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Income Taxes and Related Payments
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2023
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]  
Income Taxes and Related Payments
Note 11. Income Taxes and Related Payments
APAM is subject to U.S. federal, state and local income taxation on APAM’s allocable portion of Holdings’ income, as well as foreign income taxes payable by Holdings’ subsidiaries. Components of the provision for income taxes consist of the following:
 For the Years Ended December 31,
Current:202320222021
Federal$21,776 $25,903 $53,131 
State and local6,580 6,870 14,990 
Foreign1,036 521 523 
Total29,392 33,294 68,644 
Deferred:
Federal36,128 25,670 32,655 
State and local6,368 4,486 5,727 
Total42,496 30,156 38,382 
Income tax expense$71,888 $63,450 $107,026 
The provision for income taxes differs from the amount of income tax computed by applying the applicable U.S. statutory federal income tax rate to income before provision for income taxes as follows:
 For the Years Ended December 31,
202320222021
U.S. federal statutory rate21.0 %21.0 %21.0 %
State and local taxes, net of federal tax effect3.4 3.7 3.5 
Excess tax benefits on share-based compensation(0.9)(1.7)(1.4)
Rate benefit from the flow through entity(4.9)(2.8)(4.1)
Unrecognized tax benefits— (0.1)— 
Other0.1 0.2 0.4 
Effective tax rate18.7 %20.3 %19.4 %
The effective tax rate includes a rate benefit attributable to the fact that, for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, approximately 16%, 17% and 19%, respectively, of Artisan Partners Holdings’ taxable earnings were attributable to other partners and not subject to corporate-level taxes. The effective tax rate was also lower than the statutory rate due to tax deductible dividends paid on unvested restricted share-based awards.
In connection with the IPO, APAM entered into two tax receivable agreements (“TRAs”). The first TRA, generally provides for the payment by APAM to a private equity fund (the “Pre-H&F Corp Merger Shareholder”) or its assignees of 85% of the applicable cash savings, if any, of U.S. federal, state and local income taxes that APAM actually realizes (or is deemed to realize in certain circumstances) as a result of (i) the tax attributes of the preferred units APAM acquired in the merger of a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Pre-H&F Corp Merger Shareholder into APAM in March 2013 and (ii) tax benefits related to imputed interest.
The second TRA generally provides for the payment by APAM to current or former limited partners of Holdings or their assignees of 85% of the applicable cash savings, if any, of U.S. federal, state and local income taxes that APAM actually realizes (or is deemed to realize in certain circumstances) as a result of (i) certain tax attributes of their partnership units sold to APAM or exchanged (for shares of Class A common stock, convertible preferred stock or other consideration) and that are created as a result of such sales or exchanges and payments under the TRAs and (ii) tax benefits related to imputed interest. Under both agreements, APAM generally will retain the benefit of the remaining 15% of the applicable tax savings.
For purposes of the TRAs, cash savings of income taxes are calculated by comparing APAM’s actual income tax liability to the amount it would have been required to pay had it not been able to utilize any of the tax benefits subject to the TRAs, unless certain assumptions apply. The TRAs will continue in effect until all such tax benefits have been utilized or expired, unless APAM exercises its right to terminate the agreements or payments under the agreements are accelerated in the event that APAM materially breaches any of its material obligations under the agreements.
The actual increase in tax basis, as well as the amount and timing of any payments under these agreements, will vary depending upon a number of factors, including the timing of sales or exchanges by the holders of limited partnership units, the price of the Class A common stock at the time of such sales or exchanges, whether such sales or exchanges are taxable, the amount and timing of the taxable income APAM generates in the future and the tax rate then applicable and the portion of APAM’s payments under the TRAs constituting imputed interest or depreciable basis or amortizable basis.
Payments under the TRAs, if any, will be made pro rata among all TRA counterparties entitled to payments on an annual basis to the extent APAM has sufficient taxable income to utilize the increased depreciation and amortization charges and imputed interest deductions. Artisan expects to make one or more payments under the TRAs, to the extent they are required, prior to or within 125 days after APAM’s U.S. federal income tax return is filed for each fiscal year. Interest on the TRA payments will accrue from the due date (without extension) of such tax return until such payments are made.
Amounts payable under the TRAs are estimates which may be impacted by factors, including but not limited to, expected tax rates, projected taxable income, and projected ownership levels and are subject to change. Changes in the estimates of amounts payable under tax receivable agreements are recorded as non-operating income (loss) in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.
The change in the Company’s deferred tax assets related to the tax benefits described above and the change in corresponding amounts payable under the TRAs for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 is summarized as follows:
Deferred Tax Asset - Amortizable BasisAmounts Payable Under Tax Receivable Agreements
December 31, 2021$459,893 $425,427 
2022 Holdings Common Unit Exchanges
8,687 7,384 
Amortization(42,122)— 
Payments under TRAs (1)
— (33,109)
Change in estimate10 (913)
December 31, 2022$426,468 $398,789 
2023 Holdings Common Unit Exchanges
1,789 1,521 
Amortization(43,832)— 
Payments under TRAs (1)
— (35,757)
Change in estimate(2)(505)
December 31, 2023$384,423 $364,048 
(1) Interest payments of $0.2 million and $0.1 million were paid in addition to these TRA payments for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Net deferred tax assets comprise the following:
Deferred tax assets:As of December 31, 2023As of December 31, 2022
Amortizable basis (1)
$384,423 $426,468 
Other (2)
52,106 50,556 
Total deferred tax assets436,529 477,024 
Less: valuation allowance (3)
— — 
Net deferred tax assets$436,529 $477,024 
(1) Represents the unamortized step-up of tax basis and other tax attributes from the merger and partnership unit sales and exchanges described above. These future tax benefits are subject to the TRA agreements.
(2) Represents the net deferred tax assets associated with Artisan’s investment in Holdings, related primarily to incentive compensation plan deduction timing differences. These future tax benefits are not subject to the TRA agreements.
(3) Artisan assessed whether the deferred tax assets would be realizable and determined based on its history of taxable income that the benefits would more likely than not be realized. Accordingly, no valuation allowance is required.
Accounting standards establish a minimum threshold for recognizing, and a process for measuring, the benefits of income tax return positions in financial statements. The change in the Company’s gross unrecognized tax benefits for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 is summarized as follows:
 For the Years Ended December 31,
202320222021
Balance at beginning of year$147 $1,085 $1,085 
Additions for tax positions of prior years— 117 — 
Reductions for tax positions of prior years— (476)— 
Tax positions related to the current year26 30 — 
Settlements with taxing authorities— (609)— 
Expirations of statute of limitations— — — 
Balance at end of year$173 $147 $1,085 
If recognized, $0.2 million and $0.1 million of the benefits (expense) recorded as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, would favorably (unfavorably) impact the effective tax rate in future periods. The total amount of unrecognized tax benefits is currently not expected to significantly increase or decrease within the next twelve months.
The Company recognizes interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits as a component of the income tax provision. Accrued interest on uncertain tax positions was less than $0.1 million as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, and is excluded from the unrecognized tax benefits total above. The gross unrecognized tax benefit is recorded within accounts payable, accrued expenses, and other in the Company's Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition.
In the normal course of business, Artisan is subject to examination by federal and certain state, local and foreign tax regulators. As of December 31, 2023, U.S. federal income tax returns filed for the years 2020 through 2022 are open and therefore subject to examination. State, local and foreign income tax returns filed are generally subject to examination from 2019 to 2022.