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Policy Acquisition Costs
12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2022
Policy Acquisition Costs  
Policy Acquisition Costs

5. Policy Acquisition Costs

The following tables present the policy acquisition costs deferred and amortized over the terms of the policies in force:

Year ended December 31,

    

2022

    

2021

    

2020

(in thousands)

Deferred Policy Acquisition Costs:

 

  

 

  

 

  

Balance, beginning of year

$

55,953

$

35,481

$

25,201

Additions to deferred balance:

 

 

 

Direct commissions

 

209,061

 

133,242

 

82,786

Ceding commissions and fronting fees

 

(109,302)

 

(32,249)

 

(19,371)

Premium taxes

 

10,166

 

8,209

 

7,024

Total net additions

 

109,925

 

109,202

 

70,439

Amortization of net policy acquisition costs

 

(109,138)

 

(88,730)

 

(60,159)

Balance, end of year

$

56,740

$

55,953

$

35,481

Acquisition expenses:

 

  

 

  

 

  

Amortization of net policy acquisition costs

$

109,138

$

88,730

$

60,159

Period costs

 

1,633

 

6,703

 

3,882

Total Acquisition expenses

$

110,771

$

95,433

$

64,041