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Investment Securities | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2024
Investment Securities |
Investment Securities | 3. Investment Securities ​ As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, investment securities consisted predominantly of the following investment categories: ​ U.S. Treasury and debt securities – includes U.S. Treasury notes and debt securities issued by government-sponsored enterprises. ​ Mortgage-backed securities – includes securities backed by notes or receivables secured by mortgage assets with cash flows based on actual or scheduled payments. ​ Collateralized mortgage obligations – includes securities backed by a pool of mortgages with cash flows distributed based on certain rules rather than pass through payments. ​ Collateralized loan obligations – includes structured debt securities backed by a pool of loans, consisting of primarily non-investment grade broadly syndicated corporate loans with additional credit enhancement. These are floating rate securities that have an investment grade rating of AA or better. ​ Debt securities issued by states and political subdivisions – includes general obligation bonds issued by state and local governments. ​ As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company’s investment securities were classified as either available-for-sale or held-to-maturity. Amortized cost, gross unrealized holding gains and losses and fair value of available-for-sale and held-to-maturity investment securities as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 were as follows: ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | 2024 | ​ | 2023
​ | ​ | Amortized | ​ | Unrealized | ​ | Unrealized | ​ | Fair | ​ | Amortized | ​ | Unrealized | ​ | Unrealized | ​ | Fair
(dollars in thousands) |  | Cost |  | Gains |  | Losses |  | Value |  | Cost |  | Gains |  | Losses |  | Value
U.S. Treasury and government agency debt securities | ​ | $ | 8,170 | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | (23) | ​ | $ | 8,147 | ​ | $ | 33,169 | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | (666) | ​ | $ | 32,503
Government-sponsored enterprises debt securities | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 20,000 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (408) | ​ | ​ | 19,592
Mortgage-backed securities: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Residential - Government agency | ​ | ​ | 37,473 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (1,614) | ​ | ​ | 35,859 | ​ | ​ | 11,303 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (1,121) | ​ | ​ | 10,182
Residential - Government-sponsored enterprises | ​ | ​ | 840,836 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (102,723) | ​ | ​ | 738,113 | ​ | ​ | 895,421 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (112,124) | ​ | ​ | 783,297
Commercial - Government agency | ​ | ​ | 249,348 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (53,223) | ​ | ​ | 196,125 | ​ | ​ | 268,944 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (50,270) | ​ | ​ | 218,674
Commercial - Government-sponsored enterprises | ​ | ​ | 48,015 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (3,107) | ​ | ​ | 44,908 | ​ | ​ | 93,459 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (7,028) | ​ | ​ | 86,431
Commercial - Non-agency | ​ | ​ | 22,000 | ​ | ​ | 83 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 22,083 | ​ | ​ | 21,964 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (281) | ​ | ​ | 21,683
Collateralized mortgage obligations: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Government agency | ​ | ​ | 452,038 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (54,914) | ​ | ​ | 397,124 | ​ | ​ | 538,718 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (67,568) | ​ | ​ | 471,150
Government-sponsored enterprises | ​ | ​ | 359,416 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (48,734) | ​ | ​ | 310,682 | ​ | ​ | 425,826 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (61,856) | ​ | ​ | 363,970
Collateralized loan obligations | ​ | ​ | 173,152 | ​ | ​ | 323 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 173,475 | ​ | ​ | 249,871 | ​ | ​ | 43 | ​ | ​ | (2,060) | ​ | ​ | 247,854
Total available-for-sale securities | ​ | $ | 2,190,448 | ​ | $ | 406 | ​ | $ | (264,338) | ​ | $ | 1,926,516 | ​ | $ | 2,558,675 | ​ | $ | 43 | ​ | $ | (303,382) | ​ | $ | 2,255,336
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Government agency debt securities | ​ | $ | 49,267 | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | (5,398) | ​ | $ | 43,869 | ​ | $ | 52,051 | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | (4,497) | ​ | $ | 47,554
Mortgage-backed securities: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Residential - Government agency | ​ | ​ | 40,888 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (6,579) | ​ | ​ | 34,309 | ​ | ​ | 43,885 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (5,189) | ​ | ​ | 38,696
Residential - Government-sponsored enterprises | ​ | ​ | 92,573 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (14,854) | ​ | ​ | 77,719 | ​ | ​ | 99,379 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (11,013) | ​ | ​ | 88,366
Commercial - Government agency | ​ | ​ | 31,009 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (8,666) | ​ | ​ | 22,343 | ​ | ​ | 30,795 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (7,017) | ​ | ​ | 23,778
Commercial - Government-sponsored enterprises | ​ | ​ | 1,114,549 | ​ | ​ | 201 | ​ | ​ | (149,244) | ​ | ​ | 965,506 | ​ | ​ | 1,129,738 | ​ | ​ | 195 | ​ | ​ | (130,757) | ​ | ​ | 999,176
Collateralized mortgage obligations: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Government agency | ​ | ​ | 907,565 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (126,020) | ​ | ​ | 781,545 | ​ | ​ | 989,130 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (109,471) | ​ | ​ | 879,659
Government-sponsored enterprises | ​ | ​ | 1,500,212 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (210,721) | ​ | ​ | 1,289,491 | ​ | ​ | 1,642,274 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (193,897) | ​ | ​ | 1,448,377
Debt securities issued by states and political subdivisions | ​ | ​ | 54,587 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (6,860) | ​ | ​ | 47,727 | ​ | ​ | 54,197 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (4,947) | ​ | ​ | 49,250
Total held-to-maturity securities | ​ | $ | 3,790,650 | ​ | $ | 201 | ​ | $ | (528,342) | ​ | $ | 3,262,509 | ​ | $ | 4,041,449 | ​ | $ | 195 | ​ | $ | (466,788) | ​ | $ | 3,574,856
​ Accrued interest receivable related to available-for-sale investment securities was $5.6 million and $7.2 million as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Accrued interest receivable related to held-to-maturity investment securities was $6.6 million and $7.0 million as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Accrued interest receivable is recorded separately from the amortized cost basis of investment securities on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets. ​ Proceeds from calls and sales of investment securities were $73.5 million and $264.3 million, respectively, for the year ended December 31, 2024. Including the 2023 sale of Visa Class B restricted shares described below, proceeds from calls and sales of investment securities were $8.3 million and $551.6 million, respectively, for the year ended December 31, 2023. Proceeds from calls and sales of investment securities were $1.7 million and nil, respectively, for the year ended December 31, 2022. The Company recorded gross realized gains of nil, $40.8 million and nil for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The Company recorded gross realized losses of $26.2 million, $40.0 million and nil for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The income tax benefit related to the Company’s net realized losses on the sale of investment securities was $7.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2024. The income tax expense related to the Company’s net realized gains on the sale of investment securities was $0.2 million and nil for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Gains and losses realized on sales of securities are determined using the specific identification method. ​ Interest income from taxable investment securities was $110.9 million, $134.5 million and $128.7 million for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Interest income from non-taxable investment securities was $12.8 million, $13.2 million and $13.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022. ​ The amortized cost and fair value of debt securities issued by the U.S. Treasury, government agencies, government-sponsored enterprises and states and political subdivisions, non-agency mortgage-backed securities and collateralized loan obligations as of December 31, 2024, by contractual maturity, are shown below. Mortgage-backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations issued by government agencies and government-sponsored enterprises are disclosed separately in the table below as remaining expected maturities will differ from contractual maturities as borrowers have the right to prepay obligations. ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | December 31, 2024
​ | ​ | Amortized | ​ | Fair
(dollars in thousands) |  | Cost |  | Value
Available-for-sale securities | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Due in one year or less | ​ | $ | 8,170 | ​ | $ | 8,147
Due after one year through five years | ​ | ​ | 9,275 | ​ | ​ | 9,296
Due after five years through ten years | ​ | ​ | 146,351 | ​ | ​ | 146,596
Due after ten years | ​ | ​ | 39,526 | ​ | ​ | 39,666
​ | ​ | ​ | 203,322 | ​ | ​ | 203,705
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Mortgage-backed securities: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Residential - Government agency | ​ | ​ | 37,473 | ​ | ​ | 35,859
Residential - Government-sponsored enterprises | ​ | ​ | 840,836 | ​ | ​ | 738,113
Commercial - Government agency | ​ | ​ | 249,348 | ​ | ​ | 196,125
Commercial - Government-sponsored enterprises | ​ | ​ | 48,015 | ​ | ​ | 44,908
Total mortgage-backed securities | ​ | ​ | 1,175,672 | ​ | ​ | 1,015,005
Collateralized mortgage obligations: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Government agency | ​ | ​ | 452,038 | ​ | ​ | 397,124
Government-sponsored enterprises | ​ | ​ | 359,416 | ​ | ​ | 310,682
Total collateralized mortgage obligations | ​ | ​ | 811,454 | ​ | ​ | 707,806
Total available-for-sale securities | ​ | $ | 2,190,448 | ​ | $ | 1,926,516
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Held-to-maturity securities | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Due in one year or less | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | —
Due after one year through five years | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | —
Due after five years through ten years | ​ | ​ | 52,531 | ​ | ​ | 47,264
Due after ten years | ​ | ​ | 51,323 | ​ | ​ | 44,332
​ | ​ | ​ | 103,854 | ​ | ​ | 91,596
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Mortgage-backed securities: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Residential - Government agency | ​ | ​ | 40,888 | ​ | ​ | 34,309
Residential - Government-sponsored enterprises | ​ | ​ | 92,573 | ​ | ​ | 77,719
Commercial - Government agency | ​ | ​ | 31,009 | ​ | ​ | 22,343
Commercial - Government-sponsored enterprises | ​ | ​ | 1,114,549 | ​ | ​ | 965,506
Total mortgage-backed securities | ​ | ​ | 1,279,019 | ​ | ​ | 1,099,877
Collateralized mortgage obligations: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Government agency | ​ | ​ | 907,565 | ​ | ​ | 781,545
Government-sponsored enterprises | ​ | ​ | 1,500,212 | ​ | ​ | 1,289,491
Total collateralized mortgage obligations | ​ | ​ | 2,407,777 | ​ | ​ | 2,071,036
Total held-to-maturity securities | ​ | $ | 3,790,650 | ​ | $ | 3,262,509
​ At December 31, 2024, pledged securities totaled $3.8 billion, of which $2.1 billion was pledged to secure borrowing capacity, $1.7 billion was pledged to secure public deposits and $19.3 million was pledged to secure other financial transactions. At December 31, 2023, pledged securities totaled $5.0 billion, of which $2.6 billion was pledged to secure public deposits, $2.3 billion was pledged to secure borrowing capacity and $183.0 million was pledged to secure other financial transactions. ​ The Company held no securities of any single issuer, other than debt securities issued by the U.S. government, government agencies and government-sponsored enterprises, which were in excess of 10% of stockholders’ equity as of December 31, 2024 and 2023. ​ The following tables present the unrealized gross losses and fair values of securities in the available-for-sale portfolio by length of time that the 159 and 222 individual securities in each category have been in a continuous loss position as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The unrealized losses on available-for-sale investment securities were attributable to changes in interest rates, relative to when the investment securities were purchased, and not due to the credit quality of the investment securities. ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Time in Continuous Loss as of December 31, 2024
​ | ​ | Less Than 12 Months | ​ | 12 Months or More | ​ | Total
​ | ​ | Unrealized | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Unrealized | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Unrealized | ​ | ​ | ​
(dollars in thousands) |  | Losses |  | Fair Value |  | Losses |  | Fair Value |  | Losses |  | Fair Value
U.S. Treasury and government agency debt securities | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | (23) | ​ | $ | 8,147 | ​ | $ | (23) | ​ | $ | 8,147
Mortgage-backed securities: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Residential - Government agency | ​ | ​ | (154) | ​ | ​ | 27,127 | ​ | ​ | (1,460) | ​ | ​ | 8,732 | ​ | ​ | (1,614) | ​ | ​ | 35,859
Residential - Government-sponsored enterprises | ​ | ​ | (2,997) | ​ | ​ | 116,084 | ​ | ​ | (99,726) | ​ | ​ | 622,029 | ​ | ​ | (102,723) | ​ | ​ | 738,113
Commercial - Government agency | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (53,223) | ​ | ​ | 196,125 | ​ | ​ | (53,223) | ​ | ​ | 196,125
Commercial - Government-sponsored enterprises | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (3,107) | ​ | ​ | 44,908 | ​ | ​ | (3,107) | ​ | ​ | 44,908
Collateralized mortgage obligations: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Government agency | ​ | ​ | (712) | ​ | ​ | 76,968 | ​ | ​ | (54,202) | ​ | ​ | 310,171 | ​ | ​ | (54,914) | ​ | ​ | 387,139
Government-sponsored enterprises | ​ | ​ | (912) | ​ | ​ | 57,509 | ​ | ​ | (47,822) | ​ | ​ | 253,173 | ​ | ​ | (48,734) | ​ | ​ | 310,682
Total available-for-sale securities with unrealized losses | ​ | $ | (4,775) | ​ | $ | 277,688 | ​ | $ | (259,563) | ​ | $ | 1,443,285 | ​ | $ | (264,338) | ​ | $ | 1,720,973
​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Time in Continuous Loss as of December 31, 2023
​ | ​ | Less Than 12 Months | ​ | 12 Months or More | ​ | Total
​ | ​ | Unrealized | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Unrealized | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Unrealized | ​ | ​ | ​
(dollars in thousands) |  | Losses |  | Fair Value |  | Losses |  | Fair Value |  | Losses |  | Fair Value
U.S. Treasury and government agency debt securities | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | (666) | ​ | $ | 32,503 | ​ | $ | (666) | ​ | $ | 32,503
Government-sponsored enterprises debt securities | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (408) | ​ | ​ | 19,592 | ​ | ​ | (408) | ​ | ​ | 19,592
Mortgage-backed securities: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Residential - Government agency | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (1,121) | ​ | ​ | 10,182 | ​ | ​ | (1,121) | ​ | ​ | 10,182
Residential - Government-sponsored enterprises | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (112,124) | ​ | ​ | 783,297 | ​ | ​ | (112,124) | ​ | ​ | 783,297
Commercial - Government agency | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (50,270) | ​ | ​ | 218,674 | ​ | ​ | (50,270) | ​ | ​ | 218,674
Commercial - Government-sponsored enterprises | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (7,028) | ​ | ​ | 86,431 | ​ | ​ | (7,028) | ​ | ​ | 86,431
Commercial - Non-agency | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (281) | ​ | ​ | 21,683 | ​ | ​ | (281) | ​ | ​ | 21,683
Collateralized mortgage obligations: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Government agency | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (67,568) | ​ | ​ | 471,150 | ​ | ​ | (67,568) | ​ | ​ | 471,150
Government-sponsored enterprises | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (61,856) | ​ | ​ | 363,970 | ​ | ​ | (61,856) | ​ | ​ | 363,970
Collateralized loan obligations | ​ | ​ | (564) | ​ | ​ | 63,667 | ​ | ​ | (1,496) | ​ | ​ | 163,126 | ​ | ​ | (2,060) | ​ | ​ | 226,793
Total available-for-sale securities with unrealized losses | ​ | $ | (564) | ​ | $ | 63,667 | ​ | $ | (302,818) | ​ | $ | 2,170,608 | ​ | $ | (303,382) | ​ | $ | 2,234,275
​ At December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company did not have any available-for-sale securities with the intent to sell and determined it was more likely than not that the Company would not be required to sell the securities prior to recovery of the amortized cost basis. As the Company had the intent and ability to hold the remaining available-for-sale securities in an unrealized loss position as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, each security with an unrealized loss position in the above tables has been further assessed to determine if a credit loss exists. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company did not expect any credit losses in its available-for-sale debt securities and no credit losses were recognized on available-for-sale securities during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023. ​ As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company’s investment securities were comprised primarily of debt securities, mortgage-backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations issued by the U.S. Government, its agencies and government-sponsored enterprises, with under 5% of the investment securities comprised of collateralized loan obligations rated AA or better and obligations issued by local state and political subdivisions rated AA or better. For investment securities issued by the U.S. Government, its agencies and government-sponsored enterprises, management has concluded that the long history with no credit losses from these issuers indicates an expectation that nonpayment of the amortized cost basis is zero, and these securities are explicitly or implicitly fully guaranteed by the U.S. government. The U.S. government can print its own currency and its currency is routinely held by central banks and other major financial institutions. The dollar is used in international commerce, and commonly is viewed as a reserve currency, all of which qualitatively indicates that historical credit loss information should be minimally affected by current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts. For collateralized loan obligations and debt securities issued by local state and political subdivisions, these securities are investment grade and highly rated and carry either sufficient credit enhancement or days cash on hand to support timely payments of principal and interest. As a result, the Company does not expect any future payment defaults and has not recorded an allowance for credit losses for its available-for-sale and held-to-maturity debt securities as of December 31, 2024 and 2023. ​ In the fourth quarter of 2023, the Company recorded a $40.8 million net realized gain related to the sale of approximately 120,000 Visa Class B restricted shares. The Company did not hold any Visa Class B restricted shares as of both December 31, 2024 and 2023.

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- Definition The entire disclosure for investment holdings. This includes the long positions of investments for the entity. It contains investments in affiliated and unaffiliated issuers. The investments include securities and non securities (i.e. commodities and futures contracts). + References Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef -Topic 946 -SubTopic 210 -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Section 50 -Paragraph 12 -Publisher FASB -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147478795/946-210-50-12 + Details
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