Share-Based Compensation

In connection with our initial public offering, the Board of Directors adopted the 2005 Long-Term Equity Incentive Plan (the “Plan”), which provides for grants of up to a maximum of 5.0 million shares of restricted stock, stock options, RSUs and other equity-based awards. In June 2014, the Board of Directors approved, and in July 2014, the stockholders ratified, an increase of an additional 1.8 million shares of our common stock for issuance under the Plan, an increase of the maximum number of shares subject to stock options that may be awarded to any one participant under the Plan during any fiscal 12-month period from 1.0 million to 2.5 million shares, and an extension of the term of the Plan by ten years, to February 2025. Directors, officers and other employees of the Company and its subsidiaries, as well as others performing services for the Company, are eligible for grants under the Plan.

During 2019, pre-tax share-based compensation costs charged against income and the related income tax benefit recognized were $7.4 million and $1.4 million, respectively.

During 2018, pre-tax share-based compensation costs charged against income and the related income tax benefit recognized were $8.9 million and $1.8 million, respectively.

During 2017, pre-tax share-based compensation costs charged against income and the related income tax benefit recognized were $8.1 million and $2.6 million, respectively.

At March 31, 2019, there were $5.5 million of unrecognized compensation costs related to nonvested share-based compensation arrangements under the Plan, based on management’s estimate of the shares that will ultimately vest. We expect to recognize such costs over a weighted-average period of 0.9 years. The total fair value of options and restricted shares vested during 2019, 2018, and 2017 was $12.0 million, $6.8 million and $6.0 million, respectively. Cash received from the exercise of stock options was $2.9 million during 2019, and we realized $1.3 million in tax benefits for the tax deductions resulting from RSU issuances and option exercises in 2019. Cash received from the exercise of stock options was $1.6 million during 2018, and we realized $1.1 million in tax benefits for the tax deductions resulting from RSU issuances and option exercises in 2018. Cash received from the exercise of stock options was $4.0 million during 2017, and we realized $2.0 million in tax benefits for the tax deductions from RSU issuances and option exercises in 2017. At March 31, 2019, there were 1.8 million shares available for issuance under the Plan.

On May 7, 2018, the Compensation and Talent Management Committee of our Board of Directors granted 103,406 performance units, 100,399 RSUs and stock options to acquire 294,484 shares of our common stock to certain executive officers and employees under the Plan. The stock options were granted at an exercise price of $29.46 per share, which was equal to the closing price for our common stock on the date of the grant.

Pursuant to the Plan, each of the independent members of the Board of Directors received a grant of 3,779 RSUs on July 31, 2018. The RSUs are fully vested upon receipt of the award and will be settled by delivery to the director of one share of common stock of the Company for each vested RSU promptly following the earliest of the director's (i) death, (ii) disability or (iii) the six-month anniversary of the date on which the director's Board membership ceases for reasons other than death or disability.

Restricted Stock Units

Restricted stock units granted to employees under the Plan generally vest in three years, primarily upon the attainment of certain time vesting thresholds, and, in the case of performance share units, may also be contingent on the attainment of certain performance goals of the Company, including revenue and earnings before income taxes, depreciation and amortization targets. The RSUs provide for accelerated vesting if there is a change of control, as defined in the Plan. The RSUs granted to employees generally vest either ratably over three years or in their entirety on the three-year anniversary of the date of the grant. Upon vesting, the units will be settled in shares of our common stock. Termination of employment prior to vesting will result in forfeiture of the RSUs, unless otherwise accelerated by the Compensation and Talent Management Committee or, in the case of RSUs granted in May 2017 and 2018, subject to pro-rata vesting in the event of death, disability or retirement. The RSUs granted to directors vest immediately upon grant, and will be settled by delivery to the director of one share of common stock of the Company for each vested RSU promptly following the earliest of the director's (i) death, (ii) disability or (iii) six-month anniversary of the date on which the director's Board membership ceases for reasons other than death or disability.

The fair value of the RSUs is determined using the closing price of our common stock on the date of the grant.

A summary of the Company’s RSUs granted under the Plan is presented below:



RSUs	Shares (in thousands)		Weighted-Average Grant-Date Fair Value
Vested and nonvested at March 31, 2016	467.8		$	35.22

Granted	68.4		55.44
Vested and issued	(94.7	)	28.51
Forfeited	(91.4	)	41.71
Vested and nonvested at March 31, 2017	350.1		39.29
Vested at March 31, 2017	63.4		20.12

Granted	105.8		55.61
Vested and issued	(53.3	)	34.30
Forfeited	(9.1	)	48.76
Vested and nonvested at March 31, 2018	393.5		44.13
Vested at March 31, 2018	90.5		29.88

Granted	226.4		30.09
Vested and issued	(175.8	)	43.05
Forfeited	(31.1	)	48.32
Vested and nonvested at March 31, 2019	413.0		36.58
Vested at March 31, 2019	113.2		31.05

Options

The Plan provides that the exercise price of options granted shall be no less than the fair market value of the Company's common stock on the date the options are granted. Options granted have a term of no greater than ten years from the date of grant and vest in accordance with a schedule determined at the time the option is granted, generally three to five years. The option awards provide for accelerated vesting in the event of a change in control, as defined in the Plan. Except in the case of death, disability or retirement, termination of employment prior to vesting will result in forfeiture of the unvested stock options. Vested stock options will remain exercisable by the employee after termination of employment, subject to the terms in the Plan.

The fair value of each option award is estimated on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes Option Pricing Model that uses the assumptions noted in the table below. Expected volatilities are based on the historical volatility of our common stock and other factors, including the historical volatilities of comparable companies. We use appropriate historical data, as well as current data, to estimate option exercise and employee termination behaviors. Employees that are expected to exhibit similar exercise or termination behaviors are grouped together for the purposes of valuation. The expected terms of the options granted are derived from our historical experience, management’s estimates, and consideration of information derived from the public filings of companies similar to us, and represent the period of time that options granted are expected to be outstanding. The risk-free rate represents the yield on U.S. Treasury bonds with a maturity equal to the expected term of the granted options.

The weighted-average grant-date fair values of the options granted during 2019, 2018, and 2017 were $10.22, $21.20, and $21.75, respectively.



	Year Ended March 31,
	2019		2018		2017
Expected volatility	29.6	%	35.2	%	37.8	%
Expected dividends	—		—		—
Expected term in years	6.0		6.0		6.0
Risk-free rate	2.9	%	2.2	%	1.7	%

A summary of option activity under the Plan is as follows:



Options	Shares (in thousands)		Weighted-Average Exercise Price		Weighted- Average Remaining Contractual Term	Aggregate Intrinsic Value (in thousands)

Outstanding at March 31, 2016	727.7		$	30.70

Granted	264.3		55.86
Exercised	(126.8	)	31.75
Forfeited or expired	(92.9	)	42.66
Outstanding at March 31, 2017	772.3		37.70

Granted	182.8		56.11
Exercised	(55.7	)	29.08
Forfeited or expired	(26.2	)	48.19
Outstanding at March 31, 2018	873.2		41.79

Granted	294.5		29.46
Exercised	(97.7	)	30.02
Forfeited or expired	(125.4	)	47.16
Outstanding at March 31, 2019	944.6		38.45		7.0	$	2,048
Exercisable at March 31, 2019	499.4		37.87		5.5	$	1,921

The aggregate intrinsic value of options exercised during 2019, 2018 and 2017 was $0.8 million, $1.2 million and $3.2 million, respectively.