net periodic costs and the requirements for funding our pension plans are based on a number of actuarial assumptions. The most critical assumption is the discount rate applied to pension plan obligation as changes in long-term interest rates may result in increased pension costs in future periods. Changes in assumptions regarding discount rates could also increase future pension costs. Changes in any of these factors may significantly impact future contribution requirements. For additional information regarding this matter, see Note 15: Savings Plans, Pension Plans and Other Postretirement Employee Benefits in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

A strike or other work stoppage, or our inability to renew collective bargaining agreements timely and on favorable terms, could adversely affect our financial results.

Certain employees at one of our sawmills, representing 14% of our total workforce, are covered under a collective bargaining agreement that expires in 2023. If our unionized workers were to engage in a strike or other work stoppage, or other non-unionized operations were to become unionized, we could experience a significant disruption of operations at our facilities or higher ongoing labor costs. A strike or other work stoppage in the facilities of any of our major customers or suppliers could also have similar effects on us.

ITEM 1B. UNRE SOLVED STAFF COMMENTS

None.

ITEM 2. PROP ERTIES

Information on our locations and facilities is included above in Part I – Item 1. Business under each of the respective segment headers.

ITEM 3. LEGA L PROCEEDINGS

We believe there is no pending or threatened litigation that could have a material adverse effect on our financial position, results of operations or liquidity.

ITEM 4. MINE SAFET Y DISCLOSURE

Not applicable.

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P ART II

ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGIST RANT'S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES

Our common stock trades on The Nasdaq Global Select Market (NASDAQ) with the ticker symbol “PCH”. There were approximately 2,443 stockholders of record as of February 13, 2023.

RECENT SALE OF UNREGISTERED SECURITIES

None.

ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES AND USE OF PROCEEDS

On August 30, 2018, our board of directors authorized management to repurchase up to $100.0 million of common stock with no time limit set for the repurchase (the 2018 Repurchase Program). Total shares repurchased under the 2018 Repurchase Program for the year ended December 31, 2022 was 103,010 for approximately $4.5 million (excluding transaction fees). We did not repurchase any shares under the 2018 Repurchase Program during the year ended December 31, 2021.

On August 31, 2022, our board of directors authorized management to repurchase up to $200.0 million of our common stock with no set time limit for the repurchases (the 2022 Repurchase Program). Concurrently, the board of directors terminated the remaining repurchase authorization under the 2018 Repurchase Program. Total shares repurchased under the 2022 Repurchase Program for the year ended December 31, 2022, was 1,096,283 for approximately $50.0 million (excluding transaction fees). At December 31, 2022, we had remaining authorization of $150.0 million for future stock repurchases under the 2022 Repurchase Program.

Shares under the 2022 Repurchase Program may be repurchased in open market transactions, and in 2022 were purchased pursuant to a trading plan adopted in accordance with Rule 10b5-1 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, or through privately negotiated transactions. The 2022 Repurchase Program may be suspended, terminated or modified at any time for any reason.

We record share repurchases upon trade date as opposed to the settlement date when cash is disbursed. We record a liability to account for repurchases that have not been cash settled. We retire shares upon repurchase. Any excess repurchase price over par is recorded in accumulated deficit. There were no unsettled repurchases at December 31, 2022 and 2021.

The following table provides information with respect to purchases of common stock made by the company during the fourth quarter of 2022:

Common Share Purchases |  | Total Number of Shares Purchased |  |  | Average Price Paid Per Share |  |  | Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of a Publicly Announced Plan |  |  | Maximum Dollar Value of Shares that May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plan |
October 1 - October 31 |  |  | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  | — |  |  | $ | 200,000,000 |
November 1 - November 30 |  |  | 1,096,283 |  |  | $ | 45.61 |  |  |  | 1,096,283 |  |  | $ | 150,000,021 |
December 1 - December 31 |  |  | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  | — |  |  | $ | 150,000,021 |
Total Shares Purchased |  |  | 1,096,283 |  |  | $ | 45.61 |  |  |  | 1,096,283 |  |  |  |

EQUITY COMPENSATION PLAN INFORMATION

Information required by this item with respect to equity compensation plans is included under the caption “Equity Compensation Plan Information” in our definitive Proxy Statement to be filed with the SEC on or about March 28, 2023, and is incorporated herein by reference.

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Company Stock Price Performance

The following graph and table show a five-year comparison of cumulative total stockholder returns for our company, the NAREIT Equity Index, the Standard & Poor’s 500 Composite Index and a group of four companies that we refer to as our peer group index for the period ended December 31, 2022. The total stockholder return assumes $100 invested at December 31, 2017, with quarterly reinvestment of all dividends.

|  | At December 31, |
|  | 2018 |  |  | 2019 |  |  | 2020 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2022 |
PotlatchDeltic Corporation |  | $ | 74 |  |  | $ | 105 |  |  | $ | 125 |  |  | $ | 164 |  |  | $ | 127 |
NAREIT Equity Index |  | $ | 95 |  |  | $ | 120 |  |  | $ | 111 |  |  | $ | 158 |  |  | $ | 120 |
S&P 500 Composite Index |  | $ | 96 |  |  | $ | 126 |  |  | $ | 149 |  |  | $ | 192 |  |  | $ | 157 |
2022 Peer Group Index |  | $ | 69 |  |  | $ | 100 |  |  | $ | 114 |  |  | $ | 150 |  |  | $ | 123 |

Our peer group index for 2022 consists of Rayonier Inc., St. Joe Co., UFP Industries and Weyerhaeuser Co. Returns are weighted based on market capitalizations as of the beginning of each year. Deltic has been excluded from our peer group index in the above table and graph for all years presented due to our merger in 2018. Our 2018 return includes the impact of the Deltic earnings and profits special distribution of approximately $3.54 per share. Our 2022 and 2021 returns include the impacts of special dividends of $0.95 per share and $4.00 per share, respectively. See Note 3: Earnings Per Share in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.

The performance graph above is being furnished solely to accompany this Report pursuant to Item 201(e) of Regulation S-K and is not being filed for purposes of Section 18 of the Securities and Exchange Act of 1934, as amended and is not to be incorporated by reference into any of our filings, whether made before or after the date hereof, regardless of any general incorporation in such filing.

ITEM 6. [R eserved]

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ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSS ION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS (MD&A)

The following discussion is intended to promote understanding of the results of operations and financial condition. MD&A is provided as a supplement to, and should be read in conjunction with, Part I – Item 1. Business, Item 1A. Risk Factors and Part II – Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data contained in this report. This section generally discusses the results of operations for 2022 compared to 2021. For a discussion comparing our results of operations and liquidity and capital resources for the year ended December 31, 2021 to 2020, refer to this same section (Part II, Item 7) in our 2021 annual report on Form 10-K as filed with the SEC on February 17, 2022.

Our Company

Our operations are organized into three business segments: Timberlands, Wood Products and Real Estate. Our Timberlands segment supplies our Wood Products segment with a portion of its wood fiber needs. These intersegment revenues are based on prevailing market prices and represent a significant portion of the Timberlands segment’s total revenues. Our other segments generally do not generate intersegment revenues. In the discussion of our consolidated results of operations, our revenues and expenses are reported after elimination of intersegment revenues and expenses. In the Business Segment Results discussion below, each segment’s revenues and expenses, as applicable, are presented before elimination of intersegment revenues and expenses.

The operating results of our Timberlands, Wood Products and Real Estate business segments have been and will continue to be affected by the cyclical nature of the forest products industry. Log and pulpwood sales volumes in our Timberlands segment are typically lower in the first half of each year as winter rains in the Southern region and spring thaw in the Northern region limit timber harvesting operations due to softened roadbeds and wet logging conditions that restrict access to logging sites. The third quarter is typically our Timberlands segment's strongest production quarter. Demand for our manufactured wood products typically decreases in the winter months when construction activity is slower, while demand typically increases during the spring, summer and fall when construction activity is generally higher. Rural real estate dispositions and acquisitions can be adversely affected when access to any properties to be sold or considered for acquisition are limited due to adverse weather conditions. Development real estate sales at Chenal Valley occur throughout the year and can fluctuate based on lot availability, builder demand and market conditions. Historically, most sales have taken place in the second half of the year as builders prepare for the following spring and summer traditional home building and buying season. The timing of development real estate sales can also be impacted by contractor availability needed to complete infrastructure and other improvements prior to bringing developed real estate to market.

Our business segments have been and will continue to be influenced by a variety of other factors, including tariffs, quotas and trade agreements, changes in timber prices and in harvest levels from our timberlands, competition, timberland valuations, demand for our non-strategic timberland for higher and better use purposes, lumber prices, weather conditions, disruptions or inefficiencies in our supply chain including the availability of transportation, the efficiency and level of capacity utilization of our Wood Products manufacturing operations, changes in our principal expenses such as log costs, inflation, asset dispositions or acquisitions, impact of pandemics (such as COVID-19 and its variants), fires (such as the Ola, Arkansas sawmill fire and fires on our timberlands), other natural disasters and other factors.

Additionally, governments and businesses across the globe are taking action on climate change and are making significant commitments towards reducing greenhouse gas emissions to net zero. Achieving these commitments will require governments and companies to take major steps to modify operations, invest in low-carbon activities and purchase offsets to reduce environmental impacts. We believe we are well positioned to help entities achieve these commitments through natural climate solutions, including forest carbon sequestration and carbon capture and storage activities.

Non-GAAP Measures

To supplement our financial statements presented in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States (GAAP), we use certain non-GAAP measures on a consolidated basis, including Adjusted EBITDDA and Cash Available for Distribution (CAD), which are defined and further explained and reconciled to the nearest GAAP measure in the Liquidity and Performance Measures section below. Our definitions of these non-GAAP measures may differ from similarly titled measures used by others. These non-GAAP measures should be considered supplemental to and not a substitute for financial information prepared in accordance with GAAP.

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Adjusted EBITDDA is a non-GAAP measure that management uses in evaluating performance and allocating resources between segments, and that investors can use to evaluate the operational performance of the assets under management. It removes the impact of specific items that management believes do not directly reflect the core business operations on an ongoing basis. This measure should not be considered in isolation from and is not intended to represent an alternative to our results reported in accordance with GAAP. Management believes that this non-GAAP measure, when read in conjunction with our GAAP financial statements, provides useful information to investors by facilitating the comparability of our ongoing operating results over the periods presented, the ability to identify trends in our underlying business, and the comparison of our operating results against analyst financial models and operating results of other public companies that supplement their GAAP results with non-GAAP financial measures.

Our definition of EBITDDA and Adjusted EBITDDA may be different from similarly titled measures reported by other companies. We define EBITDDA as net income before interest expense, net, income taxes, basis of real estate sold, depreciation, depletion and amortization. Adjusted EBITDDA further excludes certain specific items that are considered to hinder comparison of the performance of our businesses either year-on-year or with other businesses. See Note 2: Segment Information in the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for information related to the use of segment Adjusted EBITDDA.

CatchMark Merger

On September 14, 2022, CatchMark Timber Trust, Inc. merged into a wholly owned subsidiary (Merger Sub) of PotlatchDeltic, pursuant to the terms of a merger agreement dated May 29, 2022, with the Merger Sub surviving the mergers. The mergers resulted in PotlatchDeltic owning approximately 2.2 million acres of diversified timberlands, including over 1.5 million acres in strengthening markets in the U.S. South. See Note 17: Mergers in the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional details surrounding the merger.

Business and Economic Conditions Affecting Our Operations

The demand for timber is directly affected by the underlying demand for lumber and other wood products, as well as by the demand for pulp, paper and packaging. Rising construction costs, a persistently tight labor pool, supply chain challenges and higher mortgage rates negatively impact the pace of housing starts and repair and remodel projects. Our Timberlands and Wood Products segments are impacted by demand for new homes in the United States which was very strong until recently. Higher interest rates and inflation have caused consumer confidence and the pace of housing starts to decline in the second half of 2022. The average 30-year fixed mortgage rate increased 320 basis points during 2022 from approximately 3.2% at the beginning of January to approximately 6.4% at the end of December. In January 2023, the National Association of Home Builders (NAHB) reported the NAHB/Wells Fargo Housing Market Index (HMI) was at 35, roughly half its level at the start of 2022, but slightly above its low point in December. The repair and remodel sector, which is the largest market segment for lumber demand, continues to exhibit favorable underlying fundamentals and is expected to continue to grow in 2023, but at a slower rate than recent years.

While new housing starts have moderated during 2022, we believe long-term housing fundamentals remain favorable, due to a shortage of homes, lower than historical average existing inventory for sale, a large millennial demographic in their prime home-buying years, the continued remote work evolution, and an aging existing housing stock supporting repair and remodel demand. These fundamentals are key drivers for our business.

Inflation has impacted our business, especially for fuel, energy and repair and maintenance costs. Over the last twelve months, the Consumer Price Index (all items) increased 6.5% before seasonal adjustments, while the Producer Price Index (final demand) increased 6.2% on an unadjusted basis after rising 10.0% in 2021.

In our Timberlands segment, sawlog pricing benefited from strong demand for southern pine sawlogs. During 2022, Idaho sawlog prices benefited from being indexed on a four-week lag to lumber prices. Our Southern harvest volume of 4.9 million tons in 2022 was higher than 2021, primarily due to the addition of the CatchMark timberlands in mid-September, favorable harvest conditions and strong log demand. We expect to harvest approximately 7.7 million tons during 2023, with approximately 79% of the volume in the southern region.

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During the second quarter of 2021 we experienced a fire at our Ola, Arkansas sawmill. The damage was principally limited to the large log primary breakdown machine center. The planer mill, kiln, and shipping department were not affected. We have adequate property damage and business interruption insurance, subject to an applicable deductible. The new equipment has been installed and the large log line restarted in September 2022. The sawmill is expected to reach its full production rate of 150 million board feet by the end of the first quarter of 2023.

In our Wood Products segment, we shipped just over 1.0 billion board feet of lumber during 2022. Lumber shipments during 2022 were impacted by the Ola sawmill fire. For 2023, we expect to ship approximately 1.1 billion board feet of lumber.

Our Real Estate segment benefited from strong Chenal Valley residential lot and commercial land sales and a 1,760 acre sale in the South for a planned commercial solar farm for approximately $7,500 per acre. We expect to sell approximately 18,000 acres of rural land and 150 residential development lots during 2023.

Consolidated Results

The following table sets forth year-over-year changes in items included in our Consolidated Statements of Operations. Our Business Segment Results provide a more detailed discussion of our segments.

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2022 |
|  | Year Ended December 31, |  |  | vs. |
(in thousands) |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2021 |
Revenues |  | $ | 1,330,780 |  |  | $ | 1,337,435 |  |  | $ | (6,655 | )
Costs and expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cost of goods sold |  |  | 806,822 |  |  |  | 715,846 |  |  |  | 90,976 |
Selling, general and administrative expenses |  |  | 76,506 |  |  |  | 73,432 |  |  |  | 3,074 |
CatchMark merger-related expenses |  |  | 27,325 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 27,325 |
Environmental charge |  |  | 5,550 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 5,550 |
Gain on fire damage |  |  | (34,505 | ) |  |  | (3,361 | ) |  |  | (31,144 | )
|  |  | 881,698 |  |  |  | 785,917 |  |  |  | 95,781 |
Operating income |  |  | 449,082 |  |  |  | 551,518 |  |  |  | (102,436 | )
Interest expense, net |  |  | (27,400 | ) |  |  | (29,275 | ) |  |  | 1,875 |
Pension settlement charge |  |  | (14,165 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (14,165 | )
Non-operating pension and other postretirement benefit costs |  |  | (8,138 | ) |  |  | (13,227 | ) |  |  | 5,089 |
Other |  |  | (67 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (67 | )
Income before income taxes |  |  | 399,312 |  |  |  | 509,016 |  |  |  | (109,704 | )
Income taxes |  |  | (65,412 | ) |  |  | (85,156 | ) |  |  | 19,744 |
Net income |  | $ | 333,900 |  |  | $ | 423,860 |  |  | $ | (89,960 | )
Total Adjusted EBITDDA 1 |  | $ | 574,155 |  |  | $ | 652,871 |  |  | $ | (78,716 | )

1 | See Liquidity and Performance Measures for a reconciliation of Total Adjusted EBITDDA to net income, the closest comparable GAAP measure, for each of the years presented.

2022 compared with 2021

Revenues

Revenues of $1.3 billion were $6.7 million lower compared to 2021 primarily due to lower lumber prices and shipments and decreased Northern sawlog prices and harvest volumes. The Ola, Arkansas sawmill fire that occurred in June 2021 had a larger effect on lumber shipments in 2022 than 2021. These decreases were partially offset by increased Southern harvest volumes and sawlog prices and increased rural and development real estate sales.

Cost of goods sold

Cost of goods sold increased $91.0 million compared to 2021 mainly due to higher manufacturing and log and haul costs primarily from inflationary price increases in areas such as diesel fuel, energy, and repair and maintenance, as well as increased Southern harvest volumes and rural and development real estate sales.

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Selling, general and administrative expenses

SG&A expenses increased $3.1 million compared to 2021, primarily due to inflationary price increases and incremental administrative activities following the CatchMark merger.

CatchMark merger-related expenses

During 2022, merger-related expenses were $27.3 million. This included $7.5 million for severance benefits, $9.3 million for accelerated vesting of CatchMark equity awards that fully vested upon closing of the merger and were allocated to the post-merger period, and $8.1 million for tax gross-up payments to holders of CatchMark Timber Operating Partnership OP Units.

Environmental charge

During 2022, we recorded a $5.6 million charge related to a decision to voluntarily participate in a non-federal sponsored sediment contamination remediation project in Minnesota. See Note 18: Commitments and Contingencies in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.

Gain on fire damage

During 2022, we recognized insurance recoveries of $35.4 million for fire damage and incurred $0.9 million of disposal costs at our Ola, Arkansas sawmill. During 2021, we recognized insurance recoveries of $15.0 million for fire damage and recorded a $12.1 million charge for the write-off of damaged and obsolete equipment and disposal costs at the Ola sawmill.

Interest expense, net

Interest expense, net decreased $1.9 million compared to 2021, primarily due to higher interest income earned on cash and cash equivalents as a result of higher short-term interest rates in the second half of the year, partially offset by increased interest expense associated with $277.5 million in long-term debt assumed and refinanced in connection with the CatchMark merger.

Pension settlement charge

In March 2022, we transferred $75.6 million of our qualified pension plan assets to an insurance company for the purchase of a group annuity contract. In connection with this transaction, we recorded a non-cash pretax settlement charge of $14.2 million.

Non-operating pension and other postretirement benefit costs

Non-operating pension and other postretirement benefit costs decreased $5.1 million compared to 2021. This decrease is primarily a result of an increase in the discount rate used to determine the benefit obligation partially offset by a decrease in expected return on plan assets.

Income taxes

Income taxes are primarily due to income from our TRS. For 2022, we recorded income tax expense of $65.4 million on TRS income before tax of $270.3 million, which included the $14.2 million pension settlement charge, the $34.5 million gain on fire damage and the $5.6 million environmental charge. For 2021, our TRS's income before tax was $345.5 million, primarily due to historically high lumber prices.

Total Adjusted EBITDDA

Total Adjusted EBITDDA decreased $78.7 million compared to 2021 primarily due to lower lumber prices and shipments and higher manufacturing and log and haul costs. These decreases were partially offset by higher harvest activity and sawlog prices in the Southern region and increases in rural and development real estate sales. Refer to the Business Segment Results below for further discussions on activities for each of our segments. See Liquidity and Performance Measures for a reconciliation of Total Adjusted EBITDDA to net income, the closest comparable GAAP measure, for each of the periods presented.

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BUSINESS SEGMENT RESULTS

Timberlands Segment

|  |  | 2022 |
|  | Year Ended December 31, |  |  | vs. |
(in thousands) |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2021 |
Revenues 1 |  | $ | 485,590 |  |  | $ | 449,447 |  |  | $ | 36,143 |
Costs and expenses |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Logging and hauling |  |  | 193,081 |  |  |  | 147,860 |  |  |  | 45,221 |
Other |  |  | 35,432 |  |  |  | 31,302 |  |  |  | 4,130 |
Selling, general and administrative expenses |  |  | 7,704 |  |  |  | 7,341 |  |  |  | 363 |
Adjusted EBITDDA 2 |  | $ | 249,373 |  |  | $ | 262,944 |  |  | $ | (13,571 | )

1 | Prior to elimination of intersegment fiber revenues of $158.9 million and $164.7 million in 2022 and 2021, respectively.
2 | Management uses Adjusted EBITDDA to evaluate the performance of the segment. See Note 2: Segment Information in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

Timberlands Segment Statistics

|  |  | 2022 |
|  | Year Ended December 31, |  |  | vs. |
Harvest Volumes (in tons) |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2021 |
Northern region |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Sawlog |  |  | 1,576,758 |  |  |  | 1,592,474 |  |  |  | (15,716 | )
Pulpwood |  |  | 39,882 |  |  |  | 33,134 |  |  |  | 6,748 |
Total |  |  | 1,616,640 |  |  |  | 1,625,608 |  |  |  | (8,968 | )
Southern region |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Sawlog |  |  | 2,198,782 |  |  |  | 1,834,141 |  |  |  | 364,641 |
Pulpwood |  |  | 1,878,485 |  |  |  | 1,578,465 |  |  |  | 300,020 |
Stumpage |  |  | 829,650 |  |  |  | 476,868 |  |  |  | 352,782 |
Total |  |  | 4,906,917 |  |  |  | 3,889,474 |  |  |  | 1,017,443 |
Total harvest volume |  |  | 6,523,557 |  |  |  | 5,515,082 |  |  |  | 1,008,475 |
Sales Price/Unit ($ per ton) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Northern region 1 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Sawlog |  | $ | 182 |  |  | $ | 188 |  |  | $ | (6 | )
Pulpwood |  | $ | 51 |  |  | $ | 34 |  |  | $ | 17 |
Southern region 1 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Sawlog |  | $ | 48 |  |  | $ | 46 |  |  | $ | 2 |
Pulpwood |  | $ | 32 |  |  | $ | 29 |  |  | $ | 3 |
Stumpage |  | $ | 17 |  |  | $ | 16 |  |  | $ | 1 |

1 | Sawlog and pulpwood sales prices are on a delivered basis, which includes logging and hauling costs. Stumpage sales provide our customers the right to harvest standing timber. As such, the customer contracts the logging and hauling and bears such costs.

Timberlands Adjusted EBITDDA

The following table summarizes Adjusted EBITDDA variances for the year ended December 31, 2022, compared with the year ended December 31, 2021:

(in thousands) |  | 2022 vs 2021 |
Adjusted EBITDDA - prior year |  | $ | 262,944 |
Harvest volume |  |  | 15,407 |
Sales price and mix |  |  | 1,706 |
Logging and hauling cost per unit |  |  | (30,284 | )
Forest management, indirect and other |  |  | (400 | )
Adjusted EBITDDA - current year |  | $ | 249,373 |

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2022 compared with 2021

Timberlands Adjusted EBITDDA for 2022 was $249.4 million, a decrease of $13.6 million compared to 2021 primarily due to the following:

•
Harvest Volume: We harvested 4.9 million tons in the Southern region during 2022, which was 26.2% higher than 2021, primarily due to harvest activity on the CatchMark timberlands acquired mid-September 2022, more favorable harvest conditions and increased stumpage sales. Harvest volumes in the Northern region were consistent with 2021.
•
Sales Price and Mix: Southern sawlog prices increased 4.3%, to $48 per ton, primarily as a result of stronger sawlog demand. Northern sawlog prices decreased 3.2% to $182 per ton, primarily due to the effect of lower indexed sawlog prices in Idaho the second half of the year.
•
Logging and Hauling Cost per Unit: Logging and hauling costs were higher on a per unit basis year over year primarily due to increased diesel costs and higher log and haul rates due to capacity constraints.

Wood Products Segment

|  |  | 2022 |
|  | Year Ended December 31, |  |  | vs. |
(in thousands) |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2021 |
Revenues |  | $ | 912,612 |  |  | $ | 988,888 |  |  | $ | (76,276 | )
Costs and expenses 1 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fiber costs |  |  | 322,487 |  |  |  | 310,842 |  |  |  | 11,645 |
Manufacturing costs |  |  | 75,554 |  |  |  | 72,165 |  |  |  | 3,389 |
Freight, logging and hauling |  |  | 214,338 |  |  |  | 201,167 |  |  |  | 13,171 |
Finished goods inventory change |  |  | (3,606 | ) |  |  | 1,243 |  |  |  | (4,849 | )
Selling, general and administrative expenses |  |  | 12,528 |  |  |  | 11,542 |  |  |  | 986 |
Other |  |  | 404 |  |  |  | (1,929 | ) |  |  | 2,333 |
Adjusted EBITDDA 2 |  | $ | 290,907 |  |  | $ | 393,858 |  |  | $ | (102,951 | )

1 | Prior to elimination of intersegment fiber costs of $158.9 million and $164.7 million in 2022 and 2021, respectively.
2 | Management uses Adjusted EBITDDA to evaluate the performance of the segment. See Note 2: Segment Information in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

Wood Products Segment Statistics

|  |  | 2022 |
|  | Year Ended December 31, | vs. |
|  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2021 |
Lumber shipments (MBF)1 |  |  | 1,009,748 |  |  |  | 1,026,289 |  |  |  | (16,541 | )
Lumber sales prices ($ per MBF) |  | $ | 737 |  |  | $ | 795 |  |  | $ | (58 | )

1 | MBF stands for thousand board feet.

Wood Products Adjusted EBITDDA

The following table summarizes Adjusted EBITDDA variances for the year ended December 31, 2022, compared with the year ended December 31, 2021:

(in thousands) |  | 2022 vs 2021 |
Adjusted EBITDDA - prior year |  | $ | 393,858 |
Lumber: |  |  |
Price |  |  | (62,589 | )
Manufacturing costs per unit |  |  | (16,432 | )
Log costs per unit |  |  | (6,726 | )
Volume |  |  | (5,029 | )
Inventory charge |  |  | (3,937 | )
Residuals, panels and other |  |  | (8,238 | )
Adjusted EBITDDA - current year |  | $ | 290,907 |

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2022 compared with 2021

Wood Products Adjusted EBITDDA for 2022 was $290.9 million, a decrease of $103.0 million compared to 2021 primarily due to the following:

•
Lumber Price: Average lumber sales prices decreased to $737 per MBF during 2022 compared to $795 per MBF during 2021.
•
Manufacturing Cost Per Unit: Higher manufacturing costs per unit was primarily a result of lost production at our Ola, Arkansas sawmill and inflationary price increases at each of our sawmills in areas such as energy and repair and maintenance.
•
Log Costs Per Unit: Log costs per unit were higher primarily as a result of increased indexed log costs at our Idaho sawmill and higher log and haul rates impacting our Lake States sawmills.
•
Lumber Volume: Lumber shipments decreased 16.5 million board feet during 2022 compared to 2021, primarily as a result of decreased shipments from our Ola, Arkansas sawmill following the fire in June 2021.
•
Inventory Charge: Inventory during 2022 was written down $3.9 million, primarily due to high indexed Idaho log costs and market price declines in December 2022. No inventory was written down at the end of 2021.
•
Residual Sales, Panels and Other: Plywood price realizations were lower and manufacturing costs increased as a result of inflationary price increases during 2022 compared to 2021.

Real Estate Segment

|  |  |  |  | 2022 |
|  | Year Ended December 31, |  |  | vs. |
(in thousands) |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2021 |
Revenues |  | $ | 91,491 |  |  | $ | 63,813 |  |  | $ | 27,678 |
Costs and expenses |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Costs of goods sold |  |  | 13,500 |  |  |  | 11,180 |  |  |  | 2,320 |
Selling, general and administrative expenses |  |  | 4,733 |  |  |  | 4,964 |  |  |  | (231 | )
Other |  |  | — |  |  |  | 212 |  |  |  | (212 | )
Adjusted EBITDDA 1 |  | $ | 73,258 |  |  | $ | 47,457 |  |  | $ | 25,801 |

1 | Management uses Adjusted EBITDDA to evaluate the performance of the segment. See Note 2: Segment Information in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

Real Estate Segment Statistics

Rural Real Estate

|  | Year Ended December 31, |
|  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Acres sold |  |  | 20,451 |  |  |  | 17,665 |
Average price per acre |  | $ | 2,349 |  |  | $ | 2,115 |

Development Real Estate

|  | Year Ended December 31, |
|  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Residential lots |  |  | 181 |  |  |  | 159 |
Average price per lot |  | $ | 111,545 |  |  | $ | 85,986 |
Commercial acres |  |  | 46 |  |  |  | 11 |
Average price per acre |  | $ | 289,722 |  |  | $ | 277,425 |

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Real Estate Adjusted EBITDDA

The following table summarizes Adjusted EBITDDA variances for the year ended December 31, 2022, compared with the year ended December 31, 2021:

(in thousands) |  | 2022 vs 2021 |
Adjusted EBITDDA - prior year |  | $ | 47,457 |
Rural real estate sales |  |  | 10,671 |
Real estate development sales |  |  | 15,479 |
Selling, general and administrative expenses |  |  | 231 |
Other costs, net |  |  | (580 | )
Adjusted EBITDDA - current year |  | $ | 73,258 |

2022 compared with 2021

Real Estate Adjusted EBITDDA for 2022 was $73.3 million, an increase of $25.8 million compared with 2021 primarily due to the following:

•
Rural Real Estate Sales: The increase in rural real estate sales is primarily a result of a 1,760 acre sale in the South for $7,500 per acre to an energy provider for a planned commercial solar farm and a 10,700 acre timberland conservation sale in Minnesota in 2022, which were not matched by similarly sized land sales during 2021. Rural real estate sales vary period-to-period with the average price per acre fluctuating based on both the geographic area of the real estate and product mix.
•
Development Real Estate Sales: During 2022, we sold 181 residential lots at an average lot price of $111,545 compared with 159 lots at an average lot price of $85,986 during 2021. In addition, we sold 46 acres of commercial land in Chenal Valley for $289,722 per acre during 2022 compared to 11 acres for $277,425 per acre during 2021. The average price per lot or commercial acre fluctuates based on a variety of factors including size, location and planned end use within the developments.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Overview

An important source of liquidity is cash generated from our operations, which is highly dependent on selling prices for our products, as described in Part I – Item. Business, and can vary from period to period. Changes in significant sources of cash for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 are presented by category as follows:

|  | Year Ended December 31, |
(in thousands) |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | Change |
Net cash from operating activities |  | $ | 491,901 |  |  | $ | 504,886 |  |  | $ | (12,985 | )
Net cash from investing activities |  | $ | (147,520 | ) |  | $ | (59,145 | ) |  | $ | (88,375 | )
Net cash from financing activities |  | $ | (295,562 | ) |  | $ | (401,309 | ) |  | $ | 105,747 |

Net Cash Flows from Operating Activities

Net cash from operating activities decreased $13.0 million in 2022 compared to 2021 primarily as a result of the following:

•
Cash received from customers increased $6.0 million primarily due to increased harvest and sawlog prices in the Southern region which benefited from increased demand, the addition of the CatchMark timberlands in mid-September 2022, and increased real estate rural land and development sales. These increases were partially offset by lower average lumber prices and reduced lumber shipments at our Ola, Arkansas sawmill following the fire in June 2021.
•
Cash payments increased $80.0 million due to merger-related costs incurred for our merger with CatchMark, inflationary cost increases in areas such as diesel fuel, energy and repair and maintenance in our manufacturing operations and harvest operations and increased Southern harvest activities. These increases were partially offset by reduced vendor payments as a result of lower production at our Ola, Arkansas sawmill following the fire in June 2021.

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•
During 2022, we received $26.7 million in insurance proceeds primarily for business interruption as a result of the fire at our Ola, Arkansas sawmill.
•
Cash funding of our pension and other postretirement employee benefit plans decreased $4.0 million.
•
Cash paid for interest, net decreased $1.7 million primarily due to higher interest income earned on cash and cash equivalents as a result of higher short-term interest rates, partially offset by cash interest payments on debt assumed and refinanced in connection with the CatchMark merger in September 2022.
•
Net tax payments decreased $28.7 million as a result of lower taxable income generated from our TRS operations.

Net Cash Flows from Investing Activities

Changes in cash flows from investing activities were primarily a result of the following:

•
We spent $74.7 million on capital expenditures for property, plant and equipment, timberlands reforestation and road construction projects during 2022 compared to $55.3 million during 2021. Capital expenditures for 2022 include $12.2 million for the Waldo, Arkansas sawmill expansion and modernization project and $18.2 million for the reconstruction of our fire-damaged Ola, Arkansas sawmill, which is largely covered by insurance.
•
During 2022 we received insurance proceeds of $8.8 million for property losses as a result of the fire at our Ola, Arkansas sawmill compared to $15.0 million during 2021.
•
Cash expenditures for timberland acquisitions in 2022 was $110.1 million compared to $20.1 million in 2021. Timberland acquisitions in 2022 included three bolt-on transactions aggregating approximately $101.0 million consisting of approximately 46,000 acres in Mississippi and Arkansas.
•
We acquired $23.6 million of cash in our merger with CatchMark in September 2022.

Net Cash Flows from Financing Activities

Changes in cash flows from financing activities were primarily a result of the following:

•
We paid dividends of $208.1 million in 2022, including a special dividend totaling $75.7 million. In 2021, we paid dividends of $388.2 million, including a special dividend totaling $276.3 million. In addition to increasing our quarterly dividend from $0.41 per share to $0.44 per share in the fourth quarter of 2021 and to $0.45 per share in the fourth quarter of 2022, our quarterly dividend also increased during 2022 for the issuance of approximately 13.4 million shares to complete the CatchMark and Loutre mergers in September 2022 and December 2021, respectively.
•
We repaid $25.5 million in net long-term debt during 2022, including $22.5 million assumed in the CatchMark merger. In December 2021, we paid off $6.6 million in debt assumed in the merger with Loutre.
•
During 2022, we repurchased approximately 1.2 million shares of our common stock totaling $54.5 million compared to no repurchase of our common stock during 2021.

Future Sources and Uses of Cash

At December 31, 2022, we had cash and cash equivalents of $343.8 million. We expect cash and cash equivalents and cash generated from operating activities, supplemented by borrowings under our credit agreement, if needed, to be adequate to meet our future cash requirements.

Our material cash commitments arising in the normal course of business under our known contractual and other obligations as of December 31, 2022, primarily relate to purchase obligations, repayments of long-term debt and related interest, payments under operating and financing leases and pension and postretirement benefits. Purchase obligations primarily include open purchase orders for goods or services, future payments due under timber cutting contracts, commitments for construction contracts, commitments to complete real estate development projects and commitments to acquire property and equipment in the next twelve months. At December 31, 2022, our purchase obligations were approximately $180.0 million, of which $111.0 million is expected to be paid in the next twelve months. Purchase obligations at December 31, 2022, include approximately $118.8 million for the modernization and expansion of our Waldo, Arkansas sawmill discussed below, of which approximately $74.0 million is expected to be paid during 2023. Additionally, we expect net interest payments on long-term debt, including the impact of any associated interest rate swaps and estimated patronage credits from lenders to be approximately $122.0 million over the term of the loans, of which approximately $26.5 million is expected to be paid in 2023.

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For further detail on our debt, lease, and pension and other postretirement plans obligations and timing of expected future payments see Note 9: Debt, Note 13: Leases, and Note 15: Savings Plans, Pension Plans and Other Postretirement Employee Benefit Plans in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

Capital Expenditures

We invest cash in maintenance and discretionary capital expenditures at our Wood Products facilities. We also invest cash in the reforestation of timberlands and construction of roads in our Timberlands operations and to develop land in our Real Estate development operations. We evaluate discretionary capital improvements based on expected return on investment. We expect to spend a total of approximately $135 million to $145 million for capital expenditures during 2023, including capital expenditures for the Waldo sawmill expansion and modernization project discussed below.

In June 2022, we announced a project to expand and modernize our Waldo, Arkansas sawmill. The project is expected to increase the mill’s annual capacity from 190 million board feet of dimensional lumber to approximately 275 million board feet. The investment is also expected to reduce the mill’s operating costs significantly. The Waldo investment includes upgrades to the log yard and planer, a new saw line, and a new continuous dry kiln. The existing mill will continue to operate during the project and completion is expected by the end of 2024. We expect to spend approximately $131.0 million on the project, of which $12.2 million was spent in 2022 and approximately $74.0 million is expected to be spent in 2023.

During 2022, we completed the installation of new equipment at our fire damaged Ola, Arkansas sawmill. The large log line restarted in September 2022. The sawmill is expected to reach its full production rate of 150 million board feet by the end of the first quarter of 2023. We received $35.0 million and $15.0 million in insurance proceeds for the fire damage and business interruption at the sawmill for the year ended December 31, 2022, and 2021, respectively. We plan to finalize our insurance claim and we expect to receive the remaining insurance proceeds in 2023.

Share Repurchase Program

On August 31, 2022, our board of directors authorized management to repurchase up to $200.0 million of our common stock with no set time limit for the repurchases (the 2022 Repurchase Program). Concurrently, the board of directors terminated the remaining repurchase authorization under a repurchase program approved in August 2018. At December 31, 2022, we had remaining authorization of $150.0 million for future stock repurchases under the 2022 Repurchase Program. The Repurchase Program may be suspended, terminated or modified at any time for any reason.

Dividends to Shareholders

Returning cash to shareholders through a secure regular dividend and opportunistic share repurchases is an important and durable part of our disciplined capital allocation strategy. Our board of directors, in its sole discretion, determines the actual amount of dividends to be made to stockholders based on consideration of a number of factors, including, but not limited to, our results of operations, cash flow and capital requirements, economic conditions in our industry and in the markets for our products, borrowing capacity, debt covenant restrictions, future acquisitions and dispositions, and REIT requirements. As a result of strong financial results in the first half of 2022, on December 2, 2022, our board of directors approved a special cash dividend of $0.95 per share, or $75.7 million in aggregate, that was paid on December 30, 2022. On December 31, 2021, we paid a special cash dividend of $4.00 per share, or $276.3 million in aggregate.

The following table summarizes the historical tax characteristics of dividends to shareholders for the year ended December 31:

(Amounts per share) |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Capital gain dividends |  | $ | 2.72 |  |  | $ | 3.87 |
Qualified dividends |  |  | — |  |  |  | 0.18 |
Non-taxable return of capital |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1.62 |
Total dividends |  | $ | 2.72 |  |  | $ | 5.67 |

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On February 10, 2023, the board of directors approved a quarterly cash dividend of $0.45 per share payable on March 31, 2023, to stockholders of record as of March 3, 2023.

Long-Term Debt and Credit Agreement

At December 31, 2022, our total outstanding net long-term debt was $1.0 billion. All interest rates on our outstanding long-term debt are fixed rates under fixed rate loans or variable rate loans with an associated interest rate swap that fixes the variable benchmark interest rate component.

On December 1, 2022, through an eighth amendment to the Second Amended and Restated Term Loan Agreement (Amended Term Loan Agreement) with our primary lender, we converted all our outstanding London Inter-Bank Offered Rate (LIBOR) indexed term loans to Secured Overnight Financing Rate (SOFR) indexed rates in the aggregate principal amount of $403.5 million with maturities between 2026 and 2031 under the Amended Term Loan Agreement. In conjunction with amending our term loan agreement, we also concurrently modified the benchmark rate from LIBOR to SOFR in our interest rate swap agreements. The conversion of these debt instruments from LIBOR to SOFR did not have a material impact on our financial position or operating results.

We have a $300.0 million revolving line of credit with a syndicate of lenders, providing loans for us through February 14, 2027. Under the terms of the Amended Credit Agreement, the amount of available principal may be increased up to an additional $500.0 million. We may also utilize borrowings under the Amended Credit Agreement to, among other things, refinance existing indebtedness and provide funding for working capital requirements, capital projects, acquisitions, and other general corporate expenditures. At December 31, 2022, there were no borrowings under the revolving line of credit and approximately $0.9 million of the credit facility was utilized by outstanding letters of credit.

See Note 9: Debt in the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information on our debt and credit agreements.

Financial Covenants

The Amended Credit Agreement and the Amended Term Loan Agreement (collectively referred to as the Agreements) contain certain covenants that limit our ability and that of our subsidiaries to create liens, merge or consolidate, dispose of assets, incur indebtedness and guarantees, repurchase or redeem capital stock and indebtedness, make certain investments or acquisitions, enter into certain transactions with affiliates or change the nature of our business. The Agreements also contain financial maintenance covenants including the maintenance of a minimum interest coverage ratio and a maximum leverage ratio. We are permitted to pay dividends to our stockholders under the terms of the Agreements so long as we expect to remain in compliance with the financial maintenance covenants.

The Interest Coverage Ratio is EBITDDA, which is defined in the Agreements as net income adjusted for interest expense, net, income taxes, depreciation, depletion and amortization, the basis of real estate sold and non-cash equity compensation expense, divided by interest expense, net for the same period.

The Leverage Ratio is our Total Funded Indebtedness divided by our Total Asset Value (TAV). Our Total Funded Indebtedness consists of long-term debt, including any current portion of long-term debt, finance lease liabilities, revolving line of credit borrowings and the amount outstanding under the letter of credit subfacility.

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The following table presents the components and applicable limits of TAV at December 31, 2022:

(in thousands) |  |  |  |
Estimated timberland fair value |  |  |  | $ | 4,848,633 |
Wood Products manufacturing facilities book basis (limited to 10% of TAV) |  |  | 289,563 |
Cash and cash equivalents |  |  |  |  | 343,809 |
Other 1 |  |  |  |  | 21,694 |
Total Asset Value |  |  |  | $ | 5,503,699 |

1 | Includes, as applicable, Construction In Progress (limited to 10% of TAV), Company-Owned Life Insurance (limited to 5% of TAV) and Investments in Affiliates (limited to 15% TAV) as defined in the Agreements.

At December 31, 2022, we were in compliance with all covenants under the Agreements. The table below sets forth the financial covenants for the Agreements and our status with respect to these covenants at December 31, 2022:

| Covenant Requirement |  | Actual
Interest Coverage Ratio | ≥ | 3.00 to 1.00 |  | 21.4
Leverage Ratio | ≤ | 40% |  | 19%

Credit Ratings

Two major debt rating agencies routinely evaluate our debt and our cost of borrowing can increase or decrease depending on our credit rating. Both Moody’s and S&P rate our debt as investment grade.

Capital Structure

(in thousands) |  | December 31, 2022 |  |  | December 31, 2021 |
Long-term debt (including current portion) |  | $ | 1,032,680 |  |  | $ | 758,256 |
Cash and cash equivalents |  |  | (343,809 | ) |  |  | (296,151 | )
Net debt |  |  | 688,871 |  |  |  | 462,105 |
Market capitalization 1 |  |  | 3,505,255 |  |  |  | 4,159,034 |
Enterprise value |  | $ | 4,194,126 |  |  | $ | 4,621,139 |
Net debt to enterprise value |  |  | 16.4 | % |  |  | 10.0 | %
Dividend yield 2 |  |  | 4.1 | % |  |  | 2.9 | %
Weighted-average cost of debt, after tax 3 |  |  | 2.4 | % |  |  | 3.1 | %

1 | Market capitalization is based on outstanding shares of 79.7 million and 69.1 million times closing share price of $43.99 and $60.22 at December 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively.
2 | Dividend yield is based on annualized dividends per share of $1.80 and $1.76 divided by share price of $43.99 and $60.22 at December 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively.
3 | Weighted-average cost of debt excludes deferred debt costs and credit facility fees and includes estimated annual patronage credits from lenders on term loan debt.

Liquidity and Performance Measures

The discussion below is presented to enhance the reader’s understanding of our operating performance, ability to generate cash and satisfy rating agency and creditor requirements. This information includes two measures: Adjusted EBITDDA and Cash Available for Distribution (CAD). These measures are not defined by GAAP and the discussion of Adjusted EBITDDA and CAD is not intended to conflict with or change any of the GAAP disclosures described herein.

Adjusted EBITDDA is a non-GAAP measure that management uses in evaluating performance and to allocate resources between segments, and that investors can use to evaluate the operational performance of the assets under management. It removes the impact of specific items that management believes do not directly reflect the core business operations on an ongoing basis. This measure should not be considered in isolation from and is not intended to represent an alternative to our results reported in accordance with GAAP. Management believes that this non-GAAP measure, when read in conjunction with our GAAP financial statements, provides useful information to investors by facilitating the comparability of our ongoing operating results over the periods presented, the ability to identify trends in our underlying business and the comparison of our operating results against analyst financial models and operating results of other public companies that supplement their GAAP results with non-GAAP financial measures.

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Our definition of EBITDDA may be different from similarly titled measures reported by other companies. We define EBITDDA as net income before interest expense, net, income taxes, basis of real estate sold, depreciation, depletion and amortization. Adjusted EBITDDA further excludes certain specific items that are considered to hinder comparison of the performance of our businesses either year-on-year or with other businesses.

We reconcile Total Adjusted EBITDDA to net income for the consolidated company as it is the most comparable GAAP measure.

The following table provides a reconciliation of net income to Total Adjusted EBITDDA for the respective periods:

|  | Year Ended December 31, |
(in thousands) |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Net income |  | $ | 333,900 |  |  | $ | 423,860 |
Interest expense, net |  |  | 27,400 |  |  |  | 29,275 |
Income taxes |  |  | 65,412 |  |  |  | 85,156 |
Depreciation, depletion and amortization |  |  | 96,700 |  |  |  | 75,633 |
Basis of real estate sold |  |  | 29,921 |  |  |  | 27,360 |
CatchMark merger-related expenses |  |  | 27,325 |  |  |  | — |
Environmental charge |  |  | 5,550 |  |  |  | — |
Gain on fire damage |  |  | (34,505 | ) |  |  | (3,361 | )
Pension settlement charge |  |  | 14,165 |  |  |  | — |
Non-operating pension and other postretirement benefit costs |  |  | 8,138 |  |  |  | 13,227 |
Loss on fixed assets |  |  | 82 |  |  |  | 1,721 |
Other |  |  | 67 |  |  |  | — |
Total Adjusted EBITDDA |  | $ | 574,155 |  |  | $ | 652,871 |

We define CAD as cash provided by operating activities adjusted for capital spending for purchases of property, plant and equipment, timberlands reforestation and roads, and timberland acquisitions not classified as strategic. Management believes CAD is a useful indicator of the company’s overall liquidity, as it provides a measure of cash generated that is available for dividends to common stockholders (an important factor in maintaining our REIT status), repurchase of the company’s common shares, debt repayment, acquisitions and other discretionary and nondiscretionary activities. Our definition of CAD is limited in that it does not solely represent residual cash flows available for discretionary expenditures since the measure does not deduct the payments required for debt service and other contractual obligations. Therefore, we believe it is important to view CAD as a measure that provides supplemental information to our Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows. Our definition of CAD may be different from similarly titled measures reported by other companies, including those in our industry. CAD is not necessarily indicative of the CAD that may be generated in future periods.

The following table provides a reconciliation of net cash provided by operating activities to CAD:

|  | Year Ended December 31, |
(in thousands) |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Net cash from operating activities 1 |  | $ | 491,901 |  |  | $ | 504,886 |
Capital expenditures 2 |  |  | (184,804 | ) |  |  | (75,414 | )
CAD |  | $ | 307,097 |  |  | $ | 429,472 |
Net cash from investing activities 3 |  | $ | (147,520 | ) |  | $ | (59,145 | )
Net cash from financing activities |  | $ | (295,562 | ) |  | $ | (401,309 | )

1 | Cash from operating activities for the year ended December 31, 2022, includes cash paid for CatchMark merger-related expenses and cash paid for real estate development expenditures of $17.8 million and $8.1 million, respectively. Cash from operating activities for the year ended December 31, 2021, includes cash paid for real estate development expenditures of $9.2 million.
2 | The year ended December 31, 2022, includes capital expenditures for the rebuild of the Ola, Arkansas sawmill of $18.2 million and $12.2 million for the Waldo, Arkansas sawmill expansion and modernization, and excludes $8.8 million of insurance proceeds for property losses at the Ola sawmill. The year ended December 31, 2021 includes capital expenditures for the rebuild of the Ola, Arkansas sawmill of $7.3 million and excludes $15.0 million of insurance proceeds for property losses at the Ola sawmill.
3 | Net cash from investing activities includes payments for capital expenditures, which is also included in our reconciliation of CAD.

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Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

In preparing our Consolidated Financial Statements in accordance with GAAP and pursuant to the rules and regulations of the SEC, we make assumptions, judgments and estimates that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenue and expenses, and related disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities. We base our assumptions, judgments and estimates on current facts, historical experience and various other factors that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances, including assumptions as to future events. Actual results could differ materially from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions. We evaluate our assumptions, judgments and estimates on a regular basis. We also discuss our critical accounting policies and estimates with the audit committee of the board of directors. The following critical accounting policies and estimates require some of management’s most difficult, subjective and complex judgment.

Pension benefits. The measurement of the pension benefit obligation, determination of pension plan net periodic costs, and the requirements for funding our pension plans are based on actuarial assumptions that require judgment. The most significant assumption is the discount rate used to value the current cost of future pension obligations as different assumptions would change the net periodic pension costs and funded status of the benefit plans.

The discount rate is determined at the measurement date by matching current spot rates of high-quality corporate bonds with maturities similar to the timing of expected cash outflows for benefits. The selection of discount rates requires judgment as well as the involvement of actuarial specialists. These specialists assist with selecting yield curves based on published indices for high-quality corporate bonds and projecting the timing and amount of cash flows associated with our obligations to ultimately support our determination of an appropriate discount rate for our pension plans. We use these estimates to calculate plan obligation information as of year-end as well as pension costs for the following year. Actual experience that differs from our estimates, or any changes in our estimates that support the actuarial methods and assumptions could have a significant effect on our financial position, results of operations and cash flows.

Pension expense for 2023 will be based on a 5.6% discount rate. Holding all other assumptions constant, a 25-basis point decrease in the discount rate would increase the total projected benefit obligation at December 31, 2022 by approximately $6.1 million and increase estimated pension expense for 2023 by approximately $0.1 million. See Note 15: Savings Plans, Pension Plans and Other Postretirement Employee Benefits in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.

Business Combinations and Asset Acquisitions. We apply the principles provided in the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) 805, Business Combinations, to determine whether an acquisition involves an asset or a business. We account for business combinations using the acquisition method of accounting which requires that (i) identifiable assets acquired (including identifiable intangible assets) and liabilities assumed generally be measured and recognized at estimated fair value as of the acquisition date and (ii) the excess of the purchase price over the net estimated fair value of identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed be recognized as goodwill, which is not amortized for accounting purposes but is subject to testing for impairment at least annually. We measure and recognize asset acquisitions that are not deemed to be business combinations based on the cost to acquire the assets. Goodwill is not recognized in an asset acquisition with any consideration in excess of net assets acquired allocated to acquired assets on a relative estimated fair value basis.

As discussed in Note 17: Mergers in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, on September 14, 2022, CatchMark merged into a wholly owned subsidiary (Merger Sub) of PotlatchDeltic, pursuant to the terms of a merger agreement dated May 29, 2022, with the Merger Sub surviving the mergers. We accounted for the transaction as an asset acquisition as it was determined that substantially all of the estimated fair value of the assets acquired were concentrated in timber and timberlands. Accordingly, the purchase price paid for the assets acquired and liabilities assumed were allocated by management based on relative estimated fair value with the assistance of third-party specialists. There is a high degree of subjectivity related to critical estimates and assumptions used in the valuation model, including but not limited to estimated future cash flows and the discount rate applied to the timber and timberlands valuations. Management's estimates of fair value are based upon assumptions believed to be reasonable, but which are inherently uncertain and unpredictable and, as a result, actual results may differ materially from our estimates.

See Note 1: Summary of Significant Accounting Policies in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for further information on our accounting policies and new accounting pronouncements.

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ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AN D QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

Our market risk exposure on financial instruments includes interest rate risk on our bank credit facility, term loans and interest rate swap agreements and forward-starting interest rate swap agreements. We are exposed to interest rate volatility on existing variable rate debt instruments and future incurrences of fixed or variable rate debt, which exposure primarily relates to movements in various interest rates. We use interest rate swaps and forward-starting swaps to hedge our exposure to the impact of interest rate changes on existing debt and future debt issuances, respectively. All market risk sensitive instruments were entered into for purposes other than trading purposes. We do not attempt to hedge our exposure to interest rate risk for our cash equivalents.

The interest rates applied to borrowings under our credit facility adjust often and therefore react quickly to any movement in the general trend of market interest rates. We do not attempt to mitigate the effects of short-term interest rate fluctuations on our credit facility borrowings through the use of derivative financial instruments. There were no borrowings under our credit facility at December 31, 2022.

At December 31, 2022, we have interest rate swaps associated with $721.0 million of term loan debt. We use forward-starting interest rate swap contracts to manage interest rate exposure in periods prior to the anticipated refinancing of existing term loan debt. At December 31, 2022, we had forward-starting interest rate swap contracts designated as cash flow hedges with an aggregated notional amount of $250.0 million associated with anticipated future refinancing of term loan debt maturing through January 2029 that require settlement on the maturity date. Our cash flow hedges are expected to be highly effective in achieving offsetting cash flows attributable to the hedged interest rate risk through the term of the hedge. See Note 10: Derivative Instruments in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.

Quantitative Information about Market Risks

The table below provides information about our long-term debt, weighted-average interest rates and associated interest rate swaps. For debt obligations, the table presents principal cash flows and related weighted-average interest rates by expected maturity dates. For interest rate swaps, the table presents notional amounts and weighted-average interest rates by expected (contractual) maturity dates. Notional amounts are used to calculate the contractual payments to be exchanged under the contract and weighted-average variable rates are based on implied forward rates in the yield curve. The table excludes our forward-starting interest rate swaps.

| Expected Maturity Date |  |  |  |  |  |  |
(in thousands, except interest rates) | 2023 |  |  | 2024 |  |  | 2025 |  |  | 2026 |  |  | 2027 |  |  | Thereafter |  |  | Total |  |  | Fair Value |
Variable rate debt: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Principal due | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 27,500 |  |  | $ | 138,750 |  |  | $ | 554,750 |  |  | $ | 721,000 |  |  | $ | 721,000 |
Average interest rate |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 5.87 | % |  |  | 5.35 | % |  |  | 5.17 | % |  |  | 5.23 | % |  |  |
Fixed rate debt: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Principal due | $ | 40,000 |  |  | $ | 175,735 |  |  | $ | 100,000 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 315,735 |  |  | $ | 305,234 |
Average interest rate |  | 4.49 | % |  |  | 3.93 | % |  |  | 4.05 | % |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 4.04 | % |  |  |
Interest rate swaps: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Variable to fixed | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 27,500 |  |  | $ | 138,750 |  |  | $ | 554,750 |  |  | $ | 721,000 |  |  | $ | 106,535 |
Average pay rate |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1.42 | % |  |  | 0.50 | % |  |  | 1.08 | % |  |  | 0.98 | % |  |  |
Average receive rate |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 3.67 | % |  |  | 3.35 | % |  |  | 3.19 | % |  |  | 3.24 | % |  |  |

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ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STAT EMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA

REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

To the Stockholders and Board of Directors
PotlatchDeltic Corporation:

Opinion on the Consolidated Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of PotlatchDeltic Corporation and subsidiaries (the Company) as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income, stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2022, and the related notes (collectively, the consolidated financial statements). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2022, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission, and our report dated February 16, 2023 expressed an unqualified opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.

Basis for Opinion

These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these consolidated financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Critical Audit Matters

The critical audit matters communicated below are matters arising from the current period audit of the consolidated financial statements that were communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relate to accounts or disclosures that are material to the consolidated financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matters below, providing separate opinions on the critical audit matters or on the accounts or disclosures to which they relate.

Measurement of the pension benefit obligation

As discussed in Notes 1 and 15 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company’s pension benefit obligation was $232.2 million as of December 31, 2022. The measurement of the pension benefit obligation is based on actuarial assumptions that require judgment. The discount rate applied to pension plan obligations is a critical assumption in the measurement of the pension benefit obligation.

We identified the evaluation of the measurement of the pension benefit obligation as a critical audit matter. Specialized skills and knowledge were required to evaluate the discount rate used to determine the pension benefit obligation. In addition, there was subjective judgment in applying and evaluating results of the procedures due to the sensitivity of the pension benefit obligation to changes in the discount rate.

The following are the primary procedures we performed to address this critical audit matter. We evaluated the design and tested the operating effectiveness of certain internal controls over the Company’s pension benefit

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process. This included a control related to the determination of the discount rate assumption. We involved an actuarial professional with specialized skills and knowledge, who assisted in evaluating the discount rate as determined using the hypothetical bond portfolio model through analyzing the bond selection criteria, the bond ratings, and the cash flow matching of the model. We considered the change in the discount rate from that used in the prior year, including consideration of the changes in the discount rate in light of published reports of actuarial experts.

Fair value of timber and timberlands

As discussed in Notes 1 and 17 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company acquired CatchMark Timber Trust, Inc. and CatchMark Timber Operating Partnership, L.P. (collectively, CatchMark) on September 14, 2022. The Company accounted for the transaction as an asset acquisition as it determined that substantially all of the fair value of the gross assets acquired were concentrated in a group of similar identifiable assets. Accordingly, the purchase consideration was allocated to the acquired assets and liabilities, including timber and timberlands, based on their relative estimated fair values. The purchase consideration allocated to the acquired CatchMark timber and timberlands at the acquisition date was $782.3 million.

We identified the evaluation of the fair value of the timber and timberlands acquired in the CatchMark transaction as a critical audit matter. We performed a sensitivity analysis to determine which assumptions used by management most significantly impacted the fair value of the timber and timberland assets acquired. A high degree of subjective auditor judgment and the involvement of professionals with specialized skills and knowledge were required to evaluate certain assumptions used in the valuation model, specifically the discount rate applied and forecasted timber prices. Changes in these assumptions could have had a significant impact on the fair value of the timber and timberland assets used in the determination that substantially all of the fair value of the gross assets acquired were concentrated in a group of similar identifiable assets and in the allocation of the purchase consideration.

The following are the primary procedures we performed to address this critical audit matter. We evaluated the design and tested the operating effectiveness of certain internal controls related to the Company’s valuation of the timber and timberlands. This included controls related to the determination of the discount rate and the forecasted timber prices. We involved valuation professionals with specialized skill and knowledge, who assisted in evaluating the assumptions by (1) comparing the discount rate against a discount rate range that was independently developed based on publicly available industry publications and market data for comparable timber transactions, and (2) comparing forecasted timber prices to industry publications.

/s/ KPMG LLP

We have served as the Company’s auditor since 1952.

Seattle, Washington

February 16, 2023

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POTLATCHDELTIC CORPORATION AND CONSOLIDATED SUBSIDIARIES

Consolidated St atements of Operations

|  | Year Ended December 31, |
(in thousands, except per share amount) |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |
Revenues |  | $ | 1,330,780 |  |  | $ | 1,337,435 |  |  | $ | 1,040,930 |
Costs and expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cost of goods sold |  |  | 806,822 |  |  |  | 715,846 |  |  |  | 687,781 |
Selling, general and administrative expenses |  |  | 76,506 |  |  |  | 73,432 |  |  |  | 72,519 |
CatchMark merger-related expenses |  |  | 27,325 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Environmental charge |  |  | 5,550 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Gain on fire damage |  |  | (34,505 | ) |  |  | (3,361 | ) |  |  | — |
|  |  | 881,698 |  |  |  | 785,917 |  |  |  | 760,300 |
Operating income |  |  | 449,082 |  |  |  | 551,518 |  |  |  | 280,630 |
Interest expense, net |  |  | (27,400 | ) |  |  | (29,275 | ) |  |  | (29,463 | )
Pension settlement charge |  |  | (14,165 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (42,988 | )
Non-operating pension and other postretirement employee benefit costs |  |  | (8,138 | ) |  |  | (13,227 | ) |  |  | (14,226 | )
Other |  |  | (67 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Income before income taxes |  |  | 399,312 |  |  |  | 509,016 |  |  |  | 193,953 |
Income taxes |  |  | (65,412 | ) |  |  | (85,156 | ) |  |  | (27,123 | )
Net income |  | $ | 333,900 |  |  | $ | 423,860 |  |  | $ | 166,830 |
Net income per share: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic |  | $ | 4.59 |  |  | $ | 6.29 |  |  | $ | 2.48 |
Diluted |  | $ | 4.58 |  |  | $ | 6.26 |  |  | $ | 2.47 |
Dividends per share |  | $ | 2.72 |  |  | $ | 5.67 |  |  | $ | 1.61 |
Weighted-average shares outstanding (in thousands) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic |  |  | 72,740 |  |  |  | 67,352 |  |  |  | 67,237 |
Diluted |  |  | 72,922 |  |  |  | 67,719 |  |  |  | 67,568 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

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POTLATCHDELTIC CORPORATION AND CONSOLIDATED SUBSIDIARIES

Consolidated Stateme nts of Comprehensive Income

|  | Year Ended December 31, |
(in thousands) |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |
Net income |  | $ | 333,900 |  |  | $ | 423,860 |  |  | $ | 166,830 |
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pension and other postretirement employee benefits: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net gain (loss) arising during the period, net of tax expense (benefit) of $2,760, $11,444 and $(3,531) |  |  | 8,065 |  |  |  | 31,525 |  |  |  | (10,053 | )
Effect of pension settlement, net of tax expense of $3,612, $0 and $11,177 |  |  | 10,553 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 31,811 |
Amortization of actuarial loss included in net income, net of tax expense of $1,537, $4,901 and $4,445 |  |  | 4,486 |  |  |  | 11,732 |  |  |  | 12,653 |
Amortization of prior service credit included in net income, net of tax benefit of $(79), $(288) and $(303) |  |  | (229 | ) |  |  | (818 | ) |  |  | (860 | )
Cash flow hedges, net of tax expense of $987, $1,706 and $396 |  |  | 118,015 |  |  |  | 35,312 |  |  |  | (7,181 | )
Other comprehensive income, net of tax |  |  | 140,890 |  |  |  | 77,751 |  |  |  | 26,370 |
Comprehensive income |  | $ | 474,790 |  |  | $ | 501,611 |  |  | $ | 193,200 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

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POTLATCHDELTIC CORPORATION AND CONSOLIDATED SUBSIDIARIES

Consolidat ed Balance Sheets

|  | At December 31, |
(in thousands, except per share amounts) |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
ASSETS |  |  |  |  |  |
Current assets: |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 343,809 |  |  | $ | 296,151 |
Customer receivables, net |  |  | 22,813 |  |  |  | 31,028 |
Inventories, net |  |  | 67,958 |  |  |  | 72,369 |
Other current assets |  |  | 36,955 |  |  |  | 21,630 |
Total current assets |  |  | 471,535 |  |  |  | 421,178 |
Property, plant and equipment, net |  |  | 318,184 |  |  |  | 292,320 |
Investment in real estate held for development and sale |  |  | 55,490 |  |  |  | 65,604 |
Timber and timberlands, net |  |  | 2,508,372 |  |  |  | 1,682,671 |
Intangible assets, net |  |  | 17,420 |  |  |  | 15,491 |
Other long-term assets |  |  | 179,554 |  |  |  | 57,951 |
Total assets |  | $ | 3,550,555 |  |  | $ | 2,535,215 |
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY |  |  |  |  |  |
Current liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities |  | $ | 94,861 |  |  | $ | 78,209 |
Current portion of long-term debt |  |  | 39,979 |  |  |  | 42,977 |
Current portion of pension and other postretirement employee benefits |  |  | 4,926 |  |  |  | 4,993 |
Total current liabilities |  |  | 139,766 |  |  |  | 126,179 |
Long-term debt |  |  | 992,701 |  |  |  | 715,279 |
Pension and other postretirement employee benefits |  |  | 77,396 |  |  |  | 83,674 |
Deferred tax liabilities, net |  |  | 41,790 |  |  |  | 34,874 |
Other long-term obligations |  |  | 35,749 |  |  |  | 49,076 |
Total liabilities |  |  | 1,287,402 |  |  |  | 1,009,082 |
Commitments and contingencies |  |  |  |  |  |
Stockholders’ equity: |  |  |  |  |  |
Preferred stock, authorized 4,000 shares, no shares issued |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Common stock, $1 par value, authorized 100,000 shares, issued 79,683 and 69,064 shares |  |  | 79,683 |  |  |  | 69,064 |
Additional paid-in capital |  |  | 2,294,797 |  |  |  | 1,781,217 |
Accumulated deficit |  |  | (208,979 | ) |  |  | (280,910 | )
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) |  |  | 97,652 |  |  |  | (43,238 | )
Total stockholders’ equity |  |  | 2,263,153 |  |  |  | 1,526,133 |
Total liabilities and stockholders' equity |  | $ | 3,550,555 |  |  | $ | 2,535,215 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

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POTLATCHDELTIC CORPORATION AND CONSOLIDATED SUBSIDIARIES

Consolidate d Statements of Cash Flows

|  | Year Ended December 31, |
(in thousands) |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |
CASH FLOWS FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income |  | $ | 333,900 |  |  | $ | 423,860 |  |  | $ | 166,830 |
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash from operating activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Depreciation, depletion and amortization |  |  | 98,234 |  |  |  | 77,425 |  |  |  | 77,885 |
Basis of real estate sold |  |  | 29,921 |  |  |  | 27,360 |  |  |  | 25,348 |
Change in deferred taxes |  |  | (5,257 | ) |  |  | 25 |  |  |  | (14,610 | )
Pension and other postretirement employee benefits |  |  | 15,259 |  |  |  | 22,079 |  |  |  | 23,666 |
Pension settlement charge |  |  | 14,165 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 42,988 |
Equity-based compensation expense |  |  | 18,497 |  |  |  | 8,607 |  |  |  | 8,063 |
Gain on fire damage |  |  | (34,505 | ) |  |  | (3,361 | ) |  |  | — |
Other, net |  |  | (1,235 | ) |  |  | 363 |  |  |  | (1,269 | )
Change in working capital and operating-related activities, net of mergers |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Receivables, net |  |  | 9,418 |  |  |  | (4,404 | ) |  |  | (12,439 | )
Inventories, net |  |  | 4,410 |  |  |  | (10,333 | ) |  |  | 3,745 |
Other assets |  |  | (7,629 | ) |  |  | 7,331 |  |  |  | 4,591 |
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities |  |  | 97 |  |  |  | (17,626 | ) |  |  | 25,848 |
Other liabilities |  |  | 3,115 |  |  |  | (8,167 | ) |  |  | 1,327 |
Real estate development expenditures |  |  | (8,102 | ) |  |  | (9,229 | ) |  |  | (6,706 | )
Funding of pension and other postretirement employee benefits |  |  | (5,065 | ) |  |  | (9,044 | ) |  |  | (10,004 | )
Proceeds from insurance recoveries |  |  | 26,678 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Net cash from operating activities |  |  | 491,901 |  |  |  | 504,886 |  |  |  | 335,263 |
CASH FLOWS FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Property, plant and equipment additions |  |  | (56,976 | ) |  |  | (38,947 | ) |  |  | (22,693 | )
Timberlands reforestation and roads |  |  | (17,718 | ) |  |  | (16,401 | ) |  |  | (16,234 | )
Acquisition of timber and timberlands |  |  | (110,110 | ) |  |  | (20,066 | ) |  |  | (6,858 | )
Proceeds from property insurance |  |  | 8,750 |  |  |  | 15,000 |  |  |  | — |
Cash acquired in CatchMark merger |  |  | 23,571 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Other, net |  |  | 4,963 |  |  |  | 1,269 |  |  |  | 3,593 |
Net cash from investing activities |  |  | (147,520 | ) |  |  | (59,145 | ) |  |  | (42,192 | )
CASH FLOWS FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Distribution to common stockholders |  |  | (208,133 | ) |  |  | (388,241 | ) |  |  | (107,853 | )
Repurchase of common stock |  |  | (54,549 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (15,364 | )
Proceeds from issuance of long-term debt |  |  | 317,500 |  |  |  | 40,000 |  |  |  | 46,000 |
Repayment of long-term debt |  |  | (343,000 | ) |  |  | (46,366 | ) |  |  | (46,000 | )
Other, net |  |  | (7,380 | ) |  |  | (6,702 | ) |  |  | (1,768 | )
Net cash from financing activities |  |  | (295,562 | ) |  |  | (401,309 | ) |  |  | (124,985 | )
Change in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash |  |  | 48,819 |  |  |  | 44,432 |  |  |  | 168,086 |
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of period |  |  | 296,772 |  |  |  | 252,340 |  |  |  | 84,254 |
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of period |  | $ | 345,591 |  |  | $ | 296,772 |  |  | $ | 252,340 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

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POTLATCHDELTIC CORPORATION AND CONSOLIDATED SUBSIDIARIES

Consolidated Statem ents of Stockholders’ Equity

| Common Stock |  |  | Additional Paid- |  |  | Accumulated |  |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive |  |  | Total Stockholders' |
(in thousands, except per share amounts) | Shares |  |  | Amount |  |  | in Capital |  |  | Deficit |  |  | Income (Loss) |  |  | Equity |
Balance, December 31, 2019 |  | 67,221 |  |  | $ | 67,221 |  |  | $ | 1,666,299 |  |  | $ | (359,330 | ) |  | $ | (147,359 | ) |  | $ | 1,226,831 |
Net income |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 166,830 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 166,830 |
Equity-based compensation expense |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 8,063 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 8,063 |
Shares issued for stock compensation |  | 144 |  |  |  | 144 |  |  |  | (144 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Repurchase of common stock |  | (489 | ) |  |  | (489 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (14,875 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (15,364 | )
Pension plans and OPEB obligations, net of tax |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 33,551 |  |  |  | 33,551 |
Cash flow hedges, net of tax |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (7,181 | ) |  |  | (7,181 | )
Common dividends, $1.61 per share |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (107,853 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (107,853 | )
Other transactions, net |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 358 |  |  |  | (282 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | 76 |
Balance, December 31, 2020 |  | 66,876 |  |  | $ | 66,876 |  |  | $ | 1,674,576 |  |  | $ | (315,510 | ) |  | $ | (120,989 | ) |  | $ | 1,304,953 |
Net income |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 423,860 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 423,860 |
Equity-based compensation expense |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 8,607 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 8,607 |
Shares issued for stock compensation |  | 226 |  |  |  | 226 |  |  |  | (226 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Common stock issued for Loutre merger |  | 1,962 |  |  |  | 1,962 |  |  |  | 98,968 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 100,930 |
Pension plans and OPEB obligations, net of tax |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 42,439 |  |  |  | 42,439 |
Cash flow hedges, net of tax |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 35,312 |  |  |  | 35,312 |
Common dividends, $5.67 per share |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (388,241 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (388,241 | )
Other transactions, net |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (708 | ) |  |  | (1,019 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (1,727 | )
Balance, December 31, 2021 |  | 69,064 |  |  | $ | 69,064 |  |  | $ | 1,781,217 |  |  | $ | (280,910 | ) |  | $ | (43,238 | ) |  | $ | 1,526,133 |
Net income |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 333,900 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 333,900 |
Equity-based compensation expense |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 9,190 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 9,190 |
Shares issued for stock compensation |  | 344 |  |  |  | 344 |  |  |  | (344 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Repurchase of common stock |  | (1,199 | ) |  |  | (1,199 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (53,350 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (54,549 | )
Common stock issued for CatchMark merger |  | 11,474 |  |  |  | 11,474 |  |  |  | 504,292 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 515,766 |
Pension plans and OPEB obligations, net of tax |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 22,875 |  |  |  | 22,875 |
Cash flow hedges, net of tax |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 118,015 |  |  |  | 118,015 |
Common dividends, $2.72 per share |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (208,133 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (208,133 | )
Other transactions, net |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 442 |  |  |  | (486 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (44 | )
Balance, December 31, 2022 |  | 79,683 |  |  | $ | 79,683 |  |  | $ | 2,294,797 |  |  | $ | (208,979 | ) |  | $ | 97,652 |  |  | $ | 2,263,153 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

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INDEX FOR NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Note 1: Summary of Significant Accounting Policies | 56
Note 2: Segment Information | 63
Note 3: Earnings Per Share | 65
Note 4: Inventories | 66
Note 5: Property, Plant and Equipment | 67
Note 6: Timber and Timberlands | 68
Note 7: Other Assets | 68
Note 8: Accounts Payable and Accrued Liabilities | 68
Note 9: Debt | 69
Note 10: Derivative Instruments | 70
Note 11: Fair Value Measurements | 72
Note 12: Equity-Based Compensation Plans | 72
Note 13: Leases | 74
Note 14: Income Taxes | 76
Note 15: Savings Plans, Pension Plans and Other Postretirement Employee Benefits | 77
Note 16: Components of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) | 83
Note 17: Mergers | 83
Note 18: Commitments and Contingencies | 86

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POTLATCHDELTIC CORPORATION AND CONSOLIDATED SUBSIDIARIES

Notes to Consol idated Financial Statements

NOTE 1. SUMMARY OF SIG NIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

GENERAL

PotlatchDeltic Corporation (collectively referred to in this report as the company, us, we or our) is a leading timberland Real Estate Investment Trust (REIT) with operations in nine states. We are engaged in activities associated with timberland management, including the sale of timber, the management of nearly 2.2 million acres of timberlands and the purchase and sale of timberlands. We are also engaged in the manufacture and sale of wood products and the development of real estate. Our timberlands, real estate development projects and all of our Wood Products facilities are located within the continental United States. The primary market for our products is the United States. We converted to a REIT effective January 1, 2006.

CONSOLIDATION

The Consolidated Financial Statements include the accounts of PotlatchDeltic Corporation and its subsidiaries after the elimination of intercompany transactions and accounts.

USE OF ESTIMATES

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America, which we refer to in this report as GAAP, requires management to make estimates and judgments affecting the amounts reported in the financial statements and the accompanying notes. The actual results that we experience may differ materially from our estimates.

Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash

Cash equivalents are investments that are highly liquid with original maturities of three months or less when purchased. The following provides a reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash at December 31:

(in thousands) |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 343,809 |  |  | $ | 296,151 |  |  | $ | 252,340 |
Restricted cash included in other long-term assets 1 |  |  | 1,782 |  |  |  | 621 |  |  |  | — |
Total cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash |  | $ | 345,591 |  |  | $ | 296,772 |  |  | $ | 252,340 |

1 | Consists of proceeds held by a qualified intermediary that are intended to be reinvested in timberlands.

The following presents supplemental disclosures to the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows:

|  | Year Ended December 31, |
(in thousands) |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |
NONCASH INVESTING AND FINANCING ACTIVITIES |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Accrued property, plant and equipment additions |  | $ | 569 |  |  | $ | 1,521 |  |  | $ | 1,142 |
Accrued timberlands reforestation and roads |  | $ | 1,142 |  |  | $ | 1,190 |  |  | $ | 697 |
Equity issued as consideration in the CatchMark merger |  | $ | 508,314 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Long-term debt and other liabilities assumed in the CatchMark merger |  | $ | 323,102 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Equity issued as consideration in the Loutre merger |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 100,930 |  |  | $ | — |
Long-term debt assumed in the Loutre merger |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 6,366 |  |  | $ | — |
CASH FLOW INFORMATION |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash paid during the year for: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest, net of amounts capitalized 1 |  | $ | 26,254 |  |  | $ | 27,934 |  |  | $ | 28,518 |
Income taxes, net |  | $ | 70,000 |  |  | $ | 98,670 |  |  | $ | 25,790 |

1 | Net of cash received for interest income of $3.9 million, $0.1 million and $0.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively.

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BUSINESS COMB INATIONS AND ACQUISITIONS

We apply the principles provided in the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) 805, Business Combinations, to determine whether an acquisition involves an asset or a business. In determining whether an acquisition should be accounted for as a business combination or asset acquisition, we first determine whether substantially all of the fair value of the gross assets acquired is concentrated in a single identifiable asset or a group of similar identifiable assets. If this is the case, the single identifiable asset or the group of similar assets is accounted for as an asset acquisition. If this is not the case, we then further evaluate whether the single identifiable asset or group of similar identifiable assets and activities includes, at a minimum, an input and a substantive process that together significantly contribute to the ability to create outputs. If so, the transaction is accounted for as a business combination.

We account for business combinations using the acquisition method of accounting which requires that (i) identifiable assets acquired (including identifiable intangible assets) and liabilities assumed generally be measured and recognized at estimated fair value as of the acquisition date and (ii) the excess of the purchase price over the net estimated fair value of identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed be recognized as goodwill, which is not amortized for accounting purposes but is subject to testing for impairment at least annually. We measure and recognize asset acquisitions that are not deemed to be business combinations based on the cost to acquire the assets. Goodwill is not recognized in an asset acquisition with any consideration in excess of net assets acquired allocated to acquired assets on a relative estimated fair value basis. Transaction costs are expensed in a business combination and transaction costs directly attributable to an asset acquisition are considered a component of the cost of the asset acquisition. See Note 17: Mergers for additional information.

REVENUE RECOGNITION

We recognize revenue in accordance ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (ASC 606). For our Timberlands segment, we generate revenue predominantly in the form of delivered logs, pay-as-cut stumpage contracts, lump sum stumpage contracts and timber deeds. For our Wood Products segment we generate revenue from the sale of manufactured wood products and residual by-products. For our Real Estate segment, we generate revenue from the sale of rural real property deemed non-strategic or identified as having higher and better use alternatives and real estate development and subdivision activity.

Performance Obligations

A performance obligation, as defined in ASC 606, is a promise in a contract to transfer a distinct good or service to a customer. A contract’s transaction price is allocated to each distinct performance obligation and recognized as revenue at the point in time, or over the period in which the performance obligation is satisfied.

Performance obligations associated with delivered logs sales are typically recognized at the point the logs are delivered and scaled at our customers’ mills. Revenue is recognized on timber deeds and lump sum stumpage contracts generally upon closing or when the contracts are effective, which is the point at which the buyer assumes risk of loss associated with the standing timber. We enter into pay-as-cut contracts with customers that provide the customer with the right of access to harvest timber on a specified area of our land. At the execution of the agreement, the customer typically does not take title, control or risk of ownership to the timber. Revenue for pay-as-cut contracts is recognized once scaling occurs as that is the point when control of the harvested trees has transferred to the customer and we have a right to payment.

Performance obligations associated with the sale of wood products are typically satisfied when the products are shipped (FOB shipping point) or upon delivery to our customer (FOB destination) depending on the terms of the customer contract. Shipping and handling costs for all wood products, log hauling costs and residual sales are accounted for as cost of goods sold in our Consolidated Statements of Operations. We also enter into vendor managed inventory (VMI) programs with certain customers whereby inventory is shipped to a VMI warehouse. For products shipped under VMI arrangements, revenue is recognized and billed when control transfers to the customer and we have no further obligations, which is generally once the customer pulls the inventory from the VMI warehouse.

Performance obligations associated with real estate sales are generally satisfied at a point in time when all conditions of closing have been met and title transfers to the buyer.

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We record deferred revenue for hunting and other access rights on our timberlands, payments received for shipments where control of goods have not transferred, member related activities at an owned country club and certain post-close obligations for real estate sales. These contract liabilities are recognized over the term of the contracts, which is typically twelve months or less, except for initiation fees which are recognized over the average life of club membership. See Note: 8 Accounts Payable and Accrued Liabilities for additional information.

ASC 606 requires entities to consider significant financing components of contracts with customers, though allows for the use of a practical expedient when the period between satisfaction of a performance obligation and payment receipt is one year or less. Given the nature of our revenue transactions, we have elected to utilize this practical expedient.

Contract Estimates

There are no significant contract estimates as substantially all of our performance obligations are satisfied as of a point in time. The transaction price for log sales includes amounts billed for logging and hauling and generally equals the amount billed to our customer for logs delivered during the accounting period. For the limited number of log sales subject to a long-term supply agreement, the transaction price is variable but is known at the time of billing. For wood products sales, the transaction price is typically the amount billed to the customer for the products shipped but may be reduced slightly for estimated cash discounts and rebates. In general, a customer receivable is recorded as we deliver wood products, logs and residuals. We generally receive payment shortly after products have been received by our customers. For real estate sales we typically receive the entire consideration in cash at closing. At December 31, 2022 and 2021, the allowance for credit losses associated with our customer receivables was insignificant.

See Note 2: Segment Information for information on our revenues by major products.

INVENTORIES

For most of our Wood Products operations, we use the last-in, first-out (LIFO) method to value log, lumber and plywood inventory as we believe the LIFO method more fairly presents the results of operations by more closely matching current costs with current revenue. Inventories valued under LIFO are stated at the lower of cost or market. All segment inventories are reported using the average cost method. The LIFO reserve and intersegment eliminations are recorded at the corporate level.

Inventories not valued under LIFO are recorded at the lower of average cost or net realizable value. Expenses associated with idle capacity or abnormally low production are reflected in cost of goods sold in the periods incurred. See Note 4: Inventories for additional information.

PROPERTY, PLANT AND EQUIPMENT

Property, plant and equipment are valued at cost less accumulated depreciation. Depreciation of buildings, equipment and other depreciable assets is determined using the straight-line method of depreciation.

Major improvements and replacements of property are capitalized. Maintenance, repairs and minor improvements and replacements are expensed. Upon retirement or other disposition of property, applicable cost and accumulated depreciation are removed from the accounts. Any gains or losses are included in operating income. See Note 5: Property, Plant and Equipment for additional information.

RECOVERY OF LONG-LIVED ASSETS

Our long-lived assets are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. We evaluate recoverability of an asset group by comparing its carrying value to the future net undiscounted cash flows that we expect will be generated by the asset group. If the comparison indicates that the carrying value of an asset group is not recoverable, we recognize an impairment loss for the excess of carrying value over the estimated fair value. When we recognize an impairment loss for assets to be held and used, we depreciate the adjusted carrying amount of those assets over their estimated remaining useful life. We also perform a test for recoverability when management has committed to a plan to sell or otherwise dispose of an asset group. Assets to be disposed of are reported at the lower of carrying amount or fair value less cost to sell.

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In June 2021, we experienced a fire at our Ola, Arkansas sawmill and as a result wrote-off $9.5 million of net book value of property and equipment during the year ended December 31, 2021. See Note 5: Property, Plant and Equipment for further discussion on the fire at our Ola, Arkansas sawmill. There were no other events or changes in circumstances that indicated the carrying amounts of our other long-lived held and used assets were not recoverable during the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 or 2020. For the year ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 we recorded losses on disposal of property, plant and equipment, excluding the losses from the Ola, Arkansas sawmill fire, of $0.1 million, $1.7 million, and $0 million, respectively.

TIMBER AND TIMBERLANDS

Timber and timberlands are valued at cost less accumulated depletion and depreciation. We capitalize costs related to stand establishment, which include the preparation of the land for planting, seeds or seedlings and tree planting costs, which include third-party labor costs, materials and other contract services. Upon completion of planting activities and field inspection to confirm the planting operation was successful, a plantation is considered “established.”

Subsequent expenditures to maintain the integrity or enhance the growth of an established plantation or stand are expensed. Post-establishment expenses include vegetation control, fertilization, thinning operations and the replanting of seedlings lost through mortality. Forest management costs are considered current operating expenses and include property taxes and insurance, silviculture costs incurred subsequent to stand establishment, cruising of timber volume, property maintenance, salaries, supplies, travel, record-keeping, fire protection and other normal recurring administrative personnel costs.

The components of timberland acquisitions are capitalized and allocated based on the relative estimated fair values of timberland, merchantable timber, pre-production timber (young growth that is not yet merchantable timber), logging roads and other land improvements.

The estimated volume of current standing merchantable timber, which is a component of calculating our depletion rates, is updated at least annually to reflect increases due to the reclassification of pre-production timber to merchantable timber when it meets defined diameter specifications, the annual growth of merchantable timber and the acquisition of additional merchantable timber, decreases due to timber harvests and land sales and changes resulting from other factors, such as casualty losses. Timber volumes are estimated from cruises of the timber tracts, which are completed on our timberlands on approximately a five to ten year cycle.

Depletion represents the amount charged to expense as timber is harvested. Rates at which timber is depleted are calculated annually for each of our depletion pools by dividing the beginning of year balance of the merchantable timber accounts by the volume of standing merchantable timber, after estimated timber volume updates.

The base cost of logging roads, such as clearing, grading and ditching, is not depreciated and remains a capitalized item until disposition. Other portions of the initial logging road cost, such as bridges, culverts and gravel surfacing are depreciated over their useful lives, which range from 5 to 20 years. Costs associated with temporary logging road spurs, which are typically used for one harvest season, are expensed as incurred. See Note 6: Timber and Timberlands for additional information.

INTANGIBLE ASSETS

We have both indefinite-lived and long-lived intangible assets. Long-lived intangible assets include customer relationships and certain trade names we estimate have a finite life and are being amortized between 3 and 20 years depending on the type of intangible asset, and are evaluated for impairment under our Recovery of Long-Lived Assets policy described above. During the year ended December 31, 2022, we recorded a $3.0 million intangible asset for customer relationships acquired in the CatchMark merger. See Note 17: Mergers for additional information. At December 31, 2022 and 2021, the gross carrying amount of our long-lived intangible assets were $11.4 million and $8.4 million, respectively, and accumulated amortization was $4.2 million and $3.1 million, respectively. Amortization expense for the customer relationships and trade names totaled $1.1 mi llion in 2022, and $0.8 million in both 2021 and 2020.

Estimated annual amortization expense for each of the next five years is as follows:

(in thousands) |  | 2023 |  |  | 2024 |  |  | 2025 |  |  | 2026 |  |  | 2027 |
Estimated amortization expense 1 |  | $ | 1,779 |  |  | $ | 1,779 |  |  | $ | 1,488 |  |  | $ | 780 |  |  | $ | 780 |

1 | These amounts could vary if acquisitions of additional intangible assets occur in the future.

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Our indefinite-lived intangible assets consist of trade names and were $10.2 million at December 31, 2022 and 2021 and are not amortized. Rather, they are tested for potential impairments annually as of October 1, or during the year if an event or other circumstance indicates that we may not be able to recover the carrying amount of the assets.

We did no t impair any intangible assets during the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 or 2020.

COMPANY OWNED LIFE INSURANCE

We are the beneficiary of insurance policies on the lives of certain past officers and employees. We have recognized the amount that could be realized upon surrender of the insurance policies in other assets in our Consolidated Balance Sheets. Company owned life insurance expense and interest income are included in selling, general and administrative expenses and interest expense, net, respectively, in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. The net effect of these amounts on income was not significant for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020. Cash receipts and disbursements are recorded as investing activities within Other, net in the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows.

DERIVATIVE INSTRUMENTS

We use, from time to time, certain derivative instruments to mitigate exposure to volatility in interest rates and effectively convert a portion of floating rate debt to a fixed rate basis, thus reducing the impact of interest rate changes on future interest expense and cash flows. All derivatives, whether designated as a hedging relationship or not, are recorded in the Consolidated Balance Sheets at fair value. The accounting for changes in fair value of a derivative instrument depends on whether it has been designated and qualifies as part of a hedging relationship and the type of hedging relationship. For those derivative instruments that are designated and qualify as hedging instruments, we must designate the hedging instrument as a fair value hedge or cash flow hedge based on the exposure being hedged. At December 31, 2022 and 2021, we did no t hold any derivatives designated or qualifying as fair value hedges.

For a cash flow hedge, the fair value of the effective portion of the derivative is recognized as an asset or liability with a corresponding amount in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) on our Consolidated Balance Sheets. Amounts recorded in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) are recognized in earnings when the underlying hedged transaction affects earnings. Ineffectiveness is measured by comparing the present value of the cumulative change in the expected future cash flows of the derivative and the present value of the cumulative change in the expected future cash flows of the related instrument. Any ineffective portion of a cash flow hedge is recognized in earnings immediately.

If a hedge ceases to qualify for hedge accounting, the contract would continue to be carried on the balance sheet at fair value until settled and adjustments to the contract’s fair value would be recognized in earnings. If a forecasted transaction were no longer probable of occurring, amounts previously deferred in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) would be recognized immediately in earnings. For derivative instruments not designated as hedges, the change in fair value of the derivative is recognized in earnings each reporting period.

Cash flows associated with all derivative instruments are reported as cash flows from operating activities in the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows, unless the derivative contains an other-than-insignificant financing element at the inception date, in which case the derivative instrument's cash flows are reported as either cash flows from investing or financing activities depending on the derivative's off-market nature at inception.

We have International Swap Dealers Association ("ISDA") Master Agreements with each counterparty that permits the net settlement of amounts owed under the respective contracts. The ISDA Master Agreement is an industry standardized contract that governs all derivative contracts entered into between the company and the respective counterparty. Under these master netting agreements, net settlement generally permits the company or the counterparty to determine the net amount payable or receivable for contracts due on the same date for similar types of derivative transactions. We have not elected to offset the fair value positions of the derivative contracts recorded in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. See Note 10: Derivative Instruments for additional information.

FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS

We use a fair value hierarchy in accounting for certain nonfinancial assets and liabilities including long-lived assets (asset groups) measured at fair value for an impairment assessment and pension plan assets measured at fair value.

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The fair value hierarchy is based on inputs to valuation techniques that are used to measure fair value that are either observable or unobservable. Observable inputs reflect assumptions market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability based on market data obtained from independent sources while unobservable inputs reflect a reporting entity’s pricing based upon its own market assumptions.

The fair value hierarchy consists of the following three levels:

•
Level 1: Inputs to the valuation methodology are unadjusted quoted prices for identical assets or liabilities in active markets.
•
Level 2: Inputs are quoted prices in non-active markets for which pricing inputs are observable either directly or indirectly at the reporting date.
•
Level 3: Inputs are derived from valuation techniques in which one or more significant inputs or value drivers are observed.

See Note 11: Fair Value Measurements for additional information.

EQUITY-BASED COMPENSATION

Equity-based awards are measured at estimated fair value on the dates they are granted or modified. These measurements establish the cost of the equity-based awards for accounting purposes. Equity-based compensation expense is recognized over the awards’ applicable vesting period using the straight-line method. We account for forfeitures as they occur. Equity based compensation is classified in the Consolidated Statements of Operations based on the function to which the related services are provided. See Note 12: Equity-Based Compensation Plans for additional information.

LEASES

We lease certain equipment, office space and land. Right-of-use (ROU) assets represent our right to use an underlying asset for the lease term and lease liabilities represent our obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. Operating and finance lease ROU assets and liabilities are recognized at the lease commencement date based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term. As most of our leases do not provide an implicit rate, we use our incremental borrowing rate in determining the present value of lease payments.

Most leases include one or more options to renew, with renewal terms that can extend the lease term between one to five years. The exercise of lease renewal options is at our sole discretion. Under the operating lease model, lease expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. Under the finance lease model, lease expense consists of the amortization of the ROU asset on a straight-line basis over the asset’s estimated useful life and interest expense calculated using the effective interest method. Leases with an initial term of 12 months or less are not recorded on the balance sheet; we recognize lease expense for these leases on a straight-line basis over the lease term.

The depreciable life of assets and leasehold improvements are limited by the expected lease term unless there is a transfer of title or purchase option reasonably certain of exercise. Certain of our rental payments are adjusted periodically for inflation. Our lease agreements do not contain any material residual value guarantees or material restrictive covenants and we do not have any significant sublease income. See Note 13: Leases for additional information.

INCOME TAXES

We use the asset and liability method of accounting for income taxes. Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the estimated future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases, operating loss carryforwards and tax credit carryforwards. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured pursuant to tax laws using rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which the temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. We recognize the effect of a change in income tax rates on deferred tax assets and liabilities in the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income in the period that includes the enactment date of the rate change. We record a valuation allowance to reduce the carrying amounts of deferred tax assets if it is more likely than not that such deferred tax assets will not be realized.

We recognize the tax benefit from an uncertain tax position only if it is more likely than not that the tax position will be sustained on examination by the taxing authorities. The determination is based on the technical merits of the position and presumes that each uncertain tax position will be examined by the relevant taxing authority that has full knowledge of all relevant information. See Note 14: Income Taxes for additional information.

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PENSION AND OTHER POSTRETIREMENT BENEFITS

We recognize any overfunded or underfunded status of our defined benefit pension and other postretirement plans on our Consolidated Balance Sheets and recognize changes in the funded status through comprehensive income (loss) in the year in which the changes occur. The funded status and the requirements for funding our pension plans are based on a number of actuarial assumptions that require judgment. The determination of net periodic pension and postretirement benefit costs includes:

•
costs of benefits provided in exchange for employees’ services rendered;
•
interest cost of the obligation;
•
expected long-term return on plan assets for funded plans;
•
amortization of prior service costs and plan amendments over the average remaining service period of the active employee group covered by the plan; and
•
amortization of cumulative unrecognized net actuarial gains and losses – generally in excess of 10 percent of the greater of the benefit obligation or market-related value of plan assets at the beginning of the year – over the average remaining service period of the active employee group covered by the plan.

Different assumptions would change the net periodic pension and postretirement benefit costs and the obligation of the benefit plans. See Note 15: Savings Plans, Pension Plans and Other Postretirement Employee Benefits for additional information.

COMMITMENTS, CONTINGENCIES AND LEGAL MATTERS

We accrue estimates for resolution of any legal and other contingencies when losses are probable and estimable, in accordance with ASC 450, Contingencies. Liabilities for loss contingencies arising from claims, assessments, litigation, fines and penalties and other sources are recorded when it is probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount of the assessment can be reasonably estimated. See Note 18: Commitments and Contingencies for additional information.

NEW ACCOUNTING PRONOUNCEMENTS

New Accounting Standards Adopted in 2022

In March 2020, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update (ASU) 2020-04, Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848) Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting. ASU 2020-04 contains practical expedients and exceptions to GAAP guidance on contract modifications and hedge accounting to ease the financial reporting impacts related to the expected market transition from the London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR) and other interbank offered rates to alternative reference rates, such as the Secured Overnight Financing Rate (SOFR). In January 2021, the FASB issued ASU 2021-01, Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Scope, which adds implementation guidance to clarify certain optional expedients in Topic 848. The ASUs can be adopted after their respective issuance dates through December 31, 2022. The guidance in these ASUs, which we can apply immediately, is optional and may be elected over time as reference rate reform activities occur. In December 2022, the FASB issued ASU 2022-06, Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Deferral of the Sunset Date of Topic 848, which defers the sunset date of Topic 848 to December 31, 2024, after which entities will no longer be permitted to apply the relief in Topic 848.

In November 2022, we entered into bilateral agreements with our swap counterparties to transition all of our remaining LIBOR-indexed interest rate swap agreements to SOFR. Additionally, in December 2022, through an amendment to the term loan agreement with our primary lender, we converted our outstanding LIBOR based variable term loans to SOFR denominated variable rates in the aggregate principal amount of $403.5 million. As of December 31, 2022, all of our interest rate swap agreements and variable rate term loans were indexed to SOFR. The adoption of ASU 2020-04 and the related amendments did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements. See Note 9: Debt and Note 10: Derivative Instruments for additional information.

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NOTE 2. SEG MENT INFORMATION

Our operations are organized into three reportable segments: Timberlands, Wood Products and Real Estate. Management activities in the Timberlands segment include planting and harvesting trees and building and maintaining roads. The Timberlands segment also generates revenues from non-timber resources such as hunting leases, recreation permits and leases, mineral rights contracts, oil and gas royalties and carbon sequestration. The Wood Products segment manufactures and markets lumber and plywood. The Real Estate segment includes the sale of land holdings deemed non-strategic or identified as having higher and better use alternatives, master planned community development and a country club. Sales outside of the United States are inconsequential a nd no single customer represented more than 10% of our consolidated revenues during 2022, 2021 or 2020.

Our Timberlands segment supplies our Wood Products segment with a portion of its wood fiber needs. These intersegment revenues are based on prevailing market prices and represent a significant portion of the Timberlands segment’s total revenues. Our other segments generally do not generate intersegment revenues. These intercompany transactions are eliminated in consolidation.

The reportable segments follow the same accounting policies used for our Consolidated Financial Statements, with the exception of the valuation of inventories which are reported using the average cost method for purposes of reporting segment results. For additional information regarding valuation of inventories and our revenue recognition policy see Note 1: Summary of Significant Accounting Policies.

The following table represents our revenues by major product:

|  | Year Ended December 31, |
(in thousands) |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |
Timberlands |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Northern region |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Sawlogs |  | $ | 286,970 |  |  | $ | 299,330 |  |  | $ | 213,030 |
Pulpwood |  |  | 2,038 |  |  |  | 1,134 |  |  |  | 4,502 |
Stumpage |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 316 |
Other |  |  | 1,131 |  |  |  | 993 |  |  |  | 1,581 |
Total Northern revenues |  |  | 290,139 |  |  |  | 301,457 |  |  |  | 219,429 |
Southern region |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Sawlogs |  |  | 106,582 |  |  |  | 83,836 |  |  |  | 93,828 |
Pulpwood |  |  | 60,363 |  |  |  | 45,957 |  |  |  | 49,084 |
Stumpage |  |  | 13,903 |  |  |  | 7,533 |  |  |  | 4,077 |
Other |  |  | 14,603 |  |  |  | 10,664 |  |  |  | 10,101 |
Total Southern revenues |  |  | 195,451 |  |  |  | 147,990 |  |  |  | 157,090 |
Total Timberlands revenues |  |  | 485,590 |  |  |  | 449,447 |  |  |  | 376,519 |
Wood Products |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Lumber |  |  | 744,139 |  |  |  | 816,149 |  |  |  | 573,069 |
Residuals and Panels |  |  | 168,473 |  |  |  | 172,739 |  |  |  | 125,336 |
Total Wood Products revenues |  |  | 912,612 |  |  |  | 988,888 |  |  |  | 698,405 |
Real Estate |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Rural real estate |  |  | 48,039 |  |  |  | 37,622 |  |  |  | 81,979 |
Development real estate |  |  | 33,561 |  |  |  | 16,751 |  |  |  | 14,979 |
Other |  |  | 9,891 |  |  |  | 9,440 |  |  |  | 7,458 |
Total Real Estate revenues |  |  | 91,491 |  |  |  | 63,813 |  |  |  | 104,416 |
Total segment revenues |  |  | 1,489,693 |  |  |  | 1,502,148 |  |  |  | 1,179,340 |
Intersegment Timberlands revenues 1 |  |  | (158,913 | ) |  |  | (164,713 | ) |  |  | (138,410 | )
Total consolidated revenues |  | $ | 1,330,780 |  |  | $ | 1,337,435 |  |  | $ | 1,040,930 |

1 | Intersegment revenues represent logs sold by our Timberlands segment to our Wood Products segment.

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Management uses Adjusted EBITDDA to evaluate the operating performance and effectiveness of operating strategies of our segments and allocation of resources to them. EBITDDA is calculated as net income before interest expense, net, income taxes, basis of real estate sold, depreciation, depletion and amortization. Adjusted EBITDDA further excludes certain specific items that are considered to hinder comparison of the performance of our businesses either year-on-year or with other businesses. Our calculation of Adjusted EBITDDA may not be comparable to that reported by other companies.

The following table summarizes information for each of the company’s reportable segments and includes a reconciliation of Total Adjusted EBITDDA to income before income taxes. Corporate information is included to reconcile segment data to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

|  | Year Ended December 31, |
(in thousands) |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |
Adjusted EBITDDA: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Timberlands |  | $ | 249,373 |  |  | $ | 262,944 |  |  | $ | 182,802 |
Wood Products |  |  | 290,907 |  |  |  | 393,858 |  |  |  | 176,095 |
Real Estate |  |  | 73,258 |  |  |  | 47,457 |  |  |  | 86,476 |
Corporate |  |  | (49,314 | ) |  |  | (47,393 | ) |  |  | (48,451 | )
Eliminations and adjustments |  |  | 9,931 |  |  |  | (3,995 | ) |  |  | (14,694 | )
Total Adjusted EBITDDA |  |  | 574,155 |  |  |  | 652,871 |  |  |  | 382,228 |
Interest expense, net 1 |  |  | (27,400 | ) |  |  | (29,275 | ) |  |  | (29,463 | )
Depreciation, depletion and amortization |  |  | (96,700 | ) |  |  | (75,633 | ) |  |  | (76,261 | )
Basis of real estate sold |  |  | (29,921 | ) |  |  | (27,360 | ) |  |  | (25,348 | )
Environmental charge |  |  | (5,550 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
CatchMark merger-related expenses |  |  | (27,325 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Gain on fire damage |  |  | 34,505 |  |  |  | 3,361 |  |  |  | — |
Pension settlement charge |  |  | (14,165 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (42,988 | )
Non-operating pension and other postretirement employee benefits |  |  | (8,138 | ) |  |  | (13,227 | ) |  |  | (14,226 | )
(Loss) gain on fixed assets |  |  | (82 | ) |  |  | (1,721 | ) |  |  | 11 |
Other |  |  | (67 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Income before income taxes |  | $ | 399,312 |  |  | $ | 509,016 |  |  | $ | 193,953 |

1 | Includes amortization of bond discounts and deferred loan fees.

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The following table summarizes additional reportable segment financial information:

|  | Year Ended December 31, |
(in thousands) |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |
Depreciation, depletion and amortization: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Timberlands |  | $ | 59,532 |  |  | $ | 45,403 |  |  | $ | 51,047 |
Wood Products |  |  | 35,953 |  |  |  | 28,802 |  |  |  | 23,611 |
Real Estate |  |  | 695 |  |  |  | 640 |  |  |  | 620 |
Corporate |  |  | 520 |  |  |  | 788 |  |  |  | 983 |
|  |  | 96,700 |  |  |  | 75,633 |  |  |  | 76,261 |
Bond discount and deferred loan fees 1 |  |  | 1,534 |  |  |  | 1,792 |  |  |  | 1,624 |
Total depreciation, depletion and amortization |  | $ | 98,234 |  |  | $ | 77,425 |  |  | $ | 77,885 |
Basis of real estate sold: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Real Estate |  | $ | 29,932 |  |  | $ | 27,381 |  |  | $ | 25,990 |
Elimination and adjustments |  |  | (11 | ) |  |  | (21 | ) |  |  | (642 | )
Total basis of real estate sold |  | $ | 29,921 |  |  | $ | 27,360 |  |  | $ | 25,348 |
Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Timberlands 2 |  | $ | 2,545,608 |  |  | $ | 1,713,582 |  |  | $ | 1,617,809 |
Wood Products |  |  | 441,196 |  |  |  | 435,300 |  |  |  | 421,066 |
Real Estate 3 |  |  | 71,949 |  |  |  | 81,561 |  |  |  | 89,509 |
|  |  | 3,058,753 |  |  |  | 2,230,443 |  |  |  | 2,128,384 |
Corporate |  |  | 491,802 |  |  |  | 304,772 |  |  |  | 252,681 |
Total consolidated assets |  | $ | 3,550,555 |  |  | $ | 2,535,215 |  |  | $ | 2,381,065 |
Capital Expenditures:4 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Timberlands |  | $ | 17,752 |  |  | $ | 16,163 |  |  | $ | 16,252 |
Wood Products |  |  | 55,913 |  |  |  | 38,360 |  |  |  | 21,565 |
Real Estate 5 |  |  | 8,757 |  |  |  | 9,798 |  |  |  | 7,088 |
|  |  | 82,422 |  |  |  | 64,321 |  |  |  | 44,905 |
Corporate |  |  | 374 |  |  |  | 256 |  |  |  | 728 |
Total capital expenditures |  | $ | 82,796 |  |  | $ | 64,577 |  |  | $ | 45,633 |

1 | Included within interest expense, net in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.
2 | We do not report rural real estate separate from Timberlands as we do not report these assets separately to management.
3 | Real Estate assets primarily consist of the master planned community development and a country club, both located in Arkansas.
4 | Does not include the acquisition of timber and timberlands, all of which were acquired by our Timberlands segment.
5 | Real Estate capital expenditures include development expenditures of $8.1 million, $9.2 million and $6.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively.

NOTE 3. EAR NINGS PER SHARE

The following table reconciles the number of shares used in calculating basic and diluted earnings per share for the year ended December 31:

(in thousands) |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |
Basic weighted-average shares outstanding |  |  | 72,740 |  |  |  | 67,352 |  |  |  | 67,237 |
Incremental shares due to: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Performance shares |  |  | 149 |  |  |  | 307 |  |  |  | 289 |
Restricted stock units |  |  | 33 |  |  |  | 60 |  |  |  | 42 |
Diluted weighted-average shares outstanding |  |  | 72,922 |  |  |  | 67,719 |  |  |  | 67,568 |

For stock-based awards, the dilutive effect is calculated using the treasury stock method. Under this method, the dilutive effect is computed as if the awards were exercised at the beginning of the period (or at time of issuance, if later) and assumes the related proceeds were used to repurchase common stock at the average market price during the period. Related proceeds include future compensation cost associated with the stock award.

At December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, there were approximately 119,000, 48,600, and 1,100 stock-based awards, respectively, which were excluded from the calculation of earnings per share because they were anti-dilutive. Anti-dilutive stock-based awards could be dilutive in future periods.

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SHARE REPURCHASE PROGRAM

On August 30, 2018, our board of directors authorized management to repurchase up to $100.0 million of common stock with no time limit set for the repurchase (the 2018 Repurchase Program). During the year ended December 31, 2022, and 2020, we repurchased 103,010 and 489,850 shares of our common stock (at a total consideration of $4.5 million and $15.4 million), respectively, under the 2018 Repurchase Program. We did no t repurchase any shares under the 2018 Repurchase Program during the year ended December 31, 2021.

On August 31, 2022, our board of directors authorized management to repurchase up to $200.0 million of our common stock with no set time limit for the repurchase (the 2022 Repurchase Program). Concurrently, the board of directors terminated the remaining repurchase authorization under the 2018 Repurchase Program.

Shares under the 2022 Repurchase Program may be repurchased in open market transactions, and in 2022, were purchased pursuant to a trading plan adopted in accordance with Rule 10b5-1 of the Securities and Exchange Act of 1934. The 2022 Repurchase Program may be suspended, terminated or modified at any time for any reason. During the year ended December 31, 2022, we repurchased 1,096,283 shares of our common stock for total consideration of $50.0 million under the 2022 Repurchase Program. As such, total aggregate repurchases under the 2018 and 2022 Repurchase Programs were 1,199,293 shares for total consideration of $54.5 million during the year ended December 31, 2022. At December 31, 2022, we had remaining authorization of $150.0 million for future stock repurchases under the 2022 Repurchase Program. Transaction costs are not counted against authorized funds.

We record share purchases upon trade date, as opposed to the settlement date. We retire shares upon repurchase. Any excess repurchase price over par is recorded in accumulated deficit. There were no unsettled repurchases at December 31, 2022 and 2021.

DIVIDENDS

Generally, a REIT must distribute its taxable income each year and there is a 20% limit on the value of our PotlatchDeltic TRS, including ca sh, that can be retained. As a result of strong financial results in the first half of 2022, on December 2, 2022, our board of directors approved a special cash dividend of $0.95 per share, or $75.7 million in aggregat e, that was paid on December 30, 2022. On December 31, 2021, we paid a special cash dividend of $4.00 per share, or $276.3 million in aggregate as a result of large cash balances in both our REIT and TRS during 2021 driven by record lumber and indexed sawlog prices.

On February 10, 2023, the board of directors approved a quarterly cash dividend of $0.45 per share payable on March 31, 2023, to stockholders of record as of March 3, 2023.

NOTE 4. INVENTORIES

Inventories consist of the following at December 31:

(in thousands) |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Logs |  | $ | 30,586 |  |  | $ | 41,199 |
Lumber, plywood and veneer |  |  | 35,888 |  |  |  | 34,528 |
Materials and supplies |  |  | 21,262 |  |  |  | 17,780 |
|  |  | 87,736 |  |  |  | 93,507 |
Less: LIFO reserve |  |  | (19,778 | ) |  |  | (21,138 | )
Total inventories |  | $ | 67,958 |  |  | $ | 72,369 |

Inventories valued on the LIFO basis represented 77% and 79% of the total logs, lumber, plywood, and veneer inventory at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. If the LIFO inventory method had not been used, inventory balances would be higher by $19.8 million and $21.1 million at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

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NOTE 5. PROP ERTY, PLANT AND EQUIPMENT

Property, Plant and Equipment consist of the following at December 31:

(in thousands) | Range of useful lives |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Land |  |  | $ | 7,171 |  |  | $ | 7,171 |
Buildings and improvements | 10-40 years |  |  | 137,567 |  |  |  | 128,387 |
Machinery and equipment | 2-25 years |  |  | 425,713 |  |  |  | 375,860 |
Construction in progress |  |  |  | 18,484 |  |  |  | 20,906 |
|  |  |  | 588,935 |  |  |  | 532,324 |
Less: accumulated depreciation |  |  |  | (270,751 | ) |  |  | (240,004 | )
Total property, plant and equipment, net |  |  | $ | 318,184 |  |  | $ | 292,320 |

Depreciation expense for property and equipment, including assets under finance leases, was $37.6 million, $30.6 million and $25.2 million in 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. In June 2022, we announced a project to expand and modernize our Waldo, Arkansas sawmill with completion expected in 2024. We expect to spend approximately $131.0 million on the project, of which $12.2 million was spent in 2022. Additionally, we accelerated the useful life of certain property, plant and equipment identified to be replaced as part of the sawmill expansion resulting in approximately $7.0 million of additional depreciation expense during the year ended December 31, 2022. These assets are expected to remain in use until the project is complete.

OLA, ARKANSAS SAWMILL FIRE

On June 13, 2021, a fire occurred at our Ola, Arkansas sawmill. There were no injuries or environmental issues from the fire. The damage was principally limited to the large log primary breakdown area of the mill. The planer mill, kiln, and shipping department were not affected. We have adequate property damage and business interruption insurance and expect to be reimbursed for both property damage and business interruption losses by our insurance carriers, subject to a $2.0 million deductible, under which we filed a claim with the insurance carriers. The new equipment has been installed and the large log line restarted in September 2022. The sawmill is expected to reach its full production rate by the end of the first quarter of 2023. We plan to finalize our insurance claim and expect to receive the remaining insurance proceeds in 2023.

Damaged and obsolete fixed asset write-offs, disposal costs, insurance recoveries for the Ola, Arkansas sawmill fire and net gain on fire damage consist of the following for the year ended December 31:

(in thousands) |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Fixed asset write-offs |  |  | - |  |  |  | (9,544 | )
Disposal costs |  |  | (924 | ) |  |  | (2,595 | )
Total fixed asset loss on disposal |  |  | (924 | ) |  |  | (12,139 | )
Insurance recoveries |  |  | 35,000 |  |  |  | 15,000 |
Gain on fire damage at Ola |  |  | 34,076 |  |  |  | 2,861 |
Insurance recoveries on timberlands fire damage |  |  | 429 |  |  |  | 500 |
Gain on fire damage |  |  | 34,505 |  |  |  | 3,361 |

During the year ended December 31, 2022, we received $35.0 million of insurance recoveries for the Ola sawmill fire, of which we recorded $26.2 million for business interruption recoveries and $8.8 million for property damage. No business interruption insurance was recorded during the year ended December 31, 2021, as discussions with the insurance carriers for business interruption claims were ongoing. During the year ended December 31, 2021, insurance recoveries of $15.0 million were received for property damage at the Ola sawmill. Insurance recoveries are recorded when deemed probable and reasonably estimable.

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NOTE 6. TIMBER AND TIMBERLANDS

Timber and Timberlands consist of the following at December 31:

(in thousands) |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Timber and timberlands |  | $ | 2,416,134 |  |  | $ | 1,597,011 |
Logging roads |  |  | 92,238 |  |  |  | 85,660 |
Total timber and timberlands, net |  | $ | 2,508,372 |  |  | $ | 1,682,671 |

Depletion from company-owned lands totaled $54.0 million, $40.4 million and $46.3 million in 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. Amortization of road costs, such as bridges, culverts and gravel surfacing, totaled $3.5 million, $3.5 million and $3.6 million in 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively.

During the year ended December 31, 2022, we were the successful bidder for three bolt-on timberland transactions, aggregating approximately $101.0 million, consisting of approximately 46,000 acres in Mississippi and Arkansas. Additionally, on September 14, 2022, we completed our merger with CatchMark which consists of approximately 348,000 acres in Alabama, Georgia and South Carolina. See Note 17: Mergers for additional information.

Future payments due under timber cutting contracts at December 31, 2022 were $12.7 million.

NOTE 7. O THER ASSETS

Other Current Assets consist of the following at December 31:

(in thousands) |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Real estate held for sale |  | $ | 23,072 |  |  | $ | 12,013 |
Prepaid expenses |  |  | 6,063 |  |  |  | 4,134 |
Other |  |  | 7,820 |  |  |  | 5,483 |
Total other current assets |  | $ | 36,955 |  |  | $ | 21,630 |

Other Long-Term Assets consist of the following at December 31:

(in thousands) |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Interest rate swaps |  | $ | 144,583 |  |  | $ | 31,306 |
Operating leases |  |  | 9,306 |  |  |  | 8,514 |
Mineral rights |  |  | 5,880 |  |  |  | 6,436 |
Investment in company owned life insurance (COLI), net |  |  | 4,311 |  |  |  | 3,923 |
Other |  |  | 15,474 |  |  |  | 7,772 |
Total other long-term assets |  | $ | 179,554 |  |  | $ | 57,951 |

NOTE 8. ACCOUNTS PAY ABLE AND ACCRUED LIABILITIES

Accounts Payable and Accrued Liabilities consist of the following at December 31:

(in thousands) |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Accrued payroll and benefits |  | $ | 29,051 |  |  | $ | 28,944 |
Accounts payable |  |  | 12,241 |  |  |  | 12,749 |
Deferred revenue |  |  | 10,860 |  |  |  | 8,392 |
Accrued interest |  |  | 7,778 |  |  |  | 6,046 |
Accrued taxes |  |  | 7,161 |  |  |  | 6,848 |
Other current liabilities |  |  | 27,770 |  |  |  | 15,230 |
Total accounts payable and accrued liabilities |  | $ | 94,861 |  |  | $ | 78,209 |

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NOTE 9. DEBT

Long-term Debt consists of the following at December 31:

(in thousands) |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Variable rate term loans 1 |  | $ | 721,000 |  |  | $ | 403,500 |
Fixed rate term loans 2 |  |  | 250,000 |  |  |  | 290,000 |
Revenue bonds 3 |  |  | 65,735 |  |  |  | 65,735 |
Medium-term notes 4 |  |  | — |  |  |  | 3,000 |
Long-term principal |  |  | 1,036,735 |  |  |  | 762,235 |
Debt issuance costs |  |  | (2,324 | ) |  |  | (1,598 | )
Unamortized discounts |  |  | (1,731 | ) |  |  | (2,381 | )
Total long-term debt |  |  | 1,032,680 |  |  |  | 758,256 |
Less: current portion of long-term debt |  |  | (39,979 | ) |  |  | (42,977 | )
Long-term debt |  | $ | 992,701 |  |  | $ | 715,279 |

1 | Variable rate term loans are at rates of one-month SOFR plus a spread between 1.68% and 2.30% and mature between 2026 and 2032. As of December 31, 2022, the one-month SOFR rate was 4.33%. We have entered into interest rate swaps to fix the interest rate on these variable rate term loans. See Note 10: Derivative Instruments for additional information.
2 | Fixed rate term loans are at rates between 4.05% and 4.64% and mature between 2023 and 2025.
3 | Revenue bonds have a fixed rate of 2.75% and mature in 2024.
4 | Medium-term notes had a fixed rate of 8.75% and were repaid upon maturity in January 2022.

TERM LOANS

On September 14, 2022, through a seventh amendment to the Second Amended and Restated Term Loan Agreement (Amended Term Loan Agreement) with our primary lender, we refinanced $277.5 million of long-term debt assumed in our merger with CatchMark. The seventh amendment to the Amended Term Loan Agreement provided for a new 5-year term loan in the principal amount of $138.75 million maturing on September 1, 2027, and a new 8-year term loan in the principal amount of $138.75 million maturing on September 1, 2030 (collectively the New Term Loans). The New Term Loans bear interest at a rate equal to one-month SOFR plus 2.0% per annum. In addition, the 8-year term loan provides for a cost-of-capital reset at year five. In connection with the refinance, we entered into two one-month SOFR-indexed interest rate swaps to fix the interest rates on the New Term Loans at 2.50% and 2.66% respectively, before patronage credits from lenders. See Note 17: Mergers for additional information on the merger.

In December 2022, through an eighth amendment to the Amended Term Loan Agreement, we refinanced an existing term loan of $40.0 million that matured with a new term loan that matures in November 2032. The new term loan carries a variable interest rate of one-month SOFR plus 2.30%. In conjunction with the new term loan we entered into $40.0 million of interest rate swaps to fix the rate at 3.28% before patronage credits from lenders. Additionally, this amendment converted all our outstanding LIBOR-indexed variable term loans to SOFR-indexed variable rates, plus a SOFR adjustment of 0.10%, in the aggregate principal amount of $403.5 million with maturities between 2026 and 2031 under the Amended Term Loan Agreement. We have entered into SOFR-indexed interest rate swaps to fix the interest rate on these SOFR-indexed variable term loans. See Note 10: Derivative Instruments for additional information on our derivative instruments.

At December 31, 2022, $971.0 million was outstanding under our Amended Term Loan Agreement.

DEBT ISSUANCE COSTS AND UNAMORTIZED DISCOUNTS

Debt issuance costs represent the capitalized direct costs incurred related to the issuance of debt. These costs are amortized to interest expense over the terms of the respective borrowings.

Unamortized discounts include a $4.9 million fair value adjustment to the $100.0 million term loan assumed in the Deltic merger. The unamortized balance of the fair value adjustment at December 31, 2022, was $1.7 million and will be amortized through the term loan’s maturity in 2025.

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DEBT MATURITIES

Scheduled principal payments due on long-term debt at December 31, 2022 are as follows:

(in thousands) |  |  |
2023 |  | $ | 40,000 |
2024 |  |  | 175,735 |
2025 |  |  | 100,000 |
2026 |  |  | 27,500 |
2027 |  |  | 138,750 |
Thereafter |  |  | 554,750 |
Total |  | $ | 1,036,735 |

CREDIT AGREEMENT

On December 14, 2021, we entered into the Third Amended and Restated Credit Agreement (Amended Credit Agreement). The Amended Credit Agreement extended the expiration date to February 14, 2027, and reduced our revolving line of credit from $380.0 million to $300.0 million. Under the terms of the Amended Credit Agreement, the amount of available principal may be increased up to an additional $500.0 million. The Amended Credit Agreement also includes a sublimit of $75.0 million for the issuance of standby letters of credit and a sublimit of $25.0 million for swing line loans. Usage under either or both subfacilities reduces availability under the revolving line of credit.

We may also utilize borrowings under the Amended Credit Agreement to, among other things, refinance existing indebtedness and provide funding for working capital requirements, capital projects, acquisitions and other general corporate expenditures.

Pricing on the Amended Credit Agreement is set according to the type of borrowing. LIBOR borrowings under the Amended Credit Agreement are issued at a rate equal to the LIBOR Rate plus an applicable rate, while Base Rate borrowings are issued at a rate equal to a Base Rate, which is a fluctuating rate per annum equal to the highest of (a) the Federal Funds Rate plus one half of one percent, (b) LIBOR that would then be applicable to a new LIBOR loan with a one month interest period plus 1%, and (c) the rate of interest in effect for such day as publicly announced from time to time by KeyBank as its "prime rate." The interest rates we pay for borrowings under either type of loan include an additional Applicable Rate, which can range from 0.85% to 1.10% for LIBOR loans and actual rate for Base Rate loans can range from 0% to 0.10% depending on our credit rating. Additionally, the Amended Credit Agreement provides mechanics relating to the transition from the use of LIBOR to a replacement benchmark rate upon the occurrence of certain transition events or elections made by the parties. As of December 31, 2022, we were able to borrow under the bank credit facility with an additional Applicable Rate of 1.025% for LIBOR Loans and 0.025% for Base Rate Loans. We also pay an annual fee of 0.175% on the $300.0 million revolving line of credit. At December 31, 2022, there were no borrowings under the revolving line of credit and approxi mately $0.9 milli on of the credit facility was utilized by outstanding letters of credit.

FINANCIAL COVENANTS

The Amended Term Loan Agreement and the Amended Credit Agreement (collectively referred to as the Agreements) contain certain covenants that limit our ability and that of our subsidiaries to create liens, merge or consolidate, dispose of assets, incur indebtedness and guarantees, repurchase or redeem capital stock and indebtedness, make certain investments or acquisitions, enter into certain transactions with affiliates or change the nature of our business. The Agreements also contain financial maintenance covenants including the maintenance of a minimum interest coverage ratio and a maximum leverage ratio. We are permitted to pay dividends to our stockholders under the terms of the Agreements so long as we expect to remain in compliance with the financial maintenance covenants. We were in compliance with all debt and credit agreement covenants at December 31, 2022.

NOTE 10. DE RIVATIVE INSTRUMENTS

From time to time, we enter into derivative financial instruments to manage certain cash flow and fair value risks. Derivatives designated and qualifying as a hedge of the exposure to variability in the cash flows of a specific asset or liability that is attributable to a particular risk, such as interest rate risk, are considered cash flow hedges. All our cash flow hedges are expected to be highly effective in achieving offsetting cash flows attributable to the hedged interest rate risk through the term of the hedges.

Prior to our merger with CatchMark, we held $567.5 million of one-month LIBOR-indexed forward-starting interest rate swaps designated as cash flow hedges that were entered into in March 2020, to effectively hedge the variability

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in future benchmark interest payments attributable to changes in interest rates on $567.5 million of expected future debt refinances through January 2029, with expected interest payments through January 2039, by converting the benchmark interest rate. On September 15, 2022, we terminated $277.5 million of these forward-starting interest rate swaps and transferred the value realized from their termination into two new swaps to hedge the variability in future cash flows on the SOFR-indexed New Term Loans of $277.5 million. These two new one-month SOFR-indexed interest rate swaps with a notional amount of $138.75 million each effectively fix the interest rates at 2.50% and 2.66% on the New Term Loans before patronage credits from lenders. See Note 9: Debt for additional information. At December 31, 2022, we have $250.0 million of remaining forward-starting interest rate swaps designated as cash flow hedges for expected future debt refinances that require settlement on the stated maturity date.

Additionally, in connection with the CatchMark merger, we acquired two LIBOR-indexed interest rate swaps with a combined notional amount of $275.0 million which were used to fix the interest rates on CatchMark’s long-term debt. These interest rate swaps had a fair value of $19.2 million at the date of the CatchMark merger. We terminated these interest rate swaps and transferred the value realized from their termination into an existing $150.0 million LIBOR-indexed interest rate swap associated with a $150.0 million term loan maturing January 1, 2029, resulting in the reduction of the LIBOR-indexed swap rate from 2.71% to 0.49%.

In November 2022, we entered into bilateral agreements with our swap counterparties to transition all our remaining LIBOR-indexed interest rate swap agreements to SOFR. At December 31, 2022, we have interest rate swaps associated with $721.0 million of term loan debt. These cash flow hedges convert variable rates ranging from one-month SOFR plus 1.68% to 2.30%, to fixed rates ranging from 2.21% to 4.79%.

The gross fair values of our cash flow derivative instruments on our Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31 are as follows:

|  |  |  | Asset Derivatives |  |  |  |  | Liability Derivatives |
(in thousands) |  | Location |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | Location |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Derivatives designated in cash flow hedging relationships: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate contracts |  | Other assets, current 1 |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,191 |  |  | Accounts payable and accrued liabilities 1 |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Interest rate contracts |  | Other assets, non-current |  |  | 144,583 |  |  |  | 31,306 |  |  | Other long-term obligations |  |  | — |  |  |  | 24,060 |
|  |  |  | $ | 144,583 |  |  | $ | 33,497 |  |  |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 24,060 |

1 | Derivative instruments that mature within one year, as a whole, are classified as current.

The following table details the effect of derivatives on our Consolidated Statements of Operations:

|  |  |  | Year Ended December 31, |
(in thousands) |  | Location |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |
Derivatives designated in cash flow hedging relationships: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate contracts |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Income (loss) recognized in other comprehensive income, net of tax |  |  |  | $ | 116,774 |  |  | $ | 26,206 |  |  | $ | (14,632 | )
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax 1 |  | Interest expense |  | $ | (1,241 | ) |  | $ | (9,106 | ) |  | $ | (7,451 | )
Interest expense, net |  |  |  | $ | 27,400 |  |  | $ | 29,275 |  |  | $ | 29,463 |

1 | Realized gains and losses on interest rate contracts consist of realized net cash received or paid and interest accruals on the interest rate swaps during the periods in addition to amortization of amounts out of other comprehensive income related to certain terminated hedges and adjustments to interest expense resulting from amortization of inception value of certain off-market designated hedges. Net cash received or paid is included in the supplemental cash flow information within interest, net of amounts capitalized in the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows.

At December 31, 2022, the amount of net gains expected to be reclassified into earnings in the next 12 months is approximately $16.8 million. However, this expected amount to be reclassified into earnings is subject to volatility as the ultimate amount recognized in earnings is based on the SOFR ra te at the time of net swap cash payments.

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NOTE 11. F AIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS

Carrying amounts and estimated fair values of our financial instruments as of December 31 are as follows:

|  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
(in thousands) |  | Carrying Amount |  |  | Fair Value |  |  | Carrying Amount |  |  | Fair Value |
Derivative assets related to interest rate swaps (Level 2) |  | $ | 144,583 |  |  | $ | 144,583 |  |  | $ | 33,497 |  |  | $ | 33,497 |
Derivative liabilities related to interest rate swaps (Level 2) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (24,060 | ) |  | $ | (24,060 | )
Long-term debt, including current portion (Level 2): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Term loans |  | $ | (969,269 | ) |  | $ | (961,632 | ) |  | $ | (691,119 | ) |  | $ | (705,135 | )
Revenue bonds |  |  | (65,735 | ) |  |  | (64,602 | ) |  |  | (65,735 | ) |  |  | (69,278 | )
Medium-term notes |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (3,000 | ) |  |  | (3,007 | )
Total long-term debt 1 |  | $ | (1,035,004 | ) |  | $ | (1,026,234 | ) |  | $ | (759,854 | ) |  | $ | (777,420 | )
Company owned life insurance (Level 3) |  | $ | 4,311 |  |  | $ | 4,311 |  |  | $ | 3,923 |  |  | $ | 3,923 |

1 | The carrying amount of long-term debt includes principal and unamortized discounts.

The fair value of interest rate swaps are determined using a discounted cash flow analysis based on third party sources, on the expected cash flows of each derivative. The analysis reflects the contractual terms of the derivatives, including the period to maturity and uses observable market-based inputs, including interest rate forward curves.

The fair value of our long-term debt is estimated based upon quoted market prices for similar debt issues or estimated based on average market prices for comparable debt when there is no quoted market price.

The contract value of our company owned life insurance is based on the amount at which it could be redeemed and, accordingly, approximates fair value.

We believe that our other financial instruments, including cash and cash equivalents, receivables and payables have net carrying value that approximates their fair value with only insignificant differences. This is primarily due to the short-term nature of these instruments.

NOTE 12. EQUITY-BASE D COMPENSATION PLANS

We issue new shares of common stock to settle performance stock awards (PSAs), restricted stock units (RSUs) and deferred compensation stock equivalent units. At December 31, 2022, approximately 2.1 million shares were available for future use under our long-term incentive plans.

The following table details our compensation expense and the related income tax benefit for company specific equity awards for the year ended December 31:

(in thousands) |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |
Employee equity-based compensation expense: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Performance stock awards |  | $ | 5,887 |  |  | $ | 5,381 |  |  | $ | 5,083 |
Restricted stock units |  |  | 3,107 |  |  |  | 3,041 |  |  |  | 2,904 |
Deferred compensation stock equivalent units expense |  |  | 196 |  |  |  | 185 |  |  |  | 76 |
Total equity-based compensation expense |  | $ | 9,190 |  |  | $ | 8,607 |  |  | $ | 8,063 |
Total tax benefit recognized for shared-based payment awards |  | $ | 457 |  |  | $ | 428 |  |  | $ | 357 |

Additionally, we recognized $9.3 million in stock-based compensation expense for the accelerated vesting of CatchMark equity awards related to the CatchMark merger which is included in CatchMark merger-related expenses on the Consolidated Statements of Operations. See Note 17: Mergers for additional information.

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PERFORMANCE STOCK AWARDS

During 2022, 2021 and 2020, officers and certain other employees of the company were granted PSA awards. PSAs granted under the stock incentive plans have a three-year performance period and shares are issued at the end of the period if the performance measures are met. Performance shares are earned based on the company's total shareholder return (TSR) over a three-year performance period relative to the median TSR of performance peer group (weighted 50%) and the company's TSR percentile ranking relative to all companies within the NAREIT All Equity REITs Index (of which we are a member) (weighted 50%) over such performance period. TSR is calculated based on stock price appreciation plus cash and share distributions. The number of shares actually issued, as a percentage of the amount subject to the PSA, could range from 0% to 200%. PSAs granted under our stock incentive plans do not have voting rights unless and until shares are issued upon settlement. If shares are issued at the end of the three-year performance measurement period, the recipients will receive dividend equivalents in the form of additional shares at the time of payment equal to the dividends that would have been paid on the shares earned had the recipients owned the shares during the three-year period. Therefore, the shares are not considered participating securities.

Since the awards contain a market condition, the effect of the market condition is reflected in the grant-date fair value, which is estimated using a Monte Carlo simulation. This method is used to estimate the stock prices of PotlatchDeltic and the selected peer companies at the end of the three-year performance period. The Monte Carlo simulation uses inputs such as stock prices and expected volatility of PotlatchDeltic and the peer group of companies as of the award date. Multiple simulations are generated, resulting in share prices and total shareholder return values for PotlatchDeltic and the peer group of companies. For each simulation, the total shareholder return of PotlatchDeltic is ranked against that of the peer group of companies. The future value of the performance share unit is calculated based on a multiplier for the median outperformance and percentile ranking and then discounted to present value. The discount rate is the risk-free rate as of the award date for a term consistent with the performance period. Awards are also credited with dividend equivalents at the end of the performance period, and as a result, award values are not adjusted for dividends.

The following table presents the key inputs used in calculating the fair value of the PSAs and the resulting fair values:

|  | Year Ended December 31, |
|  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |
Stock price as of valuation date |  | $ | 55.02 |  |  | $ | 53.53 |  |  | $ | 42.16 |
Risk-free rate |  |  | 1.79 | % |  |  | 0.18 | % |  |  | 1.42 | %
Expected volatility |  |  | 45.69 | % |  |  | 45.56 | % |  |  | 25.74 | %
Expected dividend yield 1 |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Expected term (years) |  |  | 3.00 |  |  |  | 3.00 |  |  |  | 3.00 |
Fair value of a performance share |  | $ | 76.18 |  |  | $ | 69.72 |  |  | $ | 45.04 |

1 | Full dividend reinvestment assumed.

T he following table summarizes outstanding PSAs as of December 31 and the changes during each year:

|  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |
(in thousands, except per share amounts) |  | Shares |  |  | Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value |  |  | Shares |  |  | Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value |  |  | Shares |  |  | Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value |
Nonvested shares outstanding at January 1 |  |  | 202,447 |  |  | $ | 55.16 |  |  |  | 253,266 |  |  | $ | 41.36 |  |  |  | 196,007 |  |  | $ | 50.15 |
Granted |  |  | 92,490 |  |  | $ | 76.18 |  |  |  | 88,128 |  |  | $ | 69.72 |  |  |  | 125,001 |  |  | $ | 45.04 |
Vested |  |  | (119,066 | ) |  | $ | 45.04 |  |  |  | (129,666 | ) |  | $ | 37.87 |  |  |  | (63,456 | ) |  | $ | 75.37 |
Forfeited |  |  | (971 | ) |  | $ | 60.42 |  |  |  | (9,281 | ) |  | $ | 58.32 |  |  |  | (4,286 | ) |  | $ | 47.07 |
Nonvested shares outstanding at December 31 |  |  | 174,900 |  |  | $ | 73.14 |  |  |  | 202,447 |  |  | $ | 55.16 |  |  |  | 253,266 |  |  | $ | 41.36 |
Total grant date fair value of PSA awards vested during the year |  | $ | 5,363 |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 4,910 |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 4,783 |  |  |  |
Total fair value of PSA awards vested during the year |  | $ | 6,735 |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 12,015 |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 3,968 |  |  |  |

As of December 31, 2022, there was $6.8 million of unrecognized compensation cost related to nonvested PSAs, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 1.5 years.

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RESTRICTED STOCK UNITS

During 2022, 2021 and 2020, directors, officers, and certain other employees of the company were granted RSU awards that will vest from one to three years. RSU awards are credited with dividend equivalents for any dividends paid on the company's common stock during the vesting period. Recipients will receive dividend equivalents in the form of additional shares of common stock at the date the vested RSUs are settled. Any forfeited RSUs will not receive dividends. Therefore, the shares are not considered participating securities.

The following table summarizes outstanding RSU awards as of December 31 and the changes during each year:

|  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |
(in thousands, except per share amounts) |  | Shares |  |  | Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value |  |  | Shares |  |  | Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value |  |  | Shares |  |  | Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value |
Nonvested shares outstanding at January 1 |  |  | 132,899 |  |  | $ | 47.19 |  |  |  | 139,492 |  |  | $ | 37.54 |  |  |  | 127,471 |  |  | $ | 39.83 |
Granted |  |  | 59,549 |  |  | $ | 53.61 |  |  |  | 66,107 |  |  | $ | 54.52 |  |  |  | 68,263 |  |  | $ | 38.77 |
Vested |  |  | (81,002 | ) |  | $ | 43.92 |  |  |  | (68,606 | ) |  | $ | 34.50 |  |  |  | (52,908 | ) |  | $ | 44.48 |
Forfeited |  |  | (1,323 | ) |  | $ | 58.48 |  |  |  | (4,094 | ) |  | $ | 49.35 |  |  |  | (3,334 | ) |  | $ | 40.20 |
Nonvested shares outstanding at December 31 |  |  | 110,123 |  |  | $ | 52.94 |  |  |  | 132,899 |  |  | $ | 47.19 |  |  |  | 139,492 |  |  | $ | 37.54 |
Total grant date fair value of RSU awards vested during the year |  | $ | 3,557 |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 2,367 |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 2,354 |  |  |  |
Total fair value of RSU awards vested during the year |  | $ | 3,634 |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 4,130 |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 2,196 |  |  |  |

As of December 31, 2022, there was $3.1 million of total unrecognized compensation cost related to nonvested RSU awards, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 1.5 years.

DEFERRED COMPENSATION STOCK EQUIVALENT UNITS

A long-term incentive award was granted annually to our directors through December 2017. The awards are payable upon a director's separation from service. Directors may also elect to defer their annual retainers, payable in the form of stock. Additionally, issuance of restricted stock units awarded to certain officers and employees may also be deferred. All stock unit equivalent accounts are credited with dividend equivalents. At December 31, 2022, shares outstanding that will be distributed in the future to directors or officers and employees as common stock were 179,502 and 6,608, respectively.

NOTE 13. LEASES

See Note 1: Summary of Significant Accounting Policies for details on our lease accounting policies.

BALANCE SHEET CLASSIFICATION

The following tables provide supplemental balance sheet information related to our leases as of December 31:

(in thousands) | Classification |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Operating lease assets | Other long-term assets |  | $ | 9,306 |  |  | $ | 8,514 |
Finance lease assets 1 | Property, plant and equipment, net |  |  | 13,213 |  |  |  | 10,663 |
Total lease assets |  |  | $ | 22,519 |  |  | $ | 19,177 |
Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Operating lease liabilities | Accounts payable and accrued liabilities |  | $ | 2,570 |  |  | $ | 3,021 |
Finance lease liabilities | Accounts payable and accrued liabilities |  |  | 4,834 |  |  |  | 3,577 |
Noncurrent |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Operating lease liabilities | Other long-term obligations |  |  | 6,716 |  |  |  | 5,598 |
Finance lease liabilities | Other long-term obligations |  |  | 8,179 |  |  |  | 6,972 |
Total lease liabilities |  |  | $ | 22,299 |  |  | $ | 19,168 |

1 | Finance lease assets are presented net of accumulated amortization of $7.9 million and $4.5 million as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

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|  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Weighted-average remaining terms (years) |  |  |  |  |  |
Operating leases |  |  |  | 5.44 |  |  |  | 3.88 |
Finance leases |  |  |  | 3.32 |  |  |  | 3.66 |
Weighted-average discount rate |  |  |  |  |  |
Operating leases |  |  |  | 4.40 | % |  |  | 3.84 | %
Finance leases |  |  |  | 3.49 | % |  |  | 2.54 | %

LEASE COSTS

The following table summarizes the components of our lease expense for the year ended December 31:

(in thousands) |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |
Operating lease costs 1 |  | $ | 3,525 |  |  | $ | 4,798 |  |  | $ | 5,640 |
Finance lease costs: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Amortization of leased assets |  |  | 4,277 |  |  |  | 2,825 |  |  |  | 1,451 |
Interest on lease assets |  |  | 340 |  |  |  | 227 |  |  |  | 153 |
Net lease costs |  | $ | 8,142 |  |  | $ | 7,850 |  |  | $ | 7,244 |

1 | Excludes short-term leases and variable lease costs, which are immaterial.

Operating lease costs and amortization of finance lease assets are included within costs of goods sold and selling, general and administrative expenses and interest on lease assets is included in interest expense, net on our Consolidated Statements of Operations.

OTHER LEASE INFORMATION

The following table presents supplemental cash flow information related to leases for the year ended December 31:

(in thousands) |  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Operating cash flows for operating leases |  | $ | 3,591 |  |  | $ | 4,745 |
Operating cash flows for finance leases |  |  | $ | 340 |  |  | $ | 227 |
Financing cash flows for finance leases |  |  | $ | 4,421 |  |  | $ | 2,846 |
Lease assets exchanged for new lease liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Operating leases 1 |  |  | $ | 3,932 |  |  | $ | 1,907 |
Finance leases |  |  | $ | 6,819 |  |  | $ | 6,279 |

1 | Includes $2.4 million for an office lease assumed in the CatchMark merger. See Note 17: Mergers.

MATURITY OF LEASE LIABILITIES

At December 31, 2022, the future minimum lease payment obligations under noncancelable leases were as follows:

(in thousands) |  | Operating Leases |  |  | Finance Leases |
2023 |  | $ | 2,920 |  |  | $ | 5,185 |
2024 |  |  | 1,992 |  |  |  | 3,835 |
2025 |  |  | 1,707 |  |  |  | 2,686 |
2026 |  |  | 1,676 |  |  |  | 1,491 |
2027 |  |  | 832 |  |  |  | 505 |
Thereafter |  |  | 1,343 |  |  |  | 113 |
Total lease payments |  |  | 10,470 |  |  |  | 13,815 |
Less: interest |  |  | 1,184 |  |  |  | 802 |
Present value of lease liabilities |  | $ | 9,286 |  |  | $ | 13,013 |

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NOTE 1 4. INCOME TAXES

As a REIT, we generally are not subject to federal and state corporate income taxes on income from investments in real estate that we distribute to our shareholders. We conduct certain activities through our PotlatchDeltic TRS which are subject to corporate level federal and state income taxes. These activities are principally comprised of our wood products manufacturing operations and certain real estate investments. Therefore, income tax expense or benefit is primarily due to income or loss of the PotlatchDeltic TRS, as well as permanent book versus tax differences and discrete items.

We are also subject to corporate taxes on built-in gains (the excess of fair market value over tax basis on the merger date) on sales of former Deltic real property held by the REIT during the five years following the Deltic merger (until February 2023). The sale of standing timber is not subject to built-in gains tax.

Income tax expense consists of the following for the year ended December 31:

(in thousands) |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |
Current |  | $ | 70,669 |  |  | $ | 85,131 |  |  | $ | 41,733 |
Deferred |  |  | (5,302 | ) |  |  | 25 |  |  |  | (14,610 | )
Net operating loss carryforwards |  |  | 45 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Income taxes |  | $ | 65,412 |  |  | $ | 85,156 |  |  | $ | 27,123 |

Income tax expense differs from the amount computed by applying the statutory federal income tax rate of 21% to income before income taxes due to the following for the year ended December 31:

(in thousands, except effective tax rate) |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |
U.S. federal statutory income tax |  | $ | 83,855 |  |  | $ | 106,893 |  |  | $ | 40,730 |
REIT income not subject to federal income tax |  |  | (27,085 | ) |  |  | (34,332 | ) |  |  | (16,949 | )
Change in valuation allowance |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (395 | )
State income taxes, net of federal tax benefit |  |  | 9,478 |  |  |  | 13,314 |  |  |  | 3,099 |
Other items, net |  |  | (836 | ) |  |  | (719 | ) |  |  | 638 |
Income taxes |  | $ | 65,412 |  |  | $ | 85,156 |  |  | $ | 27,123 |
Effective tax rate |  |  | 16.4 | % |  |  | 16.7 | % |  |  | 14.0 | %

The tax effects of significant temporary differences creating deferred tax assets and liabilities at December 31 were:

(in thousands) |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Deferred tax assets: |  |  |  |  |  |
Pension and other postretirement employee benefits |  | $ | 20,992 |  |  | $ | 22,610 |
Inventories |  |  | 753 |  |  |  | 387 |
Nondeductible accruals |  |  | 2,559 |  |  |  | 1,634 |
Incentive compensation |  |  | 1,910 |  |  |  | 1,437 |
Employee benefits |  |  | 1,477 |  |  |  | 1,444 |
Other |  |  | 706 |  |  |  | 598 |
Total deferred tax assets |  |  | 28,397 |  |  |  | 28,110 |
Deferred tax liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Timber and timberlands, net |  |  | (1,852 | ) |  |  | (226 | )
Property, plant and equipment, net |  |  | (58,464 | ) |  |  | (53,800 | )
Intangible assets, net |  |  | (4,037 | ) |  |  | (3,466 | )
Real estate development |  |  | (1,628 | ) |  |  | (2,476 | )
Other |  |  | (4,206 | ) |  |  | (3,016 | )
Total deferred tax liabilities |  |  | (70,187 | ) |  |  | (62,984 | )
Deferred tax liabilities, net |  | $ | (41,790 | ) |  | $ | (34,874 | )

We believe it is more likely than not that we will have sufficient future taxable income to realize our deferred tax assets. At December 31, 2022, we had federal net operating loss carryforwards of $8.0 million that expire from 2035 to 2037, state net operating loss carryforwards of $3.2 million that expire from 2028 to 2037. These net operating loss carryforwards were acquired in the CatchMark merger, have been reduced for Section 382 limitations under the Internal Revenue Code and are netted against corresponding uncertain tax position liabilities.

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In conjunction with the CatchMark merger, we recorded uncertain tax position liabilities plus any applicable accrued interest, related to the treatment of certain intercompany transactions between CatchMark's REIT and its taxable REIT subsidiary. These liabilities are included in Other Long-Term Obligations and Deferred Tax Liabilities, net in our Consolidated Balance Sheets. At December 31, 2022, we had $8.3 million of unrecognized tax benefits, all of which, if recognized, would affect the annual effective tax rate. See Note 17: Mergers for additional information. We had no unrecognized tax benefits at December 31, 2021.

The following is a reconciliation of the beginning and ending unrecognized tax benefits for the year ended December 31, 2022:

(in thousands) |  |  |
Balance at January 1 |  | $ | — |
Additions for tax positions related to the current year |  |  | 171 |
Additions for tax positions of prior years |  |  | 8,810 |
Lapse of statutes of limitations |  |  | (675 | )
Balance at December 31 |  | $ | 8,306 |

During the year ended December 31, 2022, we reduced our uncertain tax positions due to the lapse of the statute of limitations by $0.7 million. Accrued interest associated with the $8.3 million unrecognized tax benefit as of December 31, 2022, totals approximately $0.5 million. We are not aware of any tax positions for which it is reasonably possible that the total amounts of unrecognized tax benefits will change materially in the next twelve months.

We reflect accrued intere st related to tax obligations, as well as penalties, in our provision for income taxes. For the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, we recognized insignificant amounts related to interest and penalties in our tax provision. At December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, we had insignificant amounts of accrued interest related to tax obligations and no accrued interest receivable with respect to open tax refunds.

The following table summarizes the tax years subject to examination by major taxing jurisdictions:

Jurisdiction |  | Years
Federal |  | 2019 - 2022
Arkansas |  | 2019 - 2022
Idaho |  | 2019 - 2022
Michigan |  | 2018 - 2022
Minnesota |  | 2018 - 2022
Georgia |  | 2019 - 2022

NOTE 15. SAVINGS PLANS, PEN SION PLANS AND OTHER POSTRETIREMENT EMPLOYEE BENEFITS

SAVINGS PLANS

Substantially all of our employees are eligible to participate in 401(k) savings plans. In 2022, 2021 and 2020, we made matching 401(k) contributions on behalf of our employees of $4.2 million, $4.0 million and $3.6 million, respectively.

Certain eligible employees who earn awards under our annual incentive plan are permitted to defer receipt of those awards. These employees may defer receipt of a minimum of 50% and a maximum of 100% of the award pursuant to rules established under our Management Deferred Compensation Plan. Eligible employees may also defer up to 50% of their base salary under the Management Deferred Compensation Plan. At the employee's election, deferrals may be deemed invested in a company stock unit account, a directed investment account with certain deemed investments available under the 401(k) Plan or a combination of these investment vehicles. If company stock units are elected, dividend equivalents are credited to the units.

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PENSION PLANS AND OTHER POSTRETIREMENT BENEFITS

On January 1, 2011, we closed the legacy Potlatch pension plans to any new salaried and hourly non-represented employees hired after that date. Upon merger with Deltic in 2018, we assumed one qualified pension plan, one nonqualified pension plan and one other postretirement benefit (OPEB) plan. The acquired plans have been frozen to new participants since 2014. Effective December 31, 2021, the Potlatch Salaried Retirement Plan (Salaried Plan) was amended and restated merging the company's three other qualified pension plans into the Salaried Plan, creating one qualified pension plan renamed the PotlatchDeltic Retirement Plan. There were no impacts to vesting provisions or benefits to the participants of the former qualified defined benefit pension plans as a result of the merger into the Salaried Plan.

In March 2022, we transferred $75.6 million of our qualified pension plan (the Plan) assets to an insurance company for the purchase of a group annuity contract. As a result of the transaction, the insurance company assumed responsibility for annuity administration and benefit payments to select retirees and terminated vested participants, with no change to participants' pension benefits. We recorded a non-cash pretax settlement charge of $14.2 million as a result of accelerating the recognition of actuarial losses included in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) that would have been recognized in future periods. The settlement triggered a remeasurement of the Plan's assets and liabilities. We updated the discount rate used to measure our projected benefit obligation for the Plan as of March 31, 2022, and to calculate the related net periodic benefit cost for the remainder of 2022 to 3.95% from 3.00%. All other pension assumptions remain unchanged.

In February 2020, we purchased a group annuity contract from an insurance company to transfer $101.1 million of our outstanding pension benefit obligation related to our qualified pension plans to the insurance company. This transaction was funded with plan assets. As a result of the transaction, the insurance company assumed responsibility for annuity administration and benefit payments to select retirees, with no change to their monthly retirement benefit payment amounts. In connection with this transaction, we recorded a non-cash pretax settlement charge of $43.0 million as a result of accelerating the recognition of actuarial losses included in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) that would have been recognized in future periods. The settlement also triggered a remeasurement of plan assets and liabilities. We updated the discount rate used to measure our projected benefit obligation for the qualified pension plans as of February 29, 2020, and to calculate the related net periodic benefit cost for the remainder of 2020 to 2.95% from 3.40%. All other pension assumptions were unchanged.

Legacy Potlatch and Deltic retirees under age 65 are offered a PPO medical plan with prescription drug coverage. Legacy Deltic retirees over age 65 are offered a PPO medical plan with no prescription drug coverage. This plan is considered a secondary plan to Medicare. For legacy Potlatch retirees age 65 or over, the medical plan is divided into two components, with the company continuing to self-insure prescription drugs and providing a fully-insured medical supplemental plan through AARP/United Healthcare. The health care plans require the retiree to contribute amounts in excess of the company subsidy in order to continue coverage.

We use a December 31 measurement date for our benefit plans and obligations. We recognize the underfunded status of our defined benefit pension plans and OPEB plan obligations on our Consolidated Balance Sheets. We recognize changes in the funded status in the year in which changes occur in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) and amortize actuarial gains and losses in the Consolidated Statements of Operations as net periodic cost (benefit).

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Changes in benefit obligation, plan assets and funded status for our pension and OPEB plans were as follows for the year ended December 31:

|  | Pension Plans |  |  | OPEB |
(in thousands) |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Benefit obligation at beginning of year |  | $ | (386,205 | ) |  | $ | (408,429 | ) |  | $ | (32,258 | ) |  | $ | (50,835 | )
Service cost |  |  | (6,805 | ) |  |  | (8,182 | ) |  |  | (316 | ) |  |  | (670 | )
Interest cost |  |  | (10,646 | ) |  |  | (10,533 | ) |  |  | (914 | ) |  |  | (1,267 | )
Actuarial gain |  |  | 74,445 |  |  |  | 17,204 |  |  |  | 8,334 |  |  |  | 16,614 |
Benefits paid |  |  | 17,708 |  |  |  | 23,735 |  |  |  | 2,784 |  |  |  | 3,900 |
Plan settlements |  |  | 79,305 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Benefit obligation at end of year |  | $ | (232,198 | ) |  | $ | (386,205 | ) |  | $ | (22,370 | ) |  | $ | (32,258 | )
Fair value of plan assets at beginning of year |  | $ | 329,796 |  |  | $ | 325,790 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Actual return on plan assets |  |  | (62,807 | ) |  |  | 22,597 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Employer contributions and benefit payments |  |  | 2,278 |  |  |  | 5,144 |  |  |  | 2,784 |  |  |  | 3,900 |
Benefits paid |  |  | (17,708 | ) |  |  | (23,735 | ) |  |  | (2,784 | ) |  |  | (3,900 | )
Plan settlements |  |  | (79,313 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Fair value of plan assets at end of year |  | $ | 172,246 |  |  | $ | 329,796 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Amounts recognized in the consolidated balance sheets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current liabilities |  | $ | (2,517 | ) |  | $ | (2,462 | ) |  | $ | (2,409 | ) |  | $ | (2,531 | )
Noncurrent liabilities |  |  | (57,435 | ) |  |  | (53,947 | ) |  |  | (19,961 | ) |  |  | (29,727 | )
Funded status |  | $ | (59,952 | ) |  | $ | (56,409 | ) |  | $ | (22,370 | ) |  | $ | (32,258 | )

The accumulated benefit obligation for all defined benefit pension plans is determined using the actuarial present value of the vested benefits to which the employee is currently entitled and the employee’s expected date of separation for retirement. At December 31, 2022 and 2021, the accumulated benefit obligation for all defined benefit pension plans w as $223.7 million and $374.7 million, respectively. Actuarial gain (loss) in our pension plans is primarily due to year over yea r changes in the discount rate. Actuarial gain (loss) for our OPEB plans is primarily due to year over year changes in the discount rate and assumptions associated with medical trends, claims and participant contributions. During 2022 and 2021, funding of pension and other postretirement employee benefit plans was $5.1 million and $9.0 million, respectively.

Pension plans with projected benefit obligations greater than plan assets were as follows at December 31:

|  |  | 2022 |  |  |  | 2021 |
Projected benefit obligations |  | $ | 232,198 |  |  | $ | 386,205 |
Fair value of plan assets |  | $ | 172,246 |  |  | $ | 329,796 |

Pension plans with accumulated benefit obligations greater than plan assets at December 31 are as follows:

|  |  | 2022 |  |  |  | 2021 |
Accumulated benefit obligations |  | $ | 223,686 |  |  | $ | 374,719 |
Fair value of plan assets |  | $ | 172,246 |  |  | $ | 329,796 |

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PENSION ASSETS

We utilize formal investment policy guidelines for our company-sponsored pension plan assets. Management is responsible for ensuring the investment policy and guidelines are adhered to and the investment objectives are met.

The general policy states that plan assets will be invested to seek the greatest return consistent with the fiduciary character of the pension funds and to allow the plans to meet the need for timely pension benefit payments. The specific investment guidelines stipulate that management will maintain adequate liquidity for meeting expected benefit payments by reviewing, on a timely basis, contribution and benefit payment levels and appropriately revise long-term and short-term asset allocations. Management takes reasonable and prudent steps to preserve the value of pension fund assets and to avoid the risk of large losses. Major steps taken to provide this protection include the following:

•
Assets are diversified among various asset classes, such as global equities, fixed income, alternatives and liquid reserves.
•
Periodic reviews of allocations within these ranges are reviewed to determine what adjustments should be made based on changing economic and market conditions and specific liquidity requirements.
•
Assets are managed by professional investment managers and may be invested in separately managed accounts or commingled funds.
•
Assets are not invested in PotlatchDeltic stock.

The investment guidelines also provide that the individual investment managers are expected to achieve a reasonable rate of return over a market cycle. Emphasis will be placed on long-term performance versus short-term market aberrations. Factors to be considered in determining reasonable rates of return include performance achieved by a diverse cross section of other investment managers, performance of commonly used benchmarks (e.g., MSCI All-Country World Index, Barclays Long Credit Index), actuarial assumptions for return on plan investments and specific performance guidelines given to individual investment managers.

The long-term targeted asset allocation ranges for the pension benefit plans’ asset categories are as follows:

Asset Category |  | Allocation Range
Global equities |  | 5% - 35%
Fixed income securities |  | 50% - 100%
Alternatives, which may include equities and fixed income securities |  | 0% - 15%
Cash and cash equivalents |  | 0% - 5%

T he asset allocations of the pension benefit plans’ assets by asset category were as follows at December 31:

|  | Pension Plans |
Asset Category |  |  | 2022 |  |  |  | 2021 |
Global equities |  |  | 20 | % |  |  | 20 | %
Fixed income securities |  |  | 73 |  |  | 73 |
Other (includes cash and cash equivalents and alternatives) |  |  | 7 |  |  | 7 |
Total |  |  | 100 | % |  |  | 100 | %

The pension assets are stated at fair value. Refer to Note 1: Summary of Significant Accounting Policies for a discussion of the framework used to measure fair value.

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Assets within our defined benefit pension plans were invested as follows:

(in thousands) |  | December 31, 2022 |
Asset Category |  | Level 1 |  |  | Level 2 |  |  | Total |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 3,690 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 3,690 |
Global equity securities 1 |  |  | 33,974 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 33,974 |
Fixed income securities 2 |  |  | 107,557 |  |  |  | 18,801 |  |  |  | 126,358 |
Alternatives 3 |  |  | 8,224 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 8,224 |
Total |  | $ | 153,445 |  |  | $ | 18,801 |  |  | $ | 172,246 |

(in thousands) |  | December 31, 2021 |
Asset Category |  | Level 1 |  |  | Level 2 |  |  | Total |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 4,269 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 4,269 |
Global equity securities 1 |  |  | 66,517 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 66,517 |
Fixed income securities 2 |  |  | 182,506 |  |  |  | 59,405 |  |  |  | 241,911 |
Alternatives 3 |  |  | 17,099 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 17,099 |
Total |  | $ | 270,391 |  |  | $ | 59,405 |  |  | $ | 329,796 |

1 | Level 1 assets are international and domestic managed investments with quoted prices on major security markets and also include investments in registered investment company funds for which market quotations are generally readily available on the primary market or exchange on which they are traded. The global equity securities track the MSCI All-Country World Index.
2 | Level 1 assets are investments in a diversified portfolio of fixed income instruments of varying maturities representing corporate securities, U.S. treasuries, municipals and futures. Level 2 assets are thinly traded investments in a diversified portfolio of fixed income instruments of varying maturities representing mostly corporate securities. Both Level 1 & Level 2 investments track the Bloomberg Barclay’s Long-term Credit Index.
3 | Level 1 assets are long-term investment funds which are invested in tangible assets and real asset companies such as infrastructure, natural resources and timber.

There were no Level 3 investments held by the defined benefit pension plans at December 31, 2022 or 2021.

PLAN ACTIVITY

Pre-tax components of net periodic cost (benefit) recognized in our Consolidated Statements of Operations were as follows for the year ended December 31:

|  | Pension Plans |  |  | OPEB |
(in thousands) |  |  | 2022 |  |  |  | 2021 |  |  |  | 2020 |  |  |  | 2022 |  |  |  | 2021 |  |  |  | 2020 |
Service cost |  | $ | 6,805 |  |  | $ | 8,182 |  |  | $ | 8,932 |  |  | $ | 316 |  |  | $ | 670 |  |  | $ | 508 |
Interest cost |  |  | 10,646 |  |  |  | 10,533 |  |  |  | 12,263 |  |  |  | 914 |  |  |  | 1,267 |  |  |  | 1,502 |
Expected return on plan assets |  |  | (9,920 | ) |  |  | (14,100 | ) |  |  | (15,474 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Amortization of prior service cost (credit) |  |  | 73 |  |  |  | 86 |  |  |  | 111 |  |  |  | (381 | ) |  |  | (1,192 | ) |  |  | (1,274 | )
Amortization of actuarial loss |  |  | 5,400 |  |  |  | 14,455 |  |  |  | 15,426 |  |  |  | 623 |  |  |  | 2,178 |  |  |  | 1,672 |
Net periodic cost before pension settlement charges |  |  | 13,004 |  |  |  | 19,156 |  |  |  | 21,258 |  |  |  | 1,472 |  |  |  | 2,923 |  |  |  | 2,408 |
Pension settlement charge |  |  | 14,165 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 42,988 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Other settlements |  |  | 783 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Net periodic cost |  | $ | 27,952 |  |  | $ | 19,156 |  |  | $ | 64,246 |  |  | $ | 1,472 |  |  | $ | 2,923 |  |  | $ | 2,408 |

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The amounts recorded in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) on our Consolidated Balance Sheets, which have not yet been recognized as components of net periodic benefit costs at December 31, net of tax, consist of:

|  | Pension Plans |  |  | OPEB |
(in thousands) |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  |  | 2022 |  |  |  | 2021 |
Net (loss) income |  | $ | (33,043 | ) |  | $ | (49,476 | ) |  | $ | 4,598 |  |  | $ | (2,075 | )
Prior service (cost) credit |  |  | (49 | ) |  |  | (103 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | 285 |
Total amount unrecognized |  | $ | (33,092 | ) |  | $ | (49,579 | ) |  | $ | 4,598 |  |  | $ | (1,790 | )

EXPECTED FUNDING AND BENEFIT PAYMENTS

We are no t required to contribute to our qualified pension plan in 2023. Our non-qualified pension plan and other postretirement employee benefit plans are unfunded and benefit payments are paid from our general assets. We estimate that we will make non-qualified pension plan payments of $2.5 million and other postretirement employee benefit payments of $2.4 million in 2023, which are included below.

Estimated future benefit payments, which reflect expected future service are as follows for the years indicated:

(in thousands) |  | Pension Plans |  |  | OPEB |
2023 |  | $ | 16,141 |  |  | $ | 2,409 |
2024 |  | $ | 16,514 |  |  | $ | 2,171 |
2025 |  | $ | 16,680 |  |  | $ | 1,984 |
2026 |  | $ | 16,835 |  |  | $ | 1,898 |
2027 |  | $ | 17,040 |  |  | $ | 1,783 |
2028–2032 |  | $ | 85,999 |  |  | $ | 8,019 |

ACTUARIAL ASSUMPTIONS

The weighted-average assumptions used to determine the benefit obligation for our pension and OPEB plans were as follows at December 31:

|  | Pension Plans |  |  | OPEB |
|  |  | 2022 |  |  |  | 2021 |  |  |  | 2022 |  |  |  | 2021 |
Discount rate |  |  | 5.60 | % |  |  | 3.00 | % |  |  | 5.55 | % |  |  | 2.95 | %
Rate of compensation increase |  | 3.00 - 5.00% |  |  | 3.00 - 4.00% |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |

The weighted-average assumptions used for all pension and OPEB plans to determine the net periodic benefit cost were as follows for the year ended December 31:

|  | Pension Plans |  |  | OPEB |
|  |  | 2022 |  |  |  | 2021 |  |  |  | 2020 |  |  |  | 2022 |  |  |  | 2021 |  |  |  | 2020 |
Discount rate |  |  | 3.00 | % |  |  | 2.65 | % |  | 3.40% |  |  |  | 2.95 | % |  |  | 2.60 | % |  |  | 3.40 | %
Expected return on plan assets |  |  | 4.50 | % |  |  | 5.25 | % |  | 5.75% |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Rate of compensation increase |  | 3.00 - 5.00% |  |  | 3.00 - 4.00% |  |  | 3.00 - 4.00% |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |

The discount rate used in the determination of pension and other postretirement employee benefit obligations was calculated using hypothetical bond portfolios to match the expected benefit payments under each of our pension plans and other postretirement employee benefit obligations based on bonds available at each year end with a rating of "AA" or better. The portfolios were well-diversified over corporate industrial, corporate financial, municipal, federal and foreign government issuers.

Determining our expected return on plan assets requires a high degree of judgment. The expected return on plan assets assumption is based upon an analysis of historical long-term returns for various investment categories, as measured by appropriate indices. These indices are weighted based upon the extent to which plan assets are invested in the particular categories in arriving at our determination of a composite expected return.

At December 31, 2022, the assumed health care cost trend rate used to calculate other postretirement employee benefit obligations was between 9.81% and 11.77% depending on the individual plan participant makeup and graded ratably to an assum ption of 4.00% in 2047. The a ctual rates of health care cost increases may vary significantly from the assumption used because of unanticipated changes in health care costs.

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NOTE 16. COMPONENTS OF A CCUMULATED OTHER COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)

The following tables detail the changes in our Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) (AOCI) on our Consolidated Balance Sheets for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, net of tax.

(in thousands) |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Pension Plans |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance at beginning of period |  | $ | (49,579 | ) |  | $ | (79,025 | )
Net gain arising during the period |  |  | 1,857 |  |  |  | 19,147 |
Effect of pension settlement |  |  | 10,553 |  |  |  | — |
Amounts reclassified from AOCI to earnings |  |  | 4,077 |  |  |  | 10,299 |
Balance at end of period |  |  | (33,092 | ) |  |  | (49,579 | )
Other Postretirement Benefit Plans |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance at beginning of period |  |  | (1,790 | ) |  |  | (14,783 | )
Net gain arising during the period |  |  | 6,208 |  |  |  | 12,378 |
Amounts reclassified from AOCI to earnings |  |  | 180 |  |  |  | 615 |
Balance at end of period |  |  | 4,598 |  |  |  | (1,790 | )
Cash Flow Hedges |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance at beginning of period |  |  | 8,131 |  |  |  | (27,181 | )
Net gain arising during the period |  |  | 116,774 |  |  |  | 26,206 |
Amounts reclassified from AOCI to earnings |  |  | 1,241 |  |  |  | 9,106 |
Balance at end of period |  |  | 126,146 |  |  |  | 8,131 |
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), end of period |  | $ | 97,652 |  |  | $ | (43,238 | )

See Note 10: Derivative Instruments and Note 15: Savings Plans, Pension and Other Postretirement Employee Benefits for additional information.

NOTE 17. MERGERS

CATCHMARK MERGER

On September 14, 2022, CatchMark and CatchMark Timber Operating Partnership, L.P. (the Partnership) merged into a wholly owned subsidiary (Merger Sub) of PotlatchDeltic, pursuant to the terms of a merger agreement dated May 29, 2022, with the Merger Sub surviving the mergers. CatchMark owned approximately 348,000 acres of superior site index timberlands located in Alabama, Georgia and South Carolina. The CatchMark timber and timberlands assets and operations are included in our Timberlands segment within the Southern region.

Under the terms of the merger agreement, immediately prior to the mergers all outstanding unvested CatchMark equity awards and Partnership Long-term Incentive Plan (LTIP) Units were deemed fully vested, at maximum performance to the extent applicable, and converted to shares of CatchMark common stock and common partnership units of the Partnership (Partnership OP Units), respectively. CatchMark stockholders and the holders of the Partnership OP Units received 0.230 shares of PotlatchDeltic common stock for each share of CatchMark common stock and for each Partnership OP Unit and cash in lieu of fractional shares at the effective time of the merg er.

As a result of the merger, we issued approximately 11.5 million shares of PotlatchDeltic common stock, including (i) 11.3 million shares in exchange for the outstanding shares of CatchMark common stock, which included unvested CatchMark share-based awards that fully vested upon closing of the merger; and (ii) 0.2 million shares in exchange for the Partnership OP Units.

Immediately following the merger, we refinanced $277.5 million of CatchMark's $300.0 million outstanding long-term debt and repaid the remaining $22.5 million with cash on hand. We also entered into $277.5 million of interest rate swaps to fix the interest rates on the refinanced long-term debt. Refer to Note 9: Debt and Note 10: Derivative Instruments for further information.

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The following table summarizes the cost of the acquisition for accounting purposes:

(in thousands, except shares and per share amounts) |  |
Total CatchMark shares and Partnership OP units outstanding to be converted 1 |  | 48,688,754 |
Exchange ratio 2 |  | 0.23 |
PotlatchDeltic shares issued as merger consideration |  | 11,198,413 |
Price per PotlatchDeltic common share 3 | $ | 44.95 |
Value of PotlatchDeltic common shares issued as merger consideration | $ | 503,369 |
Attribution to consideration transferred for pre-merger services 4 |  | 4,945 |
Total value of equity consideration |  | 508,314 |
Cash paid in lieu of fractional shares |  | 101 |
Transaction costs capitalized 5 |  | 9,341 |
Purchase consideration | $ | 517,756 |

1.
Number of shares of CatchMark common stock and Partnership OP units issued and outstanding as of September 14, 2022, immediately prior to the merger, net of fractional shares. These shares exclude 1.5 million unvested CatchMark share-based awards that fully vested, were exchanged for PotlatchDeltic shares upon closing of the merger and were allocated between the pre-merger and post-merger periods.
2.
Exchange ratio per the merger agreement.
3.
Closing price of PotlatchDeltic common stock on September 14, 2022.
4.
Represents the fair value of CatchMark unvested share-based awards that fully vested upon closing of the merger allocated to the pre-merger period, net of impact from shares withheld to cover employee taxes.
5.
Transaction costs include items such as investment banking fees, legal services, and other professional fees directly attributable to the merger. These costs are capitalized in an asset acquisition.

Based on guidance of ASC 805, we accounted for the transaction as an asset acquisition due to the determination that substantially all of the estimated fair value of the assets acquired was concentrated in the acquired timber and timberlands asset group. Accordingly, the purchase price paid for the assets acquired and liabilities assumed were allocated by management based on relative estimated fair value with the assistance of third-party specialists. The acquired CatchMark timber and timberland assets and associated operations have been included in our Timberlands segment within our Southern region.

The following table reflects the fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed:

(in thousands) |  |
ASSETS |  |
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 23,571 |
Other current assets |  | 2,764 |
Intangible assets |  | 3,000 |
Timber and timberlands |  | 782,258 |
Other long-term assets 1 |  | 29,265 |
Total assets acquired |  | 840,858 |
LIABILITIES |  |
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities |  | 10,781 |
Long-term debt |  | 300,000 |
Deferred tax liabilities, net |  | 2,887 |
Other long-term liabilities |  | 9,434 |
Total liabilities assumed |  | 323,102 |
Net assets acquired | $ | 517,756 |

1.
Includes $19.2 million for interest rate swap contracts. See Note 10: Derivative Instruments for additional information.

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During the year ended December 31, 2022, we incurred non-capitalizable merger costs in connection with the CatchMark merger as follows:

(in thousands) |  |
Severance benefits 1 | $ | 7,584 |
Partnership OP Units' tax gross-up 2 |  | 8,124 |
Share-based compensation 3 |  | 9,307 |
Other 4 |  | 2,310 |
Total merger expenses | $ | 27,325 |

1.
Qualifying change-in-control and termination benefits for CatchMark executive officers and employees.
2.
Tax gross-up payments to holders of Partnership OP Units, as defined in the merger agreement.
3.
Share-based compensation for the acceleration of CatchMark equity awards that fully vested upon closing of the merger and were allocated to the post-merger period.
4.
Consists primarily of post-merger period fees for legal services and other professional fees.

These costs are included in CatchMark merger related expenses in our Consolidated Statements of Operations.

LOUTRE MERGER

On December 21, 2021, we merged with Loutre Land and Timber Company (Loutre) which owned and managed 51,340 acres of high-quality, well stocked timberlands in southern Arkansas and northern Louisiana. The acquisition cost of $107.7 million was satisfied through the issuance of 1.96 million shares of our common stock to the former Loutre shareholders valued at $100.9 million and the assumption of $6.8 million of liabilities, including $6.3 million of long-term debt which we paid off in December 2021 after the transaction closed. For accounting purposes, the fair value of the shares issued includes a discount for a required minimum holding period by the former Loutre shareholders.

We accounted for the transaction as an asset acquisition as substantially all the value of the acquisition was concentrated in the acquired timber and timberlands. We allocated the cost of the acquisition to the net assets acquired based on their relative estimated fair value on the acquisition date. This resulted in an allocation of $105.2 million to timber and timberlands, $2.0 million to mineral rights and $0.5 million to other assets. Additionally, $0.6 million of transaction costs were capitalized.

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NOTE 18. COMMITM ENTS AND CONTINGENCIES

At any given time, we are subject to claims and actions incidental to the operations of our business. Based on information currently available, we do not expect that any sums we may receive or have to pay in connection with any legal proceeding would have a materially adverse effect on our consolidated financial position, operating results or net cash flow.

ENVIRONMENTAL MATTER

Pursuant to the 2002 Asset Purchase Agreement under which Sappi Cloquet LLC (Sappi) purchased our Cloquet, Minnesota pulp and paper mill (the Plant), we agreed to indemnify Sappi from certain environmental liabilities accruing from the pre-sale operations of the Plant. In February 2021, we were notified by Sappi that the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) contacted Sappi about the opportunity to participate with the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency (MPCA) and the EPA in a voluntary federal sediment remediation program under the Great Lakes Legacy Act (GLLA) for a project in the St. Louis River Area of Concern, which runs from Cloquet, Minnesota to Lake Superior. The GLLA is a sediment remediation program administered by EPA that provides up to 65% federal funding for the remediation of contaminated sediments in the Great Lakes region. The GLLA program requires at least 35% cash or in-kind contributions from non-federal sponsors (NFS). The EPA’s invitation to Sappi made no demands on or claims against Sappi, nor have EPA or MPCA made any demands or claims against PotlatchDeltic.

The identified sediment remediation project at Thomson Reservoir is downstream from the Plant. The Plant was identified for potential partnership with EPA and MPCA on this project based on the Plant’s historic direct discharges of wastewater and leachate from the Plant’s landfill into the St. Louis River prior to the re-routing of the discharges in 1979 to a public wastewater treatment facility. After multiple discussions with the MPCA and completion of our extensive due diligence on this matter, we informed the MPCA in January 2023 that we are interested in voluntarily participating in the program, subject to an equitable division with the MPCA of the NFS share of the costs.

Based on our analysis of MPCA’s proposal and its initial cost estimates of the project, and our proposed percentage of the NFS cost share, we accrued $5.6 million at December 31, 2022, for our contribution to the remediation project. The project is still pending EPA approval and, if approved, negotiation of a Project Agreement between the EPA, the MPCA, and us will be required. While it is reasonably possible that we may incur an additional liability as this project develops, we are unable to estimate at this time the amount of additional charges, if any, which may be required for this matter in the future.

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ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE

Not applicable.

ITEM 9A. CONT ROLS AND PROCEDURES

We conducted an evaluation (pursuant to Rule 13a-15(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the Exchange Act)), under the supervision and with the participation of management, including the Chief Executive Officer (CEO) and Chief Financial Officer (CFO), of the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) of the Exchange Act) as of December 31, 2022. These disclosure controls and procedures are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in our reports that are filed or submitted under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC's rules and forms. Our disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to ensure that this information is accumulated and communicated to management, including the principal executive and principal financial officers, or persons performing similar functions, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. Based on the evaluation, the CEO and CFO have concluded that these disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of December 31, 2022.

Management's Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) under the Exchange Act of 1934.

Disclosure controls and procedures are controls and other procedures of a company that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by the company in the reports that it files or submits under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, or the Exchange Act, is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

Our management, with the participation of our CEO and CFO, assessed the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022. In making this assessment, our management used the criteria set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission in Internal Control-Integrated Framework (2013).

On September 14, 2022, we completed the acquisition of CatchMark Timber Trust, Inc. (CatchMark). In accordance with Securities and Exchange Commission guidance permitting a company to exclude acquisitions from management’s assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting for the year in which the acquisition is completed, we have excluded certain elements of CatchMark’s internal controls from our assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022. The assets and revenue of CatchMark that were excluded from our assessment constituted approximately 0.1% of total consolidated assets and approximately 1.5% of total consolidated revenues, as of and for the year ended December 31, 2022. See Note 17: Mergers in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information regarding the acquisition of CatchMark.

Based on our assessment, which excluded certain elements of the internal controls over financial reporting of CatchMark, management believes that, as of December 31, 2022, our internal control over financial reporting is effective based on those criteria.

The effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022, has been audited by KPMG LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, as stated in their report, which is included herein.

Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the latest fiscal quarter that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

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REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

To the Stockholders and Board of Directors

PotlatchDeltic Corporation:

Opinion on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

We have audited PotlatchDeltic Corporation and subsidiaries' (the Company) internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. In our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission.

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated balance sheets of the Company as of December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income, stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2022, and the related notes (collectively, the consolidated financial statements), and our report dated February 16, 2023 expressed an unqualified opinion on those consolidated financial statements.

The Company acquired CatchMark Timber Trust, Inc. during 2022, and management excluded from its assessment of the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022, certain elements of CatchMark Timber Trust, Inc.’s internal control over financial reporting associated with 0.1% of total consolidated assets and 1.5% total consolidated revenues included in the consolidated financial statements of the Company as of and for the year ended December 31, 2022. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting of the Company also excluded an evaluation of the internal control over financial reporting of certain elements of CatchMark Timber Trust, Inc.

Basis for Opinion

The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management's Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audit also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

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Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

/s/ KPMG LL

Seattle, Washington

February 16, 2023

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ITEM 9B. O THER INFORMATION

None.

ITEM 9C. DISCLOS URE REGARDING FOREIGN JURISDICTIONS THAT PREVENT INSPECTIONS

Not applicable.

PAR T III

ITEM 10. DIRE CTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE

Certain of the information required by this item is incorporated by reference to the information appearing under the headings "Board of Directors," "Corporate Governance," and "Delinquent Section 16(a) Reports" from our definitive Proxy Statement to be filed with the SEC on or about March 28, 2023.

Our Corporate Conduct and Ethics Code, which is applicable to all directors, officers and employees, can be found on our website at www.PotlatchDeltic.com. We post any amendments to or waivers from our Corporate Conduct and Ethics Code on our website.

ITEM 11. EXE CUTIVE COMPENSATION

Information set forth under the headings "Report of the Executive Compensation and Personnel Policies Committee," "Compensation Discussion and Analysis," "Executive Compensation Tables," “CEO Pay Ratio,” "Compensation of Directors" and "Corporate Governance - Compensation Committee Interlocks and Insider Participation" in our definitive Proxy Statement to be filed with the SEC on or about March 28, 2023, is incorporated herein by reference.

ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERS HIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS

Information regarding any person or group known by us to be the beneficial owner of more than five percent of our common stock as well as the security ownership of management set forth under the heading "Security Ownership" in our definitive Proxy Statement to be filed with the SEC on or about March 28, 2023, is incorporated herein by reference.

ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE

The information required by this item regarding certain relationships and related transactions is to be included under the heading "Corporate Governance - Transactions with Related Persons" in our definitive Proxy Statement to be filed with the SEC on or about March 28, 2023, and is incorporated herein by reference.

The information required by this item regarding director independence is to be included under the headings "Board of Directors" and "Corporate Governance - Director Independence" in our definitive Proxy Statement to be filed with the SEC on or about March 28, 2023, and is incorporated herein by reference.

ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING FEES AND SERVICES

The information required by this item regarding principal accounting fees and services is to be included under the heading "Audit Committee Report - Fees Paid to Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm in 2022 and 2021" in our definitive Proxy Statement to be filed with the SEC on or about March 28, 2023, and is incorporated herein by reference.

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PA RT IV

ITEM 15. EXHIBITS AN D FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES

All financial statement schedules have been omitted because of the absence of conditions under which they are required or because the required information is included in the consolidated financial statements or the notes thereto, included in Part II – Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data above.

Exhibits:

POTLATCHDELTIC CORPORATION AND CONSOLIDATED SUBSIDIARIES

EXHIBIT NUMBER | DESCRIPTION
2.1* | Agreement and Plan of Merger dated October 22, 2017 between PotlatchDeltic Corporation, Portland Merger LLC and Deltic Timber Corporation, filed as Exhibit 2.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed by the Registrant on October 23, 2017.
2.2* | Agreement and Plan of Merger dated as of December 6, 2021 among Loutre Land and Lumber Company, PotlatchDeltic Corporation, PCH Merger LLC and the Shareholder Representatives party thereto, filed as Exhibit 2.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed by the Registrant on December 22, 2021.
2.3* | Agreement and Plan of Merger dated as of May 29, 2022, among PotlatchDeltic Corporation, Horizon Merger Sub 2022, LLC, CatchMark Timber Trust, Inc. and CatchMark Timber Operating Partnership, L.P., filed as Exhibit 2.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed by the Registrant on May 31, 2022.
3.1* | Third Restated Certificate of Incorporation of the Registrant, effective February 20, 2018, filed as Exhibit 3.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed by the Registrant on February 21, 2018.
3.2* | Bylaws of the Registrant, as amended through February 18, 2009, filed as Exhibit (3)(b) to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed by the Registrant on February 20, 2009.
4.1 | See Exhibits 3.1 and 3.2. The Registrant also undertakes to furnish to the SEC, upon request, any instrument defining the rights of holders of long-term debt.
4.2* | Description of Registrant’s Securities, filed as Exhibit 4(a) to the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2019.
4.3* | Officer’s Certificate, dated January 24, 1991, filed as Exhibit (4)(a)(i) to the Original PotlatchDeltic Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2000. (SEC File No. 001-05313)
4.4* | Officer’s Certificate, dated December 12, 1991, filed as Exhibit (4)(a)(ii) to the Original PotlatchDeltic Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 1996. (SEC File No. 001-05313).
10.1 1* | PotlatchDeltic Corporation Management Performance Award Plan, as amended effective December 2, 2004, filed as Exhibit (10)(a) to the Annual Report on Form 10-K filed by Original PotlatchDeltic for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2004. (SEC File No. 001-05313).
10.2 1* | Amendment to PotlatchDeltic Corporation Management Performance Award Plan, filed as Exhibit 10.6 to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed by the Registrant on December 11, 2008.
10.3 1* | Summary of PotlatchDeltic Corporation Non-Employee Director Compensation, effective December 1, 2022, filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed by the Registrant for the quarter ended September 30, 2022.

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10.4 1* | PotlatchDeltic Corporation Severance Program for Executive Employees, amended and restated effective January 1, 2019, filed as Exhibit 10.5 to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed by the Registrant on February 21, 2019.
10.5 1* | PotlatchDeltic Corporation Salaried Employees’ Supplemental Benefit Plan, as amended and restated effective January 1, 1989, and as amended through May 24, 2005, filed as Exhibit (10)(d) to the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed by Original PotlatchDeltic for the quarter ended June 30, 2005.
10.6 1* | Amendment, effective as of January 1, 1998, to Plan described in Exhibit (10)(c), filed as Exhibit (10)(d)(i) to the Annual Report on Form 10-K filed by Original PotlatchDeltic for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2003. (SEC File No. 001-5313)
10.7 1* | Amendment, effective as of January 1, 2009, to Plan described in Exhibit (10)(c), filed as Exhibit 10.5 to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed by the Registrant on December 11, 2008.
10.8 1* | PotlatchDeltic Corporation Deferred Compensation Plan for Directors, as amended through May 24, 2005, filed as Exhibit (10)(g) to the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed by Original PotlatchDeltic for the quarter ended June 30, 2005.
10.9 1* | PotlatchDeltic Corporation Deferred Compensation Plan for Directors II, as amended and restated effective May 8, 2014 and further amended and restated effective September 8, 2016, filed as Exhibit 10(e) to the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2016.
10.10 1* | First Amendment to the PotlatchDeltic Corporation Deferred Compensation Plan for Directors II, filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed by the Registrant on December 7, 2017.
10.11 1* | PotlatchDeltic Corporation Benefits Protection Trust Agreement, amended and restated effective September 1, 2018, filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed by the Registrant on February 21, 2019.
10.12 1* | Form of Indemnification Agreement with each director of the Registrant and with each executive officer of the Registrant, filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed by the Registrant on September 23, 2009.
10.13 1* | PotlatchDeltic Corporation 2005 Stock Incentive Plan, as amended and restated May 19, 2006, filed as Exhibit (10)(r) to the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed by the Registrant for the quarter ended June 30, 2006, and as further amended and restated effective September 16, 2006, filed as Exhibit (10)(e) to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed by the Registrant on September 21, 2006.
10.14 1* | PotlatchDeltic Corporation 2014 Stock Incentive Plan, filed as Exhibit 10.C to the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed by the Registrant for the quarter ended June 30, 2014.
10.15 1* | PotlatchDeltic Corporation Restricted Stock Unit Award Notice and Agreement (Directors) 2014 Long-Term Incentive Plan, filed as Exhibit 10.2 to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed by the Registrant on December 7, 2017.
10.16 1* | Form of 2014 RSU Award Notice and Award Agreement (2014 Long-Term Incentive Plan) filed as Exhibit 10.3 to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed by the Registrant on May 9, 2014.
10.17 1* | Form of 2015 RSU Award Notice and Agreement (2014 Long-Term Incentive Plan) filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed by the Registrant on February 18, 2015.
10.18 1* | Form of 2019 Performance Share Award Notice and Agreement (2014 Long-Term Incentive Plan), filed as Exhibit 10.6 to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed by the Registrant on February 21, 2019.

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10.19 1* | Form of 2019 RSU Award Notice and Agreement (2014 Long-term Incentive Plan) filed as Exhibit 10.7 to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed by the Registrant on February 21, 2019.
10.20 1* | PotlatchDeltic Corporation 2019 Long-Term Incentive Plan filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed by the Registrant on May 10, 2019.
10.21 1* | PotlatchDeltic Corporation Amended and Restated 2019 Long-Term Incentive Plan, filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed by the Registrant on May 4, 2022.
10.22 1* | Form of PotlatchDeltic 2019 Long-Term Incentive Plan RSU Award Notice (Employee) filed as Exhibit 10.2 to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed by the Registrant on May 10, 2019.
10.23 1* | Form of PotlatchDeltic 2019 Long-Term Incentive Plan RSU Award Agreement for restricted stock unit awards granted prior to December 2, 2021, filed as Exhibit 10.3 to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed by the Registrant on May 10, 2019.
10.24 1* | Form of PotlatchDeltic 2019 Long-Term Incentive Plan RSU Award Agreement (Employee) for restricted stock unit awards granted on or after December 2, 2021, filed as Exhibit 10.23 to the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021.
10.25 1* | Form of PotlatchDeltic 2019 Long-Term Incentive Plan Performance Share Award Notice filed as Exhibit 10.5 to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed by the Registrant on May 10, 2019.
10.26 1* | Form of PotlatchDeltic 2019 Long-Term Incentive Plan Performance Share Agreement for performance share awards granted prior to December 2, 2021, filed as Exhibit 10.6 to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed by the Registrant on May 10, 2019.
10.27 1* | Form of PotlatchDeltic 2019 Long-Term Incentive Plan Performance Share Agreement for performance share awards granted on or after December 2, 2021, filed as Exhibit 10.26 to the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021.
10.28 1* | Form of PotlatchDeltic 2019 Long-Term Incentive Plan Award Director RSU Notice and Agreement filed as Exhibit 10.7 to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed by the Registrant on May 10, 2019.
10.29 1* | PotlatchDeltic Corporation Management Performance Award Plan II, as amended through February 20, 2008, filed as Exhibit (10)(r)(iv) to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed by the Registrant on February 26, 2008.
10.30 1* | Amendment to PotlatchDeltic Corporation Management Performance Award Plan II, effective June 1, 2008, filed as Exhibit (10)(r)(v) to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed by the Registrant on May 21, 2008.
10.31 1* | PotlatchDeltic Corporation Salaried Supplemental Benefit Plan II, effective December 5, 2008, and amended and restated as of January 1, 2019, filed as Exhibit 10.4 to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed by the Registrant on February 21, 2019.
10.32 1* | PotlatchDeltic Corporation Annual Incentive Plan, amended and restated effective January 1, 2019, filed as Exhibit 10.2 to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed by the Registrant on February 21, 2019.
10.33 1* | PotlatchDeltic Corporation Annual Incentive Plan effective January 1, 2023, filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed by the Registrant on December 2, 2022.
10.34 1* | PotlatchDeltic Corporation Management Deferred Compensation Plan, effective June 1, 2008, amended and restated on February 14, 2014, filed as Exhibit (10)(x) to the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2013.

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10.35* | Second Amended and Restated Term Loan Agreement, dated as of March 22, 2018, by and among the Registrant and its wholly-owned subsidiaries, as borrowers, Northwest Farm Credit Services, PCA as administrative agent, the Guarantors from time to time party thereto and the Lenders from time to time party thereto, filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed by the Registrant on March 28, 2018.
10.36* | First amendment to Second Amended and Restated Term Loan Agreement and Incremental Term Loan Agreement dated January 30, 2019, by and among the Registrant and its wholly-owned subsidiaries as borrowers and Northwest Farm Credit Services, PCA, as Administrative Agent, the Guarantors party thereto, and the Lenders party thereto, filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed by the Registrant on February 5, 2019.
10.37* | Second amendment to Second Amended and Restated Term Loan Agreement dated December 2, 2019, by and among the Registrant and its wholly-owned subsidiaries as borrowers and Northwest Farm Credit Services, PCA, as Administrative Agent, the Guarantors party thereto, and the Lenders party thereto, filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K/A filed by the Registrant on December 10, 2019.
10.38* | Third amendment to Second Amended and Restated Term Loan Agreement dated April 14, 2020, by and among the Registrant and its wholly-owned subsidiaries as borrowers and Northwest Farm Credit Services, PCA, as Administrative Agent, the Guarantors party thereto, and the Lenders party thereto, filed as Exhibit 10(a) to the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed by the Registrant for the quarter ended March 30, 2020.
10.39* | Fourth amendment to Second Amended and Restated Term Loan Agreement dated December 1, 2020, by and among the Registrant and its wholly-owned subsidiaries as borrowers and Northwest Farm Credit Services, PCA, as Administrative Agent, the Guarantors party thereto, the Lenders party thereto, and the Voting Participants party thereto, filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed by the Registrant on December 1, 2020.
10.40* | Fifth amendment to Second Amended and Restated Term Loan Agreement dated December 1, 2021, by and among the Registrant and its wholly-owned subsidiaries as borrowers and Northwest Farm Credit Services, PCA, as Administrative Agent, the Guarantors party thereto, the Lenders party thereto, and the Voting Participants party thereto, filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed by the Registrant on December 1, 2021.
10.41* | Sixth amendment to Second Amended and Restated Term Loan Agreement dated February 14, 2022, by and among the Registrant and its wholly-owned subsidiaries as borrowers and Northwest Farm Credit Services, PCA, as Administrative Agent, the Guarantors party thereto, the Lenders party thereto, and the Voting Participants party thereto, filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed by the Registrant on February 14, 2022.
10.42* | Seventh amendment to Second Amended and Restated Term Loan Agreement dated September 14, 2022, by and among the Registrant and its wholly-owned subsidiaries as borrowers and Northwest Farm Credit Services, PCA, as Administrative Agent, the Guarantors party thereto, the Lenders party thereto, and the Voting Participants party thereto, filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed by the Registrant on September 14, 2022.
10.43* | Eighth amendment to Second Amended and Restated Term Loan Agreement dated December 1, 2022, by and among the Registrant and its wholly-owned subsidiaries as borrowers and Northwest Farm Credit Services, PCA, as Administrative Agent, the Guarantors party thereto, the Lenders party thereto, and the Voting Participants party thereto, filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed by the Registrant on December 1, 2022.

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10.44* | Loan Agreement dated August 1, 2016 by and among Nez Perce County, Idaho, PotlatchDeltic Corporation, PotlatchDeltic Forest Holdings, Inc., PotlatchDeltic Lake States Timberlands, LLC, PotlatchDeltic Land and Lumber, LLC, Minnesota Timberlands, LLC and PotlatchDeltic Timberlands, LLC, filed as Exhibit 1.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed by the Registrant on August 19, 2016.
10.45* | Second Amended and Restated Credit Agreement dated as of February 14, 2018, by and among the Registrant and its wholly-owned subsidiaries as borrowers, Key Bank National Association as Administrative Agent, swing line lender and L/C issuer, the Guarantors from time to time party thereto and the Lenders from time to time party thereto, filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed by the Registrant on February 15, 2018.
10.46* | Third Amended and Restated Credit Agreement dated as of December 14, 2021, by and among the Registrant and its wholly-owned subsidiaries as borrowers, KeyBank National Association as Administrative Agent, swing line lender and L/C Issuer, the Guarantors from time to time party thereto and the Lenders from time to time party thereto, filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed by the Registrant on December 14, 2021.
10.47* | Asset Purchase and sales agreement between the Registrant’s wholly-owned subsidiary, Del-Tin Fiber, LLC (Del-Tin) and Roseburg Forest Products Co. for the sale of Del-Tin’s El Dorado MDF Business filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed by the Registrant on December 21,2018.
10.48* | Group annuity contract, effective March 6, 2020, between NY Life Insurance Company and the Registrant, filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed by the Registrant on October 16, 2020.
10.49 1* | Letter Agreement, dated November 6, 2020, between Michael J. Covey and the Registrant, filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed by the Registrant on November 9, 2020.
10.50* | Engineering, Procurement and Construction Agreement, dated as of June 3, 2022, between PotlatchDeltic Manufacturing, LLC and BID Group Construction US Inc., filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed by the Registrant on June 6, 2022.
21 2 | PotlatchDeltic Corporation Subsidiaries.
23 2 | Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm.
24 2 | Powers of Attorney.
31 2 | Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a) Certifications.
32 2 | Furnished statements of the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer under 18 U.S.C. Section 1350.

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101 | The following financial information from PotlatchDeltic Corporation’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022, filed on February 16, 2023, formatted in iXBRL (Inline Extensible Business Reporting Language): (i) the Consolidated Statements of Operations for the year ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, (ii) the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the year ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, (iii) the Consolidated Balance Sheets at December 31, 2022 and 2021, (iv) the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the year ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, (v) the Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity for the year ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 and (vi) the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
104 | Cover Page Interactive Data File (embedded within the Inline XBRL document and contained in Exhibit 101).

* Incorporated by reference (SEC File No. 001-32729, unless otherwise indicated).

1 Management contract or compensatory plan, contract or arrangement.

2 Document filed with this Form 10-K.

ITEM 16. FO RM 10-K SUMMARY

None.

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SI GNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

|  | POTLATCHDELTIC CORPORATION (Registrant)
|  | By | /s/ ERIC J. CREMERS
|  |  | Eric J. Cremers
|  |  | President and Chief Executive Officer

Date: February 16, 2023

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below on February 16, 2023, by the following persons on behalf of the registrant in the capacities indicated.

| /s/ ERIC J. CREMERS |  | Director, President and Chief Executive Officer
| Eric J. Cremers |  | (Principal Executive Officer)
| /s/ JERALD W. RICHARDS |  | Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
| Jerald W. Richards |  |
| /s/ WAYNE WASECHEK |  | Controller (Principal Accounting Officer)
| Wayne Wasechek |  |
| * |  | Director, Chairperson of the Board
| Michael J. Covey |  |
| * |  | Director
| Anne L. Alonzo |  |
| * |  | Director
| Linda M. Breard |  |
| * |  | Director
| James M. DeCosmo |  |
| * |  | Director
| William L. Driscoll |  |
| * |  | Director
| D. Mark Leland |  |
| * |  | Director
| Lawrence S. Peiros. |  |
| * |  | Director
| R. Hunter Pierson, Jr. |  |
| * |  | Director
| Lenore M. Sullivan |  |

| *By |  | /s/ MICHELE L. TYLER
|  |  | Michele L. Tyler
|  |  | (Attorney-in-fact)

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