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Income Taxes
 3 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2024
Income Taxes  
Income Taxes

Note 14.  Income Taxes

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Income tax expense was $7.4 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024, compared to $5.2 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023. The $2.2 million increase was primarily due to an increase in pre-tax income and a decrease in stock compensation deduction partially offset by the tax deduction related to foreign sales taxed at a lower rate.

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The effective tax rate for the three months ended March 31, 2024 was less than the U.S. statutory rate of 21% due to a forecasted Foreign Derived Intangible Income deduction, Federal research and development tax credits and a favorable discrete item related to equity compensation that reduces the annual tax rate.

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The deferred income taxes of $54.5 million and $53.4 million as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively, reflect the net tax effect of temporary differences between the carrying amount of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the amounts used for income tax purposes, as well as the tax effect of carryforwards. As of March 31, 2024, we have recorded a $10.8 million valuation allowance in the U.S. against certain tax credits and state net operating losses due to the uncertainty of their realization. Realization of our net deferred tax assets is dependent on future taxable income. We believe it is more likely than not that such assets will be realized; however, ultimate realization could be impacted by market conditions and other variables not known or anticipated at this time.

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