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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

☒ | QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended September 30, 2024
OR

☐ | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from________ to ________
Commission File Number 1-32961
CBIZ, Inc.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
Delaware
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation
or organization)
5959 Rockside Woods, N. Suite 600 Independence, Ohio
(Address of principal executive offices)
22-2769024
(I.R.S. Employer
Identification No.)
44131
(Zip Code)
(216) 447-9000
(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)
Not Applicable
(Former name, former address and former fiscal year, if changed since last report)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class | Trading Symbol(s) | Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, $0.01 Par Value | CBZ | New York Stock Exchange

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer | ☒ |  | Accelerated filer | ☐
Non-accelerated filer | ☐ |  | Smaller reporting company | ☐
Emerging growth company | ☐ |  |  |

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒
Indicate the number of shares outstanding of each of the issuer’s classes of common stock, as of the latest practicable date:

Class of Common Stock | Outstanding at November 4, 2024
Common Stock, $0.01 per share | 50,187,891

CBIZ, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
TABLE OF CONTENTS

PART I. | FINANCIAL INFORMATION: | Page
| Item 1. | Financial Statements | 3
|  | Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets (Unaudited) – September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 | 3
|  | Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Unaudited) – Three and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024 and 2023 | 4
|  | Condensed Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity (Unaudited) – Three and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024 and 2023 | 5
|  | Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (Unaudited) – Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024 and 2023 | 7
|  | Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) | 8
| Item 2. | Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 22
| Item 3. | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk | 42
| Item 4. | Controls and Procedures | 42
PART II. | OTHER INFORMATION: |
| Item 1. | Legal Proceedings | 44
| Item 1A. | Risk Factors | 44
| Item 2. | Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds | 49
| Item 3. | Defaults Upon Senior Securities | 50
| Item 4. | Mine Safety Disclosures | 50
| Item 5. | Other Information | 50
| Item 6. | Exhibits | 51
| Signature | 52

2

PART I – FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Item 1. Financial Statements
CBIZ, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (Unaudited)
(In thousands)

| September 30, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
ASSETS |  |  |
Current assets: |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 1,076 |  |  | $ | 8,090 |
Restricted cash | 43,104 |  |  | 30,362 |
Accounts receivable, net | 476,565 |  |  | 380,152 |
Other current assets | 42,902 |  |  | 34,895 |
Current assets before funds held for clients | 563,647 |  |  | 453,499 |
Funds held for clients | 112,148 |  |  | 159,186 |
Total current assets | 675,795 |  |  | 612,685 |
Non-current assets: |  |  |
Property and equipment, net | 55,677 |  |  | 57,012 |
Goodwill and other intangible assets, net | 1,030,104 |  |  | 1,008,604 |
Assets of deferred compensation plan | 165,466 |  |  | 143,499 |
Right-of-use assets, net | 199,808 |  |  | 211,024 |
Other non-current assets | 6,520 |  |  | 10,768 |
Total non-current assets | 1,457,575 |  |  | 1,430,907 |
Total assets | $ | 2,133,370 |  |  | $ | 2,043,592 |
LIABILITIES |  |  |
Current liabilities: |  |  |
Accounts payable | $ | 87,154 |  |  | $ | 82,831 |
Income taxes payable | 12,247 |  |  | 2,097 |
Accrued personnel costs | 116,884 |  |  | 133,593 |
Contingent purchase price liabilities | 54,644 |  |  | 66,287 |
Operating lease liabilities | 38,939 |  |  | 36,283 |
Other current liabilities | 30,730 |  |  | 30,937 |
Current liabilities before client fund obligations | 340,598 |  |  | 352,028 |
Client fund obligations | 112,319 |  |  | 159,893 |
Total current liabilities | 452,917 |  |  | 511,921 |
Non-current liabilities: |  |  |
Bank debt | 337,300 |  |  | 312,400 |
Debt issuance costs | (1,465) |  |  | (1,574) |
Total long-term debt, net | 335,835 |  |  | 310,826 |
Income taxes payable | 2,218 |  |  | 1,984 |
Deferred income taxes, net | 33,623 |  |  | 29,287 |
Deferred compensation plan obligations | 165,466 |  |  | 143,499 |
Contingent purchase price liabilities | 23,358 |  |  | 48,659 |
Lease liabilities | 190,055 |  |  | 203,905 |
Other non-current liabilities | 1,978 |  |  | 1,893 |
Total non-current liabilities | 752,533 |  |  | 740,053 |
Total liabilities | 1,205,450 |  |  | 1,251,974 |
STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY |  |  |
Common stock | 1,379 |  |  | 1,374 |
Additional paid in capital | 850,076 |  |  | 832,475 |
Retained earnings | 986,845 |  |  | 855,084 |
Treasury stock | (910,537) |  |  | (899,093) |
Accumulated other comprehensive income | 157 |  |  | 1,778 |
Total stockholders’ equity | 927,920 |  |  | 791,618 |
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity | $ | 2,133,370 |  |  | $ | 2,043,592 |

See the accompanying notes to the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements
3

CBIZ, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (Unaudited)
(In thousands, except per share data)

| Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2024 |  | 2023
Revenue | $ | 438,884 |  |  | $ | 410,539 |  |  | $ | 1,353,193 |  |  | $ | 1,263,647 |
Operating expenses | 365,971 |  |  | 342,148 |  |  | 1,108,824 |  |  | 1,027,146 |
Gross margin | 72,913 |  |  | 68,391 |  |  | 244,369 |  |  | 236,501 |
Corporate general and administrative expenses | 23,227 |  |  | 13,136 |  |  | 63,988 |  |  | 44,527 |
Operating income | 49,686 |  |  | 55,255 |  |  | 180,381 |  |  | 191,974 |
Other (expense) income: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest expense | (4,968) |  |  | (5,848) |  |  | (15,363) |  |  | (15,023) |
Gain on sale of operations, net | 4,953 |  |  | 77 |  |  | 4,953 |  |  | 176 |
Other income (expense), net | 1,300 |  |  | (2,288) |  |  | 13,207 |  |  | 8,245 |
Total other income (expense), net | 1,285 |  |  | (8,059) |  |  | 2,797 |  |  | (6,602) |
Income before income tax expense | 50,971 |  |  | 47,196 |  |  | 183,178 |  |  | 185,372 |
Income tax expense | 15,887 |  |  | 13,514 |  |  | 51,417 |  |  | 51,667 |
Net Income | 35,084 |  |  | 33,682 |  |  | 131,761 |  |  | 133,705 |
Earnings per share: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic | $ | 0.70 |  |  | $ | 0.68 |  |  | $ | 2.63 |  |  | $ | 2.67 |
Diluted | $ | 0.70 |  |  | $ | 0.67 |  |  | $ | 2.62 |  |  | $ | 2.64 |
Basic weighted average shares outstanding | 50,145 |  |  | 49,838 |  |  | 50,101 |  |  | 50,054 |
Diluted weighted average shares outstanding | 50,401 |  |  | 50,371 |  |  | 50,359 |  |  | 50,644 |
Comprehensive income: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income | $ | 35,084 |  |  | $ | 33,682 |  |  | $ | 131,761 |  |  | $ | 133,705 |
Other comprehensive (loss) income, net of tax | (2,497) |  |  | 487 |  |  | (1,621) |  |  | 811 |
Comprehensive income | $ | 32,587 |  |  | $ | 34,169 |  |  | $ | 130,140 |  |  | $ | 134,516 |

See the accompanying notes to the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements
4

CBIZ, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY (Unaudited)
(In thousands)

| Issued Common Shares |  | Treasury Shares |  |  | Common Stock |  | Additional Paid-In Capital |  | Retained Earnings |  | Treasury Stock |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) |  | Totals
June 30, 2024 | 137,905 |  |  | 87,743 |  |  |  | $ | 1,379 |  |  | $ | 845,962 |  |  | $ | 951,761 |  |  | $ | (910,322) |  |  | $ | 2,654 |  |  | $ | 891,434 |
Net income | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 35,084 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 35,084 |
Other comprehensive loss | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (2,497) |  |  | (2,497) |
Indirect repurchase of shares for minimum tax withholding | — |  |  | 3 |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (215) |  |  | — |  |  | (215) |
Restricted stock units and awards | 6 |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Stock-based compensation | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  | 2,415 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,415 |
Business acquisitions | 23 |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  | 1,699 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,699 |
September 30, 2024 | 137,934 |  |  | 87,746 |  |  |  | $ | 1,379 |  |  | $ | 850,076 |  |  | $ | 986,845 |  |  | $ | (910,537) |  |  | $ | 157 |  |  | $ | 927,920 |

| Issued Common Shares |  | Treasury Shares |  |  | Common Stock |  | Additional Paid-In Capital |  | Retained Earnings |  | Treasury Stock |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income |  | Totals
June 30, 2023 | 137,081 |  |  | 87,259 |  |  |  | $ | 1,371 |  |  | $ | 818,693 |  |  | $ | 834,139 |  |  | $ | (882,088) |  |  | $ | 3,928 |  |  | $ | 776,043 |
Net income | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 33,682 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 33,682 |
Other comprehensive income | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 487 |  |  | 487 |
Share repurchases | — |  |  | 176 |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (9,472) |  |  | — |  |  | (9,472) |
Indirect repurchase of shares for minimum tax withholding | — |  |  | 4 |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (224) |  |  | — |  |  | (224) |
Restricted stock units and awards | 9 |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1 |  |  | (1) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Stock options exercised | 212 |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1 |  |  | 4,122 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4,123 |
Stock-based compensation | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  | 3,102 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,102 |
Business acquisitions | 54 |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1 |  |  | 2,798 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,799 |
Excise tax on share repurchases | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 150 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (96) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 54 |
September 30, 2023 | 137,356 |  |  | 87,439 |  |  |  | $ | 1,374 |  |  | $ | 828,864 |  |  | $ | 867,821 |  |  | $ | (891,880) |  |  | $ | 4,415 |  |  | $ | 810,594 |

See the accompanying notes to the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statement
5

CBIZ, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY (Unaudited)
(In thousands)

| Issued Common Shares |  | Treasury Shares |  |  | Common Stock |  | Additional Paid-In Capital |  | Retained Earnings |  | Treasury Stock |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) |  | Totals
December 31, 2023 | 137,387 |  |  | 87,573 |  |  |  | $ | 1,374 |  |  | $ | 832,475 |  |  | $ | 855,084 |  |  | $ | (899,093) |  |  | $ | 1,778 |  |  | $ | 791,618 |
Net income | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 131,761 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 131,761 |
Other comprehensive loss | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1,621) |  |  | (1,621) |
Indirect repurchase of shares for minimum tax withholding | — |  |  | 173 |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (11,444) |  |  | — |  |  | (11,444) |
Restricted stock units and awards | 124 |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1 |  |  | (1) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Performance share units | 273 |  |  | — |  |  |  | 3 |  |  | (3) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Stock-based compensation |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  | 7,431 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 7,431 |
Business acquisitions | 150 |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1 |  |  | 10,174 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 10,175 |
September 30, 2024 | 137,934 |  |  | 87,746 |  |  |  | $ | 1,379 |  |  | $ | 850,076 |  |  | $ | 986,845 |  |  | $ | (910,537) |  |  | $ | 157 |  |  | $ | 927,920 |

| Issued Common Shares |  | Treasury Shares |  |  | Common Stock |  | Additional Paid-In Capital |  | Retained Earnings |  | Treasury Stock |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income |  | Totals
December 31, 2022 | 136,295 |  |  | 86,115 |  |  |  | $ | 1,363 |  |  | $ | 799,147 |  |  | $ | 734,116 |  |  | $ | (824,778) |  |  | $ | 3,604 |  |  | $ | 713,452 |
Net income | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 133,705 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 133,705 |
Other comprehensive income | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 811 |  |  | 811 |
Share repurchases | — |  |  | 1,151 |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (58,000) |  |  | — |  |  | (58,000) |
Indirect repurchase of shares for minimum tax withholding | — |  |  | 173 |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (8,448) |  |  | — |  |  | (8,448) |
Restricted stock units and awards | 153 |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2 |  |  | (2) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Performance share units | 244 |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2 |  |  | (2) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Stock options exercised | 433 |  |  | — |  |  |  | 4 |  |  | 8,371 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 8,375 |
Stock-based compensation | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  | 9,721 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 9,721 |
Business acquisitions | 231 |  |  | — |  |  |  | 3 |  |  | 11,092 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 11,095 |
Excise tax on share repurchases | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 537 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (654) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (117) |
September 30, 2023 | 137,356 |  |  | 87,439 |  |  |  | $ | 1,374 |  |  | $ | 828,864 |  |  | $ | 867,821 |  |  | $ | (891,880) |  |  | $ | 4,415 |  |  | $ | 810,594 |

See the accompanying notes to the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements
6

CBIZ, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (Unaudited)
(In thousands)

| Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2024 |  | 2023
Cash flows from operating activities: |  |  |
Net income | $ | 131,761 |  |  | $ | 133,705 |
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: |  |  |
Depreciation and amortization expense | 28,593 |  |  | 26,965 |
Gain on sale of operations, net | (4,953) |  |  | (176) |
Bad debt expense, net of recoveries | 2,099 |  |  | 1,011 |
Adjustment to contingent earnout liability | 6,340 |  |  | 2,071 |
Stock-based compensation expense | 7,431 |  |  | 9,721 |
Deferred income taxes | 4,842 |  |  | 6,689 |
Other, net | 434 |  |  | (1,156) |
Changes in assets and liabilities, net of acquisitions and divestitures: |  |  |
Accounts receivable, net | (99,967) |  |  | (121,249) |
Other assets | (7,202) |  |  | (8,222) |
Accounts payable | 3,032 |  |  | (1,057) |
Income taxes payable | 10,385 |  |  | 14,414 |
Accrued personnel costs | (17,055) |  |  | (12,593) |
Other liabilities | 2,428 |  |  | 7,131 |
Net cash provided by operating activities | 68,168 |  |  | 57,254 |
Cash flows from investing activities: |  |  |
Business acquisitions and purchases of client lists, net of cash acquired | (22,930) |  |  | (53,110) |
Purchases of client fund investments | (16,100) |  |  | (2,472) |
Proceeds from the sales and maturities of client fund investments | 15,156 |  |  | 6,815 |
Proceeds from sales of divested operations | 9,883 |  |  | 1,696 |
Change in funds held for clients | 902 |  |  | 875 |
Additions to property and equipment | (9,650) |  |  | (19,035) |
Other, net | (2,172) |  |  | (11,399) |
Net cash used in investing activities | (24,911) |  |  | (76,630) |
Cash flows from financing activities: |  |  |
Proceeds from bank debt | 818,500 |  |  | 975,300 |
Payment of bank debt | (793,600) |  |  | (846,300) |
Payment for acquisition of treasury stock | — |  |  | (57,736) |
Indirect repurchase of shares for minimum tax withholding | (11,444) |  |  | (8,448) |
Changes in client funds obligations | (47,576) |  |  | (49,557) |
Proceeds from exercise of stock options | — |  |  | 8,375 |
Payment of contingent consideration for acquisitions and client lists | (50,861) |  |  | (40,076) |
Other, net | (241) |  |  | — |
Net cash used in financing activities | (85,222) |  |  | (18,442) |
Net decrease in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash | (41,965) |  |  | (37,818) |
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of year | 157,148 |  |  | 160,145 |
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of period | $ | 115,183 |  |  | $ | 122,327 |
Reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash to the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets:
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 1,076 |  |  | $ | 1,415 |
Restricted cash | 43,104 |  |  | 38,229 |
Cash equivalents included in funds held for clients | 71,003 |  |  | 82,683 |
Total cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash | $ | 115,183 |  |  | $ | 122,327 |

See the accompanying notes to the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements
7

CBIZ, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO THE CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Unaudited)
NOTE 1. SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES
Selected Terms Used in Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
ASA – Administrative Service Agreement
ASC – Accounting Standards Codification
ASU – Accounting Standards Update
CPA firm – Certified Public Accounting firm
FASB – The Financial Accounting Standards Board
GAAP – United States Generally Accepted Accounting Principles
SOFR – Secured Overnight Financing Rate
SEC – United States Securities and Exchange Commission
Description of Business: CBIZ, Inc., together with all of its wholly-owned subsidiaries ("CBIZ", the "Company", "we", "us", or "our"), is a diversified services company which, acting through its subsidiaries, has been providing professional business services since 1996, primarily to small and medium-sized businesses, as well as individuals, governmental entities, and not-for-profit enterprises throughout the United States and parts of Canada. CBIZ, Inc. manages and reports its operations along three practice groups: Financial Services, Benefits and Insurance Services and National Practices. A further description of products and services offered by each of the practice groups is provided in Note 11, Segment Disclosures.
During the nine months ended September 30, 2024, we completed the acquisitions of Erickson, Brown & Kloster, LLC ("EBK") and CompuData, Inc. ("CompuData") in our Financial Services practice group and Educational & Institutional Insurance Administrator, Inc.'s EIIA Higher Education Benefit Trust ("EIIA") in our Benefits and Insurance practice group for a total aggregated purchase price of $40.1 million, including $15.2 million recorded as contingent consideration. For the nine months ended September 30, 2024, we recorded $21.2 million in total revenue from those acquisitions. None of the acquisitions are considered material, individually or in the aggregate.
During the nine months ended September 30, 2024, we completed the sale of CBIZ KA Consulting Services, LLC, which was a component of our National Practice segment. As a result of the transaction, we recorded a gain of $4.95 million during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, respectively. The gain was recorded in "Gain on sale of operations, net" on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income. Proceeds from the sale were classified as cash provided by investing activities from continuing operations in the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows.
Basis of Consolidation: The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements include the operations of CBIZ, Inc. and all of its wholly-owned subsidiaries after elimination of all intercompany balances and transactions. These unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements do not reflect the operations or accounts of variable interest entities as the impact is not material to the financial condition, results of operations, or cash flows of CBIZ.
Unaudited Interim Financial Statements: The unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with GAAP and applicable rules and regulations of the SEC regarding interim financial reporting. Certain information and note disclosures normally included in the financial statements prepared in accordance with GAAP have been condensed or omitted pursuant to such rules and regulations. As such, the information included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023.
In the opinion of CBIZ management, the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements reflect all normal recurring adjustments necessary to present fairly the financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows for the interim periods presented, but are not necessarily indicative of the results of operations to be anticipated for the full year ending December 31, 2024.
8

Use of Estimates: The preparation of unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported and disclosed in the financial statements and the accompanying notes. Changes in circumstances could cause actual results to differ materially from these estimates.
Changes in Accounting Policies: We have consistently applied the accounting policies for the periods presented as described in Note 1, Basis of Presentation and Significant Accounting Policies, to the consolidated financial statements contained in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023.
NOTE 2. NEW ACCOUNTING PRONOUNCEMENTS
The FASB ASC is the sole source of authoritative GAAP other than the SEC issued rules and regulations that apply only to SEC registrants. The FASB issues an ASU to communicate changes to the FASB ASC. We assess and review the impact of all issued ASUs. During the nine months ended September 30, 2024, we have implemented all new ASUs that are in effect and that may impact our consolidated financial statements.
NOTE 3. ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE, NET
Accounts receivable, less allowance for doubtful accounts, reflects the net realizable value of receivables and approximates fair value. Unbilled revenue is recorded at estimated net realizable value. Assessing the collectability of the receivables (billed and unbilled) requires management judgment based on a combination of factors, including but not limited to, an evaluation of our historical incurred loss experience, credit-worthiness of our clients, age of the trade receivable balance, current economic conditions that may affect a client’s ability to pay, and reasonable and supportable forecasts. Receivables are charged-off against the allowance when the balance is deemed uncollectible.
Accounts receivable, net, at September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 was as follows (in thousands):

| September 30, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
Trade accounts receivable | $ | 324,580 |  |  | $ | 309,640 |
Unbilled revenue, at net realizable value | 183,873 |  |  | 96,110 |
Total accounts receivable | 508,453 |  |  | 405,750 |
Allowance for doubtful accounts | (31,888) |  |  | (25,598) |
Accounts receivable, net | $ | 476,565 |  |  | $ | 380,152 |

Changes to the allowance for doubtful accounts for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and year ended December 31, 2023 were as follows (in thousands):

| September 30, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
Balance at beginning of period | $ | (25,598) |  |  | $ | (20,801) |
Provision | (13,123) |  |  | (13,681) |
Charge-offs, net of recoveries | 6,833 |  |  | 8,884 |
Allowance for doubtful accounts | $ | (31,888) |  |  | $ | (25,598) |

9

NOTE 4. DEBT AND FINANCING ARRANGEMENTS
2022 Credit Facility - As of September 30, 2024, our primary financing arrangement is the 2022 credit facility. The 2022 credit facility, which matures on May 4, 2027, has a borrowing capacity of $600 million. The balance outstanding under the 2022 credit facility was $337.3 million and $312.4 million at September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.
The effective interest rates under the 2022 credit facility, including the impact of interest rate swaps associated with the 2022 credit facility, for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023 were as follows:

| Nine Months Ended September 30, |  |
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  |
Weighted average rates | 5.40% |  | 5.16% |  |
Range of effective rates | 1.93% - 6.83% |  | 1.93% - 8.00% |  |

We had approximately $252.0 million of available funds under the 2022 credit facility at September 30, 2024, net of outstanding letters of credit of $3.2 million. Available funds under the 2022 credit facility are based on a multiple of earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization as defined in the 2022 credit facility, and are reduced by letters of credit, other indebtedness and outstanding borrowings under the 2022 credit facility. Under the 2022 credit facility, loans are charged an interest rate consisting of a base rate or term SOFR rate plus an applicable margin, letters of credit are charged based on the same applicable margin, and a commitment fee is charged on the unused portion of the 2022 credit facility.
The 2022 credit facility contains certain restrictive covenants customary for facilities of this type, including restrictions on indebtedness, liens or other encumbrances, making certain payments, investments, or to sell or otherwise dispose of a substantial portion of assets, or to merge or consolidate with an unaffiliated entity. The 2022 credit facility also limits our ability to make dividend payments. Historically, we have not paid cash dividends on our common stock. Our Board of Directors has discretion over the payment and level of dividends on common stock, subject to the limitations of the 2022 credit facility and applicable law. The 2022 credit facility contains a provision that, in the event of a defined change in control, the 2022 credit facility may be terminated and all amounts outstanding may become due and payable. In addition, the 2022 credit facility contains financial covenants that require us to meet certain requirements with respect to (i) a total leverage ratio and (ii) minimum interest coverage ratio which may limit our ability to borrow up to the total commitment amount. As of September 30, 2024, we are in compliance with all covenants.
Refer to the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023 for further discussion on the 2022 credit facility.
The 2022 credit facility was amended and restated on November 1, 2024 in connection with the closing of the Transaction (as defined below). Refer to Note 12, Subsequent Events, for more information.
Other Line of Credit - We have an unsecured $20.0 million line of credit by and among CBIZ Benefits and Insurance, Inc. and Huntington National Bank. We utilize this line to support our short-term funding requirements of payroll client fund obligations due to the investment of client funds, rather than liquidating client funds that have already been invested in available-for-sale securities. The line of credit did not have a balance outstanding at September 30, 2024. On August 1, 2024, we renewed the line of credit and it will now terminate on July 31, 2025.
Interest Expense - Interest expense, including amortization of deferred financing costs, commitment fees, line of credit fees, and other applicable bank charges, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023 was as follows (in thousands):

| Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30, |
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2024 |  | 2023 |
Credit facilities | $ | 4,968 |  |  | $ | 5,848 |  |  | $ | 15,360 |  |  | $ | 14,986 |  |
Other | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3 |  |  | 37 |  |
Total | $ | 4,968 |  |  | $ | 5,848 |  |  | $ | 15,363 |  |  | $ | 15,023 |  |

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NOTE 5. COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES
Letters of Credit and Guarantees - We provide letters of credit to landlords (lessors) of our leased premises in lieu of cash security deposits, which totaled $3.2 million and $3.5 million at September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. In addition, we provide license bonds to various state agencies to meet certain licensing requirements. The amount of license bonds outstanding was $2.2 million and $2.3 million at September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.
Legal Proceedings - On December 19, 2016, CBIZ Operations, Inc. ("CBIZ Operations") was named as a defendant in a lawsuit filed by Zotec Partners, LLC (“Zotec”) in the Marion County Indiana Superior Court. After various amendments, the lawsuit asserted claims under Indiana law for securities, statutory and common law fraud or deception, unjust enrichment, breach of contract, and vicarious liability against CBIZ Operations and a former employee of CBIZ MMP in connection with the sale of the CBIZ MMP medical billing practice to Zotec. The plaintiff claimed that CBIZ Operations had a duty to disclose the fact, unknown to employees of CBIZ Operations at the time of the transaction, that the former employee had a financial arrangement with a Zotec vendor at the time CBIZ Operations sold CBIZ MMP to Zotec. The plaintiff sought damages of up to $177.0 million out of the $200.0 million transaction price. Trial was held in October 2021. The jury found in favor of CBIZ on all fraud, contract and other claims before it. On November 14, 2022, the trial court ruled in favor of CBIZ and against Zotec’s claim for statutory securities fraud. The court also ruled in favor of CBIZ on its counterclaim for indemnification under contract. The trial court conducted a hearing on December 12, 2023, to consider evidence regarding the amount of damages owed by Zotec to CBIZ on the counterclaim. On March 12, 2024, the court awarded CBIZ $3.1 million on its counterclaim. On April 10, 2024, Zotec filed a notice of appeal.
On November 10, 2023, CBIZ was named as a defendant in a putative class action lawsuit in the United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts by an individual claiming to be an employee of a CBIZ client whose personally identifiable information (“PII”) was compromised and stolen during a cyberattack CBIZ experienced on or about May 31, 2023. As a result of this incident, hackers were able to access and download certain files from CBIZ’s MOVEit Transfer server. The lawsuit alleges that CBIZ and Progress Software Corporation, the owner of MOVEit Transfer, failed to adequately secure and safeguard the individual’s, and similarly situated employees of CBIZ’s clients, PII from unauthorized access. The lawsuit seeks various remedies, including actual, compensatory, and punitive damages, along with injunctive relief, costs, and attorneys’ fees.
On December 8, 2023, CBIZ was named as a defendant in a second putative class action lawsuit in the United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts by an individual making similar claims and seeking similar remedies as in the first lawsuit regarding the cyberattack CBIZ experienced on or about May 31, 2023.
Both cases were transferred into a multidistrict litigation, styled as In Re: MOVEit Customer Data Security Breach Litigation, pending in the United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts (the “MDL”). To date, the MDL has over 180 cases against over 100 different defendants, all with claims arising out of the cyberbreach by hackers of Progress Software Corporation’s MOVEit Transfer software. The cases in the MDL, including the cases against CBIZ, are in their earliest stages, with a stay in place until the MDL Court issues a scheduling order. Due to the early stage of litigation, the Company is not able to determine or predict the ultimate outcome of these lawsuits nor reasonably provide an estimate or range of the possible outcome or losses, if any.
In addition to the items disclosed above, the Company is, from time to time, subject to claims and lawsuits arising in the ordinary course of business. We cannot predict the outcome of all such matters or estimate the possible loss, if any. Although the proceedings are subject to uncertainties in the litigation process and the ultimate disposition of these proceedings is not presently determinable, we intend to vigorously defend these matters.
Refer to the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023 for further discussion on the Company's commitments and contingencies.
11

NOTE 6. FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS
Available-For-Sale Debt Securities - In connection with certain services provided by our payroll operations, we collect funds from our clients’ accounts in advance of paying client obligations. These funds held for clients are segregated and invested in accordance with our investment policy, which requires all investments carry an investment grade rating at the time of initial investment. These investments, primarily consisting of corporate and municipal bonds, are classified as available-for-sale and are included in the “Funds held for clients” line item on the accompanying unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets. The par value of these investments totaled $41.0 million and $40.0 million at September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively, and these investments have maturity or callable dates ranging from October 2024 through March 2027.
At September 30, 2024, unrealized losses on the securities were not material and have not been recognized as a credit loss because the bonds are investment grade quality and management is not required or does not intend to sell prior to an expected recovery in value. The bond issuers continue to make timely principal and interest payments.
The following table summarizes activities related to these investments for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and the year ended December 31, 2023 (in thousands):

| Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024 |  | Year Ended December 31, 2023 |
Fair value at beginning of period | $ | 39,459 |  |  | $ | 43,485 |  |
Purchases | 16,100 |  |  | 14,122 |  |
Redemptions | (500) |  |  | (3,310) |  |
Maturities | (14,656) |  |  | (15,155) |  |
Change in bond premium | (216) |  |  | (1,099) |  |
Fair market value adjustment | 612 |  |  | 1,416 |  |
Fair value at end of period | $ | 40,799 |  |  | $ | 39,459 |  |

In addition to the available-for-sale debt securities discussed above, we also held other depository assets in the amount of $0.3 million and $1.0 million at September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. Those depository assets are classified as Level 1 in the fair value hierarchy.
Interest Rate Swaps - We utilize interest rate swaps to manage interest rate risk exposure associated with our floating-rate debt under the 2022 credit facility, or the forecasted acquisition of such liability. We do not purchase or hold any derivative instruments for trading or speculative purposes. Refer to the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023 for further discussion on our interest rate swaps.
The following table summarizes our outstanding interest rate swaps and their classification in the accompanying unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets at September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 (amounts in thousands):

| September 30, 2024
| Notional Amount |  | Fixed Rate |  | Expiration |  | Fair Value |  | Balance Sheet Location
Interest rate swap | $ | 50,000 |  |  | 0.834 | % |  | 4/14/2025 |  | $ | 916 |  |  | Other current asset
Interest rate swap | $ | 30,000 |  |  | 1.186 | % |  | 12/14/2026 |  | $ | 1,402 |  |  | Other non-current asset
Interest rate swap | $ | 20,000 |  |  | 2.450 | % |  | 8/14/2027 |  | $ | 468 |  |  | Other non-current asset
Interest rate swap | $ | 25,000 |  |  | 3.669 | % |  | 4/14/2028 |  | $ | (338) |  |  | Other non-current asset
Interest rate swap | $ | 25,000 |  |  | 4.488 | % |  | 10/14/2028 |  | $ | (1,169) |  |  | Other non-current liability

12

| December 31, 2023
| Notional Amount |  | Fixed Rate |  | Expiration |  | Fair Value |  | Balance Sheet Location
Interest rate swap | $ | 50,000 |  |  | 0.834 | % |  | 4/14/2025 |  | $ | 2,282 |  |  | Other non-current asset
Interest rate swap | $ | 30,000 |  |  | 1.186 | % |  | 12/14/2026 |  | $ | 2,125 |  |  | Other non-current asset
Interest rate swap | $ | 20,000 |  |  | 2.450 | % |  | 8/14/2027 |  | $ | 784 |  |  | Other non-current asset
Interest rate swap | $ | 25,000 |  |  | 3.669 | % |  | 4/14/2028 |  | $ | (129) |  |  | Other non-current liability
Interest rate swap | $ | 25,000 |  |  | 4.488 | % |  | 10/14/2028 |  | $ | (1,063) |  |  | Other non-current liability

Refer to Note 7, Fair Value Measurements, for additional disclosures regarding fair value measurements.
The following table summarizes the effects of the interest rate swaps on the accompanying unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023 (in thousands):

| Gain (Loss) Recognized in AOCI, net of tax |  | Gain Reclassified from AOCI into Expense |
| Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Three Months Ended September 30, |
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2024 |  | 2023 |
Interest rate swaps | $ | (1,818) |  |  | $ | 1,163 |  |  | $ | 1,186 |  |  | $ | 1,122 |  |
| Gain Recognized in AOCI, net of tax |  | Gain Reclassified from AOCI into Expense |
| Nine Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30, |
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2024 |  | 2023 |
Interest rate swaps | $ | 623 |  |  | $ | 2,635 |  |  | $ | 3,551 |  |  | $ | 3,092 |  |

13

NOTE 7. FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS
The following table summarizes our assets and (liabilities) at September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively, that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis subsequent to initial recognition and indicates the fair value hierarchy of the valuation techniques utilized by us to determine such fair value (in thousands):

| Level |  | September 30, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023 |
Assets of deferred compensation plan | 1 |  | $ | 165,466 |  |  | $ | 143,499 |  |
Available-for-sale debt securities | 1 |  | 40,799 |  |  | 39,459 |  |
Other depository assets | 1 |  | 346 |  |  | 1,031 |  |
Deferred compensation plan obligations | 1 |  | (165,466) |  |  | (143,499) |  |
Interest rate swaps | 2 |  | 1,279 |  |  | 3,999 |  |
Bank debt | 2 |  | (335,835) |  |  | (310,826) |  |
Contingent purchase price liabilities | 3 |  | (78,002) |  |  | (114,946) |  |

During the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, there were no transfers between the valuation hierarchy Levels 1, 2 and 3.
The following table summarizes the change in Level 3 fair values of our contingent purchase price liabilities for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023 (pre-tax basis, in thousands):

| 2024 |  | 2023 |
Beginning balance – December 31 | $ | (114,946) |  |  | $ | (132,010) |  |
Additions from business acquisitions | (15,184) |  |  | (32,142) |  |
Contingent purchase price liabilities assumed | (5,231) |  |  | — |  |
Settlement of contingent purchase price liabilities | 58,468 |  |  | 46,209 |  |
Change in fair value of contingencies | 516 |  |  | 58 |  |
Change in net present value of contingencies | (1,625) |  |  | (2,129) |  |
Ending balance – September 30 | $ | (78,002) |  |  | $ | (120,014) |  |

During the three months ended September 30, 2024, we assumed $5.3 million in outstanding contingent purchase price liabilities from CBIZ CPAs P.C., a national independent Certified Public Accounting firm with which we have an existing Administrative Service Agreement. As a result, we recorded $5.2 million additional expense for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, respectively.
The following table summarizes the changes in contingent purchase price consideration for previous acquisitions and contingent payments made for previous business acquisitions in the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively (in thousands):

| Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2024 |  | 2023
Net expense | $ | 5,702 |  |  | $ | 626 |  |  | $ | 6,340 |  |  | $ | 2,071 |
Cash settlement paid | $ | 9,840 |  |  | $ | 10,103 |  |  | $ | 50,695 |  |  | $ | 39,910 |
Shares issued (number) | 23 |  | 54 |  |  | 117 |  | 129

Refer to the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023 for further discussion on the fair value measurements and classification of our financial assets and liabilities.
14

NOTE 8. OTHER COMPREHENSIVE INCOME
The following table is a summary of other comprehensive income and discloses the tax impact of each component of other comprehensive (loss) income for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023 (in thousands):

| Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2024 |  | 2023
Net unrealized gain on available-for-sale securities, net of taxes (1) | $ | 215 |  |  | $ | 172 |  |  | $ | 438 |  |  | $ | 510 |
Net unrealized (loss) gain on interest rate swaps, net of taxes(2) | (2,709) |  |  | 321 |  |  | (2,041) |  |  | 316 |
Foreign currency translation | (3) |  |  | (6) |  |  | (18) |  |  | (15) |
Total other comprehensive (loss) income | $ | (2,497) |  |  | $ | 487 |  |  | $ | (1,621) |  |  | $ | 811 |

(1)Net of income tax expense of $85 and $68 for the three months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Net of income tax expense of $174 and $203 for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
(2)Net of income tax benefit of $903 and income tax expense of $108 for the three months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Net of income tax benefit of $680 and income tax expense of $94 for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
NOTE 9. EMPLOYEE STOCK PLANS
On May 10, 2023, the shareholders of the Company approved an amendment to the 2019 Stock Omnibus Incentive Plan (the “2019 Plan”). The amendment added 1.5 million shares to the total number of shares that may be issued under the 2019 Plan. All other aspects of the 2019 Plan remain unchanged. The 2019 Plan, which expires in 2029, permits the grant of various forms of stock-based awards. A maximum of 4.6 million stock options, restricted stock or other stock-based compensation awards may be granted. The terms and vesting schedules for the stock-based awards vary by type and date of grant. Shares subject to award under the 2019 Plan may be either authorized but unissued shares of our common stock or treasury shares. Refer to the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023 for further discussion on the 2019 Plan.
Compensation expense for stock-based awards recognized during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023 was as follows (in thousands):

| Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2024 |  | 2023
Stock options | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 768 |
Restricted stock units and awards | 1,291 |  |  | 1,452 |  |  | 4,194 |  |  | 4,066 |
Performance share units | 1,124 |  |  | 1,650 |  |  | 3,237 |  |  | 4,887 |
Total stock-based compensation expense | $ | 2,415 |  |  | $ | 3,102 |  |  | $ | 7,431 |  |  | $ | 9,721 |

Stock Options and Restricted Stock Units and Awards – The Company did not grant any stock options during the nine months ended September 30, 2024.
15

The following table presents our restricted stock units and awards activity during the nine months ended September 30, 2024 (in thousands, except per share data):

| Stock Options |  | Restricted Stock Units and Awards |
| Number of Options |  | Weighted Average Exercise Price Per Share |  | Number of Shares |  | Weighted Average Grant-Date Fair Value (1) |
Outstanding at beginning of year | 150 |  |  | $ | 35.22 |  |  | 223 |  |  | $ | 41.19 |  |
Granted | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | 96 |  |  | $ | 67.71 |  |
Exercised or released | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | (129) |  |  | $ | 38.49 |  |
Expired or canceled | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | (3) |  |  | $ | 38.52 |  |
Outstanding at September 30, 2024 | 150 |  |  | $ | 35.22 |  |  | 187 |  |  | $ | 56.69 |  |
Exercisable at September 30, 2024 | 150 |  |  | $ | 35.22 |  |  | 187 |  |  | $ | 56.69 |  |

(1)Represents weighted average market value of the shares; awards are granted at no cost to the recipients.

Performance Share Units (“PSUs”) – PSUs are earned based on our financial performance over a contractual term of three years and the associated expense is recognized over that period based on the fair value of the award. A three-year cliff vesting schedule of the PSUs is dependent upon the Company’s performance relative to pre-established goals based on an earnings per share target (weighted 70%) and total growth in revenue (weighted 30%). The fair value of PSUs is calculated using the market value of a share of our common stock on the date of grant. For performance achieved above specified levels, the recipient may earn additional shares of stock, not to exceed 200% of the number of PSUs initially granted.
The following table presents our PSUs activity during the nine months ended September 30, 2024 (in thousands, except per share data):

| Performance Share Units |  | Weighted Average Grant-Date Fair Value Per Unit (1) |
Outstanding at beginning of year | 464 |  |  | $ | 33.84 |  |
Granted | 70 |  |  | $ | 66.07 |  |
Vested | (273) |  |  | $ | 27.51 |  |
Canceled | (7) |  |  | $ | 39.09 |  |
Outstanding at September 30, 2024 | 254 |  |  | $ | 49.42 |  |

(1)Represents weighted average market value of the PSUs; PSUs are granted at no cost to the recipients.
16

NOTE 10. EARNINGS PER SHARE
The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted earnings per share for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023 (in thousands, except per share data):

| Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2024 |  | 2023
Numerator: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net Income | $ | 35,084 |  |  | $ | 33,682 |  |  | $ | 131,761 |  |  | $ | 133,705 |
Denominator: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Weighted average common shares outstanding | 50,145 |  |  | 49,838 |  |  | 50,101 |  |  | 50,054 |
Diluted |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Stock options (1) | 77 |  |  | 148 |  |  | 77 |  |  | 206 |
Restricted stock units and awards (1) | 74 |  |  | 96 |  |  | 76 |  |  | 95 |
Performance share units | 96 |  |  | 277 |  |  | 96 |  |  | 277 |
Contingent shares (2) | 9 |  |  | 12 |  |  | 9 |  |  | 12 |
Diluted weighted average common shares outstanding (3) | 50,401 |  |  | 50,371 |  |  | 50,359 |  |  | 50,644 |
Basic earnings per share | $ | 0.70 |  |  | $ | 0.68 |  |  | $ | 2.63 |  |  | $ | 2.67 |
Diluted earnings per share | $ | 0.70 |  |  | $ | 0.67 |  |  | $ | 2.62 |  |  | $ | 2.64 |

(1)A total of 8 thousand and 49 thousand shares of stock-based awards were excluded from the calculation of diluted earnings per share for three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, respectively, as their effect would be anti-dilutive. A total of 60 thousand shares of stock-based awards were excluded from the calculation of diluted earnings per share for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, as their effect would be anti-dilutive. No stock-based awards were excluded from the calculation of diluted earnings per share for the three months ended September 30, 2023, as their effect was dilutive.
(2)Contingent shares represent additional shares to be issued for purchase price earned by former owners of businesses acquired by us once future considerations have been met.
(3)The denominator used in calculating diluted earnings per share did not include 158 thousand PSUs for both the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024. T he denominator used in calculating diluted earnings per share did not include 187 thousand PSUs for both the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023.The performance conditions associated with these PSUs were not met and consequently none of these PSUs were considered as issuable for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023.
17

NOTE 11. SEGMENT DISCLOSURES
Our business units have been aggregated into three practice groups: Financial Services, Benefits and Insurance Services, and National Practices. The business units have been aggregated based on the following factors: similarity of the products and services provided to clients; similarity of the regulatory environment in which they operate; and similarity of economic conditions affecting long-term performance. The business units are managed along these segment lines. A general description of services provided by each practice group is provided in the table below.

Financial Services |  | Benefits and Insurance Services |  | National Practices
Accounting and Tax |  | Employee Benefits Consulting |  | Information Technology Managed Networking and Hardware Services
Financial Advisory |  | Payroll / Human Capital Management |  | Healthcare Consulting
Valuation |  | Property and Casualty Insurance |  |
Risk and Advisory Services |  | Retirement and Investment Services |  |
Government Healthcare Consulting |  |  |  |

Corporate and Other - Included in Corporate and Other are operating expenses that are not directly allocated to the individual business units. These expenses primarily consist of certain health care costs, gains or losses attributable to assets held in our non-qualified deferred compensation plan, stock-based compensation, consolidation and integration charges, certain professional fees, certain advertising costs, and other various expenses.
Accounting policies of the practice groups are the same as those described in Note 1, Basis of Presentation and Significant Accounting Policies, to the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023. Upon consolidation, intercompany accounts and transactions are eliminated, thus inter-segment revenue is not included in the measure of profit or loss for the practice groups. Performance of the practice groups is evaluated on income (loss) before income tax expense (benefit) excluding those costs listed above, which are reported in “Corporate and Other”.
Segment information for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023 is presented below. We do not manage our assets on a segment basis, therefore segment assets are not presented below.
The following table disaggregates our revenue by source (in thousands):

| Three Months Ended September 30, 2024 |
| Financial Services |  | Benefits and Insurance Services |  | National Practices |  | Consolidated |
Accounting, tax, advisory and consulting | $ | 322,295 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 322,295 |  |
Core benefits and insurance services | — |  |  | 99,950 |  |  | — |  |  | 99,950 |  |
Non-core benefits and insurance services | — |  |  | 4,090 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,090 |  |
Managed networking, hardware services | — |  |  | — |  |  | 10,336 |  |  | 10,336 |  |
National practices consulting | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,213 |  |  | 2,213 |  |
Total revenue | $ | 322,295 |  |  | $ | 104,040 |  |  | $ | 12,549 |  |  | $ | 438,884 |  |

| Three Months Ended September 30, 2023
| Financial Services |  | Benefits and Insurance Services |  | National Practices |  | Consolidated
Accounting, tax, advisory and consulting | $ | 298,372 |  |  | — |  | — |  | $ | 298,372 |
Core benefits and insurance services | — |  | 95,951 |  |  | — |  | 95,951 |
Non-core benefits and insurance services | — |  | 4,336 |  |  | — |  | 4,336 |
Managed networking, hardware services | — |  | — |  | 9,205 |  |  | 9,205 |
National practices consulting | — |  | — |  | 2,675 |  |  | 2,675 |
Total revenue | $ | 298,372 |  |  | $ | 100,287 |  |  | $ | 11,880 |  |  | $ | 410,539 |

18

| Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024 |
| Financial Services |  | Benefits and Insurance Services |  | National Practices |  | Consolidated |
Accounting, tax, advisory and consulting | $ | 1,004,158 |  |  | — |  | — |  | $ | 1,004,158 |  |
Core benefits and insurance services | — |  | 298,688 |  |  | — |  | 298,688 |  |
Non-core benefits and insurance services | — |  | 11,179 |  |  | — |  | 11,179 |  |
Managed networking, hardware services | — |  | — |  | 30,774 |  |  | 30,774 |  |
National practices consulting | — |  | — |  | 8,394 |  |  | 8,394 |  |
Total revenue | $ | 1,004,158 |  |  | $ | 309,867 |  |  | $ | 39,168 |  |  | $ | 1,353,193 |  |

| Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023 |
| Financial Services |  | Benefits and Insurance Services |  | National Practices |  | Consolidated |
Accounting, tax, advisory and consulting | $ | 932,388 |  |  | — |  | — |  | $ | 932,388 |  |
Core benefits and insurance services | — |  | 283,599 |  |  | — |  | 283,599 |  |
Non-core benefits and insurance services | — |  | 12,580 |  |  | — |  | 12,580 |  |
Managed networking, hardware services | — |  | — |  | 27,226 |  |  | 27,226 |  |
National practices consulting | — |  | — |  | 7,854 |  |  | 7,854 |  |
Total revenue | $ | 932,388 |  |  | $ | 296,179 |  |  | $ | 35,080 |  |  | $ | 1,263,647 |  |

Segment information for the three months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023 was as follows (in thousands):

| Three Months Ended September 30, 2024 |
| Financial Services |  | Benefits and Insurance Services |  | National Practices |  | Corporate and Other |  | Total |
Revenue | $ | 322,295 |  |  | $ | 104,040 |  |  | $ | 12,549 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 438,884 |  |
Operating expenses | 260,639 |  |  | 82,965 |  |  | 11,101 |  |  | 11,266 |  |  | 365,971 |  |
Gross margin | 61,656 |  |  | 21,075 |  |  | 1,448 |  |  | (11,266) |  |  | 72,913 |  |
Corporate general and administrative expenses | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 23,227 |  |  | 23,227 |  |
Operating income (loss) | 61,656 |  |  | 21,075 |  |  | 1,448 |  |  | (34,493) |  |  | 49,686 |  |
Other income (expense): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest expense | — |  |  | (3) |  |  | — |  |  | (4,965) |  |  | (4,968) |  |
Gain on sale of operations, net | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4,953 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,953 |  |
Other income, net | 15 |  |  | 5 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,280 |  |  | 1,300 |  |
Total other income (expense), net | 15 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 4,953 |  |  | (3,685) |  |  | 1,285 |  |
Income (loss) before income tax expense | $ | 61,671 |  |  | $ | 21,077 |  |  | $ | 6,401 |  |  | $ | (38,178) |  |  | $ | 50,971 |  |

19

| Three Months Ended September 30, 2023 |
| Financial Services |  | Benefits and Insurance Services |  | National Practices |  | Corporate and Other |  | Total |
Revenue | $ | 298,372 |  |  | $ | 100,287 |  |  | $ | 11,880 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 410,539 |  |
Operating expenses | 249,680 |  |  | 79,636 |  |  | 10,667 |  |  | 2,165 |  |  | 342,148 |  |
Gross margin | 48,692 |  |  | 20,651 |  |  | 1,213 |  |  | (2,165) |  |  | 68,391 |  |
Corporate general and administrative expenses | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 13,136 |  |  | 13,136 |  |
Operating income (loss) | 48,692 |  |  | 20,651 |  |  | 1,213 |  |  | (15,301) |  |  | 55,255 |  |
Other income (expense): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest expense | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (5,848) |  |  | (5,848) |  |
Gain on sale of operations, net | 77 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 77 |  |
Other income, net | 1,497 |  |  | 267 |  |  | — |  |  | (4,052) |  |  | (2,288) |  |
Total other income (loss), net | 1,574 |  |  | 267 |  |  | — |  |  | (9,900) |  |  | (8,059) |  |
Income (loss) before income tax expense | $ | 50,266 |  |  | $ | 20,918 |  |  | $ | 1,213 |  |  | $ | (25,201) |  |  | $ | 47,196 |  |

Segment information for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023 was as follows (in thousands):

| Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024 |
| Financial Services |  | Benefits and Insurance Services |  | National Practices |  | Corporate and Other |  | Total |
Revenue | $ | 1,004,158 |  |  | $ | 309,867 |  |  | $ | 39,168 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,353,193 |  |
Operating expenses | 789,009 |  |  | 249,845 |  |  | 35,062 |  |  | 34,908 |  |  | 1,108,824 |  |
Gross margin | 215,149 |  |  | 60,022 |  |  | 4,106 |  |  | (34,908) |  |  | 244,369 |  |
Corporate general and administrative expenses | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 63,988 |  |  | 63,988 |  |
Operating income (loss) | 215,149 |  |  | 60,022 |  |  | 4,106 |  |  | (98,896) |  |  | 180,381 |  |
Other income (expense): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest expense | — |  |  | (3) |  |  | — |  |  | (15,360) |  |  | (15,363) |  |
Gain on sale of operations, net | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4,953 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,953 |  |
Other income, net | 229 |  |  | 92 |  |  | (4) |  |  | 12,890 |  |  | 13,207 |  |
Total other income (expense), net | 229 |  |  | 89 |  |  | 4,949 |  |  | (2,470) |  |  | 2,797 |  |
Income (loss) before income tax expense | $ | 215,378 |  |  | $ | 60,111 |  |  | $ | 9,055 |  |  | $ | (101,366) |  |  | $ | 183,178 |  |

20

| Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023 |
| Financial Services |  | Benefits and Insurance Services |  | National Practices |  | Corporate and Other |  | Total |
Revenue | $ | 932,388 |  |  | $ | 296,179 |  |  | $ | 35,080 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,263,647 |  |
Operating expenses | 737,568 |  |  | 234,933 |  |  | 31,795 |  |  | 22,850 |  |  | 1,027,146 |  |
Gross margin | 194,820 |  |  | 61,246 |  |  | 3,285 |  |  | (22,850) |  |  | 236,501 |  |
Corporate general and administrative expenses | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 44,527 |  |  | 44,527 |  |
Operating income (loss) | 194,820 |  |  | 61,246 |  |  | 3,285 |  |  | (67,377) |  |  | 191,974 |  |
Other income (expense): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest expense | — |  |  | (1) |  |  | — |  |  | (15,022) |  |  | (15,023) |  |
Gain on sale of operations, net | 176 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 176 |  |
Other income, net | 1,987 |  |  | 597 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 5,660 |  |  | 8,245 |  |
Total other income (expense), net | 2,163 |  |  | 596 |  |  | 1 |  |  | (9,362) |  |  | (6,602) |  |
Income (loss) before income tax expense | $ | 196,983 |  |  | $ | 61,842 |  |  | $ | 3,286 |  |  | $ | (76,739) |  |  | $ | 185,372 |  |

NOTE 12. SUBSEQUENT EVENTS
Business Combinations:
As previously disclosed, on July 30, 2024, we entered into an Agreement and Plan of Merger (the “Merger Agreement”) with Marcum LLP, a New York registered limited liability partnership (“Marcum”), Marcum Advisory Group LLC, a Delaware limited liability company and wholly owned subsidiary of Marcum (“MAG”), PMMS LLC, a Delaware limited liability company and a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company (“Merger Sub”), and Marcum Partners SPV LLC, a Delaware limited liability company (the “Owner Representative”).
Under the terms of the Merger Agreement, at the closing, Merger Sub merged with and into MAG, with MAG continuing as the surviving entity and as a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company (the “Merger”). Prior to the closing of the Merger, Marcum contributed substantially all of its non-attest business assets to MAG, subject to certain exclusions, and MAG assumed certain Marcum liabilities. In a separate transaction, CBIZ CPAs P.C., previously known as Mayer Hoffman McCann P.C., a national independent certified public accounting firm with which the Company has an existing Administrative Services Agreement, purchased from Marcum substantially all of Marcum’s attest business assets, subject to certain exclusions ("Attest Purchase"). The Merger and the transactions contemplated by the Merger Agreement are referred to herein as the “Transaction.”
On November 1, 2024, the Transaction was completed. At closing, we paid $637.6 million in cash as consideration to Marcum partners (including escrowed amounts) and an additional $425.5 million in cash to satisfy certain obligations of Marcum and for certain other specified closing payments as provided by the Merger Agreement. The cash portion of the purchase price paid to Marcum partners is subject to customary post-closing adjustments and escrow arrangements.
In addition to the cash consideration, we will issue a total of 14,260,645 shares of our common stock (the “Shares”) to Marcum partners. The Shares will be delivered as follows: (i) 713,032 Shares will be subject to continued service requirements and, subject to satisfaction of those requirements, be delivered on the fourth anniversary of the closing; (ii) 2,852,129 Shares will be delivered on January 2, 2025; and (iii) the remaining 10,695,484 Shares will be delivered in 36 monthly installments commencing on January 2, 2025.
We have yet to finalize the purchase price allocation for the Transaction, and are in the process of evaluating the effect that the Transaction will have on our consolidated financial statements.
21

Amended and Restated Credit Facilities
On November 1, 2024, the Company and CBIZ Operations, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company, as the borrower (“CBIZ Operations”), Bank of America, N.A., as administrative agent, and the other financial institutions party thereto entered into an amended and restated credit agreement (the “2024 Credit Facilities”) providing for $2.0 billion in senior secured credit facilities, consisting of a $1.4 billion term loan (the “Term Loan”) and $600.0 million revolving credit facility (the “Revolving Credit Facility”). The 2024 Credit Facilities amend and restate the 2022 credit facility. The proceeds of the Term Loan were used to pay the cash consideration and make certain other payments in connection with the closing of the Transaction and to repay outstanding amounts under the 2022 credit facility.
The 2024 Credit Facilities mature on November 1, 2029. The Term Loan provides for scheduled annual principal amortization payments of 5% in the first two years following closing, 7.5% annually in the third and fourth year following closing and 10% in the fifth year following closing, with the balance due at maturity.
The commitments under the 2024 Credit Facilities may be increased in the form of incremental term facilities and/or increased commitments under the Revolving Credit Facility in an aggregate principal amount of up to the sum of (a) the greater of (i) $465.0 million and (ii) 100% of EBITDA, plus (b) an unlimited amount, so long as Total Net Leverage Ratio (“TNLR”) is no more than the lesser of 3.50 to 1.00 and TNLR at the closing after giving pro forma effect to the Transaction.
The Company may elect an interest rate for the Term Loan and the Revolving Credit Facility based on the Base Rate or Term SOFR, plus an applicable spread. The Base Rate option is the highest of: (i) the Bank of America prime rate; (ii) the federal funds rate plus 0.50%; or (iii) Term SOFR plus 1.0%. Term SOFR is the forward-looking term rate based on the secured overnight financing rate that is published by CME Group Benchmark Administration Limited (or a successor administrator of such rate) plus a 0.10% SOFR Adjustment. The applicable spreads under the 2024 Credit Facilities will be 0.375% to 1.50% and 1.375% to 2.50% above the Base Rate and Term SOFR, respectively.
The 2024 Credit Facilities include a financial covenant requiring that TNLR not exceed 5.00 to 1.00 initially, stepping down in increments to 3.75 to 1.00 during and after the seventh fiscal quarter after the closing (with a limited ability to temporarily increase in connection with material acquisitions
commencing in the sixth fiscal quarter after the closing). The 2024 Credit Facilities also require a Minimum Consolidated Interest Coverage Ratio of 3.00 to 1.00 and affirmative and negative covenants that are in each case generally similar to those contained in the 2022 credit facility, but with
increases to certain baskets and caps and certain other exceptions.
The 2024 Credit Facilities are guaranteed by the Company and each of its domestic subsidiaries, subject to certain exceptions (the “Guarantors”), and are secured by substantially all assets of the Company, CBIZ Operations and the other Guarantors.
As of November 1, 2024, t he balance outstanding under the 2024 Credit Facilities was $1,465.5 million.
ITEM 2. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
Unless the context otherwise requires, references in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q to “we”, “us”, “our”, "CBIZ" or the "Company" shall mean CBIZ, Inc., and its operating subsidiaries.
The following discussion is intended to assist in the understanding of our financial position at September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, results of operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, and cash flows for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, and should be read in conjunction with the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and with our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023. This discussion and analysis contains forward-looking statements and should be read in conjunction with the disclosures and information contained in “Forward-Looking Statements” included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and in “Item 1A. Risk Factors” included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and in the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023.
22

OVERVIEW
We provide professional business services, products and solutions that help our clients grow and succeed by better managing their finances and employees. These services are primarily provided to small and medium-sized businesses, as well as individuals, governmental entities, and not-for-profit enterprises throughout the United States and parts of Canada. We deliver integrated services through three practice groups: Financial Services, Benefits and Insurance Services, and National Practices. Refer to Note 11, Segment Disclosures, to the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements for a general description of services provided by each practice group.
Refer to the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023 for further discussion of our business and strategies, as well as the external relationships and regulatory factors that currently impact our operations.
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Revenue for the three months ended September 30, 2024 increased by $28.3 million, or 6.9%, to $438.9 million from $410.5 million for the same period in 2023. Same-unit revenue increased by approximately $20.8 million, or 5.1%, as compared to the same period in 2023. Revenue from newly acquired operations contributed $8.4 million, or 1.9%, of incremental revenue for the three months ended September 30, 2024, as compared to the same period in 2023.
Revenue for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 increased by $89.5 million, or 7.1%, to $1,353.2 million from $1,263.6 million for the same period in 2023. Same-unit revenue increased by approximately $58.7 million, or 4.6%, as compared to the same period in 2023. Revenue from newly acquired operations contributed $31.7 million, or 2.3%, of incremental revenue for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, as compared to the same period in 2023. A detailed discussion of revenue by practice group is included under "Operating Practice Groups."
Net income was $35.1 million, or $0.70 per diluted share, in the third quarter of 2024, compared to $33.7 million, or $0.67 per diluted share, in the third quarter of 2023. For the nine months ended September 30, 2024, net income was $131.8 million, or $2.62 per diluted share, compared to $133.7 million, or $2.64 per diluted share, for the same period in 2023. Refer to “Results of Operations" for a detailed discussion of the components of net income.
On November 1, 2024, we completed the previously announced Transaction. In connection with the closing of the Transaction, we entered into the 2024 Credit Facilities. Refer to Note 12. Subsequent Events to the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements for further discussion regarding the Transaction and related 2024 Credit Facilities.
Strategic Use of Capital
Our overall business objective continues to focus on making strategic acquisitions that allow us to strengthen our presence in existing markets, expand into high growth industries, and broaden our services to our existing offerings. As a result of the Transaction and related 2024 Credit Facilities as described in Note 12. Subsequent Events to the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements, we have $1,465.5 million outstanding debt under the 2024 Credit Facilities as of November 1, 2024. To achieve our business objective of making strategic acquisitions, our current priority for use of capital is to maximize cash flow to pay down debt, which will allow us more liquidity to make strategic acquisitions in the future. In addition, we believe that repurchasing shares of our common stock can be a prudent use of our financial resources, and that investing in our stock is an attractive use of capital and an efficient means to provide value to our stockholders.
During the nine months ended September 30, 2024, we completed three acquisitions for $22.5 million in cash. We also repurchased 0.2 million shares of our common stock for tax withholding purposes at a total cost of approximately $11.4 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2024.
During the first quarter of 2024, the CBIZ Board of Directors authorized the purchase of up to 5.0 million shares of our common stock under our share repurchase program (the “Share Repurchase Program”), which may be suspended or discontinued at any time and expires on March 31, 2025. The shares may be purchased in the open market, in privately negotiated transactions, and pursuant to Rule 10b5-1 trading plans. Privately negotiated transactions may include purchases from our employees, officers and directors, in accordance with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) rules. CBIZ management will determine the timing and amount of the purchases based on its evaluation of market conditions and other factors.
23

RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
Revenue
The following tables summarize total revenue for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023:

| Three Months Ended September 30, |
| 2024 |  | % of Total |  | 2023 |  | % of Total |  | $ Change |  | % Change |
| (Amounts in thousands, except percentages) |
Financial Services | $ | 322,295 |  |  | 73.4 | % |  | $ | 298,372 |  |  | 72.7 | % |  | $ | 23,923 |  |  | 8.0 | % |
Benefits and Insurance Services | 104,040 |  |  | 23.7 | % |  | 100,287 |  |  | 24.4 | % |  | 3,753 |  |  | 3.7 | % |
National Practices | 12,549 |  |  | 2.9 | % |  | 11,880 |  |  | 2.9 | % |  | 669 |  |  | 5.6 | % |
Total CBIZ | $ | 438,884 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 410,539 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 28,345 |  |  | 6.9 | % |
| Nine Months Ended September 30, |
| 2024 |  | % of Total |  | 2023 |  | % of Total |  | $ Change |  | % Change |
| (Amounts in thousands, except percentages) |
Financial Services | $ | 1,004,158 |  |  | 74.2 | % |  | $ | 932,388 |  |  | 73.8 | % |  | $ | 71,770 |  |  | 7.7 | % |
Benefits and Insurance Services | 309,867 |  |  | 22.9 | % |  | 296,179 |  |  | 23.4 | % |  | 13,688 |  |  | 4.6 | % |
National Practices | 39,168 |  |  | 2.9 | % |  | 35,080 |  |  | 2.8 | % |  | 4,088 |  |  | 11.7 | % |
Total CBIZ | $ | 1,353,193 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 1,263,647 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 89,546 |  |  | 7.1 | % |

A detailed discussion of same-unit revenue by practice group is included under “Operating Practice Groups.”
Non-qualified Deferred Compensation Plan
We sponsor a Non-qualified Deferred Compensation Plan (the "deferred compensation plan"), under which a CBIZ employee’s compensation deferral is held in a rabbi trust and invested accordingly as directed by the employee. Income and expenses related to the deferred compensation plan, which are recorded in "Corporate and Other" for segment reporting purposes, are included in “Operating expenses”, “Gross margin” and “Corporate general and administrative expenses” and are directly offset by deferred compensation gains or losses in “Other (expense) income, net” in the accompanying unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income. The deferred compensation plan has no impact on “Income before income tax expense” or diluted earnings per share.
Income and expenses related to the deferred compensation plan for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023 are as follows:

| Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2024 |  | 2023
| (Amounts in thousands)
Operating expense (income) | $ | 7,305 |  |  | $ | (3,009) |  |  | $ | 18,164 |  |  | $ | 6,853 |
Corporate general & administrative expense (income) | 1,064 |  |  | (452) |  |  | 2,444 |  |  | 821 |
Other income (expenses), net | 8,369 |  |  | (3,461) |  |  | 20,608 |  |  | 7,674 |

24

Excluding the impact of the above-mentioned income and expenses related to the deferred compensation plan, the operating results for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023 are as follows:

| Three Months Ended September 30,
| 2024 |  | 2023
| (Amounts in thousands, except percentages)
| As Reported |  | Deferred Compensation Plan |  | Adjusted |  | % of Revenue |  | As Reported |  | Deferred Compensation Plan |  | Adjusted |  | % of Revenue
Gross margin | $ | 72,913 |  |  | $ | 7,305 |  |  | $ | 80,218 |  |  | 18.3 | % |  | $ | 68,391 |  |  | $ | (3,009) |  |  | $ | 65,382 |  |  | 15.9 | %
Operating income | 49,686 |  |  | 8,369 |  |  | 58,055 |  |  | 13.2 | % |  | 55,255 |  |  | (3,461) |  |  | 51,794 |  |  | 12.6 | %
Other income (expense), net | 1,300 |  |  | (8,369) |  |  | (7,069) |  |  | (1.6) | % |  | (2,288) |  |  | 3,461 |  |  | 1,173 |  |  | 0.3 | %
Income before income tax expense | 50,971 |  |  | — |  |  | 50,971 |  |  | 11.6 | % |  | 47,196 |  |  | — |  |  | 47,196 |  |  | 11.5 | %
| Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2024 |  | 2023
| (Amounts in thousands, except percentages)
| As Reported |  | Deferred Compensation Plan |  | Adjusted |  | % of Revenue |  | As Reported |  | Deferred Compensation Plan |  | Adjusted |  | % of Revenue
Gross margin | $ | 244,369 |  |  | $ | 18,164 |  |  | $ | 262,533 |  |  | 19.4 | % |  | $ | 236,501 |  |  | $ | 6,853 |  |  | $ | 243,354 |  |  | 19.3 | %
Operating income | 180,381 |  |  | 20,608 |  |  | 200,989 |  |  | 14.9 | % |  | 191,974 |  |  | 7,674 |  |  | 199,648 |  |  | 15.8 | %
Other income (expense), net | 13,207 |  |  | (20,608) |  |  | (7,401) |  |  | (0.5) | % |  | 8,245 |  |  | (7,674) |  |  | 571 |  |  | — | %
Income before income tax expense | 183,178 |  |  | — |  |  | 183,178 |  |  | 13.5 | % |  | 185,372 |  |  | — |  |  | 185,372 |  |  | 14.7 | %

25

Operating Expenses
The following tables summarize total operating expenses for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023:

| Three Months Ended September 30, |
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | $ Change |  | % Change |
| (Amounts in thousands, except percentages) |
Operating expenses by segment: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Financial Services | $ | 260,639 |  | $ | 249,680 |  | $ | 10,959 |  | 4.4 | % |
Benefits and Insurance Services | 82,965 |  | 79,636 |  | 3,329 |  | 4.2 | % |
National Practices | 11,101 |  | 10,667 |  | 434 |  | 4.1 | % |
Corporate and Other | 11,266 |  | 2,165 |  | 9,101 |  | N/M |
Total Operating expenses | $ | 365,971 |  | $ | 342,148 |  | $ | 23,823 |  | 7.0 | % |
Operating expenses % of revenue | 83.4 | % |  | 83.3 | % |  |  |  |  |
Operating expenses excluding deferred compensation | $ | 358,666 |  | $ | 345,157 |  | $ | 13,509 |  | 3.9 | % |
Operating expenses excluding deferred compensation % of revenue | 81.7 | % |  | 84.1 | % |  |  |  |  |
| Nine Months Ended September 30, |
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | $ Change |  | % Change |
| (Amounts in thousands, except percentages) |
Operating expenses by segment: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Financial Services | $ | 789,009 |  | $ | 737,568 |  | $ | 51,441 |  | 7.0 | % |
Benefits and Insurance Services | 249,845 |  | 234,933 |  | $ | 14,912 |  | 6.3 | % |
National Practices | 35,062 |  | 31,795 |  | $ | 3,267 |  | 10.3 | % |
Corporate and Other | 34,908 |  | 22,850 |  | $ | 12,058 |  | 52.8 | % |
Total Operating expenses | $ | 1,108,824 |  | $ | 1,027,146 |  | $ | 81,678 |  | 8.0 | % |
Operating expenses % of revenue | 81.9 | % |  | 81.3 | % |  |  |  |  |
Operating expenses excluding deferred compensation | $ | 1,090,660 |  | $ | 1,020,293 |  | $ | 70,367 |  |  | 6.9 | % |
Operating expenses excluding deferred compensation % of revenue | 80.6 | % |  | 80.7 | % |  |  |  |  |

Three months ended September 30, 2024 compared to September 30, 2023. Total operating expenses for the three months ended September 30, 2024 increased by $23.8 million, or 7.0%, to $366.0 million as compared to $342.1 million in the same period of 2023. The deferred compensation plan increased operating expenses by $7.3 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024, and decreased by $3.0 million during the same period in 2023. Excluding the deferred compensation expenses, which were recorded in "Corporate and Other" for segment reporting purposes, operating expenses would have been $358.7 million and $345.2 million, or 81.7% and 84.1% of revenue, for the three months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively. In addition, operating expenses for the three months ended September 30, 2024 included approximately $0.6 million of non-recurring integration costs associated with the Transaction and other acquisitions completed in 2024, and the operating expenses for the three months ended September 30, 2023 included $0.6 million of non-recurring integration costs associated with the Somerset CPAs and Advisors ("Somerset") acquisition.
The majority of our operating expenses relate to personnel costs, which include (i) salaries and benefits, (ii) commissions paid to producers, (iii) incentive compensation, and (iv) stock-based compensation. Excluding the impact of deferred compensation, which was recorded in "Corporate and Other" for segment reporting purposes, operating expenses increased by approximately $13.5 million during the three months ended September 30, 2024 as compared to the same period in 2023, driven by $7.8 million higher personnel costs (of which $4.7 million was the result of acquisitions), $3.2 million higher direct costs, $1.2 million higher travel and entertainment costs, $0.8
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milli on higher professional service costs, a nd $0.4 million higher other discretionary spending to support business growth. Personnel costs are discussed in further detail under “Operating Practice Groups” below.
Nine months ended September 30, 2024 compared to September 30, 2023. Total operating expenses for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 increased by $81.7 million, or 8.0%, to $1,108.8 million as compared to $1,027.1 million in the same period of 2023. The deferred compensation plan increased operating expenses by $18.2 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, and by $6.9 million during the same period in 2023. Excluding the impact of deferred compensation, which was recorded in "Corporate and Other" for segment reporting purposes, operating expenses would have been $1,090.7 million and $1,020.3 million, or 80.6% and 80.7% of revenue, for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively, an increase of $70.4 million as compared to the same period in 2023. In addition, operating expense for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 included approximately $0.9 million of non-recurring integration costs related to the Transaction and other acquisitions completed in 2024, and operating expenses for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 included $1.5 million of non-recurring integration and retention costs associated with the Somerset acquisition. The increase in operating expense was driven by higher personnel costs of $49.0 million (of which $17.2 million was the result of acquisitions), $7.3 higher direct cost, $4.2 million higher technology costs, $3.4 million higher professional service costs, $3.2 million higher travel and entertainment costs, $1.2 higher depreciation and amortization expense, $1.1 million higher bad debt expense, and $0.9 million higher other discretionary spending to support business growth. Personnel costs are discussed in further detail under “Operating Practice Groups” below.
Corporate General & Administrative (“G&A”) Expenses

| Three Months Ended September 30,
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | $ Change |  | % Change
| (Amounts in thousands, except percentages)
G&A expenses | $ | 23,227 |  |  | $ | 13,136 |  |  | $ | 10,091 |  |  | 76.8 | %
G&A expenses % of revenue | 5.3 | % |  | 3.2 | % |  |  |  |
G&A expenses excluding deferred compensation | $ | 22,163 |  |  | $ | 13,588 |  |  | $ | 8,575 |  |  | 63.1 | %
G&A expenses excluding deferred compensation % of revenue | 5.0 | % |  | 3.3 | % |  |  |  |
| Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | $ Change |  | % Change
| (Amounts in thousands, except percentages)
G&A expenses | $ | 63,988 |  |  | $ | 44,527 |  |  | $ | 19,461 |  |  | 43.7 | %
G&A expenses % of revenue | 4.7 | % |  | 3.5 | % |  |  |  |
G&A expenses excluding deferred compensation | $ | 61,544 |  |  | $ | 43,706 |  |  | $ | 17,838 |  |  | 40.8 | %
G&A expenses excluding deferred compensation % of revenue | 4.5 | % |  | 3.5 | % |  |  |  |

Three months ended September 30, 2024 compared to September 30, 2023. The deferred compensation plan increased G&A expenses by $1.1 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024, and decreased G&A expenses by $0.5 million during the same period in 2023. The G&A expenses, excluding the impact of the deferred compensation plan, would have been $22.2 million, or 5.0% of revenue, for the three months ended September 30, 2024, compared to $13.6 million, or 3.3% of revenue, for the same period in 2023, an increase of approximately $8.6 million. The increase was primarily driven by $6.9 million higher legal and other professional services costs largely associated with the Transaction, $1.3 million higher other discretionary spending to support business growth, and $0.4 million higher personnel costs. The G&A expenses for the three months ended September 30, 2024 included approximately $7.7 million of non-recurring transaction and integration costs primarily associated with the Transaction. For the three months ended September 30, 2023 there were no non-recurring transaction and integration costs associated with acquisitions.
Nine months ended September 30, 2024 compared to September 30, 2023. The deferred compensation plan increased G&A expenses by $2.4 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, and increased G&A expenses by $0.8 million during the same period in 2023. The G&A expenses, excluding the impact of the deferred
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compensation plan, would have been $61.5 million, or 4.5% of revenue, for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, compared to $43.7 million, or 3.5% of revenue, for the same period in 2023, an increase of approximately $17.8 million. The increase in G&A expenses was primarily driven by $14.8 million higher legal and other professional services costs largely associated with the Transaction, $2.3 millon higher other discretionary spending to support business growth, $0.4 million higher depreciation costs, and $0.3 million higher travel and entertainment costs. In addition, G&A expenses for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 included $15.0 million of non-recurring transaction and integration costs primarily related to the Transaction. The G&A expenses for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 included $1.5 million of non-recurring transaction and integration costs related to the Somerset acquisition.
Other Income (Expense), Net

| Three Months Ended September 30, |
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | $ Change |  | % Change |
| (Amounts in thousands, except percentages) |
Interest expense | $ | (4,968) |  |  | $ | (5,848) |  |  | $ | 880 |  |  | (15.0) | % |
Gain on sale of operations, net | 4,953 |  |  | 77 |  |  | 4,876 |  |  | N/M |
Other income (expense), net (1) | 1,300 |  |  | (2,288) |  |  | 3,588 |  |  | (156.8) | % |
Total other income (expense), net | $ | 1,285 |  |  | $ | (8,059) |  |  | $ | 9,344 |  |  | (115.9) | % |
(1) Other income (expense), net includes a net gain of $8.4 million during the three months ended September 30, 2024, and a net loss of $3.5 million for the same period in 2023, associated with the value of investments held in a rabbi trust related to the deferred compensation plan, which were recorded in "Corporate and Other" for segment reporting purposes. The adjustments to the investments held in a rabbi trust related to the deferred compensation plan are offset by a corresponding increase or decrease to compensation expense, which is recorded as “Operating expenses” and “G&A expenses.” The deferred compensation plan has no impact on “Income before income tax expense” or diluted earnings per share. In addition, included in Other income, net for the three months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, is expense of $5.7 million and $0.6 million, respectively, related to net changes in the fair value of contingent consideration related to prior acquisitions. |
| Nine Months Ended September 30, |
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | $ Change |  | % Change |
| (Amounts in thousands, except percentages) |
Interest expense | $ | (15,363) |  |  | $ | (15,023) |  |  | $ | (340) |  |  | 2.3 | % |
Gain on sale of operations, net | 4,953 |  |  | 176 |  |  | 4,777 |  |  | N/M |
Other income, net (2) | 13,207 |  |  | 8,245 |  |  | 4,962 |  |  | 60.2 | % |
Total other income, net | $ | 2,797 |  |  | $ | (6,602) |  |  | $ | 9,399 |  |  | (142.4) | % |
(2) Other income, net includes a net gain of $20.6 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2024, and a net gain of $7.7 million for the same period in 2023, associated with the value of investments held in a rabbi trust related to the deferred compensation plan, which were recorded in "Corporate and Other" for segment reporting purposes. The adjustments to the investments held in a rabbi trust related to the deferred compensation plan are offset by a corresponding increase or decrease to compensation expense, which is recorded as “Operating expenses” and “G&A expenses.” The deferred compensation plan has no impact on “Income before income tax expense” or diluted earnings per share. In addition, included in Other income, net for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, is expense of $6.3 million and $2.1 million, respectively, related to net changes in the fair value of contingent consideration related to prior acquisitions. |

Interest Expense
Three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 compared with September 30, 2023. During the three months ended September 30, 2024, our average debt balance and weighted average effective interest rate were $350.7 million and 5.37%, respectively, compared to $398.3 million and 5.53% for the same period of 2023. The decrease in interest expense for the three months ended September 30, 2024 as compared to the same period in 2023 was primarily driven by a lower interest rates and lower average debt balance.
During the nine months ended September 30, 2024, our average debt balance and interest rate were $362.1 million and 5.40%, respectively, compared to $368.2 million and 5.16% for the same period of 2023. The increase in interest expense for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 as compared to the same period in 2023 was primarily driven by a higher weighted average effective interest rate.
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Our indebtedness is further discussed in Note 4, Debt and Financing Arrangements, to the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.
Other Income (Expense), Net
Three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 compared with September 30, 2023. For the three months ended September 30, 2024, other income (expense), net includes a net gain of $8.4 million associated with the deferred compensation plan. For the same period in 2023, other income (expense), net includes a net loss of $3.5 million associated with the deferred compensation plan. Excluding the impact of the deferred compensation plan from other income (expense), net would result in a decrease of $8.2 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024 compared to the same period in 2023. The decrease is primarily due to higher expense related to contingent consideration fair value adjustments of $5.1 million, as a result of assuming $5.3 million contingent purchase price liabilities from CBIZ CPAs P.C., and higher other expenses of $1.7 million. In addition, we recorded $1.4 million of gains from the sale of certain assets in 2023 which did not recur in 2024.
For the nine months ended September 30, 2024, other income (expense), net includes a net gain of $20.6 million associated with the deferred compensation plan. For the same period in 2023, other income (expense), net includes a net gain of $7.7 million associated with the deferred compensation plan. Excluding the impact of the deferred compensation plan from the other income (expense), net would result in a decrease of $8.0 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 compared to the same period in 2023. The decrease is primarily due to higher expense related to contingent consideration fair value adjustments of $4.3 million, as a result of assuming $5.3 million contingent purchase price liabilities from CBIZ CPAs P.C, and higher other expenses of $2.1 million. In addition, we recorded $1.6 million of gains from the sale of certain assets in 2023 which did not recur in 2024.
Further discussion related to the fair value contingent consideration adjustment is included in Note 5, Fair Value Measurements, to the accompanying unaudited condensed financial statements.
Income Tax Expense

| Three Months Ended September 30,
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | $ Change |  | % Change
| (Amounts in thousands, except percentages)
Income tax expense | $ | 15,887 |  |  | $ | 13,514 |  |  | $ | 2,373 |  |  | 17.6 | %
Effective tax rate | 31.2 | % |  | 28.6 | % |  |  |  |
| Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | $ Change |  | % Change
| (Amounts in thousands, except percentages)
Income tax expense | $ | 51,417 |  |  | $ | 51,667 |  |  | $ | (250) |  |  | (0.5) | %
Effective tax rate | 28.1 | % |  | 27.9 | % |  |  |  |

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Three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 compared with September 30, 2023. The effective tax rate for the three months ended September 30, 2024 was 31.2%, compared to an effective tax rate of 28.6% for the comparable period in 2023. The increase in the effective tax rate for the three month period ended September 30, 2024 was primarily due to a lower tax benefit recognized related to stock-based compensation expense during the third quarter of 2024 compared to the same period in 2023, which adversely affected the effective tax rate as related to pre-tax income.
The effective tax rate for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 was 28.1%, compared to an effective tax rate of 27.9% for the same period in 2023. The slight increase in the effective tax rate for the nine month period ended September 30, 2024 was primarily due to a lower tax benefit recognized related to stock-based compensation expense during the third quarter of 2024 compared to the same period in 2023, which adversely affected the effective tax rate as related to pre-tax income. This increase in the effective tax rate was partially offset by the tax effect of lower non-deductible expenses and lower state expenses during the nine months ended September 30, 2024 as compared to the same period in 2023.
Operating Practice Groups
We deliver our integrated services through three practice groups: Financial Services, Benefits and Insurance Services, and National Practices. A description of these groups' operating results and factors affecting their businesses is provided below.
Same-unit revenue represents total revenue adjusted to reflect comparable periods of activity for acquisitions and divestitures. Divested operations represent operations that did not meet the criteria for treatment as discontinued operations.
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Financial Services

| Three Months Ended September 30, |
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | $ Change |  | % Change |
| (Amounts in thousands, except percentages) |
Revenue |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Same-unit | $ | 313,861 |  |  | $ | 298,372 |  |  | $ | 15,489 |  |  | 5.2 | % |
Acquired businesses | 8,434 |  |  | — |  |  | 8,434 |  |  | N/M |
Total revenue | $ | 322,295 |  |  | $ | 298,372 |  |  | $ | 23,923 |  |  | 8.0 | % |
Operating expenses | 260,639 |  |  | 249,680 |  |  | 10,959 |  |  | 4.4 | % |
Gross margin / Operating income | $ | 61,656 |  |  | $ | 48,692 |  |  | $ | 12,964 |  |  | 26.6 | % |
Total other income, net | 15 |  |  | 1,574 |  |  | (1,559) |  |  | (99.0) | % |
Income before income tax expense | 61,671 |  |  | 50,266 |  |  | 11,405 |  |  | 22.7 | % |
Gross margin percent | 19.1 | % |  | 16.3 | % |  |  |  |  |
| Nine Months Ended September 30, |
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | $ Change |  | % Change |
| (Amounts in thousands, except percentages) |
Revenue |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Same-unit | $ | 974,118 |  |  | $ | 932,388 |  |  | $ | 41,730 |  |  | 4.5 | % |
Acquired businesses | 30,040 |  |  | — |  |  | 30,040 |  |  | N/M |
Total revenue | $ | 1,004,158 |  |  | $ | 932,388 |  |  | $ | 71,770 |  |  | 7.7 | % |
Operating expenses | 789,009 |  |  | 737,568 |  |  | 51,441 |  |  | 7.0 | % |
Gross margin / Operating income | $ | 215,149 |  |  | $ | 194,820 |  |  | $ | 20,329 |  |  | 10.4 | % |
Total other income, net | 229 |  |  | 2,163 |  |  | (1,934) |  |  | (89.4) | % |
Income before income tax expenses | 215,378 |  |  | 196,983 |  |  | 18,395 |  |  | 9.3 | % |
Gross margin percent | 21.4 | % |  | 20.9 | % |  |  |  |  |

Three months ended September 30, 2024 compared to September 30, 2023
Revenue
The Financial Services practice group revenue for the three months ended September 30, 2024 grew by 8.0% to $322.3 million from $298.4 million during the same period in 2023. Same-unit revenue grew by $15.5 million, or 5.2%, primarily driven by those units that provide traditional accounting and tax-related services, which increased by $8.5 million, the units that provide advisory services, which increased by approximately $4.3 million, and the units that provide government healthcare compliance business consulting, which increased by approximately $2.7 million. The impact of acquired businesses contributed $8.4 million, or 2.6%, of 2024 revenue.
We provide a range of services to affiliated CPA firms under joint referral and administrative service agreements (“ASAs”). Fees earned under the ASAs are recorded as revenue in the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income and were approximately $60.9 million and $60.5 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
Operating Expenses
Operating expenses increased by $11.0 million, or 4.4%, as compared to the same period last year. Personnel costs increased by $5.6 million, of which acquisitions contributed approximately $4.7 million to the increase. Compared to the same period in 2023, direct costs, professional services costs, and facility costs increased by approximately $4.2 million, $0.8 million, and $0.4 million, respectively. Operating expenses as a percentage of revenue decreased slightly to 80.9% for the three months ended September 30, 2024 from 83.7% of revenue for the prior year quarter.
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Nine months ended September 30, 2024 compared to September 30, 2023
Revenue
Revenue for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 grew by 7.7% to $1,004.2 million from $932.4 million during the same period in 2023. Same-unit revenue grew by $41.7 million, or 4.5%, across almost all service lines, primarily driven by the units that provide traditional accounting and tax-related services, which increased $17.5 million, the units that provide government healthcare compliance business consulting, which increased by $15.6 million, and the units that provide advisory services, which increased by approximately $8.6 million. The impact of acquired businesses contributed a total of $30.0 million, or 3.0%, of Financial Services practice group's revenue for the nine months ended September 30, 2024.
Fees earned under the ASAs, as described above, were approximatel y $217.7 million and $211.2 million f or the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
Operating Expenses
Operating expenses increased by $51.4 million, or 7.0%, as compared to the same period last year. Personnel costs increased by $32.1 million, of which acquisitions contributed approximately $10.9 million to the increase. Compared to the same period in 2023, direct costs, professional services costs, facility costs, technology costs, corporate allocated costs, depreciation and amortization costs, and bad debt increased by approximately $8.3 million, $2.7 million, $2.5 million, $2.3 million, $1.4 million, $1.2 million, and $0.7 million, respectively. Other discretionary cost s, net, increased by approximately $0.2 million. Operating expense as a percentage of revenue decreased to 78.6% during the nine months ended September 30, 2024 from 79.1% of revenue during the same period in 2023.
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Benefits and Insurance Services

| Three Months Ended September 30,
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | $ Change |  | % Change
| (Amounts in thousands, except percentages)
Revenue |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Same-unit | $ | 104,040 |  |  | $ | 100,287 |  |  | $ | 3,753 |  |  | 3.7 | %
Acquired businesses | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | N/M
Total revenue | $ | 104,040 |  |  | $ | 100,287 |  |  | $ | 3,753 |  |  | 3.7 | %
Operating expenses | 82,965 |  |  | 79,636 |  |  | 3,329 |  |  | 4.2 | %
Gross margin / Operating income | $ | 21,075 |  |  | $ | 20,651 |  |  | $ | 424 |  |  | 2.1 | %
Total other income, net | 2 |  |  | 267 |  |  | (265) |  |  | (99.3) | %
Income before income tax expense | 21,077 |  |  | 20,918 |  |  | 159 |  |  | 0.8 | %
Gross margin percent | 20.3 | % |  | 20.6 | % |  |  |  |
| Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | $ Change |  | % Change
| (Amounts in thousands, except percentages)
Revenue |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Same-unit | $ | 308,161 |  |  | $ | 296,179 |  |  | $ | 11,982 |  |  | 4.0 | %
Acquired businesses | 1,706 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,706 |  |  | N/M
Total revenue | $ | 309,867 |  |  | $ | 296,179 |  |  | $ | 13,688 |  |  | 4.6 | %
Operating expenses | 249,845 |  |  | 234,933 |  |  | 14,912 |  |  | 6.3 | %
Gross margin/ Operating income | $ | 60,022 |  |  | $ | 61,246 |  |  | $ | (1,224) |  |  | (2.0) | %
Total other income, net | 89 |  |  | 596 |  |  | (507) |  |  | (85.1) | %
Income before income tax expenses | 60,111 |  |  | 61,842 |  |  | (1,731) |  |  | (2.8) | %
Gross margin percent | 19.4 | % |  | 20.7 | % |  |  |  |

Three months ended September 30, 2024 compared to September 30, 2023
Revenue
The Benefits and Insurance Services practice group revenue increased by $3.8 million, or 3.7%, to $104.0 million during the three months ended September 30, 2024 compared to $100.3 million for the same period in 2023. Same-unit revenue grew by $3.8 million, or 3.7%, across almost all of the major service lines, primarily driven by a $2.9 million increase in the employee benefit and retirement benefit services lines, a $0.6 million i ncrease in the property and casualty services, and a $0.7 million increase in payroll-related services. The increase was offset by a $0.4 million decrease in project based services revenue.
Operating Expenses
Operating expenses increased by $3.3 million, or 4.2%, when compared to the same period last year. Personnel costs increased by $2.1 million, primarily due to the impact of annual merit increases as well as investment in client service personnel. Compared to the same period in 2023, travel and entertainment costs, direct costs, technology costs, and bad debt increased by approximate ly $0.6 million, $0.3 million, $0.2 million, and $0.1 million, respectively. Operating expenses as a percentage of revenue increased to 79.7% for the quarter ended September 30, 2024 from 79.4% of revenue for the same period in 2023, primarily due to decrease in revenue generated from the property and casualty services.
Nine months ended September 30, 2024 compared to September 30, 2023
Revenue
The Benefits and Insurance Services practice group revenue increased by $13.7 million, or 4.6%, to $309.9 million, during the nine months ended September 30, 2024 compared to $296.2 million for the same period in 2023. Same-unit revenue grew by $12.0 million, or 4.0%, across almost all of the major service lines, primarily driven b y a $10.6 million inc rease in employee benefit and retirement benefit services lines, a $2.0 million i ncrease in payroll related
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services, and a $1.0 million increase in the property and casualty services, partially offset by an approximately $1.2 million decrease in other project based services.
Operating Expenses
Operating expenses increased by $14.9 million, or 6.3%, when compared to the same period last year. Personnel cost increased by $12.0 million primarily due to timing of annual merit increases, bonus accrual, as well as investment in client service personnel. Compared to the same period in 2023, technology costs, direct costs, travel and entertainment costs, facility costs, as well as professional service costs increased by approximately $0.8 million, $0.6 million, $0.5 million, $0.4 million, and $0.4 million, respectively. Other discretionary costs, net increased by approximately $0.2 million. Operating expense as a percentage of revenue slightly increased to 80.6% during the nine months ended September 30, 2024 from 79.3% of revenue for the same period in 2023.
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National Practices

| Three Months Ended September 30,
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | $ Change |  | % Change
| (Amounts in thousands, except percentages)
Revenue |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Same-unit revenue | $ | 12,549 |  |  | $ | 11,008 |  |  | $ | 1,541 |  |  | 14.0 | %
Divested operations | $ | — |  |  | 872 |  |  | $ | (872) |  |  | (100.0) | %
Total Revenue | $ | 12,549 |  |  | $ | 11,880 |  |  | $ | 669 |  |  | 5.6 | %
Operating expenses | 11,101 |  |  | 10,667 |  |  | 434 |  |  | 4.1 | %
Gross margin / Operating income | $ | 1,448 |  |  | $ | 1,213 |  |  | $ | 235 |  |  | 19.4 | %
Total other (expense) income, net | 4,953 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,953 |  |  | N/M
Income before income tax expenses | 6,401 |  |  | 1,213 |  |  | 5,188 |  |  | 427.7 | %
Gross margin percent | 11.5 | % |  | 10.2 | % |  |  |  |
| Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | $ Change |  | % Change
| (Amounts in thousands, except percentages)
Revenue |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Same-unit revenue | $ | 39,168 |  |  | $ | 34,208 |  |  | $ | 4,960 |  |  | 14.5 | %
Divested operations | — |  |  | 872 |  |  | (872) |  |  | (100.0) | %
Total Revenue | $ | 39,168 |  |  | $ | 35,080 |  |  | $ | 4,088 |  |  | 11.7 | %
Operating expenses | 35,062 |  |  | 31,795 |  |  | 3,267 |  |  | 10.3 | %
Gross margin / Operating income | $ | 4,106 |  |  | $ | 3,285 |  |  | $ | 821 |  |  | 25.0 | %
Total other (expense) income, net | 4,949 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 4,948 |  |  | N/M
Income before income tax expenses | 9,055 |  |  | 3,286 |  |  | 5,769 |  |  | 175.6 | %
Gross margin percent | 10.5 | % |  | 9.4 | % |  |  |  |

Three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 compared with September 30, 2023
Revenue and Operating Expenses
The National Practices group is primarily driven by a cost-plus contract with a single client, which has existed since 1999. The cost-plus contract is a five-year contract with the most recent renewal through December 31, 2028. Revenues from this single client accounted for approximately 75% of the National Practice group’s revenue. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, revenue increased by $1.5 million, or 14.0%, and $5.0 million, or 14.5%, respectively, while operating expenses increased by $0.4 million, or 4.1%, and $3.3 million, or 10.3%, respectively.
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Corporate and Other
Corporate and Other are operating expenses that are not directly allocated to the individual business units. These expenses primarily consist of certain health care costs, gains or losses attributable to assets held in our deferred compensation plan, stock-based compensation, consolidation and integration charges, certain professional fees, certain advertising costs, and other various expenses.

| Three Months Ended September 30,
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | $ Change |  | % Change
| (Amounts in thousands, except percentages)
Operating expenses | $ | 11,266 |  |  | $ | 2,165 |  |  | 9,101 |  |  | 420.4 | %
Corporate general and administrative expenses | 23,227 |  |  | 13,136 |  |  | 10,091 |  |  | 76.8 | %
Operating loss | (34,493) |  |  | (15,301) |  |  | (19,192) |  |  | 125.4 | %
Total other expense, net | (3,685) |  |  | (9,900) |  |  | 6,215 |  |  | (62.8) | %
Loss before income tax expense | (38,178) |  |  | (25,201) |  |  | (12,977) |  |  | 51.5 | %
| Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | $ Change |  | % Change
| (Amounts in thousands, except percentages)
Operating expenses | $ | 34,908 |  |  | $ | 22,850 |  |  | 12,058 |  |  | 52.8 | %
Corporate general and administrative expenses | 63,988 |  |  | 44,527 |  |  | 19,461 |  |  | 43.7 | %
Operating loss | (98,896) |  |  | (67,377) |  |  | (31,519) |  |  | 46.8 | %
Total other expense, net | (2,470) |  |  | (9,362) |  |  | 6,892 |  |  | (73.6) | %
Loss before income tax expenses | (101,366) |  |  | (76,739) |  |  | (24,627) |  |  | 32.1 | %

Three months ended September 30, 2024 compared to September 30, 2023
Total operating expenses increased by $9.1 million during the three months ended September 30, 2024, as compared to the same period in 2023. The deferred compensation plan increased operating expenses by $7.3 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024 and decreased operating expenses by $3.0 million during the same period in 2023. Excluding the deferred compensation expenses, operating expenses decreased by $1.1 million during the three months ended September 30, 2024, as compared to the same period in 2023. The decrease was primarily driven by lower marketing as well as facility related costs.
Total corporate general and administrative expenses increased by $10.1 million, or 76.8%, during the three months ended September 30, 2024, as compared to the same period in 2023. The deferred compensation plan increased corporate general and administrative expenses by $1.1 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024 and decreased corporate general and administrative expenses by $0.5 million during the same period in 2023. Excluding the deferred compensation expenses, corporate general and administrative expense increased by approximately $8.6 million during the three months ended September 30, 2024, as compared to the same period in 2023. The increase was primarily driven by $6.9 million higher legal and other professional services costs largely associated with the Transaction, $1.3 million higher other discretionary spending to support business growth, and $0.4 million higher personnel costs. G&A expenses for the three months ended September 30, 2024 included approximately $7.7 million of non-recurring transaction and integration costs primarily associated with the Transaction. For the three months ended September 30, 2023, there were no non-recurring transaction and integration costs associated with acquisitions.
Total other income (expense), net increased by $6.2 million during the three months ended September 30, 2024, as compared to the same period in 2023. For the three months ended September 30, 2024, total other expense, net includes a net gain of $8.4 million associated with the deferred compensation plan. For the same period in 2023, total other expense, net includes a net loss of $3.5 million associated with the deferred compensation plan. Excluding the impact of the deferred compensation plan, total other income (expense), net decreased by $5.6 million, primarily due to higher expense related to contingent consideration fair value adjustments of $5.1 million, as a result of assuming $5.3 million contingent purchase price liabilities from CBIZ CPAs P.C., and $1.3 million higher other expenses, and partially offset by a decrease of $0.8 million in interest expense.
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Nine months ended September 30, 2024 compared to September 30, 2023
Total operating expenses increased by $12.1 million, or 52.8%, during the nine months ended September 30, 2024, as compared to the same period in 2023. The deferred compensation plan increased operating expenses by $18.2 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, and by $6.9 million during the same period in 2023. Excluding the deferred compensation expenses, operating expense increased by approximately $0.8 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2024, primarily driven by higher personnel related costs, as compared to the same period in 2023.
Total G&A expenses increased by $19.5 million, or 43.7%, during the nine months ended September 30, 2024, as compared to the same period in 2023. The deferred compensation plan increased G&A expenses by $2.4 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, and by $0.8 million during the same period in 2023. Excluding the deferred compensation expenses, G&A expenses increased by approximately $17.8 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2024, compared to the same period in 2023. The increase in G&A expenses was primarily driven by $14.8 million higher legal and other professional services costs largely associated with the Transaction, $2.3 millon higher other discretionary spending to support business growth, $0.4 million higher depreciation costs, and $0.3 million higher travel and entertainment costs. In addition, G&A expenses for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 included $15.0 million of non-recurring transaction and integration costs primarily related to the Transaction. G&A expenses for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 included $1.5 million of non-recurring transaction and integration costs related to the Somerset acquisition.
Total other income (expense), net increased by $6.9 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2024, as compared to the same period in 2023. Total other income (expense), net for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 includes a net gain of $20.6 million associated with the deferred compensation plan. For the same period in 2023, total other income, net includes a net gain of $7.7 million associated with the deferred compensation plan. Excluding the impact of the deferred compensation plan, total other income (expense), net decreased by $6.0 million, primarily due to higher expense related to contingent consideration fair value adjustments of $4.3 million, as a result of assuming $5.3 million contingent purchase price liabilities from CBIZ CPAs P.C., $1.4 million higher other expenses, and $0.3 million higher interest expense.
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LIQUIDITY
Our principal sources of liquidity are cash generated from operating activities and financing activities. Our cash flows from operating activities are driven primarily by our operating results and changes in our working capital requirements while our cash flows from financing activities are dependent upon our ability to access credit or other capital. We historically maintain low cash levels and apply any available cash to pay down the outstanding debt balance.
We historically experience a use of cash to fund working capital requirements during the first quarter of each fiscal year. This is primarily due to the seasonal accounting and tax services period under the Financial Services practice group, as well as payment of accrued employees' incentives programs. Upon completion of the seasonal accounting and tax services period, cash provided by operations during the remaining three quarters of the fiscal year substantially exceeds the use of cash in the first quarter of the fiscal year.
Accounts receivable balances increase in response to the first nine months' revenue generated by the Financial Services practice group. A significant amount of this revenue is billed and collected in subsequent quarters. Days sales outstanding (“DSO”) represent accounts receivable and unbilled revenue (net of realization adjustments) at the end of the period, divided by trailing twelve months' daily revenue. We provide DSO data because such data is commonly used as a performance measure by analysts and investors and as a measure of our ability to collect on receivables in a timely manner. Trailing-twelve-month DSO, including the impact of acquisitions, was 97 days and 96 days at September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively. DSO at December 31, 2023 was 78 days.
The following table presents selected cash flow information. For additional details, refer to the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows.

| Nine Months Ended September 30, |
| 2024 |  | 2023 |
| (Amounts in thousands) |
Net cash provided by operating activities | $ | 68,168 |  |  | $ | 57,254 |  |
Net cash used in investing activities | (24,911) |  |  | (76,630) |  |
Net cash used in financing activities | (85,222) |  |  | (18,442) |  |
Net decrease in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash | $ | (41,965) |  |  | $ | (37,818) |  |

Operating Activities - Cash provided by operating activities was $68.2 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2024, primarily consisted of working capital use of $108.4 million, which was offset by net income of $131.8 million and certain non-cash items, such as depreciation and amortization expense of $28.6 million, deferred income tax of $4.8 million, stock-based compensation expense of $7.4 million, and an adjustment to contingent earnout liability of $6.3 million. Cash provided by operating activities was $57.3 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and primarily consisted of net income of $133.7 million and certain non-cash items, such as depreciation and amortization expense of $27.0 million, deferred income tax of $6.7 million, and stock-based compensation expense of $9.7 million. The cash inflow was offset by working capital use of $121.6 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2023.
Investing Activities - Cash used in investing activities during the nine months ended September 30, 2024 was $24.9 million and consisted primarily of $22.9 million used for business acquisitions, $9.7 million in capital expenditures, and $2.2 million in other investing activities primarily related to acquistion related working capital adjustment payments and notes receivable. The net cash flow related to funds held for clients and other activities were immaterial. Cash used in investing activities during the nine months ended September 30, 2023 was $76.6 million and consisted primarily of $53.1 million used for business acquisitions, $19.0 million in capital expenditures, and $11.4 million in other investing activities primarily related to working capital payments and notes receivable. During the nine months ended September 30, 2023, the use of cash was offset by $5.2 million net cash inflow related to funds held for clients and other activities, $1.5 million related to the sale of one technology asset and $0.2 million in other cash payments related to certain prior divestitures.
The balances in funds held for clients and client fund obligations can fluctuate with the timing of cash receipts and the related cash payments. The nature of these accounts is further described in Note 1, Basis of Presentation and Significant Accounting Policies, to the consolidated financial statements included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023.
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Financing Activities - Cash used in financing activities during the nine months ended September 30, 2024 was $85.2 million and primarily consisted of $24.9 million in net proceeds from the credit facility, partially offset by $11.4 million cash used in share repurchases for tax withholding purposes, a $47.6 million net decrease in client fund obligations and $50.9 million in contingent consideration payments related to prior acquisitions. Cash used in financing activities during the nine months ended September 30, 2023 was $18.4 million and primarily consisted of $66.2 million in share repurchases, a $49.6 million net decrease in client fund obligations and $40.1 million in contingent consideration payments related to prior acquisitions. The use of cash was partially offset by $129.0 million in net proceeds from the credit facility and $8.4 million in proceeds from the exercise of stock options.
CAPITAL RESOURCES
Credit Facility - At September 30, 2024, we had $337.3 million outstanding under the 2022 credit facility as well as $3.2 million outstanding letters of credit. Available funds under the 2022 credit facility, based on the terms of the commitment, were approximately $252.0 million at September 30, 2024. The weighted average interest rate under the 2022 credit facility was 5.40% during the nine months ended September 30, 2024, compared to 5.16% for the same period in 2023. The 2022 credit facility allows for the allocation of funds for future strategic initiatives, including acquisitions and the repurchase of our common stock, subject to the terms and conditions of the 2022 credit facility. As a result of the Transaction and related 2024 Credit Facilities as described in Note 12. Subsequent Events, to the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements, we have $1,465.5 million of outstanding debt under the 2024 Credit Facilities as of November 1, 2024.
Debt Covenant Compliance - Under the 2022 credit facility, we are required to meet certain financial covenants with respect to (i) total leverage ratio and (ii) minimum interest charge coverage ratio. We are in compliance with our financial covenants as of September 30, 2024. Our ability to service our debt and to fund future strategic initiatives will depend upon our ability to generate cash in the future. For further discussion regarding our 2022 credit facility and debt as well as our 2024 Credit Facilities, refer to Note 4, Debt and Financing Arrangements and Note 12, Subsequent Events, respectively, to the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.
Use of Capital - Our overall business objective continues to focus on making strategic acquisitions that allow us to strengthen our presence in existing markets, expand into high growth industries, and broaden our services to our existing offerings. As a result of the Transaction and related 2024 Credit Facilities as described in Note 12. Subsequent Events to the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements, we have $1,465.5 million of outstanding debt under the 2024 Credit Facilities as of November 1, 2024. To achieve our business objective of making strategic acquisitions, our current priority for use of capital is to maximize cash flow to pay down debt, which will allow us more liquidity to make strategic acquisitions in the future. In addition, we also have the financing flexibility and the capacity to actively repurchase shares of our common stock. We believe that repurchasing shares of our common stock can be a prudent use of our financial resources, and that investing in our stock is an attractive use of capital and an efficient means to provide value to our stockholders. During the nine months ended September 30, 2024, we completed three acquisitions for $22.5 million in cash. During the nine months ended September 30, 2024, we also repurchased 0.2 million shares of our common stock for tax withholding purposes at a total cost of approximately $11.4 million.
Cash Requirements - Cash requirements for the remainder of 2024 and beyond will include the repayment of outstanding debt and related interest, making strategic acquisitions, funding seasonal working capital requirements, making contingent purchase price payments for previous acquisitions, share repurchases, income tax payments, and capital expenditures. We believe that cash provided by operations, as well as available funds under our 2024 Credit Facilities will be sufficient to meet cash requirements for the remainder of 2024 and beyond. Refer to Note 12. Subsequent Events to the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements for further discussion of the 2024 Credit Facilities.
OFF-BALANCE SHEET ARRANGEMENTS
We maintain administrative service agreements with independent CPA firms (as described more fully under Item 1. “Business – Financial Services” and in Note 1, Basis of Presentation and Significant Accounting Policies, to the consolidated financial statements included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023), which qualify as variable interest entities. The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial
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statements do not reflect the operations or accounts of variable interest entities as the impact is not material to the financial condition, results of operations, or cash flows of CBIZ.
We provide letters of credit to landlords (lessors) of our leased premises in lieu of cash security deposits, which totaled $3.2 million and $3.5 million at September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. In addition, we provide license bonds to various state agencies to meet certain licensing requirements. The amount of license bonds outstanding was $2.2 million and $2.3 million at September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.
We have various agreements under which we may be obligated to indemnify the other party with respect to certain matters. Generally, these indemnification clauses are included in contracts arising in the normal course of business under which we customarily agree to hold the other party harmless against losses arising from a breach of representations, warranties, covenants or agreements, related to matters such as title to assets sold and certain tax matters. Payment by us under such indemnification clauses is generally conditioned upon the other party making a claim. Such claims are typically subject to challenge by us and to dispute resolution procedures specified in the particular contract. Further, our obligations under these agreements may be limited in terms of time and/or amount and, in some instances, we may have recourse against third parties for certain payments made by us. It is not possible to predict the maximum potential amount of future payments under these indemnification agreements due to the conditional nature of our obligations and the unique facts of each particular agreement. Historically, we have not made any payments under these agreements that have been material individually or in the aggregate. As of September 30, 2024, we are not aware of any material obligations arising under indemnification agreements that would require payment.
CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES AND ESTIMATES
The SEC defines critical accounting policies as those that are most important to the portrayal of a company’s financial condition and results and that require management’s most difficult, subjective or complex judgments, often as a result of the need to make estimates about the effect of matters that are inherently uncertain.
Our discussion and analysis of our results of operations, financial condition and liquidity is based upon our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. The preparation of these financial statements requires us to make estimates and judgments that affect the amounts of assets and liabilities, revenues and expenses and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities as of the date of the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements. As more information becomes known, these estimates and assumptions could change, which would have an impact on actual results that may differ materially from these estimates and judgments under different assumptions. We have not made any changes to our critical accounting policies and estimates as previously disclosed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023.
NEW ACCOUNTING PRONOUNCEMENTS
Refer to Note 2, New Accounting Pronouncements, to the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements for a discussion of recently issued accounting pronouncements.
FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q contains "forward-looking statements" within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”). All statements other than statements of historical fact included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, including without limitation, "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" regarding our financial position, business strategy and plans and objectives for future performance are forward-looking statements. You can identify these statements by the fact that they do not relate strictly to historical or current facts. Forward-looking statements are commonly identified by the use of such terms and phrases as "intends", "believes", "estimates", "expects", "projects", "anticipates", "foreseeable future", "seeks", and words or phrases of similar import in connection with any discussion of future operating or financial performance. In particular, these include statements relating to future actions, future performance or results of current and anticipated services, sales efforts, expenses, and financial results.
From time to time, we may also provide oral or written forward-looking statements in other materials we release to the public. Any or all of our forward-looking statements in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and in any other public statements that we make, are subject to certain risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to
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differ materially from those projected. Such risks and uncertainties include, but are not limited to: we may be more sensitive to revenue fluctuations than other companies, which could result in fluctuations in the market price of our common stock; payments on accounts receivable may be slower than expected, or amounts due on receivables or notes may not be fully collectible; we are dependent on the services of our executive officers, other key employees, producers and service personnel, the loss of whom may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations; restrictions imposed by independence requirements and conflict of interest rules may limit our ability to provide services to clients of the attest firms with which we have contractual relationships and the ability of such attest firms to provide attestation services to our clients; our goodwill and intangible assets could become impaired, which could lead to material non-cash charges against earnings; certain liabilities resulting from acquisitions are estimated and could lead to a material non-cash impact on earnings; governmental regulations and interpretations are subject to changes, which could have a material adverse effect on our clients, our business, our business services operations, our business models, or our revenue; changes in the United States healthcare or public health environment, including new healthcare legislation or regulations, may adversely affect the revenue and margins in our or our clients’ businesses; we are subject to risks relating to processing customer transactions for our payroll and other transaction processing businesses; cyber-attacks or other security breaches involving our computer systems or the systems of one or more of our vendors or clients could materially and adversely affect our business; we are subject to risk as it relates to software that we license from third parties; we could be held liable for errors and omissions, contract claims, or other litigation judgments or expenses; the future issuance of additional shares could adversely affect the price of our common stock; our principal stockholders may have substantial control over our operations; we require a significant amount of cash for interest payments on our debt and to expand our business as planned; terms of our credit facility may adversely affect our ability to run our business and/or reduce stockholder returns; our failure to satisfy covenants in our debt instruments could cause a default under those instruments; we are reliant on information processing systems and any failure of these systems could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations; we may not be able to acquire and finance additional businesses which may limit our ability to pursue our business strategy; the business services industry is competitive and fragmented; if we are unable to compete effectively, our business, financial condition and results of operations may be negatively impacted; and there is volatility in our stock price.
With respect to the recently completed Transaction as described in Note 12. Subsequent Events to the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements, such risks and uncertainties include, but are not limited to: the possibility that anticipated benefits and/or synergies of the Transaction will not be achieved in a timely manner or at all; the possibility that the costs of the Transaction and/or liabilities assumed will be more significant than anticipated; the possibility that integration will prove more costly and/or time consuming than anticipated; the possibility that the Transaction could disrupt ongoing plans and operations of the parties or their respective relationships with clients, other business partners and employees; the effects of the increased leverage of the Company following the Transaction; and the other risks described in Item 1A. Risk Factors of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.
Such forward-looking statements can be affected by inaccurate assumptions we might make or by known or unknown risks and uncertainties. Should one or more of these risks materialize, or should the underlying assumptions prove incorrect, actual results may vary materially from those anticipated, estimated or projected.
Consequently, no forward-looking statement can be guaranteed. A more detailed description of risk factors may be found in our periodic filings with the SEC, including in “Item 1A, Risk Factors” of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and in “Item 1A. Risk Factors” of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023. Except as required by the federal securities laws, we undertake no obligation to publicly update forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, except as required by law. You are advised, however, to consult any further disclosures we make on related subjects in our filings with the SEC, such as quarterly, periodic and annual reports.
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ITEM 3. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
Our floating rate debt under the 2022 credit facility exposes us to interest rate risk. Interest rate risk results when the maturity or repricing intervals of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities are different. A change in the Federal Funds Rate, or the reference rate set by Bank of America, N.A., would have affected the rate at which we could borrow funds under the 2022 credit facility. The balance outstanding under our 2022 credit facility at September 30, 2024 was $337.3 million, of which $187.3 million was subject to rate risk. If market rates were to increase or decrease 100 basis points from the levels at September 30, 2024, interest expense would have increased or decreased approximately $1.9 million annually.
We do not engage in trading market risk sensitive instruments. We periodically use interest rate swaps to manage interest rate risk exposure. The interest rate swaps effectively modify our exposure to interest rate risk, primarily through converting portions of our floating rate debt under the 2022 credit facility to a fixed rate basis. These agreements involve the receipt or payment of floating rate amounts in exchange for fixed rate interest payments over the life of the agreements without an exchange of the underlying principal amounts.
As of September 30, 2024, we have the following interest rate swaps outstanding (in thousands):

| September 30, 2024
| Notional Amount |  | Fixed Rate |  | Expiration
Interest rate swap | $ | 50,000 |  |  | 0.834 | % |  | 4/14/2025
Interest rate swap | $ | 30,000 |  |  | 1.186 | % |  | 12/14/2026
Interest rate swap | $ | 20,000 |  |  | 2.450 | % |  | 8/14/2027
Interest rate swap | $ | 25,000 |  |  | 3.669 | % |  | 4/14/2028
Interest rate swap | $ | 25,000 |  |  | 4.488 | % |  | 10/14/2028

Management will continue to evaluate the potential use of interest rate swaps as we deem appropriate under certain operating and market conditions. We do not enter into derivative instruments for trading or speculative purposes.
As described within Note 12. Subsequent Events to the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements, on November 1, 2024, we entered into the 2024 Credit Facilities. The 2024 Credit Facilities amended and restated the 2022 credit facility. The interest rate under the 2024 Credit Facilities is a floating rate based on certain base rate or Term SOFR, plus an applicable spread. As of November 1, 2024, outstanding debt under the 2024 Credit Facilities was $1,465.5 million, of which $1,315.5 million is subject to rate risk. If market rates were to increase or decrease 100 basis points from the levels at November 1, 2024, interest expense would increase or decrease approximately $13.2 million annually.
In connection with the services provided by our payroll operations, funds collected from our clients’ accounts in advance are segregated and may be invested in short-term investments, such as corporate and municipal bonds. In accordance with our investment policy, all investments carry an investment grade rating at the time of the initial acquisition, and are classified as available-for-sale securities. At each respective balance sheet date, these investments are adjusted to fair value with fair value adjustments being recorded to other comprehensive income or loss and reflected in the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the respective period. If an investment is deemed to be other-than-temporarily impaired due to credit loss, then the adjustment is recorded to "Other income (expense), net" in the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income. Refer to Note 6, Financial Instruments, and Note 7, Fair Value Measurements, to the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements for further discussion regarding these investments and the related fair value assessments.
ITEM 4. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
(a) Disclosure Controls and Procedures
Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
Management has evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (“Disclosure Controls”) as of the end of the period covered by this report. This evaluation (“Controls Evaluation”) was done with the participation of the Chief Executive Officer (“CEO”) and Chief Financial Officer (“CFO”). Disclosure Controls are controls and other procedures that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the
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time periods specified in the SEC's rules and forms. Disclosure Controls include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we file under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to management, including the CEO and CFO as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.
Limitations on the Effectiveness of Controls
Management, including our CEO and CFO, does not expect that our Disclosure Controls or our internal control over financial reporting will prevent all errors and all fraud. Although our Disclosure Controls are designed to provide reasonable assurance of achieving their objective, a control system, no matter how well conceived and operated, can provide only reasonable, but not absolute, assurance that the objectives of a control system are met. Further, any control system reflects limitations on resources, and the benefits of a control system must be considered relative to its costs. Because of the inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, within CBIZ have been detected. These inherent limitations include the realities that judgments in decision-making can be faulty and that breakdowns can occur because of simple error or mistake. Additionally, controls can be circumvented by the individual acts of some persons, by collusion of two or more people, or by management override of a control. A design of a control system is also based upon certain assumptions about the likelihood of future events, and there can be no assurance that any design will succeed in achieving its stated goals under all potential future conditions; over time, controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. Because of the inherent limitations in a cost-effective control system, misstatements due to error or fraud may occur and may not be detected.
Conclusions
Our Disclosure Controls are designed to provide reasonable assurance of achieving their objectives and, based upon the Controls Evaluation, our CEO and CFO have concluded that as of the end of the period covered by this report, CBIZ’s Disclosure Controls were effective at that reasonable assurance level.
(b) Internal Control over Financial Reporting
There have been no changes to our internal control over financial reporting during the quarter ended September 30, 2024 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
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PART II – OTHER INFORMATION
ITEM 1. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
From time to time, we are involved in various legal proceedings relating to claims arising out of our operations. As of
the date hereof, we are not engaged in any legal proceedings that are reasonably expected, individually or in the
aggregate, to have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations or cash
flows.
ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS
In addition to the other information set forth in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, you should carefully consider the factors discussed under “Risk Factors” in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023 as filed with the SEC. These risks could materially and adversely affect the business, financial condition and results of operations of CBIZ.
On November 1, 2024, we completed the Transaction. Refer to Note 12. Subsequent Events to the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements for further discussion regarding the Transaction. Risks related to the Transaction follow:
If we are unable to successfully integrate Marcum, or integration efforts prove disruptive, it could result in the combined business failing to meet our expectations.
The success of the Transaction will depend, in part, on our ability to successfully integrate Marcum with our current operations. The Transaction is our largest acquisition to date, and the size and complexity of the Transaction creates inherent challenges, risk and uncertainty in the integration process. If we are not able to successfully integrate Marcum, operationally and culturally, the anticipated benefits of the Transaction may not be realized fully or at all or may take longer or cost more to realize than expected.The process of integrating Marcum’s operations will likely require a disproportionate amount of resources and management attention. Our management team may also encounter unforeseen difficulties in managing the integration process. It is possible that the integration process could result in the disruption of our and Marcum’s ongoing businesses, the loss of client relationships or difficulties in generating new client relationships and inconsistencies in standards, controls, procedures, practices and policies that could adversely impact our operations. Disruption and distraction caused by this process could also prevent us from pursuing, or otherwise divert resources and attention from, otherwise attractive business and growth opportunities. Any of these risks may adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, and the price of our common stock.
Our business could be adversely affected if Marcum does not perform to our expectations or we underestimate the liabilities we are assuming.
Even if we successfully integrate Marcum, there can be no assurance we will realize the anticipated benefits of the Transaction. While our management and advisors have spent significant time and resources evaluating Marcum’s business, it is difficult to predict future performance and the benefits from a Transaction involving large and complex organizations. In addition, we assumed Marcum’s liabilities other than specified excluded liabilities that were not contributed by Marcum to MAG prior to closing of the Transaction. It is possible that we may have underestimated the liabilities that we assumed, or we may have assumed liabilities that are unknown or that we did not foresee and were not excluded from Marcum’s contribution to MAG. If the liabilities that we assumed are more than we anticipate, or insurance coverage is not available to us in sufficient amounts to cover the liabilities that we assumed, it could increase the effective cost of the Transaction and adversely impact our financial condition or results of operations. The performance and benefits that we ultimately achieve may be influenced by a variety of factors, many of which are outside of our control. If we do not achieve the anticipated benefits of the Transaction, at all or in the expected timeframe, or become responsible for costs or liabilities that we did not foresee, our business could be adversely affected.
The price of our common stock could be adversely impacted if we do not perform to expectations following the Transaction.
The market price of our common stock could be adversely affected if we do not perform to our own and investor expectations. We are a larger and more complex organization following the closing of the Transaction, and in order to maintain and earn the trust of our investors, we will have to effectively execute on our strategy to integrate
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Marcum and achieve the anticipated benefits and synergies of the Transaction. This process will take time, and it will be necessary to effectively communicate our progress and strategy to investors over the short and long term. If we experience challenges or delays in this process, it could adversely impact, or cause volatility in, our operating results. It could also result in a decrease in investor confidence and have an adverse impact to the market price of our common stock or cause increased volatility in trading prices.
The loss of key personnel could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations, and growth prospects.
Our success following the Transaction will depend on the continued contributions of officers, business unit leaders and other key employees. The integration process may result in the loss of key personnel, whether such loss is through resignation or other causes, or the inability to attract additional qualified personnel. In order to obtain the benefits of the Transaction, the Company will need to retain the services of Marcum partners and other key personnel. The Transaction will result in changes for these partners and other key personnel, in terms of compensation structure and form (subject to compliance with the Merger Agreement), organizational and leadership structure, culture and otherwise, as they have moved from working in a private organization to a publicly traded company, and it is uncertain how they will react. In addition, the Transaction could result in disruption and changes for the Company’s existing key personnel, and it is also uncertain how they will react. Although most of our key personnel are subject to non-compete and other restrictive covenants and Marcum partners entered into restrictive covenant agreements in connection with the Transaction, in light of the competitive employment environment and risks related to the enforcement of restrictive covenants, we cannot assure you that these agreements will be effective and that we will be able to retain the services of such personnel. The loss of such personnel or an inability to attract, retain and motivate qualified personnel may impair the Company’s ability to achieve its financial goals or realize the anticipated benefits of the Transaction, which could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s financial condition, results of operations, and growth prospects. Further, the replacement of any key personnel likely would involve significant time and costs and may significantly delay or prevent the achievement of the Company’s business objectives.
Our increased leverage following the Transaction may adversely impact our business.
We incurred substantial indebtedness to fund the Transaction. As a result, our debt to EBITDA ratio has increased significantly following the closing. If we do not perform in accordance with our expectations following the Transaction, we could be unable to reduce our debt to EBITDA ratio to consistent with our prior levels, whether in anticipated timeframes or at all. We could also face difficulties servicing and complying with the covenants and other terms of our debt instruments. The 2024 Credit Facilities provide for floating-rate indebtedness, so increases in interest rates could result in higher interest expense and/or additional hedging costs. In addition, if we are unable to reduce our levels of indebtedness following the Transaction, we may be unable to pursue business and growth opportunities and uses of capital that would be beneficial to us and our shareholders, such as additional acquisitions and share repurchases.
The significant number of shares issuable as the stock consideration in the Transaction may adversely impact our stock price.
There can be no assurance the Transaction will be accretive to earnings per share, at all or in expected timeframes. If we do not perform as expected following the Transaction or costs or assumed liabilities are greater than anticipated, our earnings per share could be adversely impacted by the significant increase in outstanding shares. In addition, although restrictions on resale under applicable securities laws will prevent sales in at least the six months following closing, Marcum partners are not subject to contractual limitations on their ability to resell shares once they receive them. While the delivery of the stock consideration in installments over approximately four years may mitigate the potential for sales of a large volume at any particular time, persistent selling, or the perception of persistent selling, could adversely impact the market price of our common stock.
Our current shareholders have a reduced ownership and voting interest after the Transaction.
Once fully issued, the stock consideration issuable in the Transaction is expected to constitute approximately 22% of our outstanding shares of common stock, without giving effect to any subsequent issuances, repurchases or other changes in the number of shares outstanding. As a result, our current shareholders will own a meaningfully smaller percentage of the Company than they currently own, and collectively will have less ability to influence the Company’s management and policies. In addition, to the extent that Marcum partners retain a significant portion of the shares that are issued to them, they will collectively have significant influence on any matters requiring a vote of shareholders.
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Restrictions imposed by independence requirements and conflict of interest rules, as well as the nature and terms of our current Administrative Services Agreements, limit our ability to provide services to clients of the attest firms with which we have contractual relationships and the ability of such attest firms to provide attestation services to our clients.
Restrictions imposed by independence requirements and state accountancy laws and regulations preclude us from rendering audit and other attest services (other than internal audit services). As such, we and our subsidiaries maintain joint-referral relationships and Administrative Services Agreements with independent licensed CPA firms under which audit and other attest services may be provided to our clients by such CPA firms. The CPA firms are owned by licensed CPAs, a vast majority of whom are employed by us.
As a condition to closing the Transaction, CBIZ CPAs completed the Attest Purchase by purchasing from Marcum substantially all of Marcum’s attest business assets, subject to certain exclusions. We expect the Attest Purchase to significantly increase the attest services covered under our existing Administrative Services Agreement with CBIZ CPAs and the revenues that we generate through this agreement.
Under the Administrative Services Agreement with CBIZ CPAs and our other Administrative Services Agreements, we provide a range of services to the CPA firms, including: functions such as professional staff, office management, bookkeeping, and accounting; preparing marketing and promotion materials; and providing office space, computer equipment, systems support and administrative support. Services are performed in exchange for a fee. Fees earned by us under the Administrative Services Agreements are recorded as revenue in our consolidated statements of comprehensive income. In the event that accounts receivable and unbilled work in process become uncollectible by the CPA firms, the service fee due to us is reduced on a proportional basis.
The Administrative Services Agreements do not provide us with control over the associated CPA firms, which are independent parties. As such, the continuation of the associations with these CPA firms is subject to the terms and lengths of the various Administrative Services Agreements, and the ability of the parties to work cooperatively together. Our ability to provide non-attest services to clients that receive attest services from the associated CPA firms may be contingent on our ability to extend the Administrative Services Agreements as they expire, and the ability and willingness of the CPA firms to retain their attest clients. Further, our ability to realize the anticipated benefits of the Transaction will depend in significant part upon maintaining our relationship with CBIZ CPAs and its ability to integrate Marcum’s attest business assets in an efficient and effective manner. Similar to risks associated with our ability to integrate Marcum’s non-attest business, the size and complexity of the Transaction creates inherent challenges, risk and uncertainty in the integration process. Any inability by CBIZ CPAs to successfully and timely integrate Marcum’s attest business assets could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations following the closing of the Transaction.
With respect to CPA firm clients that are required to file audited financial statements with the SEC, the SEC staff has informed us that, under Regulation S-X, it considers the Company to be an “associated entity” of the CPA firms with which CBIZ has contractual relationships. Accordingly, we do not hold any financial interest in, nor do we enter into any business relationship with, an SEC-reporting attest client that the CPA firm performing an audit could not maintain. Further, we do not provide any non-audit services to an SEC-reporting attest client that the CPA firm performing an audit could not provide under the auditor independence restrictions set out in the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and other rules and requirements of the SEC and the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (“PCAOB”). As a result, the acquisition and integration of Marcum’s attest assets into CBIZ CPAs and Marcum’s non-attest assets into the Company will result in conflicts and independence impairments that will likely require certain services to be terminated and result in a loss of revenue. Although we conducted due diligence on conflicts and independence issues in connection with the Transaction, it is possible that the conflicts and independence issues, and potential loss of revenue, could be more significant than anticipated. However, applicable professional standards generally permit us to provide additional services to privately held companies, in addition to those services which may be provided to SEC-reporting attest clients of a CPA firm. We and the CPA firms have implemented policies and procedures designed to enable us to maintain independence and freedom from conflicts of interest in accordance with applicable standards. In the past, given the pre-existing limits set by us on our relationships with SEC-reporting attest clients of associated CPA firms, and the limited number and size of such clients, the imposition of independence restrictions under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, SEC rules or interpretations, and PCAOB standards did not materially affect our revenues. Following the Attest Purchase, there will be a significant increase in the number of SEC-reporting attest clients of CBIZ CPAs (from very few or none in recent periods to well over 100 following the Attest Purchase). As a result, it may be more challenging to manage conflicts of interest and independence restrictions and these challenges could adversely impact our revenues and results of operations. SEC staff has further informed us that independence rules that apply to clients that receive
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attest services under SEC and PCAOB standards from such CPA firms would prohibit such clients from holding any shares of our common stock.
There can be no assurance that following the policies and procedures implemented by us and the CPA firms will enable us and the CPA firms to avoid circumstances that would cause us and them to lack independence from an SEC-reporting attest client; nor can there be any assurance that state, United States Government Accountability Office or United States Department of Labor accountancy authorities will not impose additional restrictions on the profession. To the extent that the CPA firms for whom we provide staffing, administrative and other services are affected, we may experience a decline in fee revenue from these businesses as well as expenses related to addressing independence concerns. To date, revenues derived from providing services in connection with attestation engagements of the attest firms performed for SEC-reporting clients have not been material, but we expect they will significantly increase following the Attest Purchase.
Recent SEC and PCAOB sanctions against Marcum may adversely impact our performance and reputation.
On June 21, 2023, Marcum agreed to pay an aggregate of $13.0 million as a result of charges by the SEC and the PCAOB. In addition, Marcum was censured and required to adhere to several undertakings, including retaining an independent consultant to review and evaluate its audit, review and quality control policies and procedures. The charges against Marcum related to quality control failures and violations of audit standards in connection with audit work for a large number of special purpose acquisition company (SPAC) clients, as well as other clients. Following the Attest Purchase, Marcum’s attest business is subject to CBIZ CPAs’ system of quality control, and there is uncertainty as to how CBIZ CPAs’ quality control procedures will impact the ability of Marcum’s attest business to profitably retain and grow client business over time. In addition, CBIZ CPAs’ system of quality control procedures could be subject to additional regulatory scrutiny following the Transaction as a result of the events described above. Whether as a result of any such scrutiny or for other reasons, it is possible CBIZ CPAs could determine additional investments in control procedures are appropriate following the Attest Purchase. Any additional investments or the implementation of any additional control procedures could impact our profitability going forward. There also may be adverse reputational impacts as a result of the SEC and PCAOB order that may adversely affect CBIZ CPAs and us following the closing of the Transaction. Any of the foregoing could adversely impact our results of operations.
If we are unable to implement and maintain effective internal control over financial reporting following the Transaction, we may fail to prevent or detect material misstatements in our financial statements, in which case investors may lose confidence in the accuracy and completeness of our financial reports and the market price of our common stock may decline.
We and Marcum have maintained separate internal control over financial reporting with different financial reporting processes and systems. In addition, Marcum was a private company and not subject to the enhanced public company requirements with respect to internal control over financial reporting. Marcum has identified certain material weaknesses in its internal control over financial reporting related to accounting for contingent liabilities in connection with acquisitions, post-retirement obligations, financial statement footnote disclosures and cost assessments and the corresponding impact on revenue on a project level basis. As Marcum’s internal control over financial reporting has not previously been subject to audit, additional material weaknesses could be discovered. Marcum also has not had to prepare quarterly financial information in the format that will be required for the Company’s public filings and in the timeframe in which it will be necessary. We will have to integrate Marcum’s internal controls and financial reporting processes and systems with ours. We may encounter difficulties and unanticipated issues in combining our respective accounting systems due to the complexity of the financial reporting processes and because Marcum has not previously been subject to public company financial reporting obligations. We may also identify errors or misstatements that could require adjustments or restatements to financial statements. If we are unable to implement and maintain effective internal control over financial reporting following the Transaction, we may be unable to produce financial statements within required time periods or fail to prevent or detect material misstatements in our financial statements, in which case investors may lose confidence in the accuracy and completeness of our financial reports and the market price of our common stock may decline.
Cyber-attacks or other security breaches involving our or Marcum’s computer systems or the systems of one or more of our or Marcum’s vendors could materially and adversely affect our business.
Our systems, and Marcum’s systems, like others in the industries we serve, are vulnerable to cybersecurity risks, and are subject to potential disruption caused by such activities. Companies like ours are subject to frequent attacks on their systems. Such attacks may have various goals, from seeking confidential information to causing operational disruption. We have experienced cyber-attacks and other security breaches in the past. Although to date such activities have not resulted in material disruptions to our operations or materially affected our business strategy,
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results of operations or financial condition, no assurance can be provided that we will not experience material disruptions or suffer material adverse effects in the future. Any future significant violations of our data security privacy could result in the loss of business, litigation, regulatory investigations, penalties, ongoing expenses related to notifications and client credit monitoring and support, and other expenses, any of which could damage our reputation and adversely affect the growth of our business.
Additional events or cyberattacks in the future could exacerbate the foregoing risks and create additional challenges to maintaining client relationships and our reputation. While we have deployed resources that are responsible for maintaining what we consider to be appropriate levels of cybersecurity, and while we utilize third-party technology products and services to help identify threats and protect our information technology systems and infrastructure against security breaches and cyber-incidents, we do not believe such resources or products and services can provide absolute protection against all potential risks and incidents. In addition, while we have reviewed Marcum’s cybersecurity measures as part of our consideration of the Transaction, they also cannot provide absolute protection against all potential risks and incidents and it is possible that we could be exposed to vulnerabilities following the Transaction that we did not foresee or anticipate.
We make risk-based decisions on the measures to implement, and our responsive and precautionary measures may not be adequate or effective to prevent, identify, or mitigate attacks by hackers, foreign governments, or other actors or breaches caused by employee error, malfeasance, or other disruptions and will need to continue to do so following the Transaction. We and Marcum are also dependent on security measures that some of our third-party vendors and customers are taking to protect their own systems and infrastructures. In the past, our third-party vendors have experienced issues with their security measures. Although to date such issues have not resulted in material disruptions or materially affected our business strategy, results of operations or financial condition, no assurance can be provided that we will not experience material disruptions or suffer material adverse effects in the future if our third-party vendors do not maintain adequate security measures, do not require their subcontractors to maintain adequate security measures, do not perform as anticipated and in accordance with contractual requirements, or become targets of cyber-attacks.
Managing cybersecurity risks is a challenging process, and combining our systems and processes with those of Marcum could create additional complexity and challenges. If we fail to integrate our and Marcum’s security measures in a timely and effective manner, it could potentially result in a temporary increase in cybersecurity risks during the transition period.
Rapid technological changes could significantly impact our competitive position, client relationships and operating results and our ability to realize the anticipated benefits of the Transaction.
The professional business services industry has been and continues to be impacted by significant technological changes and innovation, enabling companies to offer services competitive with ours. Those technological changes may (i) reduce demand for our services, (ii) enable the development of competitive products or services, or (iii) enable our current customers to reduce or bypass the use of our services. Additionally, rapid changes in artificial intelligence, block chain-based technology, automation and related innovations are increasing the competitiveness landscape.
The ability of our combined organization following the Transaction to invest in technology and data analytics in order to serve our client base was a key rationale for the Transaction. While this provides opportunities, it also can expose us to elevated risk if we do not effectively manage these investments, which may be significant. If we are not successful in anticipating or responding to technological changes, we may not generate a return on these investments and demand for our services could be further reduced by advanced technologies being deployed by our competitors. In some cases, we depend on key vendors and partners to provide technology and other support. If these third parties fail to perform their obligations or cease to work with us, our ability to execute on our strategic initiatives could be adversely affected.
Our goodwill and other intangible assets could become impaired, which could lead to material non-cash charges against earnings and a material impact on our results of operations and financial condition.
At September 30, 2024, the net carrying value of our goodwill and other intangible assets totaled $1.03 billion in the aggregate. On a pro forma basis after the Transaction, this value significantly increased. In accordance with Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 350, Intangibles—Goodwill and Other, and ASC Topic 360, Property, Plant, and Equipment, we assess these assets, including client lists, to determine if there is any indication of impairment. Failure to achieve the anticipated benefits of the Transaction, significant negative industry or economic trends, disruptions to our business, adverse changes
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resulting from new governmental regulations, negative impact on client list due to loss of customers, impact on client list due to declining revenue of existing customers, divestitures and sustained market capitalization declines may result in recognition of impairments. Any impairment of goodwill or intangible assets would result in a non-cash charge against current earnings, which could lead to a material impact on our results of operations and financial condition. Given the significant increase in goodwill and intangible assets following the Transaction, the potential magnitude of any such impairment could also be significant.
The Transaction could exacerbate the other existing business risk that we face.
Following the Transaction, we will continue to be subject to the other business risks that we currently face as described in “Risk Factors” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K. However, it may be more challenging to effectively manage and mitigate these risks as a result of the significant resources that will be dedicated to the integration of the Transaction. Disruptions or distractions as a result these efforts could make the risks we already face more likely to be realized, or subject us to additional risks. As part of our integration efforts, we will also need to ensure that our risk management policies and controls are appropriate for a larger and more complex organization. This will be an inherently challenging process that will take time, and we could be subject to elevated risks if we are not successful or are delayed in implementing effective policies and controls. In addition, the expanded size and complexity of our business after the Transaction, as well as changes to the nature of our business, could increase the magnitude of some of the risks we face. There are substantial uncertainties associated with all of the foregoing, and any these risks may adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, and stock pr ice.
ITEM 2. UNREGISTERED SALES OF EQUITY SECURITIES AND USE OF PROCEEDS
(a) Recent sales of unregistered securities
In connection with the Transaction, we agreed to issu e 14.3 million shares of our common stock to Marcum’s partners in installments over approximately four years, commencing on January 2, 2025. Refer to Note 12. Subsequent Events to the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements for further discussion regarding the Transaction. The offering and sale of the shares of common stock issuable pursuant to the Transaction was made in reliance on the exemption from registration requirements provided by Section 4(a)(2) of the Securities Act of 1933, as transactions by an issuer not involving a public offering.
During the nine months ended September 30, 2024, approximately 117 thousand shares of our common stock were issued as payment for contingent consideration for previous acquisitions. The foregoing shares were issued in transactions not involving a public offering in reliance on the exemption from registration afforded by Section 4(a)(2) of the Securities Act. The persons to whom the shares were issued had access to full information about the Company and represented that they acquired the shares for their own account and not for the purpose of distribution. The certificates for the shares contain a restrictive legend advising that the shares may not be offered for sale, sold, or otherwise transferred without having first been registered under the Securities Act or pursuant to an exemption from the Securities Act.
(b) Issuer purchases of equity securities
On February 7, 2024, our Board of Directors authorized the continuation of the Share Repurchase Program, which has been renewed annually for the past twenty years. It was effective beginning March 31, 2024, from which the amount of shares to be purchased was reset to five million, and expires one year from the effective date. This authorization allows us to purchase shares of our common stock (i) in the open market, (ii) in privately negotiated transactions, or (iii) under Rule 10b5-1 trading plans.
Privately negotiated transactions may include purchases from our employees, officers and directors, in accordance with SEC rules. Rule 10b5-1 trading plans allow for repurchases during periods when we would not normally be active in the trading market due to regulatory restrictions. The Share Repurchase Program does not obligate us to acquire any specific number of shares and may be suspended at any time.
Shares repurchased under the Share Repurchase Program during the three months ended September 30, 2024 (reported on a trade-date basis) are summarized in the table below (amounts in thousands, except per share data). Average price paid per share includes fees and commissions.
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|  | Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
Third Quarter Purchases |  | Total Number of Shares Purchased |  | Average Price Paid Per Share |  | Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plan |  | Maximum Number of Shares That May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plan
July 1 – July 31, 2024 |  | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5,000 |
August 1 – August 31, 2024 |  | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5,000 |
September 1 - September 30, 2024 |  | 3 |  |  | $ | 75.15 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 4,997 |
Third Quarter Purchases |  | 3 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | 3 |  |  |

According to the terms of our 2022 credit facility and 2024 Credit Facilities, our ability to declare or make any dividend payments is limited. Refer to Note 4, Debt and Financing Arrangements, to the condensed consolidated financial statements for a description of working capital restrictions and limitations on the payment of dividends.
ITEM 3. DEFAULTS UPON SENIOR SECURITIES
Not applicable.
ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES
Not applicable.
ITEM 5. OTHER INFORMATION
During the quarter period ended September 30, 2024, no director or officer of the Company adopted or terminated any contract, instruction or written plan for the purchase or sale of securities of the Company intended to satisfy the affirmative defense condition of Rule 10b5-1(c) of the Exchange Act or any "non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement" (as defined in the Exchange Act).
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Item 6. Exhibits

2.1 |  | Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated July 30, 2024, among the Company, Marcum LLP, Marcum Advisory Group LLC, PMMS LLC, and Marcum Partners SPV LLC (filed as Exhibit 2.1 to the Company's current Report on Form 8-K, File No. 001-32961, dated July 31, 2024, and incorporated herein by reference).
10.1 |  | Sixth Amendment to Loan Agreement, dated August 1, 2024, by and among CBIZ Benefit and Insurance Services, Inc. and the Huntington National Bank (filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, File No. 001-32961, dated August 1, 2024, and incorporated herein by reference).
31.1 * |  | Certification of Chief Executive Officer Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes Oxley Act of 2002.
31.2 * |  | Certification of Chief Financial Officer Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
32.1 ** |  | Certification of Chief Executive Officer Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
32.2 ** |  | Certification of Chief Financial Officer Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
101.INS |  | XBRL Instance Document - the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document*
101.SCH |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document*
101.DEF |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document*
101.CAL |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document*
101.LAB |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document*
101.PRE |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document*
104 |  | Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in the Exhibit 101 attachments)

* Indicates documents filed herewith.
** Indicates document furnished herewith.
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SIGNATURE
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

|  |  | CBIZ, Inc.
|  |  | (Registrant)
Date: | November 7, 2024 | By: | /s/ Ware H. Grove
|  |  | Ware H. Grove
|  |  | Chief Financial Officer
|  |  | Duly Authorized Officer and Principal Financial Officer