Note 13. Stock-based Compensation

As of August 31, 2016, the Company had one stock incentive plan, the WD-40 Company 2007 Stock Incentive Plan (“2007 Plan”), which permits the granting of various stock-based equity awards, including non-qualified stock options, incentive stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock, restricted stock units, performance shares, performance units and other stock-based awards to employees, directors and consultants. To date through August 31, 2016, the Company had granted awards of restricted stock units (“RSUs”), performance share units (“PSUs”), market share units (“MSUs”) and deferred performance units (“DPUs”) under the 2007 Plan. Additionally, as of August 31, 2016, there were still outstanding stock options which had been granted under the Company’s prior stock option plan. Fiscal year 2012 was the last fiscal period in which the Company granted PSUs and no PSUs remained outstanding as of the prior fiscal year ended August 31, 2015. The 2007 Plan is administered by the Board of Directors (the “Board”) or the Compensation Committee or other designated committee of the Board (the “Committee”). All stock-based equity awards granted under the 2007 Plan are subject to the specific terms and conditions as determined by the Committee at the time of grant of such awards in accordance with the various terms and conditions specified for each award type per the 2007 Plan. The total number of shares of common stock authorized for issuance pursuant to grants of awards under the 2007 Plan is 2,957,830. As of August 31, 2016, 1,696,909 shares of common stock remained available for future issuance pursuant to grants of awards under the 2007 Plan. The shares of common stock to be issued pursuant to awards under the 2007 Plan may be authorized but unissued shares or treasury shares. The Company has historically issued new authorized but unissued shares upon the settlement of the various stock-based equity awards under the 2007 Plan.

Vesting of the RSUs granted to directors is immediate, with shares to be issued pursuant to the vested RSUs upon termination of each director’s service as a director of the Company. Vesting of the one-time grant of RSUs granted to certain key executives of the Company in March 2008 in settlement of these key executives’ benefits under the Company’s supplemental employee retirement plan agreements was over a period of three years from the date of grant, with shares to be issued pursuant to the vested RSUs six months following the day after each executive officer’s termination of employment with the Company. Vesting of the RSUs granted to certain high level employees is over a period of three years from the date of grant, with shares to be issued pursuant to the vested RSUs at the time of vest. The director RSU holders and the executive officer March 2008 grant date RSU holders are entitled to receive dividend equivalents with respect to their RSUs, payable in cash as and when dividends are declared by the Company’s Board of Directors.

Vesting of the MSUs granted to certain high level employees follows a performance measurement period of three fiscal years commencing with the Company’s fiscal year in which the MSU awards are granted (the “Measurement Period”). Shares will be issued pursuant to the vested MSUs following the conclusion of the applicable MSU Measurement Period after the Committee’s certification of achievement of the applicable performance measure for such awards and the vesting of the MSU awards and the applicable percentage of the target number of MSU shares to be issued. The recipient must remain employed with the Company for vesting purposes until the date on which the Committee certifies achievement of the applicable performance measure for the MSU awards.

Vesting of the DPUs granted to certain high level employees follows a performance measurement period of one fiscal year that is the same fiscal year in which the DPU awards are granted (the “Measurement Year”). A number of DPUs equal to the applicable percentage of the maximum number of DPUs awarded will be confirmed as vested following the conclusion of the applicable DPU Measurement Year after the Committee’s certification of achievement of the applicable performance measure for such awards (the “Vested DPUs”). The recipient must remain employed with the Company for vesting purposes until August 31 of the Measurement Year. For recipients who are residents of the United States, the Vested DPUs must be held until termination of employment, with shares to be issued pursuant to the Vested DPUs six months following the day after each such recipient’s termination of employment with the Company. For recipients who are not residents of the United States, the Committee has discretion to either defer settlement of each such recipient’s Vested DPUs by issuance of shares following termination of employment or settle each Vested DPU in cash by payment of an amount equal to the closing price of one share of the Company’s common stock as of the date of the Committee’s certification of the relative achievement of the applicable performance measure for the DPU awards. Until issuance of shares in settlement of the Vested DPUs, the holders of each Vested DPU that is not settled in cash are entitled to receive dividend equivalents with respect to their Vested DPUs, payable in cash as and when dividends are declared by the Company’s Board of Directors.

Stock-based compensation expense is amortized on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period for the entire award. Stock-based compensation expense related to the Company’s stock-based equity awards totaled $3.7 million, $2.8 million and $2.3 million for the fiscal years ended August 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively. The Company recognized income tax benefits related to such stock-based compensation of $1.2 million, $0.9 million and $0.8 million for the fiscal years ended August 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively. As of August 31, 2016, the total unamortized compensation cost related to non-vested stock-based equity awards was $1.3 million and $1.7 million for RSUs and MSUs, respectively, which the Company expects to recognize over remaining weighted-average vesting periods of 1.8 and 1.9 years for RSUs and MSUs, respectively. No unamortized compensation cost for DPUs remained as of August 31, 2016.

Stock Options

Fiscal year 2008 was the last fiscal period in which the Company granted stock options. The estimated fair value of each of the Company’s stock option awards granted in and prior to fiscal year 2008 was determined on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option pricing model.

A summary of the Company’s stock option award activity is as follows (in thousands, except share and per share amounts and contractual term in years data):



					Weighted-Average
					Remaining
			Weighted-Average		Contractual Term
	Number of		Exercise Price		Per Share		Aggregate
Stock Options	Shares		Per Share		(in years)		Intrinsic Value
Outstanding at August 31, 2015		62,620	$	34.97
Granted		-	$	-
Exercised		(34,800)	$	34.48
Forfeited or expired		-	$	-
Outstanding at August 31, 2016		27,820	$	35.59		1.0	$	2,302
Exercisable at August 31, 2016		27,820	$	35.59		1.0	$	2,302

The total intrinsic value of stock options exercised was $2.5 million, $3.3 million and $1.4 million for the fiscal years ended August 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively.

The income tax benefits from stock options exercised totaled $0.7 million, $1.1 million and $0.4 million for the fiscal years ended August 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively.

Restricted Stock Units

The estimated fair value of each of the Company’s RSU awards was determined on the date of grant based on the closing market price of the Company’s common stock on the date of grant for those RSUs which are entitled to receive dividend equivalents with respect to the RSUs, or based on the closing market price of the Company’s common stock on the date of grant less the grant date present value of expected dividends during the vesting period for those RSUs which are not entitled to receive dividend equivalents with respect to the RSUs.

A summary of the Company’s restricted stock unit activity is as follows (in thousands, except share and per share amounts):



			Weighted-Average
			Grant Date
	Number of		Fair Value		Aggregate
Restricted Stock Units	Shares		Per Share		Intrinsic Value
Outstanding at August 31, 2015		136,895	$	47.19
Granted		23,201	$	95.89
Converted to common shares		(27,595)	$	50.24
Forfeited		(2,466)	$	69.99
Outstanding at August 31, 2016		130,035	$	54.80	$	15,390
Vested at August 31, 2016		99,228	$	47.47	$	11,744

The weighted-average grant date fair value of all RSUs granted during the fiscal years ended August 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014 was $95.89, $69.35 and $66.82, respectively. The total intrinsic value of all RSUs converted to common shares was $2.8 million, $1.8 million and $2.7 million for the fiscal years ended August 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively.

The income tax benefits from RSUs converted to common shares totaled $1.0 million, $0.6 million and $0.9 million for the fiscal years ended August 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively.

Market Share Units

The MSUs are market performance-based awards that shall vest with respect to the applicable percentage of the target number of MSU shares based on relative total stockholder return (“TSR”) for the Company as compared to the total return for the Russell 2000 Index (“Index”) over the performance Measurement Period. The ultimate number of MSUs that vest may range from 0% to 200% of the original target number of shares depending on the relative achievement of the TSR performance measure at the end of the Measurement Period. The probabilities of the actual number of MSUs expected to vest and resultant actual number of shares of common stock expected to be awarded are reflected in the grant date fair values of the various MSU awards; therefore, the compensation expense for the MSU awards will be recognized assuming the requisite service period is rendered and will not be adjusted based on the actual number of such MSU awards to ultimately vest.

The estimated fair value of each of the Company’s MSU awards, which are not entitled to receive dividend equivalents with respect to the MSUs, was determined on the date of grant using the Monte Carlo simulation model, which utilizes multiple input variables to simulate a range of possible future stock prices for both the Company and the Index and estimates the probabilities of the potential payouts. The determination of the estimated grant date fair value of the MSUs is affected by the Company’s stock price and a number of assumptions including the expected volatilities of the Company’s stock and the Index, the Company’s risk-free interest rate and expected dividends. The following weighted-average assumptions for MSU grants for the last three fiscal years were used in the Monte Carlo simulation model:



	Fiscal Year Ended August 31,
	2016		2015		2014
Expected volatility		22.2%		22.0%		25.2%
Risk-free interest rate		0.9%		0.8%		0.6%
Expected dividend yield		0.0%		0.0%		0.0%

The expected volatility utilized was based on the historical volatilities of the Company’s common stock and the Index in order to model the stock price movements. The volatility used was calculated over the most recent 2.89-year period for MSUs granted during the fiscal year ended August 31, 2016 and over the most recent 2.88-year periods for MSUs granted during each of the fiscal years ended August 31, 2015 and 2014, which were the remaining terms of the performance Measurement Period at the dates of grant. The risk-free interest rates used were based on the implied yield available on a U.S. Treasury zero-coupon bill with a remaining term equivalent to the remaining performance Measurement Period. The MSU awards stipulate that, for purposes of computing the relative TSR for the Company as compared to the return for the Index, dividends paid with respect to both the Company’s stock and the Index are to be treated as being reinvested into the stock of each entity as of the ex-dividend date. Accordingly, an expected dividend yield of zero was used in the Monte Carlo simulation model, which is the mathematical equivalent to reinvesting dividends in the issuing entity over the performance Measurement Period.

A summary of the Company’s market share unit activity is as follows (in thousands, except share and per share amounts):



			Weighted-Average
			Grant Date
	Number of		Fair Value		Aggregate
Market Share Units	Shares		Per Share		Intrinsic Value
Outstanding at August 31, 2015		57,604	$	57.37
Granted		15,590	$	120.99
Performance factor adjustments		17,098	$	39.26
Converted to common shares		(40,077)	$	38.17
Forfeited		(4,515)	$	70.58
Outstanding at August 31, 2016		45,700	$	87.82	$	5,409

The weighted-average grant date fair value of all MSUs granted during the fiscal years ended August 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014 was $120.99, $71.66 and $69.58 respectively. The total intrinsic value of all MSUs converted to common shares was $3.7 million for the fiscal year ended August 31, 2016. No MSUs were converted to common shares during the fiscal years ended August 31, 2015 or 2014.

The income tax benefits from MSUs converted to common shares totaled $1.2 million for the fiscal year ended August 31, 2016.

Deferred Performance Units

In November 2014, the Company began granting DPU awards to certain high level employees. The DPUs provide for performance-based vesting over a performance measurement period of the fiscal year in which the DPU awards are granted. The performance vesting provisions of the DPUs are based on relative achievement within an established performance measure range of the Company’s reported earnings before interest, income taxes, depreciation and amortization computed on a consolidated basis before deduction of the stock-based compensation expense for the Vested DPUs (“Adjusted Global EBITDA”) for the Measurement Year. The ultimate number of DPUs that vest may range from 0% to 100% of the original maximum number of DPUs awarded depending on the relative achievement of the Adjusted Global EBITDA performance measure at the end of the Measurement Year.

The estimated fair value of each of the Company’s DPU awards was determined on the date of grant based on the closing market price of the Company’s common stock on the date of grant less the grant date present value of expected dividends during the vesting period for the DPUs, which are not entitled to receive dividend equivalents with respect to the unvested DPUs.

A summary of the Company’s deferred performance unit activity is as follows (in thousands, except share and per share amounts):



			Weighted-Average
			Grant Date
	Number of		Fair Value		Aggregate
Deferred Performance Units	Shares		Per Share		Intrinsic Value
Outstanding at August 31, 2015		30,798	$	75.14
Granted		27,809	$	94.54
Performance factor adjustments		(30,798)	$	75.14
Converted to common shares		-	$	-
Forfeited		(1,486)	$	94.54
Outstanding at August 31, 2016		26,323	$	94.54	$	3,115
Vested at August 31, 2016		5,081	$	94.54	$	601

The weighted-average grant date fair value of all DPUs granted during the fiscal years ended August 31, 2016 and 2015 was $94.54 and $75.14, respectively. No DPUs were granted during the fiscal year ended August 31, 2014. No DPUs were converted to common shares during the fiscal years ended August 31, 2016 or 2015.