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STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION | 6 Months Ended
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Jun. 30, 2023
Share-Based Payment Arrangement [Abstract] |
STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION | STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION Long Term Incentive Plans In April 2017, the Company adopted the 2017 Long Term Incentive Plan (“2017 LTIP”), which provides for the issuance of restricted stock units, performance stock units, and stock options, and reserved 2,467,430 shares of common stock. In June 2021, the Company adopted the 2021 Long Term Incentive Plan (“2021 LTIP”), which reserved an incremental 700,000 shares of common stock to those previously reserved under the 2017 LTIP. Finally, in conjunction with the Company’s merger with Extraction Oil & Gas, Inc. (“Extraction”) in November 2021, Civitas assumed Extraction’s 2021 Long Term Incentive Plan (the “Extraction Equity Plan”), which reserved 3,305,080 shares of common stock now issuable by Civitas. The 2017 LTIP, 2021 LTIP, and Extraction Equity Plan are collectively referred to herein as the “LTIP”. The Company records compensation expense associated with the issuance of awards under the LTIP on a straight-line basis over the vesting period based on the fair value of the awards as of the date of grant within general and administrative expense. The following table outlines the compensation expense recorded by type of award (in thousands):
| Three Months Ended June 30, |  | Six Months Ended June 30,
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Restricted and deferred stock units | $ | 4,769 |  |  | $ | 3,917 |  |  | $ | 9,194 |  |  | $ | 9,182 |
Performance stock units | 5,126 |  |  | 2,218 |  |  | 8,081 |  |  | 5,043 |
Total stock-based compensation | $ | 9,895 |  |  | $ | 6,135 |  |  | $ | 17,275 |  |  | $ | 14,225 |
As of June 30, 2023, unrecognized compensation expense related to the awards granted under the LTIP will be amortized through the relevant periods as follows (in thousands):
| Unrecognized Compensation Expense |  | Final Year of Recognition
Restricted and deferred stock units | $ | 27,578 |  |  | 2026
Performance stock units | 26,364 |  |  | 2025
Total unrecognized stock-based compensation | $ | 53,942 |  |  |
Restricted Stock Units and Deferred Stock Units The Company grants time-based Restricted Stock Units (“RSUs”) to its officers, executives, and employees and time-based Deferred Stock Units (“DSUs”) to its non-employee directors as part of its LTIP. Each RSU and DSU represents a right to receive one share of the Company’s common stock at the end of the specified vesting period. RSUs generally vest and settle either over a (i) one-year vesting period, with the entire grant vesting and settling on the anniversary date or (ii) three-year vesting period, with one-third of the total grant vesting and settling on each anniversary date. Each RSU is entitled to a dividend equivalent right to receive, upon settlement, a cash payment based on the regular cash dividends that would have been paid on a share of the Company’s common stock during the period between the grant date and the date the RSUs vest and are settled. Accrued but unpaid dividend equivalents are recognized as a liability on the accompanying balance sheets, until the recipients receive the dividend equivalents upon vesting and settlement. DSUs generally vest over a one-year period following the grant date. DSUs are settled in shares of the Company’s common stock upon the non-employee director’s separation of service from the Board of Directors (the “Board”). Each DSU is entitled to a dividend equivalent right to receive, upon vesting, a cash payment based on the regular cash dividends that would have been paid on a share of the Company’s common stock. The grant-date fair value of RSUs and DSUs is equal to the closing price of the Company’s common stock on the date of the grant. A summary of the status and activity of non-vested RSUs and DSUs for the six months ended June 30, 2023 is presented below:
| RSUs and DSUs |  | Weighted-Average Grant-Date Fair Value
Non-vested, beginning of year | 675,898 |  |  | $ | 50.27 |
Granted | 309,500 |  |  | 71.12 |
Vested | (342,563) |  |  | 46.67 |
Forfeited | (34,072) |  |  | 57.36 |
Non-vested, end of period | 608,763 |  |  | $ | 62.50 |
The aggregate grant-date fair value of the RSUs and DSUs granted under the LTIP during the six months ended June 30, 2023 was $22.0 million. Performance Stock Units The Company grants market-based performance stock units (“PSUs”) to its officers and certain executives as part of its LTIP. The number of shares of the Company’s common stock issued to settle PSUs ranges from zero to 225% (or, for PSUs granted prior to fiscal year 2023, 200%) of the number of PSUs granted and is determined based on performance achievement against certain market-based criteria over a three-year performance period. PSUs generally vest and settle on December 31 of the year preceding the third anniversary of the date of grant. Each PSU is entitled to a dividend equivalent right to receive, upon settlement, a cash payment based on the regular cash dividends that would have been paid on a share of the Company’s common stock during the period between the grant date and the date the PSUs vest and are settled. Accrued but unpaid dividend equivalents are recognized as a liability on the accompanying balance sheets, until the recipients receive the dividend equivalents upon vesting and settlement. Performance achievement is determined based on either, or a combination of, (1) the Company’s annualized absolute total shareholder return (“TSR”) or (2) for certain PSUs granted prior to fiscal year 2023, the Company’s absolute TSR relative to that of a defined peer group. Absolute TSR is determined based upon the performance of the Company’s common stock over the performance period relative to the price of the Company’s common stock at the grant date. For awards with a relative TSR component, the Company’s absolute TSR is compared with the absolute TSRs of a group of peer companies over the performance period. The absolute TSR for the Company and each of the peer companies is determined by dividing (A) (i) the volume-weighted average share price for the last 30 trading days of the performance period, minus (ii) the volume-weighted average share price for the 30 trading days preceding the beginning of the performance period, plus (iii) dividends paid by (B) the volume-weighted average share price for the 30 trading days preceding the beginning of the performance period. The resultant amount is then annualized based on the length of the performance period. The grant-date fair value of the PSUs was estimated using a Monte Carlo valuation model. The Monte Carlo valuation model is based on random projections of stock price paths and must be repeated numerous times to achieve a probabilistic assessment. Significant assumptions used in this valuation include the Company’s expected volatility as well as the volatilities for each of the Company’s peers and an interpolated risk-free interest rate based on U.S. Treasury yields with maturities consistent with the performance period. A summary of the status and activity of non-vested PSUs for the six months ended June 30, 2023 is presented below:
| PSUs (1) |  | Weighted-Average Grant-Date Fair Value
Non-vested, beginning of year | 345,999 |  |  | $ | 77.42 |
Granted | 233,861 |  |  | 103.39 |
Vested | (89,901) |  |  | 78.49 |
Forfeited | (59,726) |  |  | 87.80 |
Expired | (242) |  |  | 18.26 |
Non-vested, end of period | 429,991 |  |  | $ | 89.92 |
___________________________ (1)The number of awards assumes that the associated performance condition is met at the target amount (multiplier of one). The final number of shares of the Company’s common stock issued may vary depending on the performance multiplier, which ranges from zero to 225% (or, for PSUs granted prior to fiscal year 2023, 200%), depending on the level of satisfaction of the performance condition. The aggregate grant-date fair value of the PSUs granted under the LTIP during the six months ended June 30, 2023 was $24.2 million. Stock Options The LTIP allows for the issuance of stock options to the Company’s employees at the sole discretion of the Board. Options expire ten years from the grant date unless otherwise determined by the Board. Stock options are valued using a Black-Scholes Model where expected volatility is based on an average historical volatility of a peer group selected by management over a period consistent with the expected life assumption on the grant date, the risk-free rate of return is based on the U.S. Treasury constant maturity yield on the grant date with a remaining term equal to the expected term of the awards, and the Company’s expected life of stock option awards is derived from the midpoint of the average vesting time and contractual term of the awards. A summary of the status and activity of stock options for the six months ended June 30, 2023 is presented below:
| Stock Options |  | Weighted- Average Exercise Price |  | Weighted-Average Remaining Contractual Term (in years) |  | Aggregate Intrinsic Value (in thousands)
Outstanding, beginning of year | 15,170 |  |  | $ | 34.36 |  |  |  |  |
Exercised | (13,463) |  |  | 34.36 |  |  |  |  |
Expired | (111) |  |  | 34.36 |  |  |  |  |
Outstanding, end of period | 1,596 |  |  | $ | 34.36 |  |  | 3.8 |  | $ | 56 |
Options outstanding and exercisable | 1,596 |  |  | $ | 34.36 |  |  | 3.8 |  | $ | 56 |
The aggregate intrinsic value of options exercised during the six months ended June 30, 2023 was $0.5 million.

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