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INCOME TAXES
 9 Months Ended
Sep. 30, 2024
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]  
INCOME TAXES INCOME TAXES
Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured by applying the provisions of enacted tax laws to determine the amount of taxes payable or refundable currently or in future years related to cumulative temporary differences between the tax basis of assets and liabilities and amounts reported in the accompanying balance sheets. The tax effect of the net change in the cumulative temporary differences during each period in the deferred tax assets and liabilities determines the periodic provision for deferred taxes.
We assess the recoverability of our deferred tax assets each period by considering whether it is more likely than not that all or a portion of the deferred tax assets will be realized. In making such a determination, we consider all available evidence (both positive and negative), including future reversals of temporary differences, tax-planning strategies, projected future taxable income, and results of operations. As a result of merger activity in 2021, we recorded a valuation allowance of $25.4 million, which continued to be recorded as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, against certain acquired net operating losses and other tax attributes due to the limitation on realizability caused by the change of ownership provisions of Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code. We will continue to monitor facts and circumstances in the reassessment of the likelihood that the deferred tax assets will be realized.
The net deferred tax liability as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 was $752.2 million and $564.8 million, respectively. Additionally, income tax payable of $1.3 million is included in other liabilities on the accompanying balance sheets as of September 30, 2024, and prepaid income taxes of $9.6 million is included in prepaid expenses and other on the accompanying balance sheets as of December 31, 2023.
During the three months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, we recorded income tax expense of $93.3 million and $29.7 million, respectively. During the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, we recorded income tax expense of $195.3 million and $139.1 million, respectively. Income tax expense differs from the amount that would be provided by applying the statutory United States federal income tax rate of 21% to income from operations before income taxes due to the effect of state income taxes, excess tax benefits and deficiencies on stock-based compensation awards, tax limitations on compensation of covered individuals, tax credits, and other permanent differences. During the nine months ended September 30, 2024, income tax expense was additionally impacted by deferred tax benefits from state apportionment changes as a result of the Vencer Acquisition. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, income tax expense was additionally impacted by deferred tax benefits from state apportionment changes as a result of the Hibernia and Tap Rock acquisitions.
We had no unrecognized tax benefits as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023. We do not believe that there are any new items or changes in facts or judgments that would impact our tax position taken thus far in 2024.
In 2022, the Inflation Reduction Act (“IRA”) was signed into law. Among other provisions, the IRA imposes a 15% corporate alternative minimum tax (“Corporate AMT”) for tax years beginning after December 31, 2022, imposes a 1% excise tax on corporate stock repurchases after December 31, 2022, and provides tax incentives to promote various energy efficient initiatives. We are evaluating the potential impact of the Corporate AMT on our current income tax expense and income taxes payable; however, we currently do not believe this will materially affect our income taxes paid for the 2024 tax year.