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Organization and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2013
Accounting Policies [Abstract] |
Organization and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies | 1. Organization and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies Organization CBIZ, Inc. is a diversified services company which, acting through its subsidiaries, provides professional business services primarily to small and medium-sized businesses, as well as individuals, governmental entities, and not-for-profit enterprises throughout the United States and parts of Canada. CBIZ, Inc. manages and reports its operations along three practice groups: Financial Services, Employee Services and National Practices. A further description of products and services offered by each of the practice groups is provided in Note 22. Divestiture of Medical Management Professionals On July 26, 2013, CBIZ, Inc., through its subsidiary CBIZ Operations, Inc., an Ohio Corporation, entered into an agreement with Zotec Partners, LLC, an Indiana limited liability company, to sell all of the issued and outstanding capital stock of each of CBIZ Medical Management Professionals, Inc., an Ohio corporation, and CBIZ Medical Management, Inc., a North Carolina corporation, and substantially all of the stock of their subsidiary companies, collectively consisting of all of CBIZ, Inc.’s Medical Management Professionals ongoing operations and business (“MMP”). The sale of MMP was completed on August 30, 2013 for a total purchase price of $201.6 million, subject to final working capital adjustments. As a result of the completion of the divestiture of MMP, the assets and liabilities as well as the operations of MMP are reflected as discontinued operations on this Form 10-K. See Note 20 for further discussion of discontinued operations and divestitures. Stock Purchase Agreement with Westbury Ltd. On August 30, 2013, concurrent with the sale of MMP, CBIZ, Inc. completed an agreement with Westbury (Bermuda) Ltd., a Bermuda exempted company (“Westbury”), Westbury Trust, a Bermuda trust, and Michael G. DeGroote, the founder of CBIZ, Inc., to purchase from Westbury 3.85 million shares of the Company’s common stock, which was 50% of Westbury’s current holdings of the Company’s common stock, at a price of $6.65 per share for a total of approximately $25.7 million. See Note 14 for further discussion regarding CBIZ’s common stock. Principles of Consolidation The accompanying consolidated financial statements reflect the operations of CBIZ, Inc. and all of its wholly-owned subsidiaries (“CBIZ” or the “Company”). All intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. CBIZ has determined that its relationship with certain Certified Public Accounting (“CPA”) firms with whom it maintains administrative service agreements (“ASAs”) qualify as variable interest entities. The accompanying consolidated financial statements do not reflect the operations or accounts of variable interest entities as the impact is not material to the consolidated financial condition, results of operations or cash flows of CBIZ. The CPA firms with which CBIZ maintains ASAs may operate as limited liability companies or professional corporations. The firms are separate legal entities with separate governing bodies and officers. CBIZ has no ownership interest in any of these CPA firms, and neither the existence of the ASAs nor the providing of services thereunder is intended to constitute control of the CPA firms by CBIZ. CBIZ and the CPA firms maintain their own respective liability and risk of loss in connection with performance of each of their respective services. Fees earned by CBIZ under the ASAs are recorded as revenue (at net realizable value) in the consolidated statements of comprehensive income and were approximately $140.2 million, $116.1 million and $109.1 million for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011, respectively, the majority of which was related to services rendered to privately-held clients. In the event that accounts receivable and unbilled work in process become uncollectible by the CPA firms, the service fee due to CBIZ is typically reduced on a proportional basis. Although the ASAs do not constitute control, CBIZ is one of the beneficiaries of the agreements and may bear certain economic risks. Use of Estimates The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with United States generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses. Management’s estimates and assumptions include, but are not limited to, estimates of collectability of accounts receivable and unbilled revenue, the realizability of goodwill and other intangible assets, the fair value of certain assets, the valuation of stock options in determining compensation expense, estimates of accrued liabilities (such as incentive compensation, self-funded health insurance accruals, legal reserves, income tax uncertainties, future contingent purchase price obligations, and consolidation and integration reserves), the provision for income taxes, the realizability of deferred tax assets and other factors. Management’s estimates and assumptions are derived from and are continually evaluated based upon available information, judgment and experience. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Reclassifications Certain amounts in the 2012 and 2011 consolidated financial statements and disclosures have been reclassified to conform to the current year presentation, including the impact of discontinued operations. Cash and Cash Equivalents Cash and cash equivalents include cash on hand and short-term highly liquid investments with an original maturity of three months or less at the date of purchase. Restricted Cash Funds held by CBIZ in relation to its capital and investment advisory services are recorded in restricted cash as those funds are restricted in accordance with applicable Financial Industry Regulatory Authority regulations. Funds on deposit from clients in connection with the pass-through of insurance premiums to the carrier are also recorded in restricted cash; the related liability for these funds is recorded in accounts payable. Funds held in escrow related to sales of operations are also classified as restricted cash. Funds Held for Clients and Client Fund Obligations Services provided by CBIZ’s payroll operations include the preparation of payroll checks, federal, state, and local payroll tax returns, and flexible spending account administration. In relation to these services, as well as other similar service offerings, CBIZ collects funds from its clients’ accounts in advance of paying client obligations. Funds that are collected before they are due are segregated and reported separately as “Funds Held for Clients” in the consolidated balance sheets. Other than certain federal and state regulations pertaining to flexible spending account administration, there are no regulatory or other contractual restrictions placed on these funds. Funds Held for Clients are reported as current assets and Client Fund Obligations are reported as current liabilities. Funds Held for Clients include cash, overnight investments and corporate and municipal bonds (see Note 5 for further discussion of investments). If the par value of investments held does not approximate fair value, the balance in Funds Held for Clients may not be equal to the balance in Client Fund Obligations. The amount of collected but not yet remitted funds may vary significantly during the year based on the timing of clients’ payroll periods. Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities Derivatives are recognized as either assets or liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets and are measured at fair value. The treatment of gains and losses resulting from changes in the fair values of derivative instruments is dependent on the use of the respective derivative instruments and whether they qualify for hedge accounting. See Note 5 for further discussion of derivative instruments. Accounts Receivable and Allowance for Doubtful Accounts CBIZ carries accounts receivable at their face amount less allowances for doubtful accounts, and carries unbilled revenues at estimated net realizable value. Assessing the collectability of receivables (billed and unbilled) requires management judgment. When evaluating the adequacy of the allowance for doubtful accounts and the overall collectability of receivables, CBIZ analyzes historical bad debts, client credit-worthiness, the age of accounts receivable and current economic trends and conditions. Goodwill CBIZ utilizes the acquisition method of accounting for all business combinations. Goodwill is not amortized, but rather is tested for impairment annually, or in between annual tests if an event occurs or circumstances change that would more-likely-than-not reduce the fair value of a reporting unit below its carrying value. CBIZ tests for impairment of its goodwill during the fourth quarter of each calendar year. See Note 4 for additional discussion regarding goodwill impairment testing. Long-Lived Assets Long-lived assets primarily consist of property and equipment and intangible assets, which include client lists and non-compete agreements. The intangible assets are amortized over their expected periods of benefit, which generally ranges from two to fifteen years. Long-lived assets are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of such assets or groups of assets may not be recoverable. Recoverability of long-lived assets or groups of assets is assessed based on a comparison of the undiscounted cash flows to the recorded value of the asset. If impairment is indicated, the asset is written down to its estimated fair value based on a discounted cash flow analysis or market comparable method. Determining the fair value of long-lived assets includes significant judgment by management, and different judgments could yield different results. Property and Equipment Property and equipment are recorded at cost less accumulated depreciation and amortization. Depreciation and amortization are provided on a straight-line basis over the following estimated useful lives:
Buildings |  | 25 to 40 years
Furniture and fixtures |  | 5 to 10 years
Capitalized software |  | 2 to 7 years
Equipment |  | 3 to 7 years
Leasehold improvements are amortized over the shorter of their estimated useful lives or the remaining term of the respective lease. The cost of software purchased or developed for internal use is capitalized and amortized to expense using the straight-line method over an estimated useful life not to exceed seven years. Capitalized software is classified as “property and equipment, net” in the consolidated balance sheets. Income Taxes Income taxes are provided for the tax effects of transactions reported in the consolidated financial statements and consist of taxes currently payable and deferred taxes. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax basis, and operating losses and tax credit carryforwards. State income tax credits are accounted for using the flow-through method. A valuation allowance is provided when it is more-likely-than-not that some portion of a deferred tax asset will not be realized. CBIZ determines valuation allowances based on all available evidence. Such evidence includes historical results, the reversal of deferred tax liabilities, expectations of future consolidated and/or separate company profitability and the feasibility of tax-planning strategies. Determining valuation allowances includes significant judgment by management, and different judgments could yield different results. Accounting for uncertain tax positions requires a more-likely-than-not threshold for recognition in the consolidated financial statements. The Company recognizes a tax benefit based on whether it is more-likely-than-not that a tax position will be sustained. The Company records a liability to the extent that a tax position taken or expected to be taken on a tax return exceeds the amount recognized in the consolidated financial statements. Revenue Recognition and Valuation of Unbilled Revenues Revenue is recognized only when all of the following are present: persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists, delivery has occurred or services have been rendered, the fee to the client is fixed or determinable, and collectability is reasonably assured. Contract terms are typically contained in a signed agreement with the client (or when applicable, other third parties) which generally defines the scope of services to be provided, pricing of services, and payment terms generally ranging from invoice date to 90 days after invoice date. Billing may occur prior to, during, or upon completion of the service. CBIZ typically does not have acceptance provisions or right of refund arrangements included in these agreements. Contract terms vary depending on the scope of service provided, the deliverables, and the complexity of the engagement. CBIZ offers a vast array of products and business services to its clients. Those services are delivered through three practice groups. A description of revenue recognition, as it relates to those groups, is provided below. Financial Services — Revenue primarily consists of fees for services rendered to the Company’s client for accounting services, preparation of tax returns, consulting services, compliance projects, services pursuant to administrative service agreements (described under “Principles of Consolidation”), and valuation services including fairness opinions, business plans, litigation support, purchase price allocations and derivative valuations. Clients are billed for these services based upon a time and expense model, a predetermined agreed-upon fixed fee, or as a percentage of savings. Revenue recognition as it pertains to each of these arrangements is as follows:
| • |  | Time and Expense Arrangements — Revenue is recognized based upon actual hours incurred on client projects at expected net realizable rates per hour, plus agreed-upon out-of-pocket expenses. The cumulative impact on any subsequent revision in the estimated realizable value of unbilled fees for a particular client project is reflected in the period in which the change becomes known.
| • |  | Fixed Fee Arrangements — Revenue for fixed-fee arrangements is recognized over the performance period based upon progress towards completion, which is determined based upon actual hours incurred on the client project compared to estimated total hours to complete the client project.
| • |  | Contingent Revenue Arrangements — Revenue is recognized when savings to the client is determined and collection is reasonably assured.
| • |  | Administrative Service Agreement Revenue — Revenue for administrative service fees is recognized as services are provided, based upon actual hours incurred.
Employee Services — Revenue consists primarily of brokerage and agency commissions, fee income for administering health and retirement plans and payroll service fees. Revenue also includes investment income related to client payroll funds that are held in CBIZ accounts, as is industry practice. A description of the revenue recognition, based on the service provided, insurance product sold, and billing arrangement, is provided below:
| • |  | Commissions Revenue — Commissions relating to brokerage and agency activities whereby CBIZ has primary responsibility for the collection of premiums from the insured (agency or indirect billing) are recognized as of the later of the effective date of the insurance policy or the date billed to the customer; commissions to be received directly from insurance companies (direct billing) are recognized when the data necessary from the carriers to properly record revenue becomes available; and life insurance commissions are recognized when the policy becomes effective. Commission revenue is reported net of reserves for estimated policy cancellations and terminations. The cancellation and termination reserve is based upon estimates and assumptions using historical cancellation and termination experience and other current factors to project future experience. CBIZ periodically reviews the adequacy of the reserve and makes adjustments as necessary. The use of different estimates or assumptions could produce different results.
Commissions which are based upon certain performance targets are recognized at the earlier of written notification that the target has been achieved or cash collection.
| • |  | Fee income — Fee income is recognized in the period in which services are provided and may be based on predetermined agreed-upon fixed fees, actual hours incurred on an hourly fee basis, or asset-based fees. Revenue for fixed-fee arrangements is recognized on a straight-line basis over the contract period, as these services are provided to clients continuously throughout the term of the arrangement. Revenue which is based upon actual hours incurred is recognized as services are performed.
Revenue for asset-based fees is recognized when the data necessary to compute revenue is determinable, which is typically when either market valuation information is available, the data necessary to compute fees is made available by third party administrators or when cash is received. CBIZ only recognizes revenue when cash is received for those arrangements where the data necessary to compute the Company’s fee is not available to the Company in a timely manner.
| • |  | Payroll — Revenue related to payroll processing fees is recognized when the actual payroll processing occurs. Revenue related to investment income earned on payroll funds is based upon actual amounts earned on those funds and is recognized in the period that the income is earned.
National Practices — The business units that comprise the National Practices group offer a variety of services. A description of revenue recognition associated with the primary services is provided below.
| • |  | Technology Consulting — Revenue consists of services that primarily relate to the installation, maintenance and repair of hardware. These services are charged to customers based on cost plus an agreed-upon markup percentage.
| • |  | Health Care Consulting — Clients are billed for health care consulting services based upon a predetermined agreed-upon fixed fee, a time and expense model, or as a percentage of savings. Revenue for fixed fee and time and expense arrangements is recognized over the performance period based upon actual hours incurred, and revenue that is contingent upon savings is recognized after contingencies have been resolved and verified by a third party.
Operating Expenses Operating expenses represent costs of service and other costs incurred to operate CBIZ’s business units and are primarily comprised of personnel costs and occupancy related expenses. Personnel costs include base compensation, commissions, payroll taxes, gains or losses earned on assets of the deferred compensation plan, and benefits, which are recognized as expense as they are incurred. Personnel costs also include share-based and incentive compensation costs, which are estimated and accrued on a monthly basis. The ultimate determination of incentive compensation is made after year-end results are finalized. Total personnel costs were $471.1 million, $429.4 million and $397.2 million for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011, respectively. The largest components of occupancy costs are rent expense and utilities. Base rent expense is recognized over respective lease terms, while utilities and common area maintenance charges are recognized as incurred. Total occupancy costs were $37.3 million, $36.4 million and $35.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011, respectively. Operating Leases CBIZ leases most of its office facilities and equipment under various operating leases. Rent expense under such leases is recognized evenly throughout the term of the lease obligation when the total lease commitment is a known amount, and recorded on a cash basis when future rent payment increases under the obligation are unknown due to rent escalations being tied to factors that are not currently measurable (such as increases in the consumer price index). Differences between rent expense recognized and the cash payments required under operating lease agreements are recorded in the consolidated balance sheets as other non-current liabilities. CBIZ may receive incentives to lease office facilities in certain areas. Such incentives are recorded as a deferred credit and recognized as a reduction to rent expense on a straight-line basis over the lease term. Share-Based Awards The measurement and recognition of compensation cost for all share-based payment awards made to employees and non-employee directors is based on the fair value of the award. Accordingly, CBIZ recognizes share-based compensation costs for only those shares expected to vest on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period of the award, which is generally the vesting term of up to four years. Share-based compensation expense is recorded in the consolidated statements of comprehensive income as operating expenses or corporate general and administrative expenses, depending on where the respective individual’s compensation is recorded. New Accounting Pronouncements In July 2013, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issue Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2013-11 (“ASU 2013-11”) “Income Taxes (Topic 740): Presentation of an Unrecognized Tax Benefit When a Net Operating Loss Carryforward, a Similar Tax Loss, or a Tax Credit Carryforward Exists”. ASU 2013-11 states that an unrecognized tax benefit, or a portion of an unrecognized tax benefit, should be presented in the financial statements as a reduction to a deferred tax asset for a net operating loss (“NOL”) carryforward, a similar tax loss, or a tax credit carryforward. The exception to this treatment is as follows: to the extent an NOL carryforward, a similar tax loss, or a tax credit carryforward is not available at the reporting date or if the entity is not required to use and does not intend to use the deferred tax asset, then the unrecognized tax benefit should be presented in the financial statements as a liability and should not be combined with deferred tax assets. ASU 2013-11 will not require any additional recurring disclosures. ASU 2013-11 will be effective for the reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2013. CBIZ is currently evaluating the impact of adopting ASU 2013-11 and believes there will be no significant impact on its consolidated financial statements.

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