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Table of Contents

UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
FORM 10-Q
(Mark One)

þ | QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended February 29, 2024

o | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from ________ to ________
Commission File Number: 000-06936
Commission Company Name: WD 40 CO
WD-40 COMPANY
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware | 95-1797918
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
9715 Businesspark Avenue, San Diego, California | 92131
(Address of principal executive offices) | (Zip code)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (619) 275-1400
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class |  | Trading Symbol |  | Name of exchange on which registered
Common stock, par value $0.001 per share |  | WDFC |  | NASDAQ Global Select Market

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports) and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.
Yes þ No o
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes þ No o
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer”, “smaller reporting company”, and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
Large accelerated filer þ Accelerated filer o Non-accelerated filer o Smaller reporting company o
Emerging growth company o
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. o
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).
Yes o No þ
The number of outstanding shares of the registrant’s common stock, par value $0.001 per share, as of April 3, 2024 was 13,552,637.

1

Table of Contents
WD-40 COMPANY
QUARTERLY REPORT ON FORM 10-Q
For the Quarter Ended February 29, 2024
TABLE OF CONTENTS

PART I — FINANCIAL INFORMATION
|  | Page
Item 1. | Financial Statements (Unaudited) |
| Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets | 3
| Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations | 4
| Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income | 5
| Condensed Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity | 6
| Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows | 8
| Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements | 9
Item 2. | Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 21
Item 3. | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk | 38
Item 4. | Controls and Procedures | 38
PART II — OTHER INFORMATION
Item 1. | Legal Proceedings | 39
Item 1A. | Risk Factors | 39
Item 2. | Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds | 39
Item 5. | Other Information | 39
Item 6. | Exhibits | 40

2

Table of Contents
PART 1 — FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Item 1. Financial Statements
WD-40 COMPANY
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(Unaudited and in thousands, except share and per share amounts)

| February 29, 2024 |  | August 31, 2023
Assets |  |  |
Current assets: |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 55,443 |  |  | $ | 48,143 |
Trade and other accounts receivable, net | 104,794 |  |  | 98,039 |
Inventories | 78,029 |  |  | 86,522 |
Other current assets | 12,248 |  |  | 15,821 |
Total current assets | 250,514 |  |  | 248,525 |
Property and equipment, net | 64,575 |  |  | 66,791 |
Goodwill | 95,499 |  |  | 95,505 |
Other intangible assets, net | 4,165 |  |  | 4,670 |
Right-of-use assets | 10,968 |  |  | 7,820 |
Deferred tax assets, net | 1,189 |  |  | 1,201 |
Other assets | 15,111 |  |  | 13,454 |
Total assets | $ | 442,021 |  |  | $ | 437,966 |
Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity |  |  |
Current liabilities: |  |  |
Accounts payable | $ | 32,405 |  |  | $ | 30,826 |
Accrued liabilities | 31,710 |  |  | 30,000 |
Accrued payroll and related expenses | 14,869 |  |  | 16,722 |
Short-term borrowings | 29,790 |  |  | 10,800 |
Income taxes payable | 1,657 |  |  | 494 |
Total current liabilities | 110,431 |  |  | 88,842 |
Long-term borrowings | 85,894 |  |  | 109,743 |
Deferred tax liabilities, net | 10,987 |  |  | 10,305 |
Long-term operating lease liabilities | 5,509 |  |  | 5,832 |
Other long-term liabilities | 12,922 |  |  | 13,066 |
Total liabilities | 225,743 |  |  | 227,788 |
Commitments and Contingencies (Note 12) |  |  |
Stockholders’ equity: |  |  |
Common stock — authorized 36,000,000 shares, $0.001 par value; 19,920,049 and 19,905,815 shares issued at February 29, 2024 and August 31, 2023, respectively; and 13,554,668 and 13,563,434 shares outstanding at February 29, 2024 and August 31, 2023, respectively | 20 |  |  | 20 |
Additional paid-in capital | 173,263 |  |  | 171,546 |
Retained earnings | 487,233 |  |  | 477,488 |
Accumulated other comprehensive loss | (31,249) |  |  | (31,206) |
Common stock held in treasury, at cost — 6,365,381 and 6,342,381 shares at February 29, 2024 and August 31, 2023, respectively | (412,989) |  |  | (407,670) |
Total stockholders’ equity | 216,278 |  |  | 210,178 |
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity | $ | 442,021 |  |  | $ | 437,966 |

See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements (unaudited).
3

Table of Contents
WD-40 COMPANY
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS
(Unaudited and in thousands, except per share amounts)

| Three Months Ended February 29/28, |  | Six Months Ended February 29/28,
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2024 |  | 2023
Net sales | $ | 139,105 |  |  | $ | 130,193 |  |  | $ | 279,521 |  |  | $ | 255,086 |
Cost of products sold | 66,164 |  |  | 64,115 |  |  | 131,027 |  |  | 124,753 |
Gross profit | 72,941 |  |  | 66,078 |  |  | 148,494 |  |  | 130,333 |
Operating expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Selling, general and administrative | 45,023 |  |  | 37,690 |  |  | 89,158 |  |  | 77,674 |
Advertising and sales promotion | 6,725 |  |  | 5,985 |  |  | 13,708 |  |  | 11,324 |
Amortization of definite-lived intangible assets | 252 |  |  | 250 |  |  | 503 |  |  | 503 |
Total operating expenses | 52,000 |  |  | 43,925 |  |  | 103,369 |  |  | 89,501 |
Income from operations | 20,941 |  |  | 22,153 |  |  | 45,125 |  |  | 40,832 |
Other income (expense): |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest income | 66 |  |  | 51 |  |  | 140 |  |  | 95 |
Interest expense | (1,008) |  |  | (1,502) |  |  | (2,154) |  |  | (2,671) |
Other (expense) income, net | (193) |  |  | 165 |  |  | (233) |  |  | 315 |
Income before income taxes | 19,806 |  |  | 20,867 |  |  | 42,878 |  |  | 38,571 |
Provision for income taxes | 4,270 |  |  | 4,341 |  |  | 9,860 |  |  | 8,048 |
Net income | $ | 15,536 |  |  | $ | 16,526 |  |  | $ | 33,018 |  |  | $ | 30,523 |
Earnings per common share: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic | $ | 1.14 |  |  | $ | 1.21 |  |  | $ | 2.43 |  |  | $ | 2.24 |
Diluted | $ | 1.14 |  |  | $ | 1.21 |  |  | $ | 2.42 |  |  | $ | 2.23 |
Shares used in per share calculations: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic | 13,558 |  | 13,583 |  | 13,559 |  | 13,586
Diluted | 13,583 |  | 13,608 |  | 13,583 |  | 13,608

See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements (unaudited).
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WD-40 COMPANY
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME
(Unaudited and in thousands)

| Three Months Ended February 29/28, |  | Six Months Ended February 29/28,
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2024 |  | 2023
Net income | $ | 15,536 |  |  | $ | 16,526 |  |  | $ | 33,018 |  |  | $ | 30,523 |
Other comprehensive income (loss): |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Foreign currency translation adjustment | (433) |  |  | 8 |  |  | (43) |  |  | 1,344 |
Total comprehensive income | $ | 15,103 |  |  | $ | 16,534 |  |  | $ | 32,975 |  |  | $ | 31,867 |

See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements (unaudited).
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WD-40 COMPANY
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
(Unaudited and in thousands, except share and per share amounts)

| Common Stock |  | Additional Paid-in Capital |  | Retained Earnings |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) |  | Treasury Stock |  | Total Stockholders’ Equity
Shares |  | Amount |  |  |  |  | Shares |  | Amount |
Balance at August 31, 2023 | 19,905,815 |  | $ | 20 |  |  | $ | 171,546 |  |  | $ | 477,488 |  |  | $ | (31,206) |  |  | 6,342,381 |  | $ | (407,670) |  |  | $ | 210,178 |
Issuance of common stock under share-based compensation plan, net of shares withheld for taxes | 5,680 |  | - |  |  | (678) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (678) |
Stock-based compensation |  |  |  |  | 2,271 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2,271 |
Cash dividends ($0.83 per share) |  |  |  |  |  |  | (11,297) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (11,297) |
Repurchases of common stock |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 11,500 |  | (2,414) |  |  | (2,414) |
Foreign currency translation adjustment |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 390 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 390 |
Net income |  |  |  |  |  |  | 17,482 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 17,482 |
Balance at November 30, 2023 | 19,911,495 |  | $ | 20 |  |  | $ | 173,139 |  |  | $ | 483,673 |  |  | $ | (30,816) |  |  | 6,353,881 |  | $ | (410,084) |  |  | $ | 215,932 |
Issuance of common stock under share-based compensation plan, net of shares withheld for taxes | 8,554 |  |  | - |  |  | (1,742) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (1,742) |
Stock-based compensation |  |  |  |  | 1,866 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,866 |
Cash dividends ($0.88 per share) |  |  |  |  |  |  | (11,976) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (11,976) |
Repurchases of common stock |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 11,500 |  | (2,905) |  |  | (2,905) |
Foreign currency translation adjustment |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (433) |  |  |  |  |  |  | (433) |
Net income |  |  |  |  |  |  | 15,536 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 15,536 |
Balance at February 29, 2024 | 19,920,049 |  | $ | 20 |  |  | $ | 173,263 |  |  | $ | 487,233 |  |  | $ | (31,249) |  |  | 6,365,381 |  | $ | (412,989) |  |  | $ | 216,278 |

See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements (unaudited).
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WD-40 COMPANY
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
(Unaudited and in thousands, except share and per share amounts)

| Common Stock |  | Additional Paid-in Capital |  | Retained Earnings |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) |  | Treasury Stock |  | Total Stockholders’ Equity
Shares |  | Amount |  |  |  |  | Shares |  | Amount |
Balance at August 31, 2022 | 19,888,807 |  | $ | 20 |  |  | $ | 165,973 |  |  | $ | 456,076 |  |  | $ | (36,209) |  |  | 6,286,461 |  | $ | (397,236) |  |  | $ | 188,624 |
Issuance of common stock under share-based compensation plan, net of shares withheld for taxes | 7,670 |  | - |  |  | (600) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (600) |
Stock-based compensation |  |  |  |  | 2,719 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2,719 |
Cash dividends ($0.78 per share) |  |  |  |  |  |  | (10,634) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (10,634) |
Repurchases of common stock |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 22,420 |  | (4,072) |  |  | (4,072) |
Foreign currency translation adjustment |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,336 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,336 |
Net income |  |  |  |  |  |  | 13,997 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 13,997 |
Balance at November 30, 2022 | 19,896,477 |  | $ | 20 |  |  | $ | 168,092 |  |  | $ | 459,439 |  |  | $ | (34,873) |  |  | 6,308,881 |  | $ | (401,308) |  |  | $ | 191,370 |
Stock-based compensation |  |  |  |  | 2,261 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2,261 |
Cash dividends ($0.83 per share) |  |  |  |  |  |  | (11,324) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (11,324) |
Repurchases of common stock |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 9,250 |  | (1,569) |  |  | (1,569) |
Foreign currency translation adjustment |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 8 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 8 |
Net income |  |  |  |  |  |  | 16,526 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 16,526 |
Balance at February 28, 2023 | 19,896,477 |  | $ | 20 |  |  | $ | 170,353 |  |  | $ | 464,641 |  |  | $ | (34,865) |  |  | 6,318,131 |  | $ | (402,877) |  |  | $ | 197,272 |

See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements (unaudited).
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WD-40 COMPANY
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(Unaudited and in thousands)

| Six Months Ended February 29/28,
| 2024 |  | 2023
Operating activities: |  |  |
Net income | $ | 33,018 |  |  | $ | 30,523 |
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: |  |  |
Depreciation and amortization | 4,683 |  |  | 3,864 |
Net (gains) losses on sales and disposals of property and equipment | (108) |  |  | 83 |
Deferred income taxes | 711 |  |  | (224) |
Stock-based compensation | 4,137 |  |  | 4,980 |
Amortization of implementation costs associated with cloud computing arrangements | 313 |  |  | 150 |
Unrealized foreign currency exchange losses (gains) | 245 |  |  | (1,820) |
Provision for credit losses | 122 |  |  | 53 |
Write-off of inventories | 1,088 |  |  | 568 |
Changes in assets and liabilities: |  |  |
Trade and other accounts receivable | (7,071) |  |  | (9,689) |
Inventories | 7,267 |  |  | (4,159) |
Other assets | (2,256) |  |  | (930) |
Operating lease assets and liabilities, net | (16) |  |  | 60 |
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities | 3,612 |  |  | (3,059) |
Accrued payroll and related expenses | (1,872) |  |  | 260 |
Other long-term liabilities and income taxes payable | 1,019 |  |  | 287 |
Net cash provided by operating activities | 44,892 |  |  | 20,947 |
Investing activities: |  |  |
Purchases of property and equipment | (2,092) |  |  | (3,571) |
Proceeds from sales of property and equipment | 349 |  |  | 290 |
Net cash used in investing activities | (1,743) |  |  | (3,281) |
Financing activities: |  |  |
Treasury stock purchases | (5,319) |  |  | (5,641) |
Dividends paid | (23,273) |  |  | (21,958) |
Repayments of long-term senior notes | (400) |  |  | (400) |
Net (repayments) proceeds from revolving credit facility | (4,177) |  |  | 8,305 |
Shares withheld to cover taxes upon conversions of equity awards | (2,420) |  |  | (600) |
Net cash used in financing activities | (35,589) |  |  | (20,294) |
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents | (260) |  |  | 2,777 |
Net increase in cash and cash equivalents | 7,300 |  |  | 149 |
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period | 48,143 |  |  | 37,843 |
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period | $ | 55,443 |  |  | $ | 37,992 |
Supplemental disclosure of noncash investing activities: Accrued capital expenditures | $ | 125 |  |  | $ | 137 |
Finance lease obligation settled with prepaid deposit | $ | 3,855 |  |  | $ | - |

See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements (unaudited).
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WD-40 COMPANY
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Unaudited)
Note 1. The Company
WD-40 Company (the “Company”), incorporated in Delaware and based in San Diego, California, is a global marketing organization dedicated to creating positive lasting memories by developing and selling products that solve problems in workshops, factories and homes around the world. The Company owns a wide range of brands that include maintenance products and homecare and cleaning products: WD-40® Multi-Use Product, WD-40 Specialist®, 3-IN-ONE®, GT85®, X-14®, 2000 Flushes®, Carpet Fresh®, no vac®, Spot Shot®, 1001®, Lava® and Solvol®.
The Company’s products are sold in various locations around the world. Maintenance products are sold worldwide in markets throughout North, Central and South America, Asia, Australia, Europe, the Middle East and Africa. Homecare and cleaning products are sold primarily in North America, the United Kingdom (“U.K.”) and Australia. The Company’s products are sold primarily through hardware stores, automotive parts outlets, industrial distributors and suppliers, mass retail and home center stores, value retailers, grocery stores, online retailers, warehouse club stores, farm supply, sport retailers, and independent bike dealers.
Note 2. Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Basis of Consolidation
The unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements included herein have been prepared by the Company according to the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”). Certain information and footnote disclosures normally included in financial statements prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”) have been condensed or omitted pursuant to such rules and regulations. The August 31, 2023 year-end condensed consolidated balance sheet data was derived from audited financial statements but does not include all disclosures required by U.S. GAAP.
In the opinion of management, the unaudited financial information for the interim periods shown reflects all adjustments necessary for a fair statement thereof and such adjustments are of a normal recurring nature. These condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended August 31, 2023, which was filed with the SEC on October 23, 2023.
The condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its wholly owned subsidiaries. All intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated in consolidation.
Use of Estimates
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting periods. Actual results could materially differ from those estimates. Operating results for interim periods are not necessarily indicative of operating results for an entire fiscal year.
Global economic conditions have been adversely impacted and financial markets have experienced significant volatility in recent years. Although the Company’s estimates consider current conditions, the inputs into certain of the Company’s significant and critical accounting estimates include judgments and assumptions about the economic implications of factors that have been subject to such volatility and how management expects them to change in the future, as appropriate. It is possible that actual results experienced may differ materially from the Company’s estimates in future periods, which could materially affect its results of operations and financial condition.
Foreign Currency Forward Contracts
In the normal course of business, the Company employs established policies and procedures to manage its exposure to fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates. The Company utilizes foreign currency forward contracts to limit its exposure to net asset balances held in non-functional currencies, primarily at its U.K. subsidiary. The Company monitors its foreign currency exchange rate exposures to ensure the overall effectiveness of its foreign currency hedge positions.
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While the Company engages in foreign currency hedging activity to reduce its risk, for accounting purposes, none of its foreign currency forward contracts are designated as hedges.
Foreign currency forward contracts are carried at fair value, with net realized and unrealized gains and losses recognized in other income (expense), net in the Company’s condensed consolidated statements of operations. Cash flows from settlements of foreign currency forward contracts are included in operating activities in the condensed consolidated statements of cash flows. Foreign currency forward contracts in an asset position at the end of the reporting period are included in other current assets, while foreign currency forward contracts in a liability position at the end of the reporting period are included in accrued liabilities in the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheets. At February 29, 2024, the Company had a notional amount of $9.9 million outstanding in foreign currency forward contracts, which will mature in March 2024. Unrealized net gains and losses related to foreign currency forward contracts were not significant at February 29, 2024 and August 31, 2023. Realized net gains and losses related to foreign currency forward contracts were not significant for the three and six months ended February 29, 2024 and February 28, 2023. Both unrealized and realized net gains and losses are recorded in other (expense) income, net in the Company’s condensed consolidated statements of operations.
Fair Value of Financial Instruments
Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 820, “Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures”, defines fair value as the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. The Company categorizes its financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value into a hierarchy that categorizes fair value measurements into the following three levels based on the types of inputs used in measuring their fair value:
Level 1: Observable inputs such as quoted market prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities;
Level 2: Observable market-based inputs or observable inputs that are corroborated by market data; and
Level 3: Unobservable inputs reflecting the Company’s own assumptions.
Under fair value accounting, assets and liabilities are classified in their entirety based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. As of February 29, 2024, the Company had no assets or liabilities that are measured at fair value in the financial statements on a recurring basis, except for foreign currency forward contracts, which are classified as Level 2 within the fair value hierarchy. The carrying values of cash equivalents and short-term borrowings are recorded at cost, which approximates their fair values, primarily due to their short-term nature. In addition, the carrying value of borrowings held under the Company’s revolving credit facility approximates fair value, based on Level 2 inputs, due to the variable nature of underlying interest rates, which generally reflect market conditions. The Company’s fixed rate long-term borrowings consist of senior notes and are recorded at carrying value. The Company estimates that the fair value of its senior notes, based on Level 2 inputs, was approximately $60.1 million as of February 29, 2024, which was determined based on a discounted cash flow analysis using current market interest rates for instruments with similar terms, compared to their carrying value of $67.2 million. During the six months ended February 29, 2024, the Company did not record any significant nonrecurring fair value measurements for assets or liabilities in periods subsequent to their initial recognition.
Recently Issued Accounting Standards
In November 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (the “FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2023-07, “Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures.” These amendments primarily require enhanced disclosures about significant segment expenses regularly provided to the chief operating decision maker and included within each reported measure of segment profit or loss. The amendments are effective for the Company’s annual periods beginning September 1, 2024, and interim periods beginning September 1, 2025, with early adoption permitted, and will be applied retrospectively to all prior periods presented in the financial statements. The Company is in the process of evaluating this ASU to determine its impact on the Company’s disclosures.
In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-09, “Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures,” which includes amendments that further enhance income tax disclosures, primarily through standardization and disaggregation of rate reconciliation categories and income taxes paid by jurisdiction. The amendments are effective for the Company’s annual periods beginning September 1, 2025, with early adoption permitted, and should be applied either prospectively or retrospectively. The Company is in the process of evaluating this ASU to determine its impact on the Company’s disclosures.
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Note 3. Inventories
Inventories consisted of the following (in thousands):

| February 29, 2024 |  | August 31, 2023
Product held at third-party contract manufacturers | $ | 5,031 |  |  | $ | 6,680 |
Raw materials and components | 10,566 |  |  | 11,924 |
Work-in-process | 277 |  |  | 497 |
Finished goods | 62,155 |  |  | 67,421 |
Total | $ | 78,029 |  |  | $ | 86,522 |

Note 4. Property and Equipment and Capitalized Cloud-Based Software Implementation Costs
Property and equipment, net, consisted of the following (in thousands):

| February 29, 2024 |  | August 31, 2023
Machinery, equipment and vehicles | $ | 54,561 |  |  | $ | 49,804 |
Buildings and improvements | 27,606 |  |  | 27,555 |
Computer and office equipment | 6,404 |  |  | 6,151 |
Internal-use software | 9,671 |  |  | 11,277 |
Furniture and fixtures | 3,050 |  |  | 3,027 |
Capital in progress | 3,900 |  |  | 7,937 |
Land | 4,218 |  |  | 4,220 |
Subtotal | 109,410 |  |  | 109,971 |
Less: accumulated depreciation and amortization | (44,835) |  |  | (43,180) |
Total | $ | 64,575 |  |  | $ | 66,791 |

As of February 29, 2024 and August 31, 2023, the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheets included $12.7 million and $11.0 million, respectively, of capitalized cloud-based implementation costs recorded as other assets within the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheets. These balances primarily consist of capitalized implementation costs related to a new cloud-based enterprise resource planning (“ERP”) system which the Company placed into service in the U.S. during the second quarter of fiscal year 2024. The useful lives of the Company’s internal-use software and capitalized cloud computing implementation costs are generally three to five years. However, the useful lives of major information system installations such as implementations of ERP systems and certain related software are determined on an individual basis and may exceed five years depending on the estimated period of use. The Company has determined the useful life of the new ERP system to be ten years and is amortizing over such period. Accumulated amortization associated with these assets was $1.0 million and $0.7 million as of February 29, 2024 and August 31, 2023, respectively. Amortization expense associated with these assets was not significant for the three and six months ended February 29, 2024 and February 28, 2023.
Note 5. Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets
Goodwill
The following table summarizes the changes in the carrying amounts of goodwill by segment (in thousands):

| Americas |  | EIMEA |  | Asia-Pacific |  | Total
Balance as of August 31, 2023 | $ | 85,436 |  |  | $ | 8,860 |  |  | $ | 1,209 |  |  | $ | 95,505 |
Translation adjustments | (1) |  |  | (5) |  |  | - |  |  | (6) |
Balance as of February 29, 2024 | $ | 85,435 |  |  | $ | 8,855 |  |  | $ | 1,209 |  |  | $ | 95,499 |

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During the second quarter of fiscal year 2024, the Company performed its annual goodwill impairment test. The annual goodwill impairment test was performed at the reporting unit level as of the Company’s most recent goodwill impairment testing date, December 1, 2023. The Company performed a quantitative assessment to determine whether the fair value of any of its reporting units was less than each reporting unit’s carrying amount. The Company determined the fair value of its reporting units by following the income approach, which uses a discounted cash flow methodology. The discounted cash flow methodology bases the fair value of each reporting unit on the present value of its estimated future cash flows. The discounted cash flow methodology also requires that management make assumptions about certain key inputs in the estimated cash flows, including long-term sales forecasts or growth rates, terminal growth rates and discount rates, all of which are inherently uncertain. The forecast of future cash flows was primarily based on historical data and management’s best estimates of sales growth rates and operating margins for each reporting unit for the next five fiscal years. The discount rate used was based on management’s estimate of the current weighted-average cost of capital for each reporting unit. As these assumptions are largely unobservable, the estimated fair values fall within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy. Based on quantitative analysis, the Company determined that the estimated fair value of each of its reporting units significantly exceeded their respective carrying values. As a result, the Company concluded that no impairment of its goodwill existed as of December 1, 2023. In addition, the Company concluded that there were no indicators of impairment identified as a result of the Company’s review of events and circumstances related to its goodwill subsequent to December 1, 2023 through February 29, 2024. To date, there have been no impairment losses identified and recorded related to the Company’s goodwill.
Definite-lived Intangible Assets
The net carrying value of the Company’s definite-lived intangible assets, which include the Spot Shot, Carpet Fresh, 1001, EZ REACH and GT85 trade names, was $4.2 million and $4.7 million as of February 29, 2024 and August 31, 2023, respectively. These balances are classified as other intangible assets, net in the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheets. Amortization expense related to these assets was not material for the three and six months ended February 29, 2024 and February 28, 2023.

Note 6. Leases
Right-of-use assets and lease liabilities consisted of the following (in thousands):

| February 29, 2024 |  | August 31, 2023
Assets: |  |  |
Operating lease right-of-use assets | $ | 7,241 |  |  | $ | 7,820 |
Finance lease right-of-use asset | 3,727 |  |  | - |
Total right-of-use assets | $ | 10,968 |  |  | $ | 7,820 |
Liabilities: |  |  |
Current operating lease liabilities(1) | $ | 1,864 |  |  | $ | 2,144 |
Long-term operating lease liabilities | 5,509 |  |  | 5,832 |
Total operating lease liabilities | $ | 7,373 |  |  | $ | 7,976 |

(1) Current operating lease liabilities are classified in accrued liabilities on the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheets.
During the six months ended February 29, 2024, the Company entered into a finance lease for a blending facility (the “Finance Lease”). As of August 31, 2023, the Company had $3.8 million of prepaid deposits, which converted to a right-of-use asset at the commencement of the Finance Lease during the six months ended February 29, 2024. Since the Finance Lease was fully prepaid at commencement, no lease liability exists related to it.
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Note 7. Accrued and Other Liabilities
Accrued liabilities consisted of the following (in thousands):

| February 29, 2024 |  | August 31, 2023
Accrued advertising and sales promotion expenses | $ | 15,671 |  |  | $ | 14,472 |
Accrued professional services fees | 2,792 |  |  | 1,924 |
Accrued sales taxes and other taxes | 2,981 |  |  | 2,618 |
Deferred revenue | 3,340 |  |  | 4,552 |
Short-term operating lease liability | 1,864 |  |  | 2,144 |
Other | 5,062 |  |  | 4,290 |
Total | $ | 31,710 |  |  | $ | 30,000 |

Accrued payroll and related expenses consisted of the following (in thousands):

| February 29, 2024 |  | August 31, 2023
Accrued incentive compensation | $ | 5,844 |  |  | $ | 6,698 |
Accrued payroll | 5,441 |  |  | 4,298 |
Accrued payroll taxes | 1,665 |  |  | 1,650 |
Accrued profit sharing | 1,406 |  |  | 3,561 |
Other | 513 |  |  | 515 |
Total | $ | 14,869 |  |  | $ | 16,722 |

Note 8. Debt
As of February 29, 2024, the Company held borrowings under two separate agreements as detailed below.
Note Purchase and Private Shelf Agreement
The Company holds borrowings under its Note Purchase and Private Shelf Agreement, as amended (the “Note Agreement”) by and among the Company, PGIM, Inc. (“Prudential”), and certain affiliates and managed accounts of Prudential (the “Note Purchasers”). As of February 29, 2024, the Company had outstanding balances on its series A, B and C notes issued under this Note Agreement.
Credit Agreement
The Company’s Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, as amended (the “Credit Agreement”) with Bank of America, N.A. consists of a revolving commitment for borrowing by the Company up to $150.0 million with a sublimit of $100.0 million for WD-40 Company Limited, a wholly owned operating subsidiary of the Company for Europe, India, the Middle East and Africa.
On November 29, 2021, the Company entered into its most recent amendment to the Credit Agreement (the “LIBOR Amendment”) with Bank of America, N.A. The LIBOR Amendment changed the Company’s index rates under the Credit Agreement for Pound Sterling and U.S. Dollar borrowings from the London Interbank Offered Rate as administered by ICE Benchmark Administration to the Sterling Overnight Index Average Reference Rate and the Bloomberg Short-term Bank Yield Index rate, respectively, as well as certain definitions and clarifications within the Credit Agreement to accommodate the change in index rates. The impact of the LIBOR Amendment was insignificant to the Company’s consolidated financial statements.
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Short-term and long-term borrowings under the Company’s Credit Agreement and Note Agreement consisted of the following (in thousands):

| Issuance | Maturities |  | February 29, 2024 |  | August 31, 2023
Credit Agreement – revolving credit facility (1) | Various | 9/30/2025 |  | $ | 48,484 |  |  | $ | 52,943 |
Note Agreement |  |  |  |  |  |
Series A Notes – 3.39% fixed rate(2) | 11/15/2017 | 2024-2032 |  | 15,200 |  |  | 15,600 |
Series B Notes – 2.50% fixed rate(3) | 9/30/2020 | 11/15/2027 |  | 26,000 |  |  | 26,000 |
Series C Notes – 2.69% fixed rate(3) | 9/30/2020 | 11/15/2030 |  | 26,000 |  |  | 26,000 |
Total borrowings |  |  |  | 115,684 |  |  | 120,543 |
Short-term portion of borrowings |  |  |  | (29,790) |  |  | (10,800) |
Total long-term borrowings |  |  |  | $ | 85,894 |  |  | $ | 109,743 |

(1)The Company has the ability to refinance any draw under the line of credit with successive short-term borrowings through the maturity date. Outstanding draws for which management has the ability and intent to refinance with successive short-term borrowings for a period of at least twelve months are classified as long-term. As of February 29, 2024, $19.5 million of this facility was classified as long-term and was entirely denominated in Euros. $29.0 million was classified as short-term and was denominated in U.S. Dollars and Pounds Sterling. As of August 31, 2023, $42.9 million on this facility was classified as long-term and was denominated in Euros and Pounds Sterling. $10.0 million was classified as short-term and was denominated entirely in U.S. Dollars. Euro and Pound Sterling denominated draws fluctuate in U.S. Dollars from period to period due to changes in foreign currency exchange rates.
(2)Principal payments are required semi-annually in May and November of each year in equal installments of $0.4 million through May 15, 2032, resulting in $0.8 million classified as short-term. The remaining outstanding principal in the amount of $8.4 million will become due on November 15, 2032.
(3)Interest on notes is payable semi-annually in May and November of each year with no principal due until the maturity date.
Both the Note Agreement and the Credit Agreement contain representations, warranties, events of default and remedies, as well as affirmative, negative and other financial covenants customary for these types of agreements. These covenants include, among other things, certain limitations on the ability of the Company and its subsidiaries to incur indebtedness, create liens, dispose of assets, make investments, declare, make or incur obligations to make certain restricted payments, including payments for the repurchase of the Company’s capital stock and enter into certain merger or consolidation transactions. The Credit Agreement includes, among other limitations on indebtedness, a $125.0 million limit on other unsecured indebtedness.
Each agreement also includes a most favored lender provision which requires that any time any other lender has the benefit of one or more financial or operational covenants that is different than, or similar to, but more restrictive than those contained in its own agreement, those covenants shall be immediately and automatically incorporated by reference to the other lender’s agreement. Both the Note Agreement and the Credit Agreement require the Company to adhere to the same financial covenants. For the financial covenants, the definition of consolidated EBITDA includes the add back of non-cash stock-based compensation to consolidated net income when arriving at consolidated EBITDA. The terms of the financial covenants are as follows:
•The consolidated leverage ratio cannot be greater than three and a half to one. The consolidated leverage ratio means, as of any date of determination, the ratio of (a) consolidated funded indebtedness as of such date to (b) consolidated EBITDA for the most recently completed four fiscal quarters.
•The consolidated interest coverage ratio cannot be less than three to one. The consolidated interest coverage ratio means, as of any date of determination, the ratio of (a) consolidated EBITDA for the most recently completed four fiscal quarters to (b) consolidated interest charges for the most recently completed four fiscal quarters.
As of February 29, 2024, the Company was in compliance with all debt covenants under both the Note Agreement and the Credit Agreement.
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Note 9. Share Repurchase Plan
On June 19, 2023, the Company’s Board (the “Board”) approved a share repurchase plan (the “2023 Repurchase Plan”). Under the 2023 Repurchase Plan, which became effective on September 1, 2023, the Company is authorized to acquire up to $50.0 million of its outstanding shares through August 31, 2025. The timing and amount of repurchases are based on terms and conditions as may be acceptable to the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, subject to present loan covenants and in compliance with all laws and regulations applicable thereto. During the six months ended February 29, 2024, the Company repurchased 23,000 shares at an average price of $231.26 per share, for a total cost of $5.3 million under this $50.0 million plan.
Note 10. Earnings per Common Share
The table below reconciles net income to net income available to common stockholders (in thousands):

| Three Months Ended February 29/28, |  | Six Months Ended February 29/28,
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2024 |  | 2023
Net income | $ | 15,536 |  |  | $ | 16,526 |  |  | $ | 33,018 |  |  | $ | 30,523 |
Less: Net income allocated to participating securities | (56) |  |  | (71) |  |  | (122) |  |  | (125) |
Net income available to common stockholders | $ | 15,480 |  |  | $ | 16,455 |  |  | $ | 32,896 |  |  | $ | 30,398 |

The table below summarizes the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding included in the calculation of basic and diluted EPS (in thousands):

| Three Months Ended February 29/28, |  | Six Months Ended February 29/28,
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2024 |  | 2023
Weighted-average common shares outstanding, basic | 13,558 |  |  | 13,583 |  |  | 13,559 |  |  | 13,586 |
Weighted-average dilutive securities | 25 |  |  | 25 |  |  | 24 |  |  | 22 |
Weighted-average common shares outstanding, diluted | 13,583 |  |  | 13,608 |  |  | 13,583 |  |  | 13,608 |

For the three months ended February 29, 2024, there were no anti-dilutive stock-based equity awards outstanding. For the six months ended February 29, 2024, weighted-average stock-based equity awards outstanding that are non-participating securities in the amount of 2,702 were excluded from the calculation of diluted EPS under the treasury stock method as they were anti-dilutive.
For the three and six months ended February 28, 2023, weighted-average stock-based equity awards outstanding that are non-participating securities in the amount of 10,734 and 9,103, respectively, were excluded from the calculation of diluted EPS under the treasury stock method as they were anti-dilutive.
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Note 11. Revenue
The following table presents the Company’s revenues by segment and major source (in thousands):

| Three Months Ended February 29, 2024 |  | Six Months Ended February 29, 2024
| Americas |  | EIMEA |  | Asia-Pacific |  | Total |  | Americas |  | EIMEA |  | Asia-Pacific |  | Total
WD-40 Multi-Use Product | $ | 49,043 |  |  | $ | 41,572 |  |  | $ | 16,619 |  |  | $ | 107,234 |  |  | $ | 97,554 |  |  | $ | 78,616 |  |  | $ | 38,741 |  |  | $ | 214,911 |
WD-40 Specialist | 7,090 |  |  | 7,525 |  |  | 2,202 |  |  | 16,817 |  |  | 14,198 |  |  | 14,191 |  |  | 5,270 |  |  | 33,659 |
Other maintenance products (1) | 4,003 |  |  | 3,009 |  |  | 176 |  |  | 7,188 |  |  | 8,129 |  |  | 6,071 |  |  | 614 |  |  | 14,814 |
Total maintenance products | 60,136 |  |  | 52,106 |  |  | $ | 18,997 |  |  | $ | 131,239 |  |  | 119,881 |  |  | 98,878 |  |  | 44,625 |  |  | 263,384 |
HCCP (2) | 3,371 |  |  | 2,207 |  |  | 2,288 |  |  | 7,866 |  |  | 7,701 |  |  | 4,189 |  |  | 4,247 |  |  | 16,137 |
Total net sales | $ | 63,507 |  |  | $ | 54,313 |  |  | $ | 21,285 |  |  | $ | 139,105 |  |  | $ | 127,582 |  |  | $ | 103,067 |  |  | $ | 48,872 |  |  | $ | 279,521 |
| Three Months Ended February 28, 2023 |  | Six Months Ended February 28, 2023
| Americas |  | EIMEA |  | Asia-Pacific |  | Total |  | Americas |  | EIMEA |  | Asia-Pacific |  | Total
WD-40 Multi-Use Product | $ | 48,405 |  |  | $ | 35,660 |  |  | $ | 16,196 |  |  | $ | 100,261 |  |  | $ | 91,562 |  |  | $ | 65,838 |  |  | $ | 37,449 |  |  | $ | 194,849 |
WD-40 Specialist | $ | 6,875 |  |  | $ | 6,122 |  |  | $ | 2,277 |  |  | $ | 15,274 |  |  | 13,700 |  |  | 12,133 |  |  | 4,847 |  |  | 30,680 |
Other maintenance products (1) | $ | 3,846 |  |  | $ | 2,569 |  |  | $ | 154 |  |  | $ | 6,569 |  |  | 7,435 |  |  | 5,109 |  |  | 343 |  |  | 12,887 |
Total maintenance products | $ | 59,126 |  |  | $ | 44,351 |  |  | $ | 18,627 |  |  | $ | 122,104 |  |  | 112,697 |  |  | 83,080 |  |  | 42,639 |  |  | 238,416 |
HCCP (2) | 3,764 |  |  | 2,458 |  |  | 1,867 |  |  | 8,089 |  |  | 8,207 |  |  | 4,501 |  |  | 3,962 |  |  | 16,670 |
Total net sales | $ | 62,890 |  |  | $ | 46,809 |  |  | $ | 20,494 |  |  | $ | 130,193 |  |  | $ | 120,904 |  |  | $ | 87,581 |  |  | $ | 46,601 |  |  | $ | 255,086 |

(1)Other maintenance products consist of the 3-IN-ONE and GT85 brands.
(2)Homecare and cleaning products (“HCCP”).
Contract Balances
Contract liabilities consist of deferred revenue related to undelivered products. Deferred revenue is recorded when payments have been received from customers for undelivered products. Revenue is subsequently recognized when revenue recognition criteria are met, generally when control of the product transfers to the customer. The Company had contract liabilities of $3.3 million and $4.6 million as of February 29, 2024 and August 31, 2023, respectively. Substantially all of the $4.6 million that was included in contract liabilities as of August 31, 2023 was recognized to revenue during the six months ended February 29, 2024. These contract liabilities are recorded in accrued liabilities on the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheets. Contract assets are recorded if the Company has satisfied a performance obligation but does not yet have an unconditional right to consideration. The Company did not have any contract assets as of February 29, 2024 and August 31, 2023. The Company has an unconditional right to payment for its trade and other accounts receivable on the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheets. These receivables are presented net of an allowance for credit losses of $0.6 million as of February 29, 2024 and which was not significant as of August 31, 2023.
Note 12. Commitments and Contingencies
Purchase Commitments
The Company has ongoing relationships with various suppliers (contract manufacturers) that manufacture the Company’s products and third-party distribution centers that warehouse and ship the Company’s products to customers. The contract manufacturers maintain title and control of certain raw materials and components, materials utilized in finished products, and the finished products themselves until shipment to the Company’s third-party distribution centers or customers in accordance with agreed upon shipment terms. Although the Company has contractual minimum purchase obligations with certain contract manufacturers, such obligations are either immaterial or below the volume of goods that the Company has historically purchased. In the ordinary course of business, supply needs are communicated by the Company to its contract manufacturers based on orders and short-term projections, ranging from two months to six months. The Company is committed to purchase the products produced by the contract manufacturers based on the projections provided.
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Upon the termination of contracts with contract manufacturers, the Company obtains certain inventory control rights and is obligated to work with the contract manufacturer to sell through all product held by or manufactured by the contract manufacturer on behalf of the Company during the termination notification period. If any inventory remains at the contract manufacturer at the termination date, the Company is obligated to purchase such inventory, which may include raw materials, components and finished goods. The amounts for inventory purchased under termination commitments have been immaterial.
In addition to the commitments to purchase products from contract manufacturers described above, the Company may also enter into commitments with other manufacturers to purchase finished goods and components to support innovation and renovation initiatives and/or supply chain initiatives. As of February 29, 2024, no such commitments were outstanding.
Litigation
From time to time, the Company is subject to various claims, lawsuits, investigations and proceedings arising in the ordinary course of business, including but not limited to, product liability litigation and other claims and proceedings with respect to intellectual property, breach of contract, labor and employment, tax and other matters. As of February 29, 2024, there were no unasserted claims or pending proceedings for claims against the Company that the Company believes will result in a probable loss. As to claims that the Company believes may result in a reasonably possible loss, the Company believes that no reasonably possible outcome of any such claim will have a materially adverse impact on the Company’s financial condition, results of operations or cash flows.
Indemnifications
As permitted under Delaware law, the Company has agreements whereby it indemnifies senior officers and directors for certain events or occurrences while the officer or director is, or was, serving at the Company’s request in such capacity. The maximum potential amount of future payments the Company could be required to make under these indemnification agreements is unlimited; however, the Company maintains Director and Officer insurance coverage that mitigates the Company’s exposure with respect to such obligations. As a result of the Company’s insurance coverage, management believes that the estimated fair value of these indemnification agreements is minimal. Thus, no liabilities have been recorded for these agreements as of February 29, 2024.
From time to time, the Company enters into indemnification agreements with certain contractual parties in the ordinary course of business, including agreements with lenders, lessors, contract manufacturers, marketing distributors, customers and certain vendors. All such indemnification agreements are entered into in the context of the particular agreements and are provided in an attempt to allocate risk of loss in connection with the consummation of the underlying contractual arrangements. Although the maximum amount of future payments that the Company could be required to make under these indemnification agreements is unlimited, management believes that the Company maintains adequate levels of insurance coverage to protect the Company with respect to most potential claims arising from such agreements and that such agreements do not otherwise have value separate and apart from the liabilities incurred in the ordinary course of the Company’s business. Thus, no liabilities have been recorded with respect to such indemnification agreements as of February 29, 2024.
Note 13. Income Taxes
The Company uses an estimated annual effective tax rate, which is based on expected annual income, statutory tax rates and tax planning opportunities available in the various jurisdictions in which the Company operates, to determine its quarterly provision for income taxes. Certain significant or unusual items are separately recognized in the quarter in which they occur and can be a source of variability in the effective tax rates from quarter to quarter.
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The provision for income taxes was 21.6% and 20.8% of income before income taxes for the three months ended February 29, 2024 and February 28, 2023, respectively. This 0.8% increase in the effective tax rate from period to period was primarily due to the following impacts:

Description of impacts on the Company’s estimated annual effective tax rate |  | Unfavorable/(Favorable)
Higher tax rates in certain foreign jurisdictions from period to period |  | 1.7%
An increase in non-deductible performance based compensation |  | 0.7%
Windfalls from the settlement of stock-based equity awards in the second quarter of fiscal year 2024 |  | (0.8)%
Benefits related to income tax positions affected by expiring statutes of limitation |  | (0.6)%

The provision for income taxes was 23.0% and 20.9% of income before income taxes for the six months ended February 29, 2024 and February 28, 2023, respectively. This 2.1% increase in the effective tax rate from period to period was primarily due to the following impacts:

Description of impacts on the Company’s estimated annual effective tax rate |  | Unfavorable/(Favorable)
A non-recurring charitable donation made in the first quarter of fiscal year 2023 |  | 1.9%
Higher tax rates in certain foreign jurisdictions from period to period |  | 1.4%
Lower year to date shortfalls from the settlements of stock-based equity awards in fiscal year 2024 |  | (1.3)%

The Company is subject to taxation in the U.S. and in various state and foreign jurisdictions. Due to expired statutes, the Company’s federal income tax returns for years prior to fiscal year 2018 are not subject to examination by the U.S. Internal Revenue Service. Generally, for the majority of state and foreign jurisdictions where the Company does business, periods prior to fiscal year 2020 are no longer subject to examination. The Company is currently under audit in various state jurisdictions for fiscal years 2021 through 2022. The Company has estimated that up to $12.4 million of unrecognized tax benefits related to income tax positions may be affected by the resolution of tax examinations or expiring statutes of limitation within the next twelve months. This includes $12.1 million associated with the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act’s mandatory one-time “toll tax” on unremitted foreign earnings. Audit outcomes and the timing of settlements are subject to significant uncertainty.
Note 14. Business Segments and Foreign Operations
The Company evaluates the performance of its segments and allocates resources to them based on sales and income from operations. The Company is organized on the basis of geographical area into the following three segments: the Americas; EIMEA; and Asia-Pacific. Segment data does not include inter-segment revenues. Unallocated corporate expenses are general corporate overhead expenses not directly attributable to the business segments and are reported separate from the Company’s identified segments. Corporate overhead costs include expenses for the Company’s accounting and finance, information technology, human resources, research and development, quality control and executive management functions, as well as all direct costs associated with public company compliance matters including legal, audit and other professional services costs.
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Summary information about reportable segments is as follows (in thousands):

For the Three Months Ended | Americas |  | EIMEA |  | Asia-Pacific |  | Unallocated Corporate (1) |  | Total
February 29, 2024 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net sales | $ | 63,507 |  |  | $ | 54,313 |  |  | $ | 21,285 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 139,105 |
Income from operations | $ | 13,220 |  |  | $ | 12,087 |  |  | $ | 7,489 |  |  | $ | (11,855) |  |  | $ | 20,941 |
Depreciation and amortization expense (2) | $ | 1,144 |  |  | $ | 1,150 |  |  | $ | 56 |  |  | $ | 72 |  |  | $ | 2,422 |
Interest income | $ | - |  |  | $ | 36 |  |  | $ | 30 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 66 |
Interest expense | $ | 505 |  |  | $ | 502 |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 1,008 |
February 28, 2023 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net sales | $ | 62,890 |  |  | $ | 46,809 |  |  | $ | 20,494 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 130,193 |
Income from operations | $ | 13,712 |  |  | $ | 10,383 |  |  | $ | 7,023 |  |  | $ | (8,965) |  |  | $ | 22,153 |
Depreciation and amortization expense (2) | $ | 869 |  |  | $ | 973 |  |  | $ | 51 |  |  | $ | 75 |  |  | $ | 1,968 |
Interest income | $ | - |  |  | $ | 26 |  |  | $ | 25 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 51 |
Interest expense | $ | 1,087 |  |  | $ | 413 |  |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 1,502 |
For the Six Months Ended |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
February 29, 2024 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net sales | $ | 127,582 |  |  | $ | 103,067 |  |  | $ | 48,872 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 279,521 |
Income from operations | $ | 27,416 |  |  | $ | 21,602 |  |  | $ | 18,514 |  |  | $ | (22,407) |  |  | $ | 45,125 |
Depreciation and amortization expense (2) | $ | 2,195 |  |  | $ | 2,224 |  |  | $ | 113 |  |  | $ | 151 |  |  | $ | 4,683 |
Interest income | $ | - |  |  | $ | 82 |  |  | $ | 58 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 140 |
Interest expense | $ | 1,065 |  |  | $ | 1,086 |  |  | $ | 3 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 2,154 |
February 28, 2023 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net sales | $ | 120,904 |  |  | $ | 87,581 |  |  | $ | 46,601 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 255,086 |
Income from operations | $ | 26,484 |  |  | $ | 16,666 |  |  | $ | 16,640 |  |  | $ | (18,958) |  |  | $ | 40,832 |
Depreciation and amortization expense (2) | $ | 1,747 |  |  | $ | 1,870 |  |  | $ | 96 |  |  | $ | 151 |  |  | $ | 3,864 |
Interest income | $ | 4 |  |  | $ | 35 |  |  | $ | 56 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 95 |
Interest expense | $ | 1,977 |  |  | $ | 692 |  |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 2,671 |

(1)These expenses are reported separately from the Company’s identified segments and are included in selling, general and administrative expenses in the Company’s condensed consolidated statements of operations.
(2)Amortization presented above includes amortization of definite-lived intangible assets and excludes amortization of implementation costs associated with cloud computing arrangements.
The Company’s Chief Operating Decision Maker does not review assets by segment as part of the financial information provided, and therefore, no asset information is provided in the above table.
Note 15. Subsequent Events
Acquisition of Theron Marketing
On March 4, 2024, the Company acquired a Brazilian marketing distributor, Theron Marketing Ltda. (“Theron”). Theron had been the exclusive distributor of WD-40 Brand products in Brazil for the last 27 years. Pursuant to the terms of the transaction, WD-40 Holding Company Brasil Ltda., a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company established during the three months ended February 29, 2024, acquired all outstanding shares of capital stock of Theron for cash of approximately
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$6.9 million (subject to a 90-day post closing adjustment). With this transaction, the Company began direct distribution within Brazil in March 2024.
Dividend Declaration
On March 19, 2024, the Company’s Board declared a cash dividend of $0.88 per share payable on April 30, 2024 to stockholders of record on April 19, 2024.
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Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
As used in this report, the terms “we,” “our,” and “us” and “the Company” refer to WD-40 Company and its wholly-owned subsidiaries, unless the context suggests otherwise. Amounts and percentages in tables and discussions may not total due to rounding.
The following information is provided as a supplement to, and should be read in conjunction with, the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included in Part I—Item 1 of this Quarterly Report and the audited consolidated financial statements and notes thereto and Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended August 31, 2023, which was filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) on October 23, 2023.
Use of Non-GAAP Constant Currency
In order to show the impact of changes in foreign currency exchange rates on our results of operations, we have included constant currency disclosures, where necessary, in the Overview and Results of Operations sections which follow. Constant currency disclosures represent the translation of our current fiscal year revenues, expenses and net income from the functional currencies of our subsidiaries to U.S. Dollars using the exchange rates in effect for the corresponding period of the prior fiscal year. Results on a constant currency basis are not in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“non-GAAP”) and should be considered in addition to, not as a substitute for, results prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP. We use results on a constant currency basis as one of the measures to understand our operating results and evaluate our performance in comparison to prior periods in order to enhance the visibility of the underlying business trends, excluding the impact of translation arising from foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations. Management believes this non-GAAP financial measure provides investors with additional financial information that should be considered when assessing our underlying business performance and trends. However, reference to constant currency basis should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute for other financial measures calculated and presented in accordance with U.S. GAAP.
Forward-Looking Statements
The Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 provides a “safe harbor” for certain forward-looking statements. This report contains forward-looking statements, which reflect our current views with respect to future events and financial performance. These forward-looking statements are generally identified with words such as “believe,” “expect,” “intend,” “plan,” “project,” “could,” “may,” “aim,” “anticipate,” “target,” “estimate” and similar expressions.
These forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, discussions about future financial and operating results, including: growth expectations for maintenance products; expected levels of promotional and advertising spending; anticipated input costs for manufacturing and the costs associated with distribution of our products; plans for and success of product innovation, the impact of new product introductions on the growth of sales; anticipated results from product line extension sales; expected tax rates and the impact of tax legislation and regulatory action; changes in the political conditions or relations between the United States and other nations; the impacts from inflationary trends and supply chain constraints; changes in interest rates; and forecasted foreign currency exchange rates and commodity prices. We undertake no obligation to revise or update any forward-looking statements.
Actual events or results may differ materially from those projected in forward-looking statements due to various factors, including, but not limited to, those identified in Part I—Item 1A, “Risk Factors,” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended August 31, 2023, and in Part II—Item 1A, “Risk Factors” of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.
Overview
The Company
WD-40 Company based in San Diego, California, is a global marketing organization dedicated to creating positive lasting memories by developing and selling products that solve problems in workshops, factories and homes around the world. We own a wide range of well-known brands that include maintenance products and homecare and cleaning products: WD-40® Multi-Use Product, WD-40 Specialist®, 3-IN-ONE®, GT85®, X-14®, 2000 Flushes®, Carpet Fresh®, no vac®, Spot Shot®, 1001®, Lava® and Solvol®.
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Our products are sold in various locations around the world. Maintenance products are sold worldwide in markets throughout North, Central and South America, Asia, Australia, Europe, India, the Middle East and Africa. Homecare and cleaning products are sold primarily in North America, the United Kingdom (“U.K.”) and Australia. We sell our products primarily through hardware stores, automotive parts outlets, industrial distributors and suppliers, mass retail and home center stores, value retailers, grocery stores, online retailers, warehouse club stores, farm supply, sport retailers, and independent bike dealers.
Highlights
The following summarizes the financial and operational highlights for our business during the six months ended February 29, 2024:
•Consolidated net sales increased $24.4 million, or 10%, compared to the corresponding period of the prior fiscal year. Increases in sales volume favorably impacted net sales by approximately $9.9 million from period to period. Increases in the average selling price of our products positively impacted net sales by approximately $7.7 million from period to period, primarily due to sales price increases implemented in certain regions during the prior fiscal year. Changes to net sales attributable to volumes and average selling price of our products are impacted by differences in sales mix related to products, markets and distribution channels from period to period. In addition, changes in foreign currency exchange rates from period to period had a favorable impact of $6.8 million on consolidated net sales for the first three months of fiscal year 2024. On a constant currency basis, net sales would have increased by $17.6 million, or 7%, from period to period. This favorable impact from changes in foreign currency exchange rates mainly came from our EIMEA segment, which accounted for 37% of our consolidated sales for the six months ended February 29, 2024.
•Gross profit as a percentage of net sales increased to 53.1% compared to 51.1% for the corresponding period of the prior fiscal year.
•Consolidated net income increased $2.5 million, or 8%, compared to the corresponding period of the prior fiscal year. Changes in foreign currency exchange rates from period to period had a favorable impact of $1.2 million on consolidated net income for the first half of fiscal year 2024. Thus, on a constant currency basis, net income would have increased $1.3 million, or 4%, from period to period.
•Diluted earnings per common share were $2.42 versus $2.23 in the prior fiscal year period.
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Results of Operations
Three and Six Months Ended February 29, 2024 Compared to Three and Six Months Ended February 28, 2023
Operating Items
The following table summarizes operating data for our consolidated operations (in thousands, except percentages and per share amounts):

| Three Months Ended February 29/28, |  | Six Months Ended February 29/28,
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | Change from Prior Year |  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | Change from Prior Year
|  |  | Dollars |  | Percent |  |  |  | Dollars |  | Percent
Net sales: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
WD-40 Multi-Use Product | 107,234 |  |  | 100,261 |  |  | 6,973 |  |  | 7 | % |  | $ | 214,911 |  |  | $ | 194,849 |  |  | $ | 20,062 |  |  | 10 | %
WD-40 Specialist | 16,817 |  |  | 15,274 |  |  | 1,543 |  |  | 10 | % |  | 33,659 |  |  | 30,680 |  |  | 2,979 |  |  | 10 | %
Other maintenance products | 7,188 |  |  | 6,569 |  |  | 619 |  |  | 9 | % |  | 14,814 |  |  | 12,887 |  |  | 1,927 |  |  | 15 | %
Total maintenance products | 131,239 |  |  | 122,104 |  |  | 9,135 |  |  | 7 | % |  | 263,384 |  |  | 238,416 |  |  | 24,968 |  |  | 10 | %
HCCP (1) | 7,866 |  |  | 8,089 |  |  | (223) |  |  | (3) | % |  | 16,137 |  |  | 16,670 |  |  | (533) |  |  | (3) | %
Total net sales | 139,105 |  |  | 130,193 |  |  | 8,912 |  |  | 7 | % |  | 279,521 |  |  | 255,086 |  |  | 24,435 |  |  | 10 | %
Cost of products sold | 66,164 |  |  | 64,115 |  |  | 2,049 |  |  | 3 | % |  | 131,027 |  |  | 124,753 |  |  | 6,274 |  |  | 5 | %
Gross profit | 72,941 |  |  | 66,078 |  |  | 6,863 |  |  | 10 | % |  | 148,494 |  |  | 130,333 |  |  | 18,161 |  |  | 14 | %
Operating expenses | 52,000 |  |  | 43,925 |  |  | 8,075 |  |  | 18 | % |  | 103,369 |  |  | 89,501 |  |  | 13,868 |  |  | 15 | %
Income from operations | $ | 20,941 |  |  | $ | 22,153 |  |  | $ | (1,212) |  |  | (5) | % |  | $ | 45,125 |  |  | $ | 40,832 |  |  | $ | 4,293 |  |  | 11 | %
Net income | $ | 15,536 |  |  | $ | 16,526 |  |  | $ | (990) |  |  | (6) | % |  | $ | 33,018 |  |  | $ | 30,523 |  |  | $ | 2,495 |  |  | 8 | %
EPS – diluted | $ | 1.14 |  |  | $ | 1.21 |  |  | $ | (0.07) |  |  | (6) | % |  | $ | 2.42 |  |  | $ | 2.23 |  |  | $ | 0.19 |  |  | 9 | %
Shares used in diluted EPS | 13,583 |  | 13,608 |  | (25) |  | 0 | % |  | 13,583 |  |  | 13,608 |  |  | (25) |  |  | 0 | %

(1)Homecare and cleaning products (“HCCP”)
Net Sales by Segment
The following table summarizes net sales by segment (in thousands, except percentages):

| Three Months Ended February 29/28, |  | Six Months Ended February 29/28,
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | Change from Prior Year |  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | Change from Prior Year
|  |  | Dollars |  | Percent |  |  |  | Dollars |  | Percent
Americas | $ | 63,507 |  |  | $ | 62,890 |  |  | $ | 617 |  |  | 1 | % |  | $ | 127,582 |  |  | $ | 120,904 |  |  | $ | 6,678 |  |  | 6 | %
EIMEA | 54,313 |  |  | 46,809 |  |  | 7,504 |  |  | 16 | % |  | 103,067 |  |  | 87,581 |  |  | 15,486 |  |  | 18 | %
Asia-Pacific | 21,285 |  |  | 20,494 |  |  | 791 |  |  | 4 | % |  | 48,872 |  |  | 46,601 |  |  | 2,271 |  |  | 5 | %
Total | $ | 139,105 |  |  | $ | 130,193 |  |  | $ | 8,912 |  |  | 7 | % |  | $ | 279,521 |  |  | $ | 255,086 |  |  | $ | 24,435 |  |  | 10 | %

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Americas Sales
The following table summarizes net sales by product line for the Americas segment, which includes the U.S., Canada and Latin America (in thousands, except percentages):

| Three Months Ended February 29/28, |  | Six Months Ended February 29/28,
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | Change from Prior Year |  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | Change from Prior Year
|  |  | Dollars |  | Percent |  |  |  | Dollars |  | Percent
WD-40 Multi-Use Product | $ | 49,043 |  |  | $ | 48,405 |  |  | $ | 638 |  |  | 1 | % |  | $ | 97,554 |  |  | $ | 91,562 |  |  | $ | 5,992 |  |  | 7 | %
WD-40 Specialist | 7,090 |  |  | 6,875 |  |  | 215 |  |  | 3 | % |  | 14,198 |  |  | 13,700 |  |  | 498 |  |  | 4 | %
Other maintenance products | 4,003 |  |  | 3,846 |  |  | 157 |  |  | 4 | % |  | 8,129 |  |  | 7,435 |  |  | 694 |  |  | 9 | %
Total maintenance products | 60,136 |  |  | 59,126 |  |  | 1,010 |  |  | 2 | % |  | 119,881 |  |  | 112,697 |  |  | 7,184 |  |  | 6 | %
HCCP | 3,371 |  |  | 3,764 |  |  | (393) |  |  | (10) | % |  | 7,701 |  |  | 8,207 |  |  | (506) |  |  | (6) | %
Total net sales | $ | 63,507 |  |  | $ | 62,890 |  |  | $ | 617 |  |  | 1 | % |  | $ | 127,582 |  |  | $ | 120,904 |  |  | $ | 6,678 |  |  | 6 | %
% of consolidated net sales | 46 | % |  | 48 | % |  |  |  |  |  | 46 | % |  | 48 | % |  |  |  |
CC Net sales – non-GAAP (1) | $ | 62,779 |  |  | $ | 62,890 |  |  | $ | (111) |  |  | 0 | % |  | $ | 126,128 |  |  | $ | 120,904 |  |  | $ | 5,224 |  |  | 4 | %
Currency impact on current period – non-GAAP | $ | 728 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,454 |  |  |  |  |  |  |

(1)Current fiscal year constant currency (“CC”) net sales translated at the foreign currency exchange rates in effect for the corresponding period of the prior fiscal year, compared to prior period actual net sales.
The following table summarizes management’s estimates of effects on net sales of changes in price, volume and foreign currency exchange rate impacts for the Americas segment (in millions):

| Change from Prior Year
| First Quarter |  | Second Quarter |  |  |  | Year to Date
Increase in average selling price(1) | $ | 1.8 |  |  | $ | 2.2 |  |  |  |  | $ | 4.0 |
Increase (decrease) in sales volume(1) | 3.6 |  |  | (2.4) |  |  |  |  | 1.2 |
Currency impact on current period – non-GAAP | 0.7 |  |  | 0.8 |  |  |  |  | 1.5 |
Increase in net sales | $ | 6.1 |  |  | $ | 0.6 |  |  |  |  | $ | 6.7 |

(1)Management’s estimates of changes in net sales attributable to volumes and the average selling price of our products are impacted by differences in sales mix related to products, markets and distribution channels from period to period.
Americas Sales – Three Months Ended – February 29, 2024 Compared to February 28, 2023
Net sales in the Americas segment increased due to the following:
•WD-40 Multi-Use Product sales increased $0.6 million, or 1%, primarily due to increases in Latin America and the U.S. of $1.1 million and $0.7 million, or 12% and 2%, respectively, partially offset by decreases in Canada of $1.2 million, or 35%. The increased sales in Latin America were primarily due to the favorable impact of price increases and higher volumes in Mexico as a result of the timing of customer orders, as well as the favorable impacts of changes in foreign currency exchange rates. The decrease in sales in Canada was primarily due to the timing of promotional activities and customer orders period over period.
•WD-40 Specialist and other maintenance product sales slightly increased across most regions in the Americas.
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•Homecare and cleaning product sales decreased $0.4 million, or 10%, primarily due to lower volume in the U.S. as a result of reduced demand.
For both the three months ended February 29, 2024 and February 28, 2023, 76% of sales came from the U.S., and 24% of sales came from Canada and Latin America combined.
Americas Sales – Six Months Ended – February 29, 2024 Compared to February 28, 2023
Net sales in the Americas segment increased due to the following:
•WD-40 Multi-Use Product sales increased $6.0 million, or 7%, primarily due to increases in Latin America and the U.S. of $3.5 million and $3.2 million, or 20% and 5%, respectively. In Latin America, sales in the first half of fiscal year 2024 were favorably impacted by higher volumes as the result of timing of customer orders. This favorable impact was due to reduced demand in the comparative period as a result of customers that purchased higher levels of our product at the end of fiscal year 2022 in anticipation of price increases. In addition, sales in Mexico increased due to higher volumes as a result of timing of customer orders and favorable impacts of changes in foreign exchange rates. The increase in the U.S. was due to a combination of recovering volumes at increased selling prices as well as a result of successful promotional programs.
•WD-40 Specialist sales slightly increased across most regions in the Americas.
•Other maintenance product sales increased due to a $0.7 million, or 9%, increase in 3-IN-ONE sales, primarily due to successful promotional programs in Mexico and Canada.
•Homecare and cleaning product sales decreased $0.5 million, or 6%, primarily due to lower volume in the U.S. as a result of reduced demand.
•For the six months ended February 29, 2024, 75% of sales came from the U.S., and 25% of sales came from Canada and Latin America combined compared to the six months ended February 28, 2023 when 77% of sales came from the U.S., and 23% of sales came from Canada and Latin America.
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EIMEA Sales
The following table summarizes net sales by product line for the EIMEA segment, which includes Europe, India, the Middle East and Africa (in thousands, except percentages):

| Three Months Ended February 29/28, |  | Six Months Ended February 29/28,
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | Change from Prior Year |  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | Change from Prior Year
|  |  | Dollars |  | Percent |  |  |  | Dollars |  | Percent
WD-40 Multi-Use Product | 41,572 |  |  | 35,660 |  |  | 5,912 |  |  | 17 | % |  | $ | 78,616 |  |  | $ | 65,838 |  |  | $ | 12,778 |  |  | 19 | %
WD-40 Specialist | 7,525 |  |  | 6,122 |  |  | 1,403 |  |  | 23 | % |  | 14,191 |  |  | 12,133 |  |  | 2,058 |  |  | 17 | %
Other maintenance products | 3,009 |  |  | 2,569 |  |  | 440 |  |  | 17 | % |  | 6,071 |  |  | 5,109 |  |  | 962 |  |  | 19 | %
Total maintenance products | 52,106 |  |  | 44,351 |  |  | 7,755 |  |  | 17 | % |  | 98,878 |  |  | 83,080 |  |  | 15,798 |  |  | 19 | %
HCCP | 2,207 |  |  | 2,458 |  |  | (251) |  |  | (10) | % |  | 4,189 |  |  | 4,501 |  |  | (312) |  |  | (7) | %
Total net sales | 54,313 |  |  | 46,809 |  |  | 7,504 |  |  | 16 | % |  | $ | 103,067 |  |  | $ | 87,581 |  |  | $ | 15,486 |  |  | 18 | %
% of consolidated net sales | 39 | % |  | 36 | % |  |  |  |  |  | 37 | % |  | 34 | % |  |  |  |
CC Net sales – non-GAAP (1) | $ | 51,924 |  |  | $ | 46,809 |  |  | $ | 5,115 |  |  | 11 | % |  | $ | 97,063 |  |  | $ | 87,581 |  |  | $ | 9,482 |  |  | 11 | %
Currency impact on current period – non-GAAP | $ | 2,389 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 6,004 |  |  |  |  |  |  |

(1)Current fiscal year constant currency net sales translated at the foreign currency exchange rates in effect for the corresponding period of the prior fiscal year, compared to prior period actual net sales.
The following table summarizes management’s estimates of effects on net sales of changes in price, volume and foreign currency exchange rate impacts for the EIMEA segment (in millions):

| Change from Prior Year
| First Quarter |  | Second Quarter |  |  |  | Year to Date
Increase in average selling price(1) | $ | 0.7 |  |  | $ | 0.0 |  |  |  |  | $ | 0.7 |
Increase in sales volume(1) | 3.7 |  |  | 5.1 |  |  |  |  | 8.8 |
Currency impact on current period – non-GAAP | 3.6 |  |  | 2.4 |  |  |  |  | 6.0 |
Increase in net sales | $ | 8.0 |  |  | $ | 7.5 |  |  |  |  | $ | 15.5 |

(1)Management’s estimates of changes in net sales attributable to volumes and the average selling price of our products are impacted by differences in sales mix related to products, markets and distribution channels from period to period.
The countries and regions in Europe where we sell through a direct sales force include the U.K., Italy, France, Iberia (which includes Spain and Portugal) and the DACH and Benelux sales regions. The regions in the EIMEA segment where we sell through local distributors include the Middle East, Africa, India, Eastern and Northern Europe.
EIMEA Sales – Three Months Ended – February 29, 2024 Compared to February 28, 2023
Net sales increased in the EIMEA segment primarily due to the following:
•WD-40 Multi-Use Product sales increased $5.9 million, or 17%, primarily due to higher sales volume. Volumes in the comparative period were unfavorably impacted by price increases that we implemented in the fourth quarter of fiscal year 2022 and first quarter of fiscal year 2023, which resulted in temporarily reduced demand as customers adjusted to those price increases. The combination of recovering volumes at increased selling prices resulted in
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higher sales across most regions. Sales increased most significantly in France, India, and Iberia, which were up $1.0 million, $0.9 million, and $0.6 million, respectively.
•WD-40 Specialist and other maintenance product sales increased $1.4 million, or 23%, and $0.4 million, or 17%, respectively, primarily due to the combined impact of higher sales volume and the favorable impact of price increases across the regions.
•Homecare and cleaning product sales decreased $0.3 million, or 10%, primarily due to lower volume in the U.K. as a result of reduced demand.
•Net sales were favorably impacted $2.4 million across our various brands as a result of favorable changes in foreign currency exchange rates. On a constant currency basis, sales in EIMEA would have increased 11%.
EIMEA Sales – Six Months Ended – February 29, 2024 Compared to February 28, 2023
Net sales increased in the EIMEA segment primarily due to the following:
•WD-40 Multi-Use Product sales increased $12.8 million, or 19%, primarily due to higher sales volume. Volumes in the comparative period were unfavorably impacted by price increases that we implemented in the fourth quarter of fiscal year 2022 and first quarter of fiscal year 2023, which resulted in reduced demand as customers adjusted to those price increases. The combination of recovering volumes and increased selling prices resulted in higher sales across most regions. Sales increased most significantly in the DACH and Benelux regions, France, the Middle East, and Iberia, which were up $3.0 million, $2.8 million, $2.3 million, and $1.9 million, respectively.
•WD-40 Specialist and other maintenance product sales increased $2.1 million, or 17%, and $1.0 million, or 19%, respectively, primarily due to the combined impact of higher sales volume and the favorable impact of price increases. France, in particular, saw an increase in sales of $1.3 million in these categories from period to period.
•Homecare and cleaning product sales decreased $0.3 million, or 7%, primarily due to lower volume in the U.K. as a result of reduced demand.
•Net sales were favorably impacted $6.0 million across our various brands as a result of favorable changes in foreign currency exchange rates. On a constant currency basis, sales in EIMEA would have increased 11%.
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Asia-Pacific Sales
The following table summarizes net sales by product line for the Asia-Pacific segment, which includes Australia, China and other countries in the Asia region (in thousands, except percentages):

| Three Months Ended February 29/28, |  | Six Months Ended February 29/28,
|  |  |  |  | Change from Prior Year |  |  |  |  |  | Change from Prior Year
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | Dollars |  | Percent |  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | Dollars |  | Percent
WD-40 Multi-Use Product | $ | 16,619 |  |  | $ | 16,196 |  |  | $ | 423 |  |  | 3 | % |  | $ | 38,741 |  |  | $ | 37,449 |  |  | $ | 1,292 |  |  | 3 | %
WD-40 Specialist | 2,202 |  |  | $ | 2,277 |  |  | $ | (75) |  |  | (3) | % |  | 5,270 |  |  | 4,847 |  |  | 423 |  |  | 9 | %
Other maintenance products | 176 |  |  | $ | 154 |  |  | $ | 22 |  |  | 14 | % |  | 614 |  |  | 343 |  |  | 271 |  |  | 79 | %
Total maintenance products | 18,997 |  |  | $ | 18,627 |  |  | $ | 370 |  |  | 2 | % |  | 44,625 |  |  | 42,639 |  |  | 1,986 |  |  | 5 | %
HCCP | 2,288 |  |  | 1,867 |  |  | 421 |  |  | 23 | % |  | 4,247 |  |  | 3,962 |  |  | 285 |  |  | 7 | %
Total net sales | $ | 21,285 |  |  | $ | 20,494 |  |  | $ | 791 |  |  | 4 | % |  | $ | 48,872 |  |  | $ | 46,601 |  |  | $ | 2,271 |  |  | 5 | %
% of consolidated net sales | 15 | % |  | 16 | % |  |  |  |  |  | 17 | % |  | 18 | % |  |  |  |
CC Net sales – non-GAAP (1) | $ | 21,562 |  |  | $ | 20,494 |  |  | $ | 1,068 |  |  | 5 | % |  | $ | 49,549 |  |  | $ | 46,601 |  |  | $ | 2,948 |  |  | 6 | %
Currency impact on current period – non-GAAP | $ | (277) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | (677) |  |  |  |  |  |  |

(1)Current fiscal year constant currency (“CC”) net sales translated at the foreign currency exchange rates in effect for the corresponding period of the prior fiscal year, compared to prior period actual net sales.
The following table summarizes management’s estimates of effects on net sales of changes in price, volume and foreign currency exchange rate impacts for the Asia-Pacific segment (in millions):

| Change from Prior Year
| First Quarter |  | Second Quarter |  |  |  | Year to Date
Increase in average selling price(1) | $ | 1.6 |  |  | $ | 1.4 |  |  |  |  | $ | 3.0 |
Increase (decrease) in sales volume(1) | 0.3 |  |  | (0.3) |  |  |  |  | 0.0 |
Currency impact on current period – non-GAAP | (0.4) |  |  | (0.3) |  |  |  |  | (0.7) |
Increase in net sales | $ | 1.5 |  |  | $ | 0.8 |  |  |  |  | $ | 2.3 |

(1)Management’s estimates of changes in net sales attributable to volumes and the average selling price of our products are impacted by differences in sales mix related to products, markets and distribution channels from period to period.
Asia-Pacific Sales – Three Months Ended – February 29, 2024 Compared to February 28, 2023
Net sales in the Asia-Pacific segment increased primarily due to the following:
•WD-40 Multi-Use Product sales increased $0.4 million, or 3%. Sales in the Asia distributor markets increased $0.5 million, or 7%, primarily due to price increases in these markets from period to period and successful promotional programs in certain regions, as well as the timing of customer orders.
•WD-40 Specialist and other maintenance product sales remained relatively constant from period to period.
•Homecare and cleaning product sales increased $0.4 million, or 23%. The increase was due to higher sales volume in Australia attributable to successful promotional activities and improved packaging.
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•Net sales were unfavorably impacted $0.3 million across our various brands as a result of changes in foreign currency exchange rates. On a constant currency basis, sales in Asia-Pacific would have increased 5%.
Asia-Pacific Sales – Six Months Ended – February 29, 2024 Compared to February 28, 2023
Net sales in the Asia-Pacific segment increased primarily due to the following:
•WD-40 Multi-Use Product sales increased $1.3 million, or 3%. Sales in the Asia distributor markets increased $1.0 million, or 5%, primarily due to price increases in these markets from period to period and successful promotional programs in certain regions. In addition, sales in China increased $0.5 million, or 4%, due to increased sales volume from successful promotional programs and marketing activities. These increases were slightly offset by lower sales volume in Australia.
•WD-40 Specialist sales increased $0.4 million, or 9%, primarily due to increased sales volume from successful promotional programs and marketing activities in China.
•Other maintenance product sales increased $0.3 million, or 79%, due to higher sales of 3-IN-ONE, primarily due to increased sales in Australia as a result of the timing of customer orders and successful promotional programs.
•Homecare and cleaning product sales increased $0.3 million or 7%. The increase was due to higher sales volume in Australia attributable to successful promotional activities and improved packaging.
•Net sales were unfavorably impacted $0.7 million across our various brands as a result of changes in foreign currency exchange rates. On a constant currency basis, sales in Asia-Pacific would have increased 6%.
Gross Profit
The following general information is important when assessing fluctuations in our gross margin:
•There is often a delay before changes in costs of raw materials, such as specialty chemicals used in the formulation of our products, impact cost of products sold due to production and inventory life cycles. Such delays increase with higher production and inventory levels.
•In general, the timing of advertising, promotional and other discounts may cause fluctuations in gross margin from period to period. Advertising, promotional and other discounts that are given to our customers are recorded as a reduction to sales, whereas advertising and sales promotional costs associated with promotional activities that we pay to third parties are recorded as advertising and sales promotion expenses.
•In the EIMEA segment, the majority of our cost of goods sold is denominated in Pound Sterling whereas sales are generated in Pound Sterling, Euro and the U.S. Dollar. The strengthening or weakening of the Euro and U.S. Dollar against the Pound Sterling may result in foreign currency related changes to the gross margin percentage in the EIMEA segment from period to period.
•Our gross profit and gross margin may not be comparable to those of other consumer product companies, since some of these companies include all costs related to distribution of their products in cost of products sold, whereas we exclude the portion associated with amounts paid to third parties for shipment to our customers from our distribution centers and contract manufacturers and include these costs in selling, general and administrative expenses. These costs totaled $4.0 million and $4.2 million for the three months ended February 29, 2024 and February 28, 2023, respectively, and $8.0 million and $8.4 million for the six months ended February 29, 2024 and February 28, 2023, respectively.
The following table summarizes gross margin and gross profit (in thousands, except percentages):

| Three Months Ended February 29/28, |  | Six Months Ended February 29/28,
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | Change from Prior Year |  |  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | Change from Prior Year |
Gross profit | $ | 72,941 |  |  | $ | 66,078 |  |  | $ | 6,863 |  |  |  | $ | 148,494 |  |  | $ | 130,333 |  |  | $ | 18,161 |  |
Gross margin | 52.4 | % |  | 50.8 | % |  | 160 |  | bps (1) |  | 53.1 | % |  | 51.1 | % |  | 200 |  | bps (1)

(1)Basis points (“bps”) change in gross margin.
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Gross Margin – Three Months Ended – February 29, 2024 Compared to February 28, 2023
Gross margin increased 160 bps primarily due to the following favorable impacts, partially offset by unfavorable impacts:

Favorable/(Unfavorable) |  | Explanations
130 bps |  | Favorable sales mix and other miscellaneous mix impacts
100 bps |  | Lower costs of specialty chemicals used in the formulation of our products
70 bps |  | Increases in average selling prices
(100) bps |  | Increases in miscellaneous other input costs

Gross Margin – Six Months Ended – February 29, 2024 Compared to February 28, 2023
Gross margin increased 200 bps primarily due to the following favorable impacts, partially offset by unfavorable impacts:

Favorable/(Unfavorable) |  | Explanations
130 bps |  | Favorable sales mix and other miscellaneous mix impacts
100 bps |  | Increases in average selling prices
90 bps |  | Lower warehousing, distribution and freight costs, primarily in the Americas segment
80 bps |  | Lower costs of specialty chemicals used in the formulation of our products
(60) bps |  | Increases in miscellaneous other input costs
(50) bps |  | Higher costs of aerosol cans

Selling, General and Administrative (“SG&A”) Expenses

| Three Months Ended February 29/28, |  | Six Months Ended February 29/28,
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | Change from Prior Year |  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | Change from Prior Year
(in thousands) |  |  | Dollars |  | Percent |  |  |  | Dollars |  | Percent
SG&A expenses | $ | 45,023 |  |  | $ | 37,690 |  |  | $ | 7,333 |  |  | 19 | % |  | $ | 89,158 |  |  | $ | 77,674 |  |  | $ | 11,484 |  |  | 15 | %
% of net sales | 32.4 | % |  | 28.9 | % |  |  |  |  |  | 31.9 | % |  | 30.5 | % |  |  |  |

SG&A Expenses – Three Months Ended – February 29, 2024 Compared to February 28, 2023
The increase in SG&A expenses was primarily due to increases in employee-related costs of $4.1 million due to higher accrued incentive compensation, annual compensation increases and higher headcount, partially offset by lower stock-based compensation expense. In addition, professional services fees increased $1.3 million in support of our strategic initiatives in the Americas and EIMEA segments, as well as higher costs associated with the ERP system we recently implemented in the United States. In addition, travel and meeting expense increased SG&A expense by $0.8 million in support of our strategic framework. Unfavorable changes in foreign currency exchange rates increased SG&A expenses by $0.6 million from period to period.
SG&A Expenses – Six Months Ended – February 29, 2024 Compared to February 28, 2023
The increase in SG&A expenses was primarily due to increases in employee-related costs of $6.0 million due to higher accrued incentive compensation, annual compensation increases and higher headcount, partially offset by lower stock-based compensation expense. In addition, travel and meeting expense increased SG&A expense by $1.7 million and professional services fees increased $1.6 million in support of our strategic initiatives in the Americas and EIMEA segments, as well as higher costs associated with the ERP system we recently implemented in the United States. Unfavorable changes in foreign currency exchange rates increased SG&A expenses by $1.7 million from period to period.
We continued our research and development investment, the majority of which is associated with our maintenance products, including efforts focused on sustainability as well as our focus on innovation and renovation of our products. Research and development costs were $1.7 million and $1.2 million for the three months ended February 29, 2024 and February 28, 2023, respectively, and $3.6 million and $2.5 million for the six months ended February 29, 2024 and February 28, 2023, respectively. The increase from period to period was partially due to a higher level of research and
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development activity associated with our sustainability initiatives. Our research and development team engages in consumer research, environmental and sustainability initiatives, product development, product improvements and testing activities. This team leverages its development capabilities by collaborating with a network of outside resources including our current and prospective third-party contract manufacturers. The level and types of expenses incurred within research and development can vary from period to period depending upon the types of activities being performed.
Advertising and Sales Promotion (“A&P”) Expenses

| Three Months Ended February 29/28, |  | Six Months Ended February 29/28,
|  |  |  |  | Change from Prior Year |  |  |  |  |  | Change from Prior Year
(in thousands) | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | Dollars |  | Percent |  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | Dollars |  | Percent
A&P expenses | $ | 6,725 |  |  | $ | 5,985 |  |  | $ | 740 |  |  | 12 | % |  | $ | 13,708 |  |  | $ | 11,324 |  |  | $ | 2,384 |  |  | 21 | %
% of net sales | 4.8 | % |  | 4.6 | % |  |  |  |  |  | 4.9 | % |  | 4.4 | % |  |  |  |

A&P Expenses – Three M onths Ended – February 29, 2024 Compared to February 28, 2023
The increase in A&P expenses was primarily due to a higher level of promotional programs and marketing support in the EIMEA segment. Changes in foreign currency exchange rates did not have a significant impact on A&P expenses from period to period.
As a percentage of net sales, A&P expenses may fluctuate period to period based upon the type of marketing activities we employ and the period in which the costs are incurred. Total promotional costs recorded as a reduction to sales were $7.6 million and $7.1 million, respectively, for the three months ended February 29, 2024 and February 28, 2023, or 5.5% of net sales for each period. Therefore, our total investment in A&P activities was $14.3 million and $13.1 million or 10.3% and 10.1% of net sales for the three months ended February 29, 2024 and February 28, 2023, respectively.
A&P Expenses – Six Months Ended – February 29, 2024 Compared to February 28, 2023
The increase in A&P expenses was primarily due to a higher level of promotional programs and marketing support, particularly in EIMEA and the Americas segments. Changes in foreign currency exchange rates primarily in EIMEA segment had a $0.4 million unfavorable impact on A&P expenses from period to period.
Total promotional costs recorded as a reduction to sales were $15.4 million and $13.6 million, or 5.5% and 5.3% of net sales, for the six months ended February 29, 2024 and February 28, 2023, respectively. Therefore, our total investment in A&P activities was $29.1 million and $24.9 million or 10.4% and 9.8% of net sales, for the six months ended February 29, 2024 and February 28, 2023, respectively.
Income from Operations by Segment
The following table summarizes income from operations by segment (in thousands, except percentages):

| Three Months Ended February 29/28, |  | Six Months Ended February 29/28,
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | Change from Prior Year |  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | Change from Prior Year
|  |  | Dollars |  | Percent |  |  |  | Dollars |  | Percent
Americas | $ | 13,220 |  |  | $ | 13,712 |  |  | $ | (492) |  |  | (4) | % |  | $ | 27,416 |  |  | $ | 26,484 |  |  | $ | 932 |  |  | 4 | %
EIMEA | 12,087 |  |  | 10,383 |  |  | 1,704 |  |  | 16 | % |  | 21,602 |  |  | 16,666 |  |  | 4,936 |  |  | 30 | %
Asia-Pacific | 7,489 |  |  | 7,023 |  |  | 466 |  |  | 7 | % |  | 18,514 |  |  | 16,640 |  |  | 1,874 |  |  | 11 | %
Unallocated corporate | (11,855) |  |  | (8,965) |  |  | (2,890) |  |  | (32) | % |  | (22,407) |  |  | (18,958) |  |  | (3,449) |  |  | (18) | %
Total | $ | 20,941 |  |  | $ | 22,153 |  |  | $ | (1,212) |  |  | (5) | % |  | $ | 45,125 |  |  | $ | 40,832 |  |  | $ | 4,293 |  |  | 11 | %

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Americas
Americas Operating Income – Three Months Ended – February 29, 2024 Compared to February 28, 2023
Income from operations for the Americas decreased to $13.2 million, down $0.5 million, or 4%, due to higher operating expenses, partially offset by a higher gross margin and increased sales. Operating expenses increased $1.6 million primarily due to higher employee-related costs as a result of increased headcount and annual compensation increases. In addition, operating expenses increased due to higher travel and meeting expenses in support of our strategic framework. Gross margin for the Americas segment increased from 48.1% to 49.4% primarily due to the favorable impact of decreases in the costs of petroleum-based specialty chemicals, as well as price increases we implemented from period to period. These favorable impacts were partially offset by increases to miscellaneous other input costs. Operating income as a percentage of net sales decreased from 21.8% to 20.8% period over period.
Americas Operating Income – Six Months Ended – February 29, 2024 Compared to February 28, 2023
Income from operations for the Americas increased to $27.4 million, up $0.9 million, or 4%, due to a $6.7 million increase in sales and a higher gross margin, partially offset by higher operating expenses. Gross margin for the Americas segment increased from 49.4% to 50.0% primarily due to the favorable impact of price increases and decreases to costs of petroleum-based specialty chemicals. These favorable impacts were partially offset by increases in the costs aerosol cans and filling fees at our third-party manufacturers, as well as increases to miscellaneous other input costs. Operating expenses increased $3.3 million due to higher employee-related costs as a result of increased headcount, higher accrued incentive compensation and annual compensation increases. In addition, operating expenses increased due to a higher level of A&P expenses and travel and meeting expense in support of our strategic framework. Operating income as a percentage of net sales decreased from 21.9% to 21.5% period over period.
EIMEA
EIMEA Operating Income – Three Months Ended – February 29, 2024 Compared to February 28, 2023
Income from operations for the EIMEA segment increased to $12.1 million, up $1.7 million, or 16%, primarily due to a $7.5 million increase in sales and a higher gross margin, partially offset by higher operating expenses. Gross margin for the EIMEA segment increased from 52.3% to 53.7% primarily due to the favorable impact of changes in sales mix and market mix from period to period, as well as the combined impact of decreases in the costs of petroleum-based specialty chemicals and aerosol cans. Operating expenses increased $2.9 million primarily due higher employee-related costs as a result of higher accrued incentive compensation, annual compensation increases and increased headcount. In addition, operating expenses increased due to higher A&P expenses, as well as higher level of professional service costs travel and meeting expenses in support of our strategic framework. Operating income as a percentage of net sales increased from 22.2% to 22.3% period over period.
EIMEA Operating Income – Six Months Ended – February 29, 2024 Compared to February 28, 2023
Income from operations for the EIMEA segment increased to $21.6 million, up $4.9 million, or 30%, primarily due to a $15.5 million increase in sales and a higher gross margin, which was partially offset by higher operating expenses. Gross margin for the EIMEA segment increased from 51.5% to 54.2% primarily due changes in sales mix and market mix from period to period, as well as the combined impact of decreases in the costs of petroleum-based specialty chemicals and aerosol cans. Operating expenses increased $5.8 million primarily due to higher employee-related costs as a result of higher accrued incentive compensation, annual compensation increases and increased headcount. In addition, operating expenses increased due to higher A&P expenses, as well as higher level of professional service costs and travel and meeting expenses in support of our strategic framework. Operating income as a percentage of net sales increased from 19.0% to 21.0% period over period.
Asia-Pacific
Asia-Pacific Operating Income – Three Months Ended – February 29, 2024 Compared to February 28, 2023
Income from operations for the Asia-Pacific segment increased to $7.5 million, up $0.5 million, or 7%, primarily due to a $0.8 million increase in sales and a higher gross margin, partially offset by an increase in operating expenses. Gross margin for the Asia-Pacific segment increased from 55.3% to 58.5% primarily due to the favorable impact of price increases as well as favorable changes to other miscellaneous other input costs. Operating expenses increased $0.7 million primarily due to higher accrued incentive compensation, as well as a higher level of professional service costs and travel and meeting
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expenses in support of our strategic framework. Operating income as a percentage of net sales increased from 34.3% to 35.2% period over period.
Asia-Pacific Operating Income – Six Months Ended – February 29, 2024 Compared to February 28, 2023
Income from operations for the Asia-Pacific segment increased to $18.5 million, up $1.9 million, or 11%, primarily due to a $2.3 million increase in sales and a higher gross margin, partially offset by an increase in operating expenses. Gross margin for the Asia-Pacific segment increased from 54.8% to 58.9% primarily due to the favorable impact of price increases, as well as favorable changes to other miscellaneous other input costs. Operating expenses increased $1.4 million from period to period primarily due to higher employee-related costs, including increased accrued incentive compensation. In addition, operating expenses increased as a result of a higher level of A&P expenses, professional service costs and travel and meeting expenses in support of our strategic framework. Operating income as a percentage of net sales increased from 35.7% to 37.9% period over period.
Non-Operating Items
The following table summarizes non-operating income and expenses for our consolidated operations (in thousands):

| Three Months Ended February 29/28, |  | Six Months Ended February 29/28,
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | Change |  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | Change
Interest income | $ | 66 |  |  | $ | 51 |  |  | $ | 15 |  |  | $ | 140 |  |  | $ | 95 |  |  | $ | 45 |
Interest expense | $ | 1,008 |  |  | $ | 1,502 |  |  | $ | (494) |  |  | $ | 2,154 |  |  | $ | 2,671 |  |  | $ | (517) |
Other (expense) income, net | $ | (193) |  |  | $ | 165 |  |  | $ | (358) |  |  | $ | (233) |  |  | $ | 315 |  |  | $ | (548) |
Provision for income taxes | $ | 4,270 |  |  | $ | 4,341 |  |  | $ | (71) |  |  | $ | 9,860 |  |  | $ | 8,048 |  |  | $ | 1,812 |

Interest Income
Interest income remained relatively consistent for both the three and six months ended February 29, 2024 and February 28, 2023.
Interest Expense
Interest expense decreased $0.5 million for both three and six months ended February 29, 2024 primarily due to lower aggregate outstanding balances on our revolving credit agreement from period to period.
Other (Expense) Income, Net
Other (expense) income, net was not significant during the three and six months ended February 29, 2024 and February 28, 2023.
Provision for Income Taxes
The provision for income taxes was 21.6% and 20.8% of income before income taxes for the three months ended February 29, 2024 and February 28, 2023, respectively. Descriptions of impacts on our effective income tax rate are incorporated by reference to Part I—Item 1, “Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements” Note 13 – Income Taxes included in this report.
The provision for income taxes was 23.0% and 20.9% of income before income taxes for the six months ended February 29, 2024 and February 28, 2023, respectively. Descriptions of impacts on our effective income tax rate are incorporated by reference to Part I—Item 1, “Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements” Note 13 – Income Taxes included in this report.
Net Income
Net income decreased 6% to $15.5 million, or $1.14 per common share on a fully diluted basis, for the three months ended February 29, 2024 compared to $16.5 million, or $1.21 per common share on a fully diluted basis, for the three months ended February 28, 2023. Changes in foreign currency exchange rates from period to period had a favorable impact of $0.5 million on consolidated net income for the second quarter of fiscal year 2024. Thus, on a constant currency basis, net income would have decreased $1.5 million, or 9%, from period to period.
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Net income increased 8% to $33.0 million, or $2.42 per common share on a fully diluted basis, for the six months ended February 29, 2024 compared to $30.5 million, or $2.23 per common share on a fully diluted basis, for the corresponding period of the prior fiscal year. Changes in foreign currency exchange rates from period to period had a favorable impact of $1.2 million on consolidated net income for the six months ended February 29, 2024. Thus, on a constant currency basis, net income would have increased $1.3 million, or 4%, from period to period.
Performance Measures and Non-GAAP Reconciliations
In managing our business operations and assessing our financial performance, we supplement the information provided by our financial statements with certain non-GAAP performance measures. These performance measures are part of our current 55/30/25 business model, which includes gross margin, cost of doing business, and earnings before interest, income taxes, depreciation and amortization (“Adjusted EBITDA”), the latter two of which are non-GAAP performance measures. Cost of doing business is defined as total operating expenses less amortization of definite-lived intangible assets, impairment charges related to intangible assets, amortization of implementation costs associated with cloud computing arrangements (“cloud computing amortization”) and depreciation in operating departments. Adjusted EBITDA is defined as net income before interest, income taxes, depreciation, amortization of definite-lived intangible assets, and cloud computing amortization. Beginning in fiscal year 2024, cloud computing amortization is included in our of cost of doing business and Adjusted EBITDA calculations. We have placed a new cloud-based enterprise resource planning system into service in the U.S., which we began to amortize in the second quarter of fiscal year 2024. Implementation of such systems is related to initiatives associated with our strategic framework intended to achieve greater operational efficiencies. Cloud computing amortization is recognized in selling, general and administrative expenses in the Company’s condensed consolidated statements of operations.
We target our gross margin to be 55% of net sales, our cost of doing business to be 30% of net sales, and our Adjusted EBITDA to be 25% of net sales. Results for these performance measures may vary from period to period depending on various factors, including economic conditions such as the inflationary environment we have experienced in the last several fiscal years, and our level of investment in activities for the future such as those related to quality assurance, regulatory compliance, information technology, sustainability, and intellectual property protection in order to safeguard our WD-40 brand. Our targets for gross margin and these other performance measures are long-term in nature and we expect to make progress towards them over time.
The following table summarizes the results of these performance measures:

| Three Months Ended February 29/28, |  | Six Months Ended February 29/28,
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2024 |  | 2023
Gross margin – GAAP | 52 | % |  | 51 | % |  | 53 | % |  | 51 | %
Cost of doing business as a percentage of net sales – non-GAAP | 36 | % |  | 33 | % |  | 36 | % |  | 34 | %
Adjusted EBITDA as a percentage of net sales – non-GAAP (1) | 17 | % |  | 19 | % |  | 18 | % |  | 18 | %

(1)Percentages may not aggregate to Adjusted EBITDA percentage due to rounding and because amounts recorded in other income (expense), net on our consolidated statement of operations are not included as an adjustment to earnings in the Adjusted EBITDA calculation.
We use the performance measures above to establish financial goals and to gain an understanding of our comparative performance from period to period. We believe that these measures provide our stockholders with additional insights into how we run our business. We believe these measures also provide investors with additional financial information that should be considered when assessing our underlying business performance and trends. These non-GAAP financial measures are supplemental in nature and should not be considered in isolation or as alternatives to net income, income from operations or other financial information prepared in accordance with GAAP as indicators of our performance or operations. The use of any non-GAAP measure may produce results that vary from the GAAP measure and may not be comparable to a similarly defined non-GAAP measure used by other companies. Reconciliations of these non-GAAP financial measures to our financial statements as prepared in accordance with GAAP are as follows:
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Cost of Doing Business (in thousands, except percentages)

| Three Months Ended February 29/28, |  | Six Months Ended February 29/28,
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2024 |  | 2023
Total operating expenses – GAAP | $ | 52,000 |  |  | $ | 43,925 |  |  | $ | 103,369 |  |  | $ | 89,501 |
Amortization (1) | (508) |  |  | (250) |  |  | (816) |  |  | (503) |
Depreciation (in operating departments) | (1,095) |  |  | (1,034) |  |  | (2,145) |  |  | (1,999) |
Cost of doing business | $ | 50,397 |  |  | $ | 42,641 |  |  | $ | 100,408 |  |  | $ | 86,999 |
Net sales | $ | 139,105 |  |  | $ | 130,193 |  |  | $ | 279,521 |  |  | $ | 255,086 |
Cost of doing business as a percentage of net sales – non-GAAP | 36 | % |  | 33 | % |  | 36 | % |  | 34 | %

(1) Includes amortization of definite-lived intangible assets and cloud computing amortization.
Adjusted EBITDA (in thousands, except percentages)

| Three Months Ended February 29/28, |  | Six Months Ended February 29/28,
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2024 |  | 2023
Net income – GAAP | $ | 15,536 |  |  | $ | 16,526 |  |  | $ | 33,018 |  |  | $ | 30,523 |
Provision for income taxes | 4,270 |  |  | 4,341 |  |  | 9,860 |  |  | 8,048 |
Interest income | (66) |  |  | (51) |  |  | (140) |  |  | (95) |
Interest expense | 1,008 |  |  | 1,502 |  |  | 2,154 |  |  | 2,671 |
Amortization (1) | 508 |  |  | 250 |  |  | 816 |  |  | 503 |
Depreciation | 2,170 |  |  | 1,718 |  |  | 4,180 |  |  | 3,361 |
Adjusted EBITDA | $ | 23,426 |  |  | $ | 24,286 |  |  | $ | 49,888 |  |  | $ | 45,011 |
Net sales | $ | 139,105 |  |  | $ | 130,193 |  |  | $ | 279,521 |  |  | $ | 255,086 |
Adjusted EBITDA as a percentage of net sales – non-GAAP | 17 | % |  | 19 | % |  | 18 | % |  | 18 | %

(1) Includes amortization of definite-lived intangible assets and cloud computing amortization.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
Overview
Our financial condition and liquidity remain strong. Although there continues to be uncertainty related to adverse global economic conditions, volatility in financial markets, the current inflationary environment and their impacts on our future results, we believe our efficient business model positions us to manage our business through such situations. We continue to manage all aspects of our business including, but not limited to, monitoring our liquidity, the financial health of our customers, suppliers and other third-party relationships, implementing gross margin enhancement strategies and developing new opportunities for growth.
Our principal sources of liquidity are cash generated from operations and cash currently available from our existing unsecured revolving credit facility under the Credit Agreement with Bank of America, N.A. We use proceeds of the revolving credit facility primarily for our general working capital needs. We also hold borrowings under the Note Agreement. See Note 8 – Debt for additional information on these agreements.
We have historically held a balance of outstanding draws on our line of credit in either U.S. Dollars in the Americas segment, or in Euros and Pounds Sterling in the EIMEA segment. Euro and Pound Sterling denominated draws fluctuate in U.S. Dollars from period to period due to changes in foreign currency exchange rates. We regularly convert many of our draws on our line of credit to new draws with new maturity dates and interest rates. We have the ability to refinance any draws under the line of credit with successive short-term borrowings through the September 30, 2025 maturity date of the Credit Agreement. Outstanding draws for which we have both the ability and intent to refinance with successive short-term borrowings for a period of at least twelve months are classified as long-term. As of February 29, 2024, $19.5 million of this facility was classified as long-term and was entirely denominated in Euros. $29.0 million was classified as short-term and
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was denominated in U.S. Dollars and Pounds Sterling. In the United States, we held $67.2 million in fixed rate long-term borrowings as of February 29, 2024, consisting of senior notes under our Note Agreement. We paid $0.4 million in principal payments on our Series A Notes during the first half of fiscal year 2024. There were no other letters of credit outstanding or restrictions on the amount available on our line of credit or notes. Per the terms of both the Note Agreement and the Credit Agreement, our consolidated leverage ratio cannot be greater than three and a half to one and our consolidated interest coverage ratio cannot be less than three to one. See Note 8 – Debt for additional information on these financial covenants. At February 29, 2024, we were in compliance with all material debt covenants. We continue to monitor our compliance with all debt covenants and, at the present time, we believe that the likelihood of being unable to satisfy all material covenants is remote. At February 29, 2024, we had a total of $55.4 million in cash and cash equivalents. We do not foresee any ongoing issues with repaying our borrowings and we closely monitor the use of this credit facility.
We believe that our future cash from domestic and international operations, together with our access to funds available under our unsecured revolving credit facility, will provide adequate resources to fund short-term and long-term operating requirements, capital expenditures, dividend payments, acquisitions, new business development activities and share repurchases. On June 19, 2023, the Board approved the 2023 Repurchase Plan. Under the 2023 Repurchase Plan, which became effective on September 1, 2023, we are authorized to acquire up to $50.0 million of our outstanding shares through August 31, 2025, of which $44.7 million remains available for the repurchase of shares of common stock as of February 29, 2024.
Cash Flows
The following table summarizes our cash flows by category for the periods presented (in thousands):

| Six Months Ended February 29/28,
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | Change
Net cash provided by operating activities | $ | 44,892 |  |  | $ | 20,947 |  |  | $ | 23,945 |
Net cash used in investing activities | (1,743) |  |  | (3,281) |  |  | 1,538 |
Net cash used in financing activities | (35,589) |  |  | (20,294) |  |  | (15,295) |
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents | (260) |  |  | 2,777 |  |  | (3,037) |
Net increase in cash and cash equivalents | $ | 7,300 |  |  | $ | 149 |  |  | $ | 7,151 |

Operating Activities
Net cash provided by operating activities increased $23.9 million to $44.9 million for the six months ended February 29, 2024. Cash flows from operating activities depend heavily on operating performance and changes in working capital. Our primary source of operating cash flows for the six months ended February 29, 2024 was net income of $33.0 million, which increased approximately $2.5 million from period to period.
Changes in our working capital, which increased net cash provided by operating activities, were primarily attributable to a decrease in inventory during the first half of fiscal year 2024 compared to a increase in inventory in the corresponding period of the prior fiscal year, which resulted in a $11.4 million favorable impact period over period to our cash provided by operating activities. In the corresponding period of the prior fiscal year, we held elevated levels of certain raw materials, components and finished goods due to challenges within supply chain that we experienced after the COVID-19 pandemic. We have since been able to increase the capacity and flexibility of our supply chain which has enabled us to reduce our inventory levels since they peaked during the first quarter of fiscal year 2023. In addition, accounts payable and accrued liabilities increased primarily due to timing of payments during the period resulting in a $6.7 million favorable impact compared to the corresponding period of the prior fiscal year.
Investing Activities
Net cash used in investing activities decreased $1.5 million to $1.7 million for the six months ended February 29, 2024, primarily due to a lower level of manufacturing-related capital expenditures within the Americas and the EIMEA segments from period to period.
Financing Activities
Net cash used in financing activities increased $15.3 million to $35.6 million for the six months ended February 29, 2024. This change was primarily due to net repayments on our revolving credit facility of $4.2 million during the six months of
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the fiscal year, compared to net proceeds of $8.3 million in the corresponding period of the prior fiscal year. In addition, increases in shares withheld to cover taxes on conversion of equity rewards of $1.8 million and increases in dividends paid to our stockholders of $1.3 million resulted in higher cash outflows from period to period.
Effect of Exchange Rate Changes
All of our foreign subsidiaries currently operate in currencies other than the U.S. Dollar and a significant portion of our consolidated cash balance is denominated in these foreign functional currencies, particularly at our U.K. subsidiary, which operates in Pound Sterling. As a result, our cash and cash equivalents balances are subject to the effects of the fluctuations in these functional currencies against the U.S. Dollar at the end of each reporting period. The net effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents, when expressed in U.S. Dollar terms, was a decrease in cash of $0.3 million for the six months ended February 29, 2024 as compared to an increase in cash of $2.8 million for the six months ended February 28, 2023. These changes were primarily due to fluctuations in various foreign currency exchange rates from period to period, but the majority is related to the fluctuations in the Pound Sterling against the U.S. Dollar.
Commercial Commitments
We have ongoing relationships with various third-party suppliers (contract manufacturers) that manufacture our products and third-party distribution centers that warehouse and ship our products to customers. The contract manufacturers maintain title and control of certain raw materials and components, materials utilized in finished products, and the finished products themselves until shipment to our third-party distribution centers or customers in accordance with agreed upon shipment terms. Although we have contractual minimum purchase obligations with certain contract manufacturers, such obligations are immaterial or well below the volume of goods that we have historically purchased. In addition, in the ordinary course of business, we communicate supply needs to our contract manufacturers based on orders and short-term projections, ranging from two to six months. We are committed to purchase the products produced by the contract manufacturers based on the projections provided.
Upon the termination of contracts with contract manufacturers, we obtain certain inventory control rights and are obligated to work with the contract manufacturer to sell through all product held by or manufactured by the contract manufacturer on our behalf during the termination notification period. If any inventory remains at the contract manufacturer at the termination date, we are obligated to purchase such inventory, which may include raw materials, components and finished goods. The amounts for inventory purchased under termination commitments have been immaterial.
In addition to the commitments to purchase products from contract manufacturers described above, we may also enter into commitments with other manufacturers to purchase finished goods and components to support innovation initiatives and/or supply chain initiatives. As of February 29, 2024, no such commitments were outstanding.
Share Repurchase Plans
The information required by this item is incorporated by reference to Part I—Item 1, “Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements” Note 9 — Share Repurchase Plan included in this report.
Dividends
On March 19, 2024, the Company’s Board declared a cash dividend of $0.88 per share payable on April 30, 2024 to stockholders of record on April 19, 2024.
Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
Our discussion and analysis of our operating results and financial condition is based upon our condensed consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.
Critical accounting policies are those that involve subjective or complex judgments, often as a result of the need to make estimates. The following areas all require the use of judgments and estimates: revenue recognition and accounting for income taxes. Estimates in each of these areas are based on historical experience and various judgments and assumptions that we believe are appropriate. Actual results may materially differ from these estimates.
There have been no material changes in our critical accounting policies and estimates from those disclosed in Part II—Item 7, “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations,” and Note 2 to our
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consolidated financial statements contained in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended August 31, 2023, which was filed with the SEC on October 23, 2023.
Recently Issued Accounting Standards
Information on Recently Issued Accounting Standards that could potentially impact our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures is incorporated by reference to Part I—Item 1, “Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements” Note 2 – Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, included in this report.
Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk
The information required by this item is incorporated by reference to Part II—Item 7A, “Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk,” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended August 31, 2023, which was filed with the SEC on October 23, 2023.
Item 4. Controls and Procedures
The term “disclosure controls and procedures” is defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) promulgated under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (“Exchange Act”). The term disclosure controls and procedures means controls and other procedures of a company that are designed to ensure the information required to be disclosed by the Company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms. Disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by a company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to the Company’s management, including its principal executive and principal financial officers, or persons performing similar functions, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosures. The Company’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have evaluated the effectiveness of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures as of February 29, 2024, the end of the period covered by this report (the “Evaluation Date”), and they have concluded that, as of the Evaluation Date, such controls and procedures were effective at ensuring that required information will be disclosed on a timely basis in the Company’s reports filed under the Exchange Act. Although management believes the Company’s existing disclosure controls and procedures are adequate to enable the Company to comply with its disclosure obligations, management continues to review and update such controls and procedures. The Company has a disclosure committee, which consists of certain members of the Company’s senior management.
During the second quarter of fiscal year 2024, we deployed the first phase of a new ERP system which is anticipated to enhance our operating and financial processes over time. Processes and internal controls have been updated and are consistent with our internal control framework, and we have evaluated the operating effectiveness of related key controls. Control processes continue to be evaluated to give appropriate consideration of modifications needed to maintain the effectiveness of internal controls over financial reporting.
Except as described above, there were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting during the three months ended February 29, 2024 that materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.
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PART II — OTHER INFORMATION
Item 1. Legal Proceedings
The information required by this item is incorporated by reference to the information set forth in Part I—Item 1, “Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements” Note 12 — Commitments and Contingencies, included in this report.
Item 1A. Risk Factors
There have been no material changes in our risk factors from those disclosed in Part I—Item 1A, “Risk Factors,” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended August 31, 2023, which was filed with the SEC on October 23, 2023. The risks described in our Annual Report are not the only risks facing our Company. Additional risks and uncertainties not currently known to us, or that we currently deem to be immaterial, could also materially adversely affect our operating results, financial condition or future business.
Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds
On June 19, 2023, the Company’s Board approved a share repurchase plan (the “2023 Repurchase Plan”). Under the 2023 Repurchase Plan, which became effective on September 1, 2023, the Company is authorized to acquire up to $50.0 million of its outstanding shares through August 31, 2025. The timing and amount of repurchases are based on terms and conditions as may be acceptable to the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, subject to present loan covenants and in compliance with all laws and regulations applicable thereto. During the six months ended February 29, 2024, the Company repurchased 23,000 shares at an average price of $231.26 per share, for a total cost of $5.3 million under this $50.0 million plan.
The following table provides information with respect to all purchases made by the Company during the three months ended February 29, 2024. All purchases listed below were made in the open market at prevailing market prices and were executed pursuant to trading plans adopted by the Company pursuant to Rule 10b5-1 under the Exchange Act.

| Total # of Shares Purchased |  | Average Price Paid Per Share |  | Total Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans & Programs |  | Max $ Value of Shares That May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plans & Programs
Period |  |  |  |  |  |  |
December 1 – December 31 | 3,750 |  | $ | 239.08 |  |  | 3,750 |  | $ | 46,689,546 |
January 1 – January 31 | 3,500 |  | $ | 252.29 |  |  | 3,500 |  | $ | 45,806,523 |
February 1 – February 29 | 4,250 |  | $ | 264.80 |  |  | 4,250 |  | $ | 44,681,135 |
| 11,500 |  | $ | 252.61 |  |  | 11,500 |  |

Item 5. Other Information
During the three months ended February 29, 2024, none of the Company’s directors or officers (as defined in Rule 16a-1(f) of the Exchange Act) informed the Company of the adoption, modification or termination of a “Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement” or “non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement,” as defined in Item 408 of Regulation S-K.
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Item 6. Exhibits

Exhibit No. |  | Description
3(a) |  | Certificate of Incorporation, incorporated by reference from the Registrant’s Form 10-K filed October 22, 2018, Exhibit 3(a) thereto.
3(b) |  | Amended and Restated Bylaws of WD-40 Company, incorporated by reference from the Registrant’s Form 8-K filed June 23, 2023, Exhibit 3.2 thereto.
10(a) |  | Amended and Restated WD-40 Company 2016 Stock Incentive Plan, incorporated by reference from the Registrant’s Proxy Statement filed November 2, 2023, Appendix A thereto.
10(b) |  | Quota Purchase Agreement entered into by WD-40 Holding Company Brasil Ltda., M12 Participações Empresariais S.A. and Theron Marketing Ltda., dated March 4, 2024, incorporated by reference from the Registrant’s Form 8-K/A filed March 7, 2024, Exhibit 10.1 thereto*.
31(a) |  | Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
31(b) |  | Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
32(a) |  | Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
32(b) |  | Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
101 |  | The following materials from WD-40 Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended February 29, 2024, formatted in iXBRL (inline eXtensible Business Reporting Language): (i) the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets; (ii) the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations; (iii) the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income; (iv) the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity; (v) the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows; and (vi) Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
104 |  | The cover page from this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, formatted in Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101.
* |  | Except for Exhibit 1.1 of the Quota Purchase Agreement entered into by WD-40 Holding Company Brasil Ltda., M12 Participações Empresariais S.A. and Theron Marketing Ltda. dated March 4, 2024, the other exhibits, schedules and/or attachments to Exhibit 10.1 of the Registrant’s Form 8-K/A filed March 7, 2024 have been omitted in accordance with Regulation S-K Item 601(b)(10). The Registrant agrees to furnish a copy of any omitted schedule to the SEC upon its request.

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SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

| WD-40 COMPANY Registrant
Date: April 9, 2024 | By: | /s/ STEVEN A. BRASS
|  | Steven A. Brass President and Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer)
| By: | /s/ SARA K. HYZER
|  | Sara K. Hyzer Vice President, Finance and Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer and Principal Accounting Officer)

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