10-Q 1 gef731201610q.htm 10-Q

UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
_________________________________
FORM 10-Q
_________________________________

x | QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended July 31, 2016
Commission File Number 001-00566
_________________________________
GREIF, INC.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
_________________________________

Delaware | 31-4388903
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

425 Winter Road, Delaware, Ohio | 43015
(Address of principal executive offices) | (Zip Code)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code (740) 549-6000
Not Applicable
Former name, former address and former fiscal year, if changed since last report.
_________________________________
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes x No ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Website, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes x No ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, or a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company. See definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer” and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer |  | x | Accelerated |  | ¨
Non-accelerated filer |  | ¨ (Do not check if a smaller reporting company) | Smaller reporting company |  | ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ¨ No x
The number of shares outstanding of each of the issuer’s classes of common stock as of the close of business on August 30, 2016:

Class A Common Stock | 25,781,791 shares
Class B Common Stock | 22,009,725 shares

Table of Contents
Table of Contents

Item |  | Page
| Part I. Financial Information |
1 | Financial Statements | 3
| Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income for the Three and Nine Months Ended July 31, 2016 and 2015 (Unaudited) | 3
| Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) for the Three and Nine Months Ended July 31, 2016 and 2015 (Unaudited) | 4
| Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets at July 31, 2016 (Unaudited) and October 31, 2015 | 5
| Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Nine Months Ended July 31, 2016 and 2015 (Unaudited) | 7
| Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements | 8
2 | Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 29
3 | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk | 49
4 | Controls and Procedures | 49
| Part II. Other Information |
1A | Risk Factors | 51
2 | Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds | 51
6 | Exhibits | 52
| Signatures | 53

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PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION
ITEM 1. CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
GREIF, INC. AND SUBSIDIARY COMPANIES
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME
(UNAUDITED)
(In millions, except per share amounts)

| Three Months Ended July 31, |  | Nine Months Ended July 31,
| 2016 |  | 2015 |  | 2016 |  | 2015
Net sales | $ | 845.0 |  |  | $ | 930.0 |  |  | $ | 2,456.0 |  |  | $ | 2,748.2 |
Cost of products sold | 668.5 |  |  | 763.2 |  |  | 1,954.5 |  |  | 2,246.4 |
Gross profit | 176.5 |  |  | 166.8 |  |  | 501.5 |  |  | 501.8 |
Selling, general and administrative expenses | 92.6 |  |  | 96.9 |  |  | 280.3 |  |  | 317.2 |
Restructuring charges | 10.2 |  |  | 16.2 |  |  | 17.9 |  |  | 26.7 |
Timberland gains | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (24.3 | )
Non-cash asset impairment charges | 4.1 |  |  | 17.6 |  |  | 44.9 |  |  | 22.3 |
Gain on disposal of properties, plants and equipment, net | (0.7 | ) |  | (7.0 | ) |  | (9.5 | ) |  | (9.3 | )
(Gain) loss on disposal of businesses, net | (1.3 | ) |  | (1.1 | ) |  | (4.1 | ) |  | 8.5 |
Operating profit | 71.6 |  |  | 44.2 |  |  | 172.0 |  |  | 160.7 |
Interest expense, net | 19.8 |  |  | 18.4 |  |  | 58.2 |  |  | 56.2 |
Other (income) expense , net | 2.7 |  |  | (1.6 | ) |  | 7.4 |  |  | 1.0 |
Income before income tax expense and equity earnings of unconsolidated affiliates, net | 49.1 |  |  | 27.4 |  |  | 106.4 |  |  | 103.5 |
Income tax expense | 3.5 |  |  | 18.7 |  |  | 38.2 |  |  | 45.8 |
Equity earnings of unconsolidated affiliates, net of tax | (0.8 | ) |  | (0.6 | ) |  | (0.8 | ) |  | (0.3 | )
Net income | 46.4 |  |  | 9.3 |  |  | 69.0 |  |  | 58.0 |
Net (income) loss attributable to noncontrolling interests | (0.3 | ) |  | (0.7 | ) |  | (2.6 | ) |  | 1.5 |
Net income attributable to Greif, Inc. | $ | 46.1 |  |  | $ | 8.6 |  |  | $ | 66.4 |  |  | $ | 59.5 |
Basic earnings per share attributable to Greif, Inc. common shareholders: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Class A Common Stock | $ | 0.78 |  |  | $ | 0.15 |  |  | $ | 1.13 |  |  | $ | 1.02 |
Class B Common Stock | $ | 1.18 |  |  | $ | 0.22 |  |  | $ | 1.69 |  |  | $ | 1.51 |
Diluted earnings per share attributable to Greif, Inc. common shareholders: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Class A Common Stock | $ | 0.78 |  |  | $ | 0.15 |  |  | $ | 1.13 |  |  | $ | 1.02 |
Class B Common Stock | $ | 1.18 |  |  | $ | 0.22 |  |  | $ | 1.69 |  |  | $ | 1.51 |
Weighted-average number of Class A common shares outstanding: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic | 25.8 |  |  | 25.7 |  |  | 25.7 |  |  | 25.7 |
Diluted | 25.8 |  |  | 25.7 |  |  | 25.7 |  |  | 25.7 |
Weighted-average number of Class B common shares outstanding: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic | 22.0 |  |  | 22.1 |  |  | 22.1 |  |  | 22.1 |
Diluted | 22.0 |  |  | 22.1 |  |  | 22.1 |  |  | 22.1 |
Cash dividends declared per common share: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Class A Common Stock | $ | 0.42 |  |  | $ | 0.42 |  |  | $ | 1.26 |  |  | $ | 1.26 |
Class B Common Stock | $ | 0.63 |  |  | $ | 0.63 |  |  | $ | 1.88 |  |  | $ | 1.88 |

See accompanying Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
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GREIF, INC. AND SUBSIDIARY COMPANIES
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)
(UNAUDITED)
(In millions)

| Three Months Ended July 31, |  | Nine Months Ended July 31,
| 2016 |  | 2015 |  | 2016 |  | 2015
Net income | $ | 46.4 |  |  | $ | 9.3 |  |  | $ | 69.0 |  |  | $ | 58.0 |
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Foreign currency translation | (27.6 | ) |  | 5.6 |  |  | (9.6 | ) |  | (109.5 | )
Net reclassification of cash flow hedges to earnings | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 0.1 |
Minimum pension liabilities, net | 2.9 |  |  | (0.9 | ) |  | 3.5 |  |  | 5.5 |
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax | (24.7 | ) |  | 4.7 |  |  | (6.1 | ) |  | (103.9 | )
Comprehensive income (loss) | 21.7 |  |  | 14.0 |  |  | 62.9 |  |  | (45.9 | )
Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests | (3.4 | ) |  | 2.8 |  |  | (1.7 | ) |  | (23.3 | )
Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to Greif, Inc. | $ | 25.1 |  |  | $ | 11.2 |  |  | $ | 64.6 |  |  | $ | (22.6 | )

See accompanying Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
4

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GREIF, INC. AND SUBSIDIARY COMPANIES
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(UNAUDITED)
(In millions)
ASSETS

| July 31, 2016 |  | October 31, 2015
Current assets |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 94.3 |  |  | $ | 106.2 |
Trade accounts receivable, less allowance of $9.2 in 2016 and $11.8 in 2015 | 418.1 |  |  | 403.7 |
Inventories | 288.5 |  |  | 297.0 |
Deferred tax assets | — |  |  | 25.4 |
Assets held for sale | 11.7 |  |  | 16.9 |
Prepaid expenses and other current assets | 133.7 |  |  | 159.3 |
| 946.3 |  |  | 1,008.5 |
Long-term assets |  |  |
Goodwill | 791.0 |  |  | 807.1 |
Other intangible assets, net of amortization | 119.8 |  |  | 132.7 |
Deferred tax assets | 10.9 |  |  | 7.8 |
Assets held by special purpose entities | 50.9 |  |  | 50.9 |
Other long-term assets | 92.0 |  |  | 91.0 |
| 1,064.6 |  |  | 1,089.5 |
Properties, plants and equipment |  |  |
Timber properties, net of depletion | 278.0 |  |  | 277.1 |
Land | 104.2 |  |  | 106.3 |
Buildings | 389.7 |  |  | 410.4 |
Machinery and equipment | 1,463.4 |  |  | 1,457.9 |
Capital projects in progress | 98.3 |  |  | 78.0 |
| 2,333.6 |  |  | 2,329.7 |
Accumulated depreciation | (1,160.6 | ) |  | (1,112.0 | )
| 1,173.0 |  |  | 1,217.7 |
Total assets | $ | 3,183.9 |  |  | $ | 3,315.7 |

See accompanying Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
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GREIF, INC. AND SUBSIDIARY COMPANIES
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(UNAUDITED)
(In millions)
LIABILITIES AND EQUITY

| July 31, 2016 |  | October 31, 2015
Current liabilities |  |  |
Accounts payable | $ | 340.5 |  |  | $ | 355.3 |
Accrued payroll and employee benefits | 90.2 |  |  | 83.5 |
Restructuring reserves | 14.8 |  |  | 21.3 |
Current portion of long-term debt | 300.3 |  |  | 30.7 |
Short-term borrowings | 55.2 |  |  | 40.7 |
Deferred tax liabilities | — |  |  | 2.4 |
Liabilities held for sale | — |  |  | 1.8 |
Other current liabilities | 113.3 |  |  | 111.3 |
| 914.3 |  |  | 647.0 |
Long-term liabilities |  |  |
Long-term debt | 758.6 |  |  | 1,116.2 |
Deferred tax liabilities | 191.7 |  |  | 214.9 |
Pension liabilities | 144.7 |  |  | 141.1 |
Postretirement benefit obligations | 13.4 |  |  | 14.9 |
Liabilities held by special purpose entities | 43.3 |  |  | 43.3 |
Contingent liabilities and environmental reserves | 9.0 |  |  | 8.2 |
Other long-term liabilities | 82.4 |  |  | 70.2 |
| 1,243.1 |  |  | 1,608.8 |
Commitments and Contingencies (Note 13) | — |  |  | — |
Redeemable Noncontrolling Interest (Note 18) | 32.3 |  |  | — |
Equity |  |  |
Common stock, without par value | 141.4 |  |  | 139.1 |
Treasury stock, at cost | (135.6 | ) |  | (130.6 | )
Retained earnings | 1,355.2 |  |  | 1,384.5 |
Accumulated other comprehensive loss: |  |  |
-foreign currency translation | (261.9 | ) |  | (256.6 | )
-minimum pension liabilities | (117.3 | ) |  | (120.8 | )
Total Greif, Inc. equity | 981.8 |  |  | 1,015.6 |
Noncontrolling interests | 12.4 |  |  | 44.3 |
Total equity | 994.2 |  |  | 1,059.9 |
Total liabilities and equity | $ | 3,183.9 |  |  | $ | 3,315.7 |

See accompanying Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
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GREIF, INC. AND SUBSIDIARY COMPANIES
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(UNAUDITED)
(In millions)

For the Nine months ended July 31, | 2016 |  | 2015
Cash flows from operating activities: |  |  |
Net income | $ | 69.0 |  |  | $ | 58.0 |
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: |  |  |
Depreciation, depletion and amortization | 95.8 |  |  | 100.9 |
Timberland gains | — |  |  | (24.3 | )
Non-cash asset impairment charges | 44.9 |  |  | 22.3 |
Gain on disposals of properties, plants and equipment, net | (9.5 | ) |  | (9.3 | )
(Gain) Loss on disposals of businesses, net | (4.1 | ) |  | 8.5 |
Unrealized foreign exchange (gain) loss | 4.1 |  |  | (2.8 | )
Deferred income tax expense | (2.8 | ) |  | (3.3 | )
Gain from Venezuela monetary assets and liabilities remeasurement | — |  |  | (4.9 | )
Loss for Venezuela non-monetary assets to net realizable value | — |  |  | 9.3 |
Other, net | — |  |  | (1.4 | )
Increase (decrease) in cash from changes in certain assets and liabilities: |  |  |
Trade accounts receivable | (29.5 | ) |  | 3.3 |
Inventories | (3.6 | ) |  | 11.7 |
Deferred purchase price on sold receivables | (20.2 | ) |  | (10.8 | )
Accounts payable | 7.3 |  |  | (74.8 | )
Restructuring reserves | (6.4 | ) |  | 13.5 |
Pension and postretirement benefit liabilities | (1.6 | ) |  | (1.5 | )
Other, net | 14.6 |  |  | (21.0 | )
Net cash provided by operating activities | 158.0 |  |  | 73.4 |
Cash flows from investing activities: |  |  |
Acquisitions of companies, net of cash acquired | (0.4 | ) |  | (1.5 | )
Collection of subordinated note receivable | 44.2 |  |  | — |
Purchases of properties, plants and equipment | (71.4 | ) |  | (108.2 | )
Purchases of and investments in timber properties | (4.7 | ) |  | (38.2 | )
Purchases of properties, plants and equipment with insurance proceeds | (4.4 | ) |  | — |
Proceeds from the sale of properties, plants, equipment and other assets | 10.9 |  |  | 46.8 |
Proceeds from the sale of businesses | 23.8 |  |  | 18.9 |
Proceeds from insurance recoveries | 6.6 |  |  | 3.4 |
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities | 4.6 |  |  | (78.8 | )
Cash flows from financing activities: |  |  |
Proceeds from issuance of long-term debt | 919.5 |  |  | 643.4 |
Payments on long-term debt | (937.5 | ) |  | (576.0 | )
Proceeds from short-term borrowings, net | 8.5 |  |  | 18.0 |
Proceeds from trade accounts receivable credit facility | 58.5 |  |  | 115.7 |
Payments on trade accounts receivable credit facility | (131.0 | ) |  | (79.9 | )
Dividends paid to Greif, Inc. shareholders | (74.0 | ) |  | (74.0 | )
Dividends paid to noncontrolling interests | (4.8 | ) |  | (4.0 | )
Exercise of stock options | — |  |  | 0.2 |
Acquisitions of treasury stock | (5.2 | ) |  | — |
Purchases of redeemable noncontrolling interest | (6.0 | ) |  | — |
Cash contribution from noncontrolling interest holder | 0.8 |  |  | — |
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities | (171.2 | ) |  | 43.4 |
Effects of exchange rates on cash | (3.3 | ) |  | (21.4 | )
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents | (11.9 | ) |  | 16.6 |
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period | 106.2 |  |  | 85.1 |
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period | $ | 94.3 |  |  | $ | 101.7 |

See accompanying Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
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GREIF, INC. AND SUBSIDIARY COMPANIES
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
July 31, 2016
(Unaudited)
NOTE 1 — BASIS OF PRESENTATION AND SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES
Basis of Presentation
The condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) instructions to Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q and include all of the information and disclosures required by accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (“GAAP”) for interim financial reporting. The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make certain estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. Actual amounts could differ from those estimates.
The Company’s fiscal year begins on November 1 and ends on October 31 of the following year. Any references to the year 2016 or 2015, or to any quarter of those years, relates to the fiscal year or quarter, as the case may be, ended in that year.
The information furnished herein reflects all adjustments which are, in the opinion of management, necessary for a fair presentation of the condensed consolidated balance sheets as of July 31, 2016 and October 31, 2015, the condensed consolidated statements of income and comprehensive income (loss) for the three and nine months ended July 31, 2016 and 2015 and the condensed consolidated statements of cash flows for the nine month periods ended July 31, 2016 and 2015 of Greif, Inc. and its subsidiaries (the “Company”). The condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Greif, Inc., all wholly-owned and consolidated subsidiaries and investments in limited liability companies, partnerships and joint ventures in which it has controlling influence or is the primary beneficiary. Non-majority owned entities include investments in limited liability companies, partnerships and joint ventures in which the Company does not have controlling influence and are accounted for using either the equity or cost method, as appropriate.
The unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements included in the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (this “Form 10-Q”) should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for its fiscal year ended October 31, 2015 (the “2015 Form 10-K”).
Recently Issued Accounting Standards
In April 2015, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2015-3, “Interest: Imputation of Interest (Subtopic 835-30).” The objective of this update is to simplify the presentation of debt issuance costs in the financial statements. Under this ASU, the Company would present such costs in the balance sheet as a direct deduction from the related debt liability rather than as an asset; amortization of the costs is reported as interest expense. This ASU is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2015. The Company would apply the new guidance retrospectively to all prior periods (i.e., the balance sheet for each period would be adjusted). This ASU requires the Company to “disclose in the first fiscal year after the entity’s adoption date, and in the interim periods within the first fiscal year, the following: (1)the nature and reason for the change in accounting principle; (2) the transition method; (3) a description of the prior-period information that has been retrospectively adjusted; and (4) the effect of the change on the financial statement line item (that is, the debt issuance costs asset and the debt liability).” The Company is expected to adopt this guidance beginning on November 1, 2016 and the adoption of this new guidance is not expected to have a material impact on the Company’s financial position, results of operations, comprehensive income (loss) or cash flows, other than the related disclosures.
In February 2015, the FASB issued ASU 2015-2, “Consolidation (Topic 810): Amendments to the Consolidation Analysis,” which makes changes to both the variable interest model and voting interest model and eliminates the indefinite deferral of FASB Statement No. 167, included in ASU 2010-10, for certain investment funds. All reporting entities that hold a variable interest in other legal entities will need to re-evaluate their consolidation conclusions as well as disclosure requirements. This ASU is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2015 and early adoption is permitted, including any interim period. The Company is in the process of analyzing the impact of adopting this guidance, however it is not expected to have a material impact on the Company's financial position, results of operations, comprehensive income (loss) or cash flows, other than the related disclosures.
In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU No. 2014-9, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606),” which supersedes the revenue recognition requirements in Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 605, Revenue Recognition. This ASU is
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based on the principle that revenue is recognized to depict the transfer of goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. The ASU also requires additional disclosure about the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows arising from customer contracts, including significant judgments and changes in judgments and assets recognized from costs incurred to obtain or fulfill a contract. The update is effective in fiscal year 2019 using one of two retrospective application methods. The Company is in the process of determining the potential impact of adopting this guidance on its financial position, results of operations, comprehensive income (loss), cash flows and disclosures.
In August 2014, the FASB issued ASU 2014-15, “Presentation of Financial Statements-Going Concern: Disclosure of Uncertainties about an Entity’s Ability to Continue as Going Concern.” The objective of this update is to reduce the diversity in the timing and content of footnote disclosures related to going concern. The amendments require management to assess an entity’s ability to continue as a going concern by incorporating and expanding upon certain principles that are currently in U.S. auditing standards. This update applies to all entities that would be required to disclose information about their potential inability to continue as a going concern when “substantial doubt” about their ability to continue as a going concern exists. The Company will be required to evaluate “relevant conditions and events that are known and reasonably knowable at the date that the financial statements are issued.” The Company will have to document its consideration of this ASU, but not because the Company believes there is substantial doubt about its ability to continue as a going concern. The Company is expected to adopt this guidance beginning November 1, 2017, and the adoption of the new guidance is not expected to impact the Company’s financial position, results of operations, comprehensive income (loss) or cash flows, other than the related disclosures.
In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-2, “Leases (Topic 842),” which amends the lease accounting and disclosure requirements in ASC 842, Leases. The objective of this update is to increase transparency and comparability among organizations recognizing lease assets and lease liabilities on the balance sheet and disclosing key information about lease arrangements. This ASU will require the recognition of lease assets and lease liabilities for those leases classified as operating leases under previous GAAP. The update is effective in fiscal year 2020 using a modified retrospective approach. The Company is in the process of determining the potential impact of adopting this guidance on its financial position, results of operations, comprehensive income (loss), cash flows and disclosures.
In March 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-9, “Improvements to Employee Share-Based Payment Accounting,” which simplifies several aspects of the accounting for employee share-based payment transaction. This ASU is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2016 and early adoption is permitted, including any interim period. The Company is in the process of determining the potential impact of adopting this guidance on its financial position, results of operations, comprehensive income (loss), cash flows, and disclosures.
Newly Adopted Accounting Standards
In November 2015, the FASB issued ASU 2015-17, “Balance Sheet Classification of Deferred Tax Items.” This ASU amends ASC 740-10-45-4, which now states that in a classified statement of financial position, an entity must classify deferred tax liabilities and assets as noncurrent amounts. This ASU also supersedes ASC 740-10-45-5, which required the valuation allowance for a particular tax jurisdiction to be allocated between current and noncurrent deferred tax assets for that tax jurisdiction on a pro rata basis. For public companies, this ASU is effective for periods beginning after December 15, 2016. The Company elected to adopt the new guidance beginning February 1, 2016 prospectively, resulting in deferred tax liabilities and assets being classified as noncurrent on the Company’s balance sheet. Prior periods were not retrospectively adjusted. The adoption did not have a material impact on the Company’s financial position, results of operations, comprehensive income (loss) or cash flows. Refer to Note 11 herein for additional disclosures regarding the adoption of this new guidance.
NOTE 2 — ACQUISITIONS AND DIVESTITURES
The Company completed four divestitures and no material acquisitions for the nine months ended July 31, 2016. The divestitures were of nonstrategic businesses, three in the Rigid Industrial Packaging & Services and one in Flexible Products & Services segments. The gain on the disposal of businesses was $4.1 million for the nine months ended July 31, 2016. Proceeds from divestitures were $25.2 million. Additionally, the Company recorded notes receivable of $2.4 million for the sale of two of the businesses sold in the second quarter of 2016, which are expected to be collected in the fourth quarter of 2017. Proceeds from divestitures completed in fiscal year 2015 and collected during the nine months ended July 31, 2016 were $1.0 million. The Company has $4.4 million of notes receivable recorded from the sale of businesses, ranging in remaining term from fourteen months to twenty-nine months.
The Company completed eight divestitures and no material acquisitions for the nine months ended July 31, 2015. The divestitures were of nonstrategic businesses, six in the Rigid Industrial Packaging & Services segment and two in the Flexible
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Products & Services segment. The loss on disposal of businesses was $8.5 million for the nine months ended July 31, 2015. Proceeds from divestitures were $18.9 million.
NOTE 3 — SALE OF NON-UNITED STATES ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE
On April 27, 2012, Cooperage Receivables Finance B.V. (the “Main SPV”) and Greif Coordination Center BVBA, an indirect wholly owned subsidiary of Greif, Inc. (“Seller”), entered into the Nieuw Amsterdam Receivables Purchase Agreement (the “European RPA”) with affiliates of a major international bank (the “Purchasing Bank Affiliates”). On April 20, 2015, the Main SPV and Seller amended and extended the term of the existing European RPA. Under the European RPA, as amended, the number of entities participating in the agreement have decreased. Additionally, the terms have been amended to decrease the maximum amount of receivables that may be sold and outstanding under the European RPA at any time to €100.0 million ($110.6 million as of July 31, 2016). Under the terms of the European RPA, the Company has the ability to loan excess cash to the Purchasing Bank Affiliates in the form of a subordinated loan receivable. As of October 31, 2015, the Company had loaned $44.2 million of excess cash back to the Purchasing Bank Affiliates. During the nine months ended July 31, 2016, the Company collected the full balance of the subordinated note receivable.
Under the terms of the European RPA, the Company has agreed to sell trade receivables meeting certain eligibility requirements that the Seller had purchased from other of our indirect wholly-owned subsidiaries under a factoring agreement. The structure of the transactions provide for a legal true sale, on a revolving basis, of the receivables transferred from our various subsidiaries to the respective banks and their affiliates. The purchaser funds an initial purchase price of a certain percentage of eligible receivables based on a formula, with the initial purchase price approximating 75 percent to 90 percent of eligible receivables. The remaining deferred purchase price is settled upon collection of the receivables. At the balance sheet reporting dates, we remove from accounts receivable the amount of proceeds received from the initial purchase price since they meet the applicable criteria of ASC 860, “Transfers and Servicing,” and we continue to recognize the deferred purchase price in accounts receivable. The receivables are sold on a non-recourse basis with the total funds in the servicing collection accounts pledged to the banks between settlement dates.
In October 2007, Greif Singapore Pte. Ltd., an indirect wholly-owned subsidiary of Greif, Inc., entered into the Singapore Receivable Purchase Agreement (the “Singapore RPA”) with a major international bank. The maximum amount of aggregate receivables that may be financed under the Singapore RPA is 15.0 million Singapore Dollars ($11.1 million as of July 31, 2016).
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The table below contains certain information related to the Company’s accounts receivables programs (Dollars in millions):

| Three Months Ended July 31, |  | Nine Months Ended July 31,
| 2016 |  | 2015 |  | 2016 |  | 2015
European RPA |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Gross accounts receivable sold to third party financial institution | $ | 160.0 |  |  | $ | 165.9 |  |  | $ | 463.3 |  |  | $ | 552.6 |
Cash received for accounts receivable sold under the programs | 140.7 |  |  | 147.1 |  |  | 409.2 |  |  | 489.5 |
Deferred purchase price related to accounts receivable sold | 19.3 |  |  | 18.8 |  |  | 53.7 |  |  | 63.1 |
Loss associated with the programs | 0.2 |  |  | 0.3 |  |  | 0.7 |  |  | 1.2 |
Expenses associated with the programs | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Singapore RPA |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Gross accounts receivable sold to third party financial institution | $ | 11.4 |  |  | $ | 12.0 |  |  | $ | 32.5 |  |  | $ | 36.4 |
Cash received for accounts receivable sold under the program | 11.4 |  |  | 12.0 |  |  | 32.5 |  |  | 36.4 |
Deferred purchase price related to accounts receivable sold | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Loss associated with the program | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Expenses associated with the program | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 0.1 |
Total RPAs |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Gross accounts receivable sold to third party financial institution | $ | 171.4 |  |  | $ | 177.9 |  |  | $ | 495.8 |  |  | $ | 589.0 |
Cash received for accounts receivable sold under the program | 152.1 |  |  | 159.1 |  |  | 441.7 |  |  | 525.9 |
Deferred purchase price related to accounts receivable sold | 19.3 |  |  | 18.8 |  |  | 53.7 |  |  | 63.1 |
Loss associated with the program | 0.2 |  |  | 0.3 |  |  | 0.7 |  |  | 1.2 |
Expenses associated with the program | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 0.1 |

The table below contains certain information related to the Company’s accounts receivables programs and the impact it has on the condensed consolidated balance sheets (Dollars in millions):

| July 31, 2016 |  | October 31, 2015
European RPA |  |  |
Accounts receivable sold to and held by third party financial institution | $ | 116.8 |  |  | $ | 114.8 |
Uncollected deferred purchase price related to accounts receivable sold | 25.9 |  |  | — |
Deferred purchase price liability related to accounts receivable sold | — |  |  | (1.5 | )
Singapore RPA |  |  |
Accounts receivable sold to and held by third party financial institution | $ | 3.5 |  |  | $ | 4.0 |
Uncollected deferred purchase price related to accounts receivable sold | — |  |  | — |
Total RPAs |  |  |
Accounts receivable sold to and held by third party financial institution | $ | 120.3 |  |  | $ | 118.8 |
Uncollected deferred purchase price related to accounts receivable sold | 25.9 |  |  | — |
Deferred purchase price liability related to accounts receivable sold | — |  |  | (1.5 | )

The deferred purchase price related to the accounts receivable sold is reflected as prepaid expenses and other current assets or other current liabilities on the Company’s consolidated balance sheet and was initially recorded at an amount which approximates its fair value due to the short-term nature of these items. The cash received initially and the deferred purchase price relate to the sale or ultimate collection of the underlying receivables and are not subject to significant other risks given
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their short nature; therefore, the Company reflects all cash flows under the accounts receivable sales programs as operating cash flows on the Company’s consolidated statements of cash flows.
Additionally, the Company performs collections and administrative functions on the receivables sold, similar to the procedures it uses for collecting all of its receivables, including receivables that are not sold under the European RPA and the Singapore RPA. The servicing liability for these receivables is not material to the consolidated financial statements.
NOTE 4 — INVENTORIES
Inventories are stated at the lower of cost or market and are summarized as follows (Dollars in millions):

| July 31, 2016 |  | October 31, 2015
Raw materials | $ | 191.1 |  |  | $ | 190.7 |
Work-in-process | 12.8 |  |  | 18.3 |
Finished Goods | 84.6 |  |  | 88.0 |
| $ | 288.5 |  |  | $ | 297.0 |

NOTE 5 — ASSETS AND LIABILITIES HELD FOR SALE AND DISPOSALS OF PROPERTIES, PLANTS AND EQUIPMENT, NET, AND TIMBERLAND GAINS
The following table presents assets and liabilities classified as held for sale as of July 31, 2016 and October 31, 2015 (Dollars in millions):

| July 31, 2016 |  | October 31, 2015
Trade accounts receivable, less allowance | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2.3 |
Inventories | — |  |  | 1.6 |
Properties, plants and equipment, net | 11.7 |  |  | 8.1 |
Other assets | — |  |  | 4.9 |
Assets held for sale | 11.7 |  |  | 16.9 |
Accounts payable | — |  |  | 1.8 |
Liabilities held for sale | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1.8 |

As of July 31, 2016, there was one asset group within the Rigid Industrial Packaging & Services segment and one asset group in the Flexible Products & Services segment classified as assets held for sale. The assets held for sale are being marketed for sale, and it is the Company’s intention to complete the sales of these assets within the next twelve months.
As of October 31, 2015, there were four asset groups in the Rigid Industrial Packaging & Services segment and one asset group in the Flexible Products & Services segment classified as assets and liabilities held for sale.
For the three months ended July 31, 2016, the Company recorded a gain on disposal of properties, plants and equipment, net of $0.7 million. This included disposals of assets in the Flexible Products & Services segment classified as held for sale that resulted in gains of $0.4 million, insurance recoveries that resulted in gains of $0.2 million in the Paper Packaging segment, other net gains totaling $0.3 million, offset by disposals of an asset in the Rigid Industrial Packaging & Services segment classified as held for sale that resulted in a loss of $0.2 million
For the nine months ended July 31, 2016, the Company recorded a gain on disposal of properties, plants and equipment, net of $9.5 million. This included insurance recoveries that resulted in gains of $6.4 million in the Rigid Industrial Packaging & Services segment, disposals of assets in the Flexible Products & Services segment classified as held for sale that resulted in gains of $1.3 million, sales of surplus properties in the Land Management segment that resulted in gains of $0.9 million, insurance recoveries that resulted in gains of $0.2 million in the Paper Packaging segment, and other net gains totaling an additional $0.7 million.
For the three months ended July 31, 2015, the Company recorded a gain on disposal of properties, plants and equipment, net of $7.0 million. This includes sales of HBU and surplus properties that resulted in gains of $1.5 million in the Land Management
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segment, a disposal of an asset group previously classified as held for sale in the Rigid Industrial Packaging & Services segment that resulted in a gain of $4.4 million, and other net gains and insurance recoveries totaling an additional $1.1 million.
For the nine months ended July 31, 2015, the Company recorded a gain on disposal of properties, plants and equipment, net of $9.3 million. This includes sales of HBU and surplus properties that resulted in gains of $2.7 million in the Land Management segment, and other net gains and insurance recoveries within the Rigid Industrial Packaging & Services segment that resulted in gains of $6.6 million
For the three and nine months ended July 31, 2016, the Company recorded no gains relating to the sale of timberland. For the three and nine months ended July 31, 2015, the Company recorded no gains and gains of $24.3 million, respectively.
NOTE 6 — GOODWILL AND OTHER INTANGIBLE ASSETS
The following table summarizes the changes in the carrying amount of goodwill by segment for the nine month period ended July 31, 2016 (Dollars in millions):

| Rigid Industrial Packaging & Services |  | Paper Packaging & Services |  | Total
Balance at October 31, 2015 | $ | 747.6 |  |  | $ | 59.5 |  |  | $ | 807.1 |
Goodwill acquired | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Goodwill allocated to divestitures and businesses held for sale (1) | 3.4 |  |  | — |  |  | 3.4 |
Goodwill adjustments | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Goodwill impairment charge (2) | (21.0 | ) |  |  |  | (21.0 | )
Currency translation | 1.5 |  |  | — |  |  | 1.5 |
Balance at July 31, 2016 | $ | 731.5 |  |  | $ | 59.5 |  |  | $ | 791.0 |

(1) | Goodwill previously allocated to divestitures and businesses held for sale that was impaired during the first quarter of 2016.

(2) | Goodwill impairment charge recorded for businesses reclassified to held for sale during the nine months ended July 31, 2016.

As of July 31, 2016 and October 31, 2015, the accumulated goodwill impairment loss was $50.3 million in the Flexible Products & Services segment.
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The following table summarizes the carrying amount of net other intangible assets by class as of July 31, 2016 and October 31, 2015 (Dollars in millions):

| Gross Intangible Assets |  | Accumulated Amortization |  | Net Intangible Assets
July 31, 2016: |  |  |  |  |
Indefinite lived: |  |  |  |  |
Trademarks and patents | $ | 13.1 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 13.1 |
Definite lived: |  |  |  |  |
Customer relationships | 177.9 |  |  | 89.0 |  |  | 88.9 |
Trademarks and patents | 12.1 |  |  | 4.6 |  |  | 7.5 |
Non-compete agreements | 1.1 |  |  | 1.0 |  |  | 0.1 |
Other | 23.9 |  |  | 13.7 |  |  | 10.2 |
Total | $ | 228.1 |  |  | $ | 108.3 |  |  | $ | 119.8 |
October 31, 2015: |  |  |  |  |
Indefinite lived: |  |  |  |  |
Trademarks and patents | $ | 13.1 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 13.1 |
Definite lived: |  |  |  |  |
Customer relationships | 180.7 |  |  | 81.7 |  |  | 99.0 |
Trademarks and patents | 12.4 |  |  | 4.2 |  |  | 8.2 |
Non-compete agreements | 4.9 |  |  | 4.5 |  |  | 0.4 |
Other | 24.2 |  |  | 12.2 |  |  | 12.0 |
Total | $ | 235.3 |  |  | $ | 102.6 |  |  | $ | 132.7 |

Amortization expense for the three months ended July 31, 2016 and 2015 was $4.2 million and $4.5 million, respectively. Amortization expense for the nine months ended July 31, 2016 and 2015 was $12.7 million and $13.9 million, respectively. Amortization expense for the next five years is expected to be $16.9 million in 2016, $16.1 million in 2017, $15.7 million in 2018, $15.7 million in 2019 and $15.1 million in 2020.
Definite lived intangible assets for the periods presented are subject to amortization and are being amortized using the straight-line method over periods that are contractually, legally determined, or over the period a market participant would benefit from the asset.
NOTE 7 — RESTRUCTURING CHARGES
The following is a reconciliation of the beginning and ending restructuring reserve balances for the nine month period ended July 31, 2016 (Dollars in millions):

| Employee Separation Costs |  | Other Costs |  | Total
Balance at October 31, 2015 | $ | 14.7 |  |  | $ | 6.6 |  |  | $ | 21.3 |
Costs incurred and charged to expense | 10.7 |  |  | 7.2 |  |  | 17.9 |
Costs paid or otherwise settled | (16.6 | ) |  | (7.8 | ) |  | (24.4 | )
Balance at July 31, 2016 | $ | 8.8 |  |  | $ | 6.0 |  |  | $ | 14.8 |

The focus for restructuring activities in 2016 is to continue to rationalize operations and close underperforming assets throughout all segments. During the three months ended July 31, 2016, the Company recorded restructuring charges of $10.2 million, which compares to $16.2 million of restructuring charges recorded during the three months ended July 31, 2015. The restructuring activity for the three months ended July 31, 2016 consisted of $5.3 million in employee separation costs and $4.9 million in other restructuring costs, primarily consisting of professional fees incurred for services specifically associated with employee separation and relocation. During the nine months ended July 31, 2016, the Company recorded restructuring charges of $17.9 million, which compares to $26.7 million of restructuring charges recorded during the nine months ended July 31, 2015. The restructuring activity for the nine months ended July 31, 2016 consisted of $10.7 million in employee separation
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costs and $7.2 million in other restructuring costs, primarily consisting of professional fees incurred for services specifically associated with employee separation and relocation.
The following is a reconciliation of the total amounts expected to be incurred from approved restructuring plans or plans that are being formulated and have not been announced as of the date of this Form 10-Q. Remaining amounts expected to be incurred are $12.9 million as of July 31, 2016 compared to $14.7 million as of October 31, 2015. The change was due to the formulation of new plans during the period offset by the realization of expenses from plans formulated in prior periods. (Dollars in millions):

| Total Amounts Expected to be Incurred |  | Amount expensed during the nine month period ended July 31, 2016 |  | Amounts Remaining to be Incurred
Rigid Industrial Packaging & Services |  |  |  |  |
Employee separation costs | $ | 17.4 |  |  | $ | 6.6 |  |  | $ | 10.8 |
Other restructuring costs | 5.0 |  |  | 4.6 |  |  | 0.4 |
| 22.4 |  |  | 11.2 |  |  | 11.2 |
Flexible Products & Services |  |  |  |  |
Employee separation costs | 5.5 |  |  | 3.8 |  |  | 1.7 |
Other restructuring costs | 1.8 |  |  | 1.8 |  |  | — |
| 7.3 |  |  | 5.6 |  |  | 1.7 |
Paper Packaging & Services |  |  |  |  |
Employee separation costs | 0.3 |  |  | 0.3 |  |  | — |
Other restructuring costs | 0.8 |  |  | 0.8 |  |  | — |
| 1.1 |  |  | 1.1 |  |  | — |
| $ | 30.8 |  |  | $ | 17.9 |  |  | $ | 12.9 |

NOTE 8 — CONSOLIDATION OF VARIABLE INTEREST ENTITIES
The Company evaluates whether an entity is a variable interest entity (“VIE”) whenever reconsideration events occur and performs reassessments of all VIEs quarterly to determine if the primary beneficiary status is appropriate. The Company consolidates VIEs for which it is the primary beneficiary. If the Company is not the primary beneficiary and an ownership interest is held, the VIE is accounted for under the equity or cost methods of accounting, as appropriate. The primary beneficiary is the variable interest that has the power to direct the activities of the VIE that most significantly impact the VIE’s economic performance; and the obligation to absorb the expected losses and/or the right to receive the expected returns of the VIE.
Significant Nonstrategic Timberland Transactions
In 2005, the Company sold certain timber properties to Plum Creek Timberlands, L.P. (“Plum Creek”) in a series of transactions that included the creation of two separate legal entities that are now consolidated as separate VIEs. One is an indirect subsidiary of Plum Creek (the “Buyer SPE”), and the other is STA Timber LLC, an indirect wholly owned subsidiary of the Company (“STA Timber”). As of July 31, 2016 and October 31, 2015, consolidated assets of Buyer SPE consisted of $50.9 million of restricted bank financial instruments which are expected to be held to maturity. For both of the three month periods ended July 31, 2016 and 2015, Buyer SPE recorded interest income of $0.6 million. For both of the nine month periods ended July 31, 2016 and 2015, Buyer SPE recorded interest income of $1.8 million.
As of July 31, 2016 and October 31, 2015, STA Timber had consolidated long-term debt of $43.3 million. For both of the three month periods ended July 31, 2016 and 2015, STA Timber recorded interest expense of $0.5 million. For both of the nine month periods ended July 31, 2016 and 2015, STA timber recorded interest expense of $1.7 million. The intercompany borrowing arrangement between the two VIEs is eliminated in consolidation. STA Timber is exposed to credit-related losses in the event of nonperformance by an issuer of a deed of guarantee in the transaction.
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Flexible Packaging Joint Venture
On September 29, 2010, Greif, Inc. and its indirect subsidiary Greif International Holding Supra C.V. (“Greif Supra”) formed a joint venture (referred to herein as the “Flexible Packaging JV” or “FPS VIE”) with Dabbagh Group Holding Company Limited and one of its subsidiaries, originally National Scientific Company Limited and now Gulf Refined Packaging for Industrial Packaging Company LTD. The Flexible Packaging JV owns the operations in the Flexible Products & Services segment. The Flexible Packaging JV has been consolidated into the operations of the Company as of its formation date of September 29, 2010.
The Flexible Packaging JV is deemed to be a VIE since the total equity investment at risk is not sufficient to permit the legal entity to finance its activities without additional subordinated financial support. The major factors that led to the conclusion that the Company was the primary beneficiary of this VIE was that (1) the Company has the power to direct the most significant activities due to its ability to direct the operating decisions of the FPS VIE, which power is derived from the significant CEO discretion over the operations of the FPS VIE combined with the Company’s sole and exclusive right to appoint the CEO of the FPS VIE, and (2) the significant variable interest through the Company’s equity interest in the FPS VIE.
All entities contributed to the Flexible Packaging JV were existing businesses acquired by Greif Supra that were reorganized under Greif Flexibles Asset Holding B.V. and Greif Flexibles Trading Holding B.V., respectively.
The following table presents the Flexible Packaging JV total net assets (Dollars in millions):

| July 31, 2016 |  | October 31, 2015
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 10.3 |  |  | $ | 14.5 |
Trade accounts receivable, less allowance of $2.9 in 2016 and $3.2 in 2015 | 45.0 |  |  | 47.5 |
Inventories | 50.8 |  |  | 44.7 |
Properties, plants and equipment, net | 29.0 |  |  | 43.1 |
Other assets | 41.7 |  |  | 36.8 |
Total Assets | 176.8 |  |  | 186.6 |
Accounts payable | 27.6 |  |  | 27.9 |
Other liabilities | 43.2 |  |  | 50.6 |
Total Liabilities | $ | 70.8 |  |  | $ | 78.5 |

Net losses attributable to the noncontrolling interest in the Flexible Packaging JV for the three months ended July 31, 2016 and 2015 were $1.9 million and $2.6 million, respectively; and for the nine months ended July 31, 2016 and 2015, net losses attributable to the noncontrolling interest were $4.5 million and $8.9 million, respectively.
Non-United States Accounts Receivable VIE
As further described in Note 3, Cooperage Receivables Finance B.V. is a party to the European RPA. Cooperage Receivables Finance B.V. is deemed to be a VIE since this entity is not able to satisfy its liabilities without the financial support from the Company. While this entity is a separate and distinct legal entity from the Company and no ownership interest in this entity is held by the Company, the Company is the primary beneficiary because it has (1) the power to direct the activities of the VIE that most significantly impact the VIE’s economic performance, and (2) the obligation to absorb losses of the VIE that could potentially be significant to the VIE. As a result, Cooperage Receivables Finance B.V. has been consolidated into the operations of the Company.
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NOTE 9 — LONG-TERM DEBT
Long-term debt is summarized as follows (Dollars in millions):

| July 31, 2016 |  | October 31, 2015
Amended Credit Agreement | $ | 205.7 |  |  | $ | 217.4 |
Senior Notes due 2017 | 300.3 |  |  | 300.7 |
Senior Notes due 2019 | 246.7 |  |  | 246.0 |
Senior Notes due 2021 | 219.8 |  |  | 219.4 |
Amended Receivables Facility | 75.0 |  |  | 147.6 |
Other debt | 11.4 |  |  | 15.8 |
| 1,058.9 |  |  | 1,146.9 |
Less current portion | (300.3 | ) |  | (30.7 | )
Long-term debt | $ | 758.6 |  |  | $ | 1,116.2 |

Amended Credit Agreement
On December 19, 2012, the Company and two of its international subsidiaries amended and restated the Company’s existing $1.0 billion senior secured credit agreement with a syndicate of financial institutions (the “Amended Credit Agreement”). The total available borrowing under this facility was $705.1 million as of July 31, 2016, which has been reduced by $14.4 million for outstanding letters of credit, all of which is available without violating covenants.
The Amended Credit Agreement contains financial covenants that require the Company to maintain a certain leverage ratio and an interest coverage ratio. The leverage ratio generally requires that at the end of any fiscal quarter the Company will not permit the ratio of (a) the Company’s total consolidated indebtedness, to (b) the Company’s consolidated net income plus depreciation, depletion and amortization, interest expense (including capitalized interest), and income taxes, and minus certain extraordinary gains and non-recurring gains (or plus certain extraordinary losses and non-recurring losses) and plus or minus certain other items for the preceding twelve months (“adjusted EBITDA”) to be greater than 4.00 to 1. The interest coverage ratio generally requires that at the end of any fiscal quarter the Company will not permit the ratio of (a) the Company’s consolidated adjusted EBITDA to (b) the Company’s consolidated interest expense to the extent paid or payable, to be less than 3.00 to 1, during the preceding twelve month period (the “Interest Coverage Ratio Covenant”).
As of July 31, 2016, $205.7 million was outstanding under the Amended Credit Agreement. The Amended Credit Agreement was entirely classified as long term. The weighted average interest rate on the Amended Credit Agreement was 1.91% for the nine months ended July 31, 2016. The actual interest rate on the Amended Credit Agreement was 1.28% as of July 31, 2016.
Senior Notes due 2017
On February 9, 2007, the Company issued $300.0 million of 6.75% Senior Notes due February 1, 2017. Interest on these Senior Notes is payable semi-annually. These Senior Notes are classified as current portion of long-term debt on the condensed consolidated balance sheet as of July 31, 2016. The Company intends to refinance these Senior Notes prior to their stated maturity date.
Senior Notes due 2019
On July 28, 2009, the Company issued $250.0 million of 7.75% Senior Notes due August 1, 2019. Interest on these Senior Notes is payable semi-annually.
Senior Notes due 2021
On July 15, 2011, Greif, Inc.’s wholly-owned subsidiary, Greif Nevada Holdings, Inc., S.C.S. (formerly Greif Luxembourg Finance S.C.A.) issued €200.0 million of 7.375% Senior Notes due July 15, 2021. These Senior Notes are fully and unconditionally guaranteed on a senior basis by Greif, Inc. Interest on these Senior Notes is payable semi-annually.
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United States Trade Accounts Receivable Credit Facility
On September 31, 2013, the Company amended and restated its existing receivables facility in the United States to establish a $170.0 million United States Trade Accounts Receivable Credit Facility (the “Amended Receivables Facility”) with a financial institution. On December 1, 2015, the Amended Receivables Facility was amended to reduce the amount of available proceeds from $170 million to $150 million. The Amended Receivables Facility matures in September 2016, and the Company intends to refinance this facility on similar terms.
NOTE 10 — FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS AND FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS
Recurring Fair Value Measurements
The following table presents the fair value for those assets and (liabilities) measured on a recurring basis as of July 31, 2016 and October 31, 2015 (Dollars in millions):

| July 31, 2016 |  |
| Fair Value Measurement |  |
| Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Total |  | Balance Sheet Location
Foreign exchange hedges | $ | — |  |  | $ | 0.5 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 0.5 |  |  | Prepaid expenses and other current assets
Foreign exchange hedges | — |  |  | (0.1 | ) |  | — |  |  | (0.1 | ) |  | Other current liabilities
Insurance annuity | — |  |  | — |  |  | 20.1 |  |  | 20.1 |  |  | Other long-term assets
Total* | $ | — |  |  | $ | 0.4 |  |  | $ | 20.1 |  |  | $ | 20.5 |  |  |

| October 31, 2015 |  |
| Fair Value Measurement |  |
| Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Total |  | Balance Sheet Location
Foreign exchange hedges | $ | — |  |  | $ | 0.3 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 0.3 |  |  | Prepaid expenses and other current assets
Foreign exchange hedges | — |  |  | (0.2 | ) |  | — |  |  | (0.2 | ) |  | Other current liabilities
Insurance annuity | — |  |  | — |  |  | 20.1 |  |  | 20.1 |  |  | Other long-term assets
Total* | $ | — |  |  | $ | 0.1 |  |  | $ | 20.1 |  |  | $ | 20.2 |  |  |

* | The carrying amounts of cash and cash equivalents, trade accounts receivable, accounts payable, current liabilities and short-term borrowings as of July 31, 2016 and October 31, 2015 approximate their fair values because of the short-term nature of these items and are not included in this table.

Foreign Exchange Hedges
The Company conducts business in various international currencies and is subject to risks associated with changing foreign exchange rates. The Company’s objective is to reduce volatility associated with foreign exchange rate changes. Accordingly, from time to time, the Company enters into various contracts that change in value as foreign exchange rates change to protect the value of certain existing foreign currency assets and liabilities, commitments and anticipated foreign currency cash flows.
As of July 31, 2016, the Company had outstanding foreign currency forward contracts in the notional amount of $85.1 million ($129.9 million as of October 31, 2015). Adjustments to fair value are recognized in earnings, offsetting the impact of the hedged item. The assumptions used in measuring fair value of foreign exchange hedges are considered level 2 inputs, which were based on observable market pricing for similar instruments, principally foreign exchange futures contracts. Gains recorded under fair value contracts were $0.6 million for the three months ended July 31, 2015 . Losses recorded under fair value contracts were $2.0 million for the three months ended July 31, 2016; and were $2.3 million and $6.2 million for the nine months ended July 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively.
Other financial instruments
The fair values of the Company’s Amended Credit Agreement and the Amended Receivables Facility do not materially differ from carrying value as the Company’s cost of borrowing is variable and approximates current borrowing rates. The book value of the net assets and liabilities held by special purpose entities approximate their fair value. The fair values of the Company’s long-term obligations are estimated based on either the quoted market prices for the same or similar issues or the current
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interest rates offered for the debt of the same remaining maturities, which are considered level 2 inputs in accordance with ASC Topic 820, Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures.
The following table presents the estimated fair values of the Company’s senior notes (Dollars in millions):

| July 31, 2016 |  | October 31, 2015
Senior Notes due 2017 |  |  |
Estimated fair value | $ | 307.2 |  |  | $ | 314.8 |
Senior Notes due 2019 |  |  |
Estimated fair value | 282.5 |  |  | 280.6 |
Senior Notes due 2021 |  |  |
Estimated fair value | 266.9 |  |  | 258.7 |

Non-Recurring Fair Value Measurements
Long-Lived Assets
The Company recognized asset impairment charges of $4.1 million during the three months ended July 31, 2016 and $17.6 million for the three months ended July 31, 2015. As a result of the Company measuring long-lived assets at fair value on a non-recurring basis, during the three months ended July 31, 2016, the Company recorded impairment charges of $1.3 million related to properties, plants and equipment, net, in the Rigid Industrial Packaging & Services segment. The Company recognized asset impairment charges of $44.9 million and $22.3 million during the nine months ended July 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively. As a result of the Company measuring long-lived assets at fair value on a non-recurring basis, during the nine months ended July 31, 2016, the Company recorded impairment charges of $5.0 million related to properties, plants and equipment, net, in the Rigid Industrial Packaging & Services segment, $1.5 million related to a cost method investment in the Paper Packaging & Services segment, and $0.8 million of properties, plants and equipment, net, in the Flexible Products & Services segment.
The assumptions used in measuring fair value of long-lived assets are considered level 3 inputs, which include bids received from third parties, recent purchase offers, market comparable information and discounted cash flows based on assumptions that market participants would use.
Assets and Liabilities Held for Sale
The assumptions used in measuring fair value of assets and liabilities held for sale are considered level 3 inputs, which include recent purchase offers, market comparables and/or data obtained from commercial real estate brokers. During the nine month period ended July 31, 2016, three asset groups were reclassified to assets and liabilities held for sale, resulting in a $23.6 million impairment to net realizable value. Included in that asset impairment, was $9.1 million of goodwill allocated to the business classified as held for sale. During the nine month period ended July 31, 2016, one asset group classified as held for sale as of October 31, 2015, was remeasured to net realizable value, resulting in an impairment of $14.0 million. Included in that asset impairment, was $11.9 million of goodwill allocated to the business classified as held for sale. During the three months ended July 31, 2016, one asset group was reclassified to assets and liabilities held for sale, resulting in a $2.8 million impairment to net realizable value.
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The following table presents quantitative information about the significant unobservable inputs used to determine the fair value of the impairment of long-lived assets held and used and net assets held for sale for the nine months ended July 31, 2016.

| Quantitative Information about Level 3 Fair Value Measurements
| Fair Value of Impairment |  | Valuation Technique |  | Unobservable Input |  | Range of Input Values
| (in millions) |  |  |  |  |  |
July 31, 2016 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Impairment of Net Assets Held for Sale | $ | 37.6 |  |  | Broker Quote/ Indicative Bids |  | Indicative Bids |  | N/A
Impairment of Long Lived Assets | $ | 7.3 |  |  | Sales Value |  | Sales Value |  | N/A
July 31, 2015 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Impairment of Long Lived Assets - Land & Building | $ | 17.7 |  |  | Broker Quote/ Indicative Bids |  | Indicative Bids |  | N/A
Impairment of Long Lived Assets - Machinery & Equipment | $ | 3.0 |  |  | Sales Value |  | Sales Value |  | N/A

Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets
On an annual basis or whenever events or circumstances indicate impairment may have occurred, the Company performs impairment tests for goodwill and long lived intangible assets as defined under ASC 350, “Intangibles-Goodwill and Other.” The Company concluded that no such impairment existed as of July 31, 2016 and October 31, 2015.
NOTE 11 — INCOME TAXES
Income tax expense for the quarter was computed in accordance with ASC 740-270 Income Taxes - Interim Reporting ("ASC 740-270"). Under this method, losses from jurisdictions for which a valuation allowance has been provided have not been included in the amount to which the ASC 740-270 rate was applied. Income tax expense of the Company fluctuates primarily due to changes in income mix by jurisdiction, changes in losses from jurisdictions for which a valuation allowance has been provided and the impact of discrete items in the respective quarter.
Income tax expense was $3.5 million and $18.7 million for the three months ended July 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively. Income tax expense was $38.2 million and $45.8 million for the nine months ended July 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively.
As of July 31, 2016, the Company had not recognized U.S. deferred income taxes on the undistributed earnings from certain non-U.S. subsidiaries. The Company’s intention is to reinvest these earnings indefinitely outside of the U.S., or to repatriate the earnings only when it is tax-efficient to do so. Therefore, no U.S. tax provision has been accrued related to the repatriation of these earnings. It is not practicable to estimate the amount of any additional taxes that may be payable on the undistributed earnings given the various alternatives the Company could employ should the Company decide to repatriate those earnings in the future.
NOTE 12 — POST RETIREMENT BENEFIT PLANS
The components of net periodic pension cost include the following (Dollars in millions):

| Three Months Ended July 31, |  | Nine Months Ended July 31,
| 2016 |  | 2015 |  | 2016 |  | 2015
Service cost | $ | 3.2 |  |  | $ | 4.1 |  |  | $ | 9.4 |  |  | $ | 12.4 |
Interest cost | 5.7 |  |  | 7.1 |  |  | 16.9 |  |  | 21.3 |
Expected return on plan assets | (8.3 | ) |  | (8.4 | ) |  | (24.9 | ) |  | (25.3 | )
Amortization of prior service cost, initial net asset and net actuarial gain | 2.8 |  |  | 3.7 |  |  | 8.6 |  |  | 11.0 |
Net periodic pension costs | $ | 3.4 |  |  | $ | 6.5 |  |  | $ | 10.0 |  |  | $ | 19.4 |

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The Company made $9.4 million and $8.1 million in pension contributions in the nine months ended July 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively. The Company estimates $12.5 million of pension contributions for the twelve months ended October 31, 2016.
The components of net periodic cost for postretirement benefits include the following (Dollars in millions):

| Three Months Ended July 31, |  | Nine Months Ended July 31,
| 2016 |  | 2015 |  | 2016 |  | 2015
Service cost | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Interest cost | 0.2 |  |  | 0.1 |  |  | 0.4 |  |  | 0.5 |
Amortization of prior service cost and recognized actuarial gain | (0.4 | ) |  | (0.4 | ) |  | (1.2 | ) |  | (1.2 | )
Net periodic benefit for postretirement benefits | $ | (0.2 | ) |  | $ | (0.3 | ) |  | $ | (0.8 | ) |  | $ | (0.7 | )

NOTE 13 — CONTINGENT LIABILITIES AND ENVIRONMENTAL RESERVES
Litigation-related Liabilities
The Company may become involved in litigation and regulatory matters incidental to its business, including governmental investigations, enforcement actions, personal injury claims, product liability, employment health and safety matters, commercial disputes, intellectual property matters, disputes regarding environmental clean-up costs, litigation in connection with acquisitions and divestitures, and other matters arising out of the normal conduct of its business. The Company intends to vigorously defend itself in such litigation. The Company does not believe that the outcome of any pending litigation will have a material adverse effect on its condensed consolidated financial statements.
The Company may accrue for contingencies related to litigation and regulatory matters if it is probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount of the loss can be reasonably estimated. Because litigation is inherently unpredictable and unfavorable resolutions can occur, assessing contingencies is highly subjective and requires judgments about future events. The Company reviews contingencies at least quarterly to determine whether its accruals are adequate. The amount of ultimate loss may differ from these estimates.
Environmental Reserves
As of July 31, 2016 and October 31, 2015, environmental reserves of $9.0 million and $8.2 million, respectively, were recorded on an undiscounted basis. These reserves are principally based on environmental studies and cost estimates provided by third parties, but also take into account management estimates. The estimated liabilities are reduced to reflect the anticipated participation of other potentially responsible parties in those instances where it is probable that such parties are legally responsible and financially capable of paying their respective shares of relevant costs. For sites that involve formal actions subject to joint and several liabilities, these actions have formal agreements in place to apportion the liability. As of July 31, 2016 and October 31, 2015, environmental reserves of the Company included $4.2 million and $4.3 million, respectively, for various European drum facilities acquired from Blagden and Van Leer; $2.1 million and $2.0 million, respectively, for its various container life cycle management and recycling facilities acquired in 2011 and 2010; $1.7 million and $0.8 million for remediation of a sites no longer owned by the Company; and $1.0 million and $1.1 million for various other facilities around the world.
The Company’s exposure to adverse developments with respect to any individual site is not expected to be material. Although environmental remediation could have a material effect on results of operations if a series of adverse developments occur in a particular quarter or year, the Company believes that the chance of a series of adverse developments occurring in the same quarter or year is remote. Future information and developments will require the Company to continually reassess the expected impact of these environmental matters.
NOTE 14 — EARNINGS PER SHARE
The Company has two classes of common stock and redeemable noncontrolling interests and, as such, applies the “two-class method” of computing earnings per share (“EPS”) as prescribed in ASC 260, “Earnings Per Share.” In accordance with this guidance, earnings are allocated in the same fashion as dividends would be distributed. Under the Company’s articles of incorporation, any distribution of dividends in any year must be made in proportion of one cent a share for Class A Common Stock to one and one-half cents a share for Class B Common Stock, which results in a 40% to 60% split to Class A and B shareholders, respectively. In accordance with this, earnings are allocated first to Class A and Class B Common Stock to the
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extent that dividends are actually paid and the remainder is allocated assuming all of the earnings for the period have been distributed in the form of dividends.
The Company calculates EPS as follows:

Basic Class A EPS | = | 40% * Average Class A Shares Outstanding | * | Undistributed Net Income | + | Class A Dividends Per Share
|  | 40% * Average Class A Shares Outstanding + 60% * Average Class B Shares Outstanding |  | Average Class A Shares |  |
Diluted Class A EPS | = | 40% * Average Class A Shares Outstanding | * | Undistributed Net Income | + | Class A Dividends Per Share
|  | 40% * Average Class A Shares Outstanding + 60% * Average Class B Shares Outstanding |  | Average Diluted Class A Shares |  |
Basic Class B EPS | = | 60% * Average Class B Shares Outstanding | * | Undistributed Net Income | + | Class B Dividends Per Share
|  | 40% * Average Class A Shares Outstanding + 60% * Average Class B Shares Outstanding |  | Average Class B Shares |  |

* | Diluted Class B EPS calculation is identical to Basic Class B calculation

The following table provides EPS information for each period, respectively:

| Three Months Ended July 31, |  | Nine Months Ended July 31,
| 2016 |  | 2015 |  | 2016 |  | 2015
Numerator for basic and diluted EPS |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income attributable to Greif, Inc. | $ | 46.1 |  |  | $ | 8.6 |  |  | $ | 66.4 |  |  | $ | 59.5 |
Cash dividends | (24.7 | ) |  | (24.8 | ) |  | (74.0 | ) |  | (74.0 | )
Undistributed net (loss) income attributable to Greif, Inc. | $ | 21.4 |  |  | $ | (16.2 | ) |  | $ | (7.6 | ) |  | $ | (14.5 | )

The Class A Common Stock has no voting rights unless four quarterly cumulative dividends upon the Class A Common Stock are in arrears. The Class B Common Stock has full voting rights. There is no cumulative voting for the election of directors.
Common stock repurchases
The Company’s Board of Directors has authorized the purchase of up to four million shares of Class A Common Stock or Class B Common Stock or any combination of the foregoing. In April 2016, the Stock Repurchase Committee authorized the Company to repurchase 110,241 shares of Class B Common Stock as part of the program and those shares were repurchased during the second quarter. There have been no other shares repurchased under this program from November 1, 2014 through July 31, 2016. As of July 31, 2016, the Company had repurchased 3,294,513 shares, including 1,425,452 shares of Class A Common Stock and 1,869,061 shares of Class B Common Stock.
The following table summarizes the Company’s Class A and Class B common and treasury shares as of the specified dates:

| Authorized Shares |  | Issued Shares |  | Outstanding Shares |  | Treasury Shares
July 31, 2016 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Class A Common Stock | 128,000,000 |  |  | 42,281,920 |  |  | 25,781,791 |  |  | 16,500,129 |
Class B Common Stock | 69,120,000 |  |  | 34,560,000 |  |  | 22,009,725 |  |  | 12,550,275 |
October 31, 2015 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Class A Common Stock | 128,000,000 |  |  | 42,281,920 |  |  | 25,693,564 |  |  | 16,588,356 |
Class B Common Stock | 69,120,000 |  |  | 34,560,000 |  |  | 22,119,966 |  |  | 12,440,034 |

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The following is a reconciliation of the shares used to calculate basic and diluted earnings per share:

| Three Months Ended July 31, |  | Nine Months Ended July 31,
| 2016 |  | 2015 |  | 2016 |  | 2015
Class A Common Stock: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic shares | 25,781,146 |  |  | 25,692,973 |  |  | 25,746,797 |  |  | 25,659,750 |
Assumed conversion of stock options | 2,038 |  |  | 5,574 |  |  | 349 |  |  | 5,574 |
Diluted shares | 25,783,184 |  |  | 25,698,547 |  |  | 25,747,146 |  |  | 25,665,324 |
Class B Common Stock: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic and diluted shares | 22,009,725 |  |  | 22,119,966 |  |  | 22,079,544 |  |  | 22,119,966 |

NOTE 15 – EQUITY EARNINGS OF UNCONSOLIDATED AFFILIATES, NET OF TAX AND NET (INCOME) LOSS ATTRIBUTABLE TO NONCONTROLLING INTERESTS
Equity earnings of unconsolidated affiliates, net of tax
Equity earnings of unconsolidated affiliates, net of tax represent the Company’s share of earnings of affiliates in which the Company does not exercise control and has a 20 percent or more voting interest. Investments in such affiliates are accounted for using the equity method of accounting. The Company has an equity interest in one such affiliate as of July 31, 2016. The Company had an equity interest in two such affiliates as of July 31, 2015. If the fair value of an investment in an affiliate is below its carrying value and the difference is deemed to be other than temporary, the difference between the fair value and the carrying value is charged to earnings. Equity earnings of unconsolidated affiliates, net of tax were $0.8 million for the three and nine months ended July 31, 2016. Equity earnings of unconsolidated affiliates, net of tax were $0.6 million for the three months ended and $0.3 million for the nine months ended July 31, 2015. There were no dividends received from the Company’s equity method affiliates for the three and nine months ended July 31, 2016 and 2015.
Net (income) loss attributable to noncontrolling interests
Net (income) loss attributable to noncontrolling interests represent the portion of earnings or losses from the operations of the Company’s consolidated subsidiaries attributable to unrelated third party equity owners. Net (income) loss attributable to noncontrolling interests for the three months ended July 31, 2016 and 2015 was ($0.3) million and ($0.7) million, respectively. Net (income) loss attributable to noncontrolling interests for the nine months ended July 31, 2016 and 2015 was ($2.6) million and $1.5 million, respectively
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NOTE 16 — EQUITY AND COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)
The following table summarizes the changes of equity from October 31, 2015 to July 31, 2016 (Dollars in millions, shares in thousands):

| Capital Stock |  | Treasury Stock |  | Retained Earnings |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) |  | Greif, Inc. Equity |  | Non controlling interests |  | Total Equity
| Common Shares |  | Amount |  | Treasury Shares |  | Amount |
As of October 31, 2015 | 47,814 |  |  | $ | 139.1 |  |  | 29,028 |  |  | $ | (130.6 | ) |  | $ | 1,384.5 |  |  | $ | (377.4 | ) |  | $ | 1,015.6 |  |  | $ | 44.3 |  |  | $ | 1,059.9 |
Net income |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 66.4 |  |  |  |  | 66.4 |  |  | 2.6 |  |  | 69.0 |
Other comprehensive income (loss): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
- foreign currency translation |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (5.3 | ) |  | (5.3 | ) |  | (4.3 | ) |  | (9.6 | )
- minimum pension liability adjustment, net of income tax expense |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 3.5 |  |  | 3.5 |  |  |  |  | 3.5 |
Comprehensive income (loss) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 64.6 |  |  |  |  | 62.9 |
Out of period mark to redemption value of redeemable noncontrolling interest |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (19.8 | ) |  |  |  | (19.8 | ) |  |  |  | (19.8 | )
Current period mark to redemption value of redeemable noncontrolling interest |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (3.1 | ) |  |  |  | (3.1 | ) |  |  |  | (3.1 | )
Reclassification of redeemable noncontrolling interest |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1.2 |  |  |  |  | 1.2 |  |  | (22.8 | ) |  | (21.6 | )
Net income allocated to redeemable noncontrolling interests |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (3.9 | ) |  | (3.9 | )
Other |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | (0.4 | ) |  | (0.4 | )
Dividends paid to Greif, Inc. shareholders |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (74.0 | ) |  |  |  | (74.0 | ) |  |  |  | (74.0 | )
Contributions from noncontrolling interest |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 0.8 |  |  | 0.8 |
Dividends to noncontrolling interests |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (3.9 | ) |  | (3.9 | )
Treasury shares acquired | (110 | ) |  |  |  | 110 |  |  | (5.2 | ) |  |  |  |  |  | (5.2 | ) |  |  |  | (5.2 | )
Restricted stock executives and directors | 47 |  |  | 1.3 |  |  | (47 | ) |  | 0.1 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1.4 |  |  |  |  | 1.4 |
Long-term incentive shares issued | 41 |  |  | 1.0 |  |  | (41 | ) |  | 0.1 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1.1 |  |  |  |  | 1.1 |
As of July 31, 2016 | 47,792 |  |  | $ | 141.4 |  |  | 29,050 |  |  | $ | (135.6 | ) |  | $ | 1,355.2 |  |  | $ | (379.2 | ) |  | $ | 981.8 |  |  | $ | 12.4 |  |  | $ | 994.2 |

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The following table summarizes the changes of equity from October 31, 2014 to July 31, 2015 (Dollars in millions, shares in thousands):

| Capital Stock |  | Treasury Stock |  | Retained Earnings |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) |  | Greif, Inc. Equity |  | Non controlling interests |  | Total Equity
| Common Shares |  | Amount |  | Treasury Shares |  | Amount |
As of October 31, 2014 | 47,724 |  |  | $ | 135.5 |  |  | 29,118 |  |  | $ | (130.7 | ) |  | $ | 1,411.7 |  |  | $ | (274.4 | ) |  | $ | 1,142.1 |  |  | $ | 81.1 |  |  | $ | 1,223.2 |
Net income |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 59.5 |  |  |  |  | 59.5 |  |  | (1.5 | ) |  | 58.0 |
Other comprehensive income (loss): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
- foreign currency translation |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (87.7 | ) |  | (87.7 | ) |  | (21.8 | ) |  | (109.5 | )
- Net reclassification of cash flow hedges to earnings, net of immaterial income tax benefit |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 0.1 |  |  | 0.1 |  |  |  |  | 0.1 |
- minimum pension liability adjustment, net of income tax benefit of $2.4 million |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 5.5 |  |  | 5.5 |  |  |  |  | 5.5 |
Comprehensive income (loss) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (22.6 | ) |  |  |  | (45.9 | )
Acquisition of noncontrolling interest and other |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (0.4 | ) |  |  |  | (0.4 | ) |  | (10.1 | ) |  | (10.5 | )
Dividends paid to Greif, Inc. shareholders |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (74.0 | ) |  |  |  | (74.0 | ) |  |  |  | (74.0 | )
Dividends paid to noncontrolling interests |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | (4.0 | ) |  | (4.0 | )
Stock options exercised | 10 |  |  | 0.2 |  |  | (10 | ) |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | 0.2 |  |  |  |  | 0.2 |
Restricted stock executives and directors | 31 |  |  | 1.4 |  |  | (31 | ) |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1.4 |  |  |  |  | 1.4 |
Long-term incentive shares issued | 49 |  |  | 2.0 |  |  | (49 | ) |  | 0.1 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2.1 |  |  |  |  | 2.1 |
As of July 31, 2015 | 47,814 |  |  | $ | 139.1 |  |  | 29,028 |  |  | $ | (130.6 | ) |  | $ | 1,396.8 |  |  | $ | (356.5 | ) |  | $ | 1,048.8 |  |  | $ | 43.7 |  |  | $ | 1,092.5 |

The following table provides the rollforward of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) for the nine months ended July 31, 2016 (Dollars in millions):

| Foreign Currency Translation |  | Minimum Pension Liability Adjustment |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
Balance as of October 31, 2015 | $ | (256.6 | ) |  | $ | (120.8 | ) |  | $ | (377.4 | )
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) Before Reclassifications | (5.3 | ) |  | 3.5 |  |  | (1.8 | )
Current-period Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) | (5.3 | ) |  | 3.5 |  |  | (1.8 | )
Balance as of July 31, 2016 | $ | (261.9 | ) |  | $ | (117.3 | ) |  | $ | (379.2 | )

The following table provides the rollforward of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) for the nine months ended July 31, 2015 (Dollars in millions):
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| Foreign Currency Translation |  | Cash Flow Hedges |  | Minimum Pension Liability Adjustment |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
Balance as of October 31, 2014 | $ | (144.5 | ) |  | $ | (0.1 | ) |  | $ | (129.8 | ) |  | $ | (274.4 | )
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) Before Reclassifications | (87.7 | ) |  | — |  |  | 5.5 |  |  | (82.2 | )
Amounts reclassified from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss | — |  |  | 0.1 |  |  | — |  |  | 0.1 |
Current-period Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) | (87.7 | ) |  | 0.1 |  |  | 5.5 |  |  | (82.1 | )
Balance as of July 31, 2015 | $ | (232.2 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (124.3 | ) |  | $ | (356.5 | )

The components of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) above are presented net of tax, as applicable.
NOTE 17 — BUSINESS SEGMENT INFORMATION
The Company has five operating segments, which are aggregated into four reportable business segments: Rigid Industrial Packaging & Services; Paper Packaging & Services; Flexible Products & Services; and Land Management.
The Company’s reportable business segments offer different products and services. The accounting policies of the reportable business segments are substantially the same as those described in the “Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” note in the 2015 Form 10-K. The measure of segment profitability that is used by the Company is operating profit.
The following segment information is presented for the periods indicated (Dollars in millions):

| Three Months Ended July 31, |  | Nine Months Ended July 31,
| 2016 |  | 2015 |  | 2016 |  | 2015
Net sales |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Rigid Industrial Packaging & Services | $ | 596.8 |  |  | $ | 669.0 |  |  | $ | 1,721.3 |  |  | $ | 1,985.3 |
Paper Packaging & Services | 172.5 |  |  | 176.7 |  |  | 498.1 |  |  | 496.3 |
Flexible Products & Services | 69.9 |  |  | 79.2 |  |  | 219.0 |  |  | 249.3 |
Land Management | 5.8 |  |  | 5.1 |  |  | 17.6 |  |  | 17.3 |
Total net sales | $ | 845.0 |  |  | $ | 930.0 |  |  | $ | 2,456.0 |  |  | $ | 2,748.2 |
Operating profit (loss): |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Rigid Industrial Packaging & Services | $ | 56.7 |  |  | $ | 29.5 |  |  | $ | 113.4 |  |  | $ | 75.5 |
Paper Packaging & Services | 19.1 |  |  | 21.5 |  |  | 64.4 |  |  | 76.7 |
Flexible Products & Services | (5.9 | ) |  | (9.7 | ) |  | (11.9 | ) |  | (23.8 | )
Land Management | 1.7 |  |  | 2.9 |  |  | 6.1 |  |  | 32.3 |
Total operating profit | $ | 71.6 |  |  | $ | 44.2 |  |  | $ | 172.0 |  |  | $ | 160.7 |
Depreciation, depletion and amortization expense: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Rigid Industrial Packaging & Services | $ | 20.8 |  |  | $ | 21.8 |  |  | $ | 63.7 |  |  | $ | 70.2 |
Paper Packaging & Services | 8.0 |  |  | 6.8 |  |  | 23.6 |  |  | 21.5 |
Flexible Products & Services | 1.8 |  |  | 2.2 |  |  | 5.9 |  |  | 6.6 |
Land Management | 0.9 |  |  | 0.8 |  |  | 2.6 |  |  | 2.6 |
Total depreciation, depletion and amortization expense | $ | 31.5 |  |  | $ | 31.6 |  |  | $ | 95.8 |  |  | $ | 100.9 |

The following table presents net sales to external customers by geographic area (Dollars in millions):
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| Three Months Ended July 31, |  | Nine Months Ended July 31,
| 2016 |  | 2015 |  | 2016 |  | 2015
Net sales: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
United States | $ | 400.3 |  |  | $ | 431.5 |  |  | $ | 1,179.0 |  |  | $ | 1,269.7 |
Europe, Middle East and Africa | 318.9 |  |  | 337.3 |  |  | 905.9 |  |  | 979.5 |
Asia Pacific and other Americas | 125.8 |  |  | 161.2 |  |  | 371.1 |  |  | 499.0 |
Total net sales | $ | 845.0 |  |  | $ | 930.0 |  |  | $ | 2,456.0 |  |  | $ | 2,748.2 |

The following table presents total assets by segment and total properties, plants and equipment, net by geographic area (Dollars in millions):

| July 31, 2016 |  | October 31, 2015
Assets: |  |  |
Rigid Industrial Packaging & Services | $ | 1,978.4 |  |  | $ | 2,043.3 |
Paper Packaging & Services | 444.6 |  |  | 444.0 |
Flexible Products & Services | 166.1 |  |  | 187.0 |
Land Management | 337.4 |  |  | 335.2 |
Total segments | 2,926.5 |  |  | 3,009.5 |
Corporate and other | 257.4 |  |  | 306.2 |
Total assets | $ | 3,183.9 |  |  | $ | 3,315.7 |
Properties, plants and equipment, net: |  |  |
United States | $ | 719.3 |  |  | $ | 734.1 |
Europe, Middle East and Africa | 314.3 |  |  | 335.4 |
Asia Pacific and other Americas | 139.4 |  |  | 148.2 |
Total properties, plants and equipment, net | $ | 1,173.0 |  |  | $ | 1,217.7 |

NOTE 18 —REDEEMABLE NONCONTROLLING INTERESTS
During the first quarter of 2016, the Company identified errors related to the accounting for and presentation related to various noncontrolling interests of consolidated entities. The Company has concluded that the errors are not material to any prior period, the current period, or to the trend in earnings and, as such, has presented the error corrections as an out-of-period reclassification in the current condensed consolidated financial statements.
Mandatorily Redeemable Noncontrolling Interests
The terms of the joint venture agreement for one joint venture within the Rigid Industrial Packaging & Services segment include mandatory redemption by the Company, in cash, of the noncontrolling interest holders’ equity at a formulaic price after the expiration of a lockout period specific to each noncontrolling interest holder. The redemption features cause the interest to be classified as a mandatorily redeemable instrument under the accounting guidance and included at the current redemption value each period in long-term or short-term liabilities of the Company, as applicable. The impact of marking to redemption value at each period end is recorded in interest expense.
During the second quarter of 2016, the Company purchased the interest of one of the mandatorily redeemable noncontrolling interest holders that notified the Company of the exercise of its option requiring the Company to purchase its equity for the redemption price of $0.8 million. One remaining partner has the ability to require the Company to redeem its equity in 2017 and the Company has a contractual obligation to redeem the outstanding equity interests of each remaining partner in 2021 and 2022, respectively, and therefore, such redemption values of $10.0 million are included in other long-term liabilities in these condensed consolidated financial statements.
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The following table provides the rollforward of the mandatorily redeemable noncontrolling interest for the nine months ended July 31, 2016 (Dollars in millions):

| Mandatorily Redeemable Noncontrolling Interest
Balance as of October 31, 2015 | $ | — |
Reclassification of book value of noncontrolling interest | 10.4 |
Out-of period reversal of cumulative income allocated to noncontrolling interest | (1.2 | )
Out-of period mark to redemption value | 0.1 |
Current period mark to redemption value | 1.5 |
Repurchase of redeemable shareholder interest | (0.8 | )
Balance as of July 31, 2016 | $ | 10.0 |

Redeemable Noncontrolling Interests
Redeemable noncontrolling interests related to one joint venture within the Paper Packaging & Services segment and one joint venture within the Rigid Industrial Packaging & Services segment are held by the respective noncontrolling interest owners. The holders of these interests share in the profits and losses of these entities on a pro rata basis with the Company. However, the noncontrolling interest owners have the right to put all or a portion of those noncontrolling interests to the Company at a formulaic price after a set period of time, specific to each agreement. During the third quarter of 2016, the Company purchased the remaining interest of one of the redeemable noncontrolling interests for the redemption price of $5.5 million.
Redeemable noncontrolling interests are reflected in the condensed consolidated balance sheets at redemption value. The following table provides the rollforward of the redeemable noncontrolling interest for the nine months ended July 31, 2016 (Dollars in millions):

| Redeemable Noncontrolling Interest
Balance as of October 31, 2015 | $ | — |
Reclassification of book value of noncontrolling interest | 12.4 |
Out-of period mark to redemption value* | 19.8 |
Current period mark to redemption value | 3.1 |
Repurchase of redeemable shareholder interest | (5.5 | )
Redeemable Noncontrolling Interest share of Income/(Loss) and other | 3.9 |
Contributions from /(Dividends to) redeemable noncontolling interest and other | (1.4 | )
Balance as of July 31, 2016 | $ | 32.3 |

* | The out-of-period mark to redemption value amounts were charged to retained earnings in the first quarter of 2016.

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ITEM 2. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
GENERAL
The terms “Greif,” “our company,” “we,” “us” and “our” as used in this discussion refer to Greif, Inc. and its subsidiaries. Our fiscal year begins on November 1 and ends on October 31 of the following year. Any references in this Form 10-Q to the years 2016 or 2015, or to any quarter of those years, relates to the fiscal year or quarter, as the case may be, ended in that year.
The discussion and analysis presented below relates to the material changes in financial condition and results of operations for our condensed consolidated balance sheets as of July 31, 2016 and October 31, 2015, and for the condensed consolidated statements of income for the three and nine months ended July 31, 2016 and 2015. This discussion and analysis should be read in conjunction with the condensed consolidated financial statements that appear elsewhere in this Form 10-Q and “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended October 31, 2015 (the “2015 Form 10-K”). Readers are encouraged to review the entire 2015 Form 10-K, as it includes information regarding Greif not discussed in this Form 10-Q. This information will assist in your understanding of the discussion of our current period financial results.
All statements, other than statements of historical facts, included in this Form 10-Q, including without limitation, statements regarding our future financial position, business strategy, budgets, projected costs, goals, trends and plans and objectives of management for future operations, are forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. Forward-looking statements generally can be identified by the use of forward-looking terminology such as “may,” “will,” “expect,” “intend,” “estimate,” “anticipate,” “aspiration,” “objective,” “project,” “believe,” “continue,” “on track” or “target” or the negative thereof or variations thereon or similar terminology. All forward-looking statements made in this Form 10-Q are based on assumptions, expectations and other information currently available to management. Although we believe that the expectations reflected in forward-looking statements have a reasonable basis, we can give no assurance that these expectations will prove to be correct.
Forward-looking statements are subject to risks and uncertainties that could cause our actual results to differ materially from those forecasted, projected or anticipated, whether expressed in or implied by the statements. Such risks and uncertainties that might cause a difference include, but are not limited to, the following: (i) historically, our business has been sensitive to changes in general economic or business conditions, (ii) our operations subject us to currency exchange and political risks that could adversely affect our results of operations, (iii) the current and future challenging global economy and disruption and volatility of the financial and credit markets may adversely affect our business, (iv) the continuing consolidation of our customer base and suppliers may intensify pricing pressure, (v) we operate in highly competitive industries, (vi) our business is sensitive to changes in industry demands, (vii) raw material and energy price fluctuations and shortages may adversely impact our manufacturing operations and costs, (viii) we may encounter difficulties arising from acquisitions, (ix) we may incur additional restructuring costs and there is no guarantee that our efforts to reduce costs will be successful, (x) tax legislation initiatives or challenges to our tax positions may adversely impact our results or condition, (xi) full realization of our deferred tax assets may be affected by a number of factors, (xii) several operations are conducted by joint ventures that we cannot operate solely for our benefit, (xiii) our ability to attract, develop and retain talented and qualified employees, managers and executives is critical to our success, (xiv) our business may be adversely impacted by work stoppages and other labor relations matters, (xv) our pension plans are underfunded and will require future cash contributions, and our required future cash contributions could be higher than we expect, each of which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and liquidity, (xvi) we may be subject to losses that might not be covered in whole or in part by existing insurance reserves or insurance coverage, (xvii) our business depends on the uninterrupted operations of our facilities, systems and business functions, including our information technology and other business systems, (xviii) a security breach of customer, employee, supplier or company information may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations, (xix) legislation/regulation related to environmental and health and safety matters and corporate social responsibility could negatively impact our operations and financial performance, (xx) product liability claims and other legal proceedings could adversely affect our operations and financial performance, (xxi) we may incur fines or penalties, damage to our reputation or other adverse consequences if our employees, agents or business partners violate, or are alleged to have violated, anti-bribery, competition or other laws, (xxii) changing climate, climate change regulations and greenhouse gas effects may adversely affect our operations and financial performance, (xxiii) the frequency and volume of our timber and timberland sales will impact our financial performance, (xxiv) changes in U.S. generally accepted accounting principles and SEC rules and regulations could materially impact our reported results, (xxv) if the company fails to maintain an effective system of internal control, the company may not be able to accurately report financial results or prevent fraud, (xxvi) the company has a significant amount of goodwill and long-lived assets which, if impaired in the future, would adversely impact our results of operations, and (xxvii) changes in business results may impact our book tax rates. The risks described above are not all-inclusive, and given these and other possible risks and uncertainties, investors should not place undue reliance on forward-
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looking statements as a prediction of actual results. For a more detailed discussion of the most significant risks and uncertainties that could cause our actual results to differ materially from those forecasted, projected or anticipated, see “Risk Factors” in Part I, Item 1A of our 2015 Form 10-K and our other filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission. All forward-looking statements made in this Form 10-Q are expressly qualified in their entirety by reference to such risk factors. Except to the limited extent required by applicable law, we undertake no obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise.
OVERVIEW
Business Segments
We operate in four business segments: Rigid Industrial Packaging & Services; Paper Packaging & Services; Flexible Products & Services; and Land Management.
We are a leading global producer of rigid industrial packaging products, such as steel, fibre and plastic drums, rigid intermediate bulk containers, closure systems for industrial packaging products, transit protection products, water bottles and remanufactured and reconditioned industrial containers, and services, such as container life cycle management, filling, logistics, warehousing and other packaging services. We sell our industrial packaging products and services to customers in industries such as chemicals, paints and pigments, food and beverage, petroleum, industrial coatings, agricultural, pharmaceutical and minerals, among others.
We produce and sell containerboard, corrugated sheets, corrugated containers and other corrugated and specialty products to customers in North America in industries such as packaging, automotive, food and building products. Our corrugated container products are used to ship such diverse products as home appliances, small machinery, grocery products, building products, automotive components, books and furniture, as well as numerous other applications.
We are a leading global producer of flexible intermediate bulk containers and related services. Our flexible intermediate bulk containers consist of a polypropylene-based woven fabric that is produced at our production sites, as well as sourced from strategic regional suppliers. Our flexible products are sold globally and service similar customers and market segments as our Rigid Industrial Packaging & Services segment. Additionally, our flexible products significantly expand our presence in the agricultural and food industries, among others.
As of July 31, 2016, we owned approximately 243,000 acres of timber properties in the southeastern United States. Our Land Management team is focused on the active harvesting and regeneration of our United States timber properties to achieve sustainable long-term yields. While timber sales are subject to fluctuations, we seek to maintain a consistent cutting schedule, within the limits of market and weather conditions. We also sell, from time to time, timberland and special use properties, which consist of surplus properties, higher and better use (“HBU”) properties and development properties.
CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES
The discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations are based upon our condensed consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (“GAAP”). The preparation of these condensed consolidated financial statements, in accordance with these principles, require us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amount of assets and liabilities, revenues and expenses, and related disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities as of the date of our condensed consolidated financial statements.
Our significant accounting policies are discussed in Part II, Item 7 – Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations of the 2015 Form 10-K. We believe that the consistent application of these policies enables us to provide readers of the condensed consolidated financial statements with useful and reliable information about our results of operations and financial condition.
There have been no changes to our critical accounting policies.
RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
The following comparative information is presented for the three and nine months ended July 31, 2016 and 2015. Historical revenues and earnings may or may not be representative of future operating results as a result of various economic and other factors.
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Items that could have a significant impact on the financial statements include the risks and uncertainties listed in Part I, Item 1A — Risk Factors, of the 2015 Form 10-K. Actual results could differ materially using different estimates and assumptions, or if conditions are significantly different in the future.
The non-GAAP financial measure of EBITDA is used throughout the following discussion of our results of operations. EBITDA is defined as net income, plus interest expense, net, plus income tax expense, net of tax, plus depreciation, depletion and amortization. Since we do not calculate net income by business segment, EBITDA by business segment is reconciled to operating profit business by segment. We use EBITDA as one of the financial measures to evaluate our historical and ongoing operations and believe that this non-GAAP financial measure is useful to enable investors to perform meaningful comparisons of our historical and current performance.
Third Quarter Results
The following table sets forth the net sales, operating profit (loss) and EBITDA for each of our business segments for the three month periods ended July 31, 2016 and 2015 (Dollars in millions):

Three Months Ended July 31, | 2016 |  | 2015
Net sales: |  |  |
Rigid Industrial Packaging & Services | $ | 596.8 |  |  | $ | 669.0 |
Paper Packaging & Services | 172.5 |  |  | 176.7 |
Flexible Products & Services | 69.9 |  |  | 79.2 |
Land Management | 5.8 |  |  | 5.1 |
Total net sales | $ | 845.0 |  |  | $ | 930.0 |
Operating profit (loss): |  |  |
Rigid Industrial Packaging & Services | $ | 56.7 |  |  | $ | 29.5 |
Paper Packaging & Services | 19.1 |  |  | 21.5 |
Flexible Products & Services | (5.9 | ) |  | (9.7 | )
Land Management | 1.7 |  |  | 2.9 |
Total operating profit | $ | 71.6 |  |  | $ | 44.2 |
EBITDA: |  |  |
Rigid Industrial Packaging & Services | $ | 77.2 |  |  | $ | 52.5 |
Paper Packaging & Services | 27.1 |  |  | 28.7 |
Flexible Products & Services | (5.7 | ) |  | (6.9 | )
Land Management | 2.6 |  |  | 3.7 |
Total EBITDA | $ | 101.2 |  |  | $ | 78.0 |

The following table sets forth EBITDA, reconciled to net income and operating profit, for our consolidated results for the three month periods ended July 31, 2016 and 2015 (Dollars in millions):
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Three Months Ended July 31, | 2016 |  | 2015
Net income | $ | 46.4 |  |  | $ | 9.3 |
Plus: interest expense, net | 19.8 |  |  | 18.4 |
Plus: income tax expense | 3.5 |  |  | 18.7 |
Plus: depreciation, depletion and amortization expense | 31.5 |  |  | 31.6 |
EBITDA | $ | 101.2 |  |  | $ | 78.0 |
Net income | $ | 46.4 |  |  | $ | 9.3 |
Plus: interest expense, net | 19.8 |  |  | 18.4 |
Plus: income tax expense | 3.5 |  |  | 18.7 |
Plus: other (income) expense, net | 2.7 |  |  | (1.6 | )
Plus: equity earnings of unconsolidated affiliates, net of tax | (0.8 | ) |  | (0.6 | )
Operating profit | 71.6 |  |  | 44.2 |
Less: other (income) expense, net | 2.7 |  |  | (1.6 | )
Less: equity earnings of unconsolidated affiliates, net of tax | (0.8 | ) |  | (0.6 | )
Plus: depreciation, depletion and amortization expense | 31.5 |  |  | 31.6 |
EBITDA | $ | 101.2 |  |  | $ | 78.0 |

The following table sets forth EBITDA for our business segments, reconciled to the operating profit (loss) for each segment, for the three month periods ended July 31, 2016 and 2015 (Dollars in millions):

Three Months Ended July 31, | 2016 |  | 2015
Rigid Industrial Packaging & Services |  |  |
Operating profit | $ | 56.7 |  |  | $ | 29.5 |
Less: other (income) expense, net | 1.1 |  |  | (1.1 | )
Less: equity earnings of unconsolidated affiliates, net of tax | (0.8 | ) |  | (0.1 | )
Plus: depreciation and amortization expense | 20.8 |  |  | 21.8 |
EBITDA | $ | 77.2 |  |  | $ | 52.5 |
Paper Packaging & Services |  |  |
Operating profit | $ | 19.1 |  |  | $ | 21.5 |
Less: other income, net | — |  |  | (0.4 | )
Plus: depreciation and amortization expense | 8.0 |  |  | 6.8 |
EBITDA | $ | 27.1 |  |  | $ | 28.7 |
Flexible Products & Services |  |  |
Operating loss | $ | (5.9 | ) |  | $ | (9.7 | )
Less: other (income) expense, net | 1.6 |  |  | (0.1 | )
Less: equity earnings of unconsolidated affiliates, net of tax | — |  |  | (0.5 | )
Plus: depreciation and amortization expense | 1.8 |  |  | 2.2 |
EBITDA | $ | (5.7 | ) |  | $ | (6.9 | )
Land Management |  |  |
Operating profit | $ | 1.7 |  |  | $ | 2.9 |
Plus: depreciation, depletion and amortization expense | 0.9 |  |  | 0.8 |
EBITDA | 2.6 |  |  | 3.7 |
Consolidated EBITDA | $ | 101.2 |  |  | $ | 78.0 |

Net Sales
Net sales were $845.0 million for the third quarter of 2016 compared with $930.0 million million for the third quarter of 2015. The 9.1 percent decrease in net sales was due to the negative impact of foreign currency translation of 6.5 percent
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primarily attributable to the revaluation of our Venezuelan operations in 2015 and a decrease in volumes of 4.5 percent, primarily attributable to divestitures completed during 2015, partially offset by a slight increase in prices and product mix.
Gross Profit
Gross profit was $176.5 million for the third quarter of 2016 compared with $166.8 million for the third quarter of 2015. The respective reasons for the improvement or decline in each segment are described below in the “Segment Review.” Gross profit margin was 20.9 percent for the third quarter of 2016 compared to 17.9 percent for the third quarter of 2015. The 2015 gross profit includes a $6.0 million net charge related to our Venezuelan operations, which includes the devaluation of the inventory through costs of products sold of $9.3 million offset by margin contribution of $3.3 million.
Selling, General and Administrative Expenses
Selling, general and administrative (“SG&A”) expenses decreased 4.4 percent to $92.6 million for the third quarter of 2016 from $96.9 million for the third quarter of 2015. This decrease was primarily due to the impact of foreign currency translation and the impact of divestitures offset by increases in incentives due to improved business performance. SG&A expenses were 11.0 percent of net sales for the third quarter of 2016 compared with 10.4 percent of net sales for the third quarter of 2015.
Restructuring Charges
Restructuring charges were $10.2 million for the third quarter of 2016 compared with $16.2 million for the third quarter of 2015. Charges for both periods were primarily related to employee separation costs, relocation fees and professional fees incurred for services specifically associated with employee separation and relocation.
Gain on Disposal of Properties, Plants and Equipment, net
The gain on disposal of properties, plants and equipment, net was $0.7 million and $7.0 million for the third quarter 2016 and 2015, respectively. See Note 5 to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 1 of this Form 10-Q for additional information on the gain reported during the third quarter of 2016.
Gain on Disposal of Businesses, net
The gain on disposal of businesses was $1.3 million and $1.1 million for the third quarter of 2016 and 2015, respectively. See Note 2 to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 1 of this Form 10-Q for additional information on the gain reported during the third quarter of 2016.
Operating Profit
Operating profit was $71.6 million for the third quarter of 2016 compared with $44.2 million for the third quarter of 2015. The $27.4 million increase consisted of a $27.2 million increase in the Rigid Industrial Packaging & Services segment and a $3.8 million increase in the Flexible Products & Services segment, offset by a $2.4 million decrease in the Paper Packaging & Services segment and a $1.2 million decrease in the Land Management segment. The primary factors that contributed to the $27.4 million increase, when compared to the third quarter of 2015, were lower non-cash impairment charges of $13.5 million and the impact of the devaluation of our Venezuelan inventory in the third quarter of 2015 of $9.3 million.
EBITDA
EBITDA was $101.2 million for the third quarter of 2016 compared with $78.0 million for the third quarter of 2015. The $23.2 million increase was primarily due to the same factors that impacted operating profit, as described above. Depreciation, depletion and amortization expense was $31.5 million for the third quarter of 2016 compared with $31.6 million for the third quarter of 2015.
Trends
Our fiscal year 2016 results will continue to benefit from the further implementation of our transformation efforts, which emphasize customer service excellence and have resulted in fundamental operational improvements, but will be partially
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offset by the impact of a sluggish global industrial economy, a challenged containerboard environment for the remainder of the year and weaker than expected seasonal agricultural sales.
Segment Review
Rigid Industrial Packaging & Services
Our Rigid Industrial Packaging & Services segment offers a comprehensive line of rigid industrial packaging products, such as steel, fiber and plastic drums, rigid intermediate bulk containers, closure systems for industrial packaging products, water bottles and remanufactured and reconditioned industrial containers, and services, such as container life cycle management, filling, logistics, warehousing and other packaging services. Key factors influencing profitability in the Rigid Industrial Packaging & Services segment are:

• | Selling prices, product mix, customer demand and sales volumes;

• | Raw material costs;

• | Energy and transportation costs;

• | Benefits from executing the Greif Business System;

• | Restructuring charges;

• | Divestiture of businesses and facilities; and

• | Impact of foreign currency translation.

Net sales decreased 10.8 percent to $596.8 million for the third quarter of 2016 compared with $669.0 million for the third quarter of 2015. The decrease in net sales was primarily due to the negative impact of foreign currency translation of 8.8 percent, primarily attributable to the remeasurement of our Venezuelan operations in August of 2015, and a net volume decrease of 6.7 percent, primarily due to the impact of divestitures made since the third quarter 2015. Changes in volumes decreased net sales by 15.1 percent and 11.1 percent in North America and Latin America, respectively, primarily attributable to divestitures completed in those regions, while volume improvement increased net sales by 1.5 percent in Asia Pacific. Volumes were generally flat in Europe, Middle East and Africa.
Gross profit was $131.8 million for the third quarter of 2016 compared with $120.9 million for the third quarter of 2015. The $10.9 million increase in gross profit was primarily due to the positive impact of strategic volume and pricing actions and a $6.0 million net charge in the third quarter 2015 related to the devaluation of inventory through costs of products sold in the Venezuelan operation of $9.3 million net of operational gross margin contribution of the Venezuelan operation of $3.3 million. Gross profit margin increased from 18.1 percent to 22.1 percent for the three months ended July 31, 2015 to 2016, respectively. This increase was primarily attributable to gross profit margin increases from 17.3 percent to 20.5 percent in Asia Pacific, and 19.2 percent to 24.3 percent in North America, and 21.1 percent to 22.5 percent in Europe, Middle East, and Africa for the three months ended July 31, 2015 to 2016, respectively. In Latin America, gross profit margins increased from 3.3 percent to 11.7 percent, due primarily to the impact of the devaluation of the Venezuelan inventory through costs of products sold in the third quarter 2015.
Operating profit was $56.7 million for the third quarter of 2016 compared with operating profit of $29.5 million for the third quarter of 2015. The $27.2 million increase was primarily attributable to the same factors impacting gross profit, a $2.2 million reduction in SG&A expenses, a reduction in restructuring costs of $4.7 million and a reduction in non-cash asset impairment charges of $15.1 million, offset by a decrease of $5.7 million in gain on sales of properties, plants and equipment and businesses, net. On a geographic basis, for the third quarter of 2016, operating profit increased $20.3 million in Latin America, $4.4 million in Europe, Middle East and Africa, $2.7 million in North America and $0.7 million in Asia Pacific, partially offset by a decrease in operating profit of $0.9 million in our closures and reconditioning business.
EBITDA was $77.2 million for the third quarter of 2016 compared with $52.5 million for the third quarter of 2015. The $24.7 million increase was due to the same factors that impacted the segment’s operating profit, as described above. Depreciation, depletion and amortization expense was $20.8 million for the third quarter of 2016 compared with $21.8 million for the third quarter of 2015.
Paper Packaging & Services
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Our Paper Packaging & Services segment produces and sells containerboard, corrugated sheets, corrugated containers and other corrugated and specialty products in North America. Key factors influencing profitability in the Paper Packaging & Services segment are:

• | Selling prices, product mix, customer demand and sales volumes;

• | Raw material costs, primarily old corrugated containers;

• | Energy and transportation costs; and

• | Benefits from executing the Greif Business System.

Net sales decreased to $172.5 million for the third quarter of 2016 compared with $176.7 million for the third quarter of 2015. Net volumes increased 2.5 percent from the third quarter 2015 to the third quarter 2016, primarily related to a shorter annual maintenance shutdown for the mill system and increased output from the Riverville modernization project in the third quarter of 2016. These increases were offset by selling price decreases of 4.9 percent, primarily due to changes in published containerboard index prices during the first nine months of 2016.
Gross profit was $32.3 million for the third quarter of 2016 compared with $35.1 million for the third quarter of 2015. Gross profit margin was 18.7 percent and 19.9 percent for the third quarters of 2016 and 2015, respectively. This decrease was due to the decrease in net sales and an increase in input costs, primarily old corrugated container costs, during third quarter of 2016 as compared to the third quarter of 2015.
Operating profit was $19.1 million for the third quarter of 2016 compared with $21.5 million for the third quarter of 2015. The decrease was primarily due to the same factors impacting gross profit, as described above.
EBITDA was $27.1 million for the third quarter of 2016 compared with $28.7 million for the third quarter of 2015. This decrease was due to the same factors that impacted the segment’s gross profit. Depreciation, depletion and amortization expense was $8.0 million and $6.8 million for the third quarters of 2016 and 2015, respectively.
Flexible Products & Services
Our Flexible Products & Services segment offers a comprehensive line of flexible products, such as flexible intermediate bulk containers. Key factors influencing profitability in the Flexible Products & Services segment are:

• | Selling prices, product mix, customer demand and sales volumes;

• | Raw material costs, primarily resin;

• | Energy and transportation costs;

• | Benefits from executing the Greif Business System;

• | Restructuring charges;

• | Divestiture of businesses and facilities; and

• | Impact of foreign currency translation.

Net sales decreased $9.3 million to $69.9 million for the third quarter of 2016 compared with $79.2 million for the third quarter of 2015. This decrease was primarily attributable to volume decreases of 8.4 percent and the negative impact of foreign currency translation of 2.3 percent for the third quarter of 2016 compared with the third quarter of 2015.
Gross profit was $10.2 million for the third quarter of 2016 compared with $8.9 million for the third quarter of 2015. This increase was primarily attributable to reduced fixed costs and the impact of strategic volume and pricing decisions. Gross profit margin increased to 14.6 percent for the third quarter of 2016 from 11.2 percent for the third quarter of 2015.
Operating loss was $5.9 million for the third quarter of 2016 compared with an operating loss of $9.7 million for the third quarter of 2015. This improvement in operating loss was primarily related to the the same factors impacting gross profit and reductions in SG&A expense.
EBITDA was negative $5.7 million for the third quarter of 2016 compared with negative $6.9 million for the third quarter of 2015. This improvement was due to the same factors that impacted the segment’s operating loss, as described above.
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Depreciation, depletion and amortization expense was $1.8 million for the third quarter of 2016 compared with $2.2 million for the third quarter of 2015.
Land Management
As of July 31, 2016, our Land Management segment consisted of approximately 243,000 acres of timber properties in the southeastern United States. Key factors influencing profitability in the Land Management segment are:

• | Planned level of timber sales;

• | Selling prices and customer demand;

• | Gains on timberland sales; and

• | Gains on the disposal of development, surplus and HBU properties (“special use property”).

In order to maximize the value of our timber property, we continue to review our current portfolio and explore the development of certain of these properties in the United States. This process has led us to characterize our property as follows:

• | Surplus property, meaning land that cannot be efficiently or effectively managed by us, whether due to parcel size, lack of productivity, location, access limitations or for other reasons.

• | HBU property, meaning land that in its current state has a higher market value for uses other than growing and selling timber.

• | Development property, meaning HBU land that, with additional investment, may have a significantly higher market value than its HBU market value.

• | Core Timberland, meaning land that is best suited for growing and selling timber.

We report the disposal of surplus and HBU property in our condensed consolidated statements of income under “gain on disposals of properties, plants and equipment and businesses, net” and report the sale of development property under “net sales” and “cost of products sold.” All HBU, development and surplus property is used by us to productively grow and sell timber until sold. Timberland gains are recorded as gains on disposals of properties, plants and equipment, net.
Whether timberland has a higher value for uses other than growing and selling timber is a determination based upon several variables, such as proximity to population centers, anticipated population growth in the area, the topography of the land, aesthetic considerations, including access to water, the condition of the surrounding land, availability of utilities, markets for timber and economic considerations both nationally and locally. Given these considerations, the characterization of land is not a static process, but requires an ongoing review and re-characterization as circumstances change.
As of July 31, 2016, we had approximately 21,000 acres of special use property in the United States that we expect will be available for sale in the next five to seven years.
Net sales increased to $5.8 million for the third quarter of 2016 compared with $5.1 million for the third quarter of 2015.
Operating profit decreased to $1.7 million for the third quarter of 2016 from $2.9 million for the third quarter of 2015 due to a reduction in gain on disposal of properties, plants and equipment of $1.2 million.
EBITDA was $2.6 million and $3.7 million for the third quarters of 2016 and 2015, respectively. Depreciation, depletion and amortization expense was $0.9 million and $0.8 million for the third quarters of 2016 and 2015, respectively.
Other Income Statement Changes
Interest expense, net
Interest expense, net, was $19.8 million for the third quarter of 2016 compared with $18.4 million for the third quarter of 2015. This increase was a result of mandatorily redeemable noncontrolling interest adjustments to redemption value for the third quarter of 2016 compared to the third quarter of 2015.
U.S. and Non-U.S. Income before Income Tax Expense
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Income before income tax expense derived from non-U.S. operations as a percentage of consolidated income before income tax expense decreased from 5.0 percent to negative 3.7 percent from the third quarter of 2015 to the third quarter of 2016. After eliminating the impact of timberland gains, restructuring charges, non-cash asset impairment charges and gains and losses on the sales of businesses, income before income tax expense derived from non-U.S. operations as a percentage of consolidated income before income tax expense decreased from 54.1 percent to 11.9 percent from the third quarter of 2015 to the third quarter of 2016, respectively. Refer to the following tables for details of the U.S and non-U.S income before income taxes results for the periods presented.

Summary
| Three Months Ended July 31,
| 2016 |  | 2015
Non-U.S. % of Consolidated Net Sales | 52.6 | % |  | 53.6 | %
U.S. % of Consolidated Net Sales | 47.4 | % |  | 46.4 | %
| 100.0 | % |  | 100.0 | %
Non-U.S. % of Consolidated I.B.I.T. | (3.7 | )% |  | 5.0 | %
U.S. % of Consolidated I.B.I.T. | 103.7 | % |  | 95.0 | %
| 100.0 | % |  | 100.0 | %
Non-U.S. % of Consolidated I.B.I.T. before Special Items | 11.9 | % |  | 54.1 | %
U.S. % of Consolidated I.B.I.T. before Special Items | 88.1 | % |  | 45.9 | %
| 100.0 | % |  | 100.0 | %

Non-U.S. I.B.I.T. Reconciliation
| Three Months Ended July 31,
| 2016 |  | 2015
Non-U.S. I.B.I.T. | $ | (1.8 | ) |  | $ | 1.4 |
Non-cash asset impairment charges | 3.6 |  |  | 15.9 |
Restructuring charges | 6.9 |  |  | 13.9 |
Gain on sale of businesses | (1.3 | ) |  | (0.7 | )
Impact of Venezuela devaluation on cost of goods sold | — |  |  | 9.3 |
Impact of Venezuela devaluation on other income/expense | — |  |  | (4.9 | )
Total Non-U.S. Special Items | 9.2 |  |  | 33.5 |
Non-U.S. I.B.I.T. before Special Items | $ | 7.4 |  |  | $ | 34.9 |

U.S. I.B.I.T. Reconciliation
| Three Months Ended July 31,
| 2016 |  | 2015
U.S. I.B.I.T. | $ | 50.9 |  |  | $ | 26.0 |
Non-cash asset impairment charges | 0.5 |  |  | 1.7 |
Timberland gains | — |  |  | — |
Restructuring charges | 3.3 |  |  | 2.3 |
(Gain)/Loss on sale of businesses | — |  |  | (0.4 | )
Total U.S. Special Items | 3.8 |  |  | 3.6 |
U.S. I.B.I.T. before Special Items | $ | 54.7 |  |  | $ | 29.6 |

* | Income Before Income Tax Expense= I.B.I.T.

Income tax expense
The total pretax income was $49.1 million for the third quarter of 2016 compared with $27.4 million for the third quarter of 2015. Our income tax expense is impacted by the respective mix of pretax income between the U.S. and non-U.S. jurisdictions in which we operate, changes in losses from jurisdictions for which a valuation allowance has been provided and
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the impact of discrete items. The mix of pretax income was 103.7 percent U.S. and negative 3.7 percent non-U.S. for the third quarter of 2016 and was 95.0 percent U.S. and 5.0 percent non-U.S. for the third quarter of 2015. Refer to the tables above for details of the U.S and non-U.S pretax income for the periods presented.
We evaluate our deferred tax assets under ASC 740 and determine those which are unlikely to be realized as a result of existing cumulative losses and insufficient projected future sources of taxable income. As a result, our tax expense is impacted by valuation allowances on deferred tax assets.
Income tax expense for the quarter was computed in accordance with ASC 740-270. Under this method, losses from jurisdictions for which a valuation allowance has been provided have not been included in the amount to which the ASC 740-270 rate was applied. Income tax expense of the Company fluctuates primarily due to changes in income mix by jurisdiction, changes in losses from jurisdictions for which a valuation allowance has been provided and the impact of discrete items in the respective quarter.
Income tax expense was $3.5 million for the third quarter of 2016 and $18.7 million for the third quarter of 2015. The third quarter of 2016 tax expense reflected the tax consequences of rebalancing our global debt, net discrete gains and losses for which there was not a proportionate tax recognized, adjustments to uncertain tax position estimates due to audit settlements and expiration of the statue of limitations on several positions, and the impact of losses in jurisdictions with a valuation allowance for which we did not receive a tax benefit.
We have estimated the reasonably possible expected net change in unrecognized tax benefits through July 31, 2017 under ASC 740. Our estimate is based on lapses of the applicable statutes of limitations, settlements and payments of uncertain tax positions and current year increases in uncertain tax positions. The estimated net decrease in unrecognized tax benefits for the next 12 months ranges from $0 to $3.0 million. Actual results may differ materially from this estimate.
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests represents the portion of earnings from the operations of our majority owned subsidiaries that was added to net income to arrive at net income attributable to us. Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests for the third quarters of 2016 and 2015 was $0.3 million and $0.7 million, respectively.
Net income attributable to Greif, Inc.
Based on the same factors that impacted our operating profit, interest expense, and income tax expense, net income attributable to Greif, Inc. was $46.1 million for the third quarter of 2016 compared to $8.6 million for the third quarter of 2015.
OTHER COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS) CHANGES
Foreign currency translation.
In accordance with ASC 830, “Foreign Currency Matters,” the assets and liabilities denominated in a foreign currency are translated into United States Dollars at the rate of exchange existing at the end of the current period, and revenues and expenses are translated at average exchange rates over the month in which they are incurred. The cumulative translation adjustments, which represent the effects of translating assets and liabilities of our international operations, are presented in the condensed consolidated statements of changes in equity in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss).
Minimum pension liability, net
Change in minimum pension liability, net for the third quarters of 2016 and 2015 was $2.9 million and $(0.9) million, respectively. The increase in comprehensive income (loss) resulting from the change in minimum pension liability, net was primarily due to changes in valuation assumptions and the impact of foreign currency translation.
Year-to-Date Results
The following table sets forth the net sales, operating profit (loss) and EBITDA for each of our business segments for the nine month periods ended July 31, 2016 and 2015 (Dollars in millions):
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Nine Months Ended July 31, | 2016 |  | 2015
Net sales: |  |  |
Rigid Industrial Packaging & Services | $ | 1,721.3 |  |  | $ | 1,985.3 |
Paper Packaging & Services | 498.1 |  |  | 496.3 |
Flexible Products & Services | 219.0 |  |  | 249.3 |
Land Management | 17.6 |  |  | 17.3 |
Total net sales | $ | 2,456.0 |  |  | $ | 2,748.2 |
Operating profit (loss): |  |  |
Rigid Industrial Packaging & Services | $ | 113.4 |  |  | $ | 75.5 |
Paper Packaging & Services | 64.4 |  |  | 76.7 |
Flexible Products & Services | (11.9 | ) |  | (23.8 | )
Land Management | 6.1 |  |  | 32.3 |
Total operating profit | $ | 172.0 |  |  | $ | 160.7 |
EBITDA: |  |  |
Rigid Industrial Packaging & Services | $ | 173.5 |  |  | $ | 145.2 |
Paper Packaging & Services | 88.0 |  |  | 98.6 |
Flexible Products & Services | (9.0 | ) |  | (17.8 | )
Land Management | 8.7 |  |  | 34.9 |
Total EBITDA | $ | 261.2 |  |  | $ | 260.9 |

The following table sets forth EBITDA, reconciled to net income and operating profit, for our consolidated results for the nine month periods ended July 31, 2016 and 2015 (Dollars in millions):

Nine Months Ended July 31, | 2016 |  | 2015
Net income | $ | 69.0 |  |  | $ | 58.0 |
Plus: interest expense, net | 58.2 |  |  | 56.2 |
Plus: income tax expense | 38.2 |  |  | 45.8 |
Plus: depreciation, depletion and amortization expense | 95.8 |  |  | 100.9 |
EBITDA | $ | 261.2 |  |  | $ | 260.9 |
Net income | $ | 69.0 |  |  | $ | 58.0 |
Plus: interest expense, net | 58.2 |  |  | 56.2 |
Plus: income tax expense | 38.2 |  |  | 45.8 |
Plus: other expense, net | 7.4 |  |  | 1.0 |
Plus: equity earnings losses of unconsolidated affiliates, net of tax | (0.8 | ) |  | (0.3 | )
Operating profit | 172.0 |  |  | 160.7 |
Less: other expense, net | 7.4 |  |  | 1.0 |
Less: equity earnings losses of unconsolidated affiliates, net of tax | (0.8 | ) |  | (0.3 | )
Plus: depreciation, depletion and amortization expense | 95.8 |  |  | 100.9 |
EBITDA | $ | 261.2 |  |  | $ | 260.9 |

The following table sets forth EBITDA for our business segments, reconciled to the operating profit (loss) for each segment, for the nine month periods ended July 31, 2016 and 2015 (Dollars in millions):
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Nine Months Ended July 31, | 2016 |  | 2015
Rigid Industrial Packaging & Services |  |  |
Operating profit | $ | 113.4 |  |  | $ | 75.5 |
Less: other expense, net | 4.4 |  |  | 0.5 |
Less: equity earnings of unconsolidated affiliates, net of tax | (0.8 | ) |  | — |
Plus: depreciation and amortization expense | 63.7 |  |  | 70.2 |
EBITDA | 173.5 |  |  | 145.2 |
Paper Packaging & Services |  |  |
Operating profit | $ | 64.4 |  |  | $ | 76.7 |
Less: other income, net | — |  |  | (0.4 | )
Plus: depreciation and amortization expense | 23.6 |  |  | 21.5 |
EBITDA | 88.0 |  |  | 98.6 |
Flexible Products & Services |  |  |
Operating loss | $ | (11.9 | ) |  | $ | (23.8 | )
Less: other expense, net | 3.0 |  |  | 0.9 |
Less: equity earnings of unconsolidated affiliates, net of tax | — |  |  | (0.3 | )
Plus: depreciation and amortization expense | 5.9 |  |  | 6.6 |
EBITDA | (9.0 | ) |  | (17.8 | )
Land Management |  |  |
Operating profit | $ | 6.1 |  |  | $ | 32.3 |
Plus: depreciation, depletion and amortization expense | 2.6 |  |  | 2.6 |
EBITDA | 8.7 |  |  | 34.9 |
Consolidated EBITDA | $ | 261.2 |  |  | $ | 260.9 |

Net Sales
Net sales were $2,456.0 million for the first nine months of 2016 compared with $2,748.2 million for the first nine months of 2015. The 10.6 percent decrease in net sales was primarily due to the negative impact of foreign currency translation of 7.1 percent and a decrease due to volumes of 3.9 percent, primarily attributable to divestitures completed in 2015 and 2016.
Gross Profit
Gross profit was $501.5 million for the first nine months of 2016 compared with $501.8 million for the first nine months of 2015. The gross profit decline in the Paper Packaging & Services segment was almost completely offset by increases in the Rigid Industrial Packaging & Services, Flexible Products & Services and Land Management segments. The respective reasons for the movement in each segment are described below in the “Segment Review.” Gross profit margin was 20.4 percent for the first nine months of 2016 compared to 18.3 percent for the first nine months of 2015. The increases in gross profit margin are a result of strategic volume and pricing decisions and cost containment efforts.
Selling, General and Administrative Expenses
SG&A expenses decreased $36.9 million, or 11.6 percent, to $280.3 million for the first nine months of 2016 from $317.2 million for the first nine months of 2015. This decrease was primarily due to the impact of foreign currency translation of $31.9 million and the impact of divestitures of $4.1 million for the first nine months of 2016. The third quarter of 2016 results reflect increases in incentives across several divisions related to improved performance. SG&A expenses were 11.4 percent of net sales for the first nine months of 2016 compared with 11.5 percent of net sales for the first nine months of 2015.
Restructuring Charges
Restructuring charges were $17.9 million for the first nine months of 2016 compared with $26.7 million for the first nine months of 2015. Charges for both periods were primarily related to employee separation costs, relocation fees and professional fees incurred for services specifically associated with employee separation and relocation.
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Gain on Sales of Timberlands
There were no gains on timberland sales for the first nine months of 2016. The gain on timberland sales for the first nine months of 2015 was $24.3 million.
Gain on Disposal of Properties, Plants and Equipment, net
The gain on disposal of properties, plants and equipment, net was $9.5 million and $9.3 million for the first nine months of 2016 and 2015, respectively. See Note 5 to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 1 of this Form 10-Q for additional information on the gain reported during the first nine months of 2016.
(Gain) loss on Disposal of Businesses, net
The (gain) loss on disposal of businesses was $(4.1) million and $8.5 million for the first nine months of 2016 and 2015, respectively. See Note 2 to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 1 of this Form 10-Q for additional information on the gain reported during the first nine months of 2016.
Operating Profit
Operating profit was $172.0 million for the first nine months of 2016 compared with $160.7 million for the first nine months of 2015. The $11.3 million increase consisted of a $37.9 million increase in the Rigid Industrial Packaging & Services segment and a $11.9 million increase in the Flexible Products & Services segment partially offset by a $12.3 million decrease in the Paper Packaging & Services segment and a $26.2 million decrease in the Land Management segment. The primary factors that contributed to the $11.3 million increase, when compared to the first nine months of 2015, were lower SG&A expenses described above, a decrease in restructuring charges of $8.8 million and an increase of $12.8 million in gain on sales of properties, plants and equipment and businesses, net which were offset by higher non-cash asset impairment charges of $22.6 million and lower timberland gains of $24.3 million.
EBITDA
EBITDA was $261.2 million for the first nine months of 2016 compared with $260.9 million for the first nine months of 2015. Depreciation, depletion and amortization expense was $95.8 million for the first nine months of 2016 compared with $100.9 million for the first nine months of 2015.
Segment Review
Rigid Industrial Packaging & Services
Net sales decreased 13.3 percent to $1,721.3 million for the first nine months of 2016 compared with $1,985.3 million for the first nine months of 2015. The decrease in net sales was primarily due to the negative impact of foreign currency translation of 9.3 percent and an impact due to volume decreases of 6.4 percent, primarily due to divestitures made during 2015 and 2016, partially offset by an increase in selling prices and product mix of 2.4 percent. Changes in volumes decreased net sales by 15.5 percent in North America, 7.3 percent in Latin America and 6.1 percent in Asia Pacific, primarily due to the impact of divestitures, while volume improvement increased net sales by 1.4 percent in Europe, Middle East and Africa.
Gross profit was $358.5 million for the first nine months of 2016 compared with $351.2 million for the first nine months of 2015. The $7.3 million increase in gross profit was primarily due to the positive impact of strategic volume and pricing actions, cost containment efforts, decrease in raw material costs, and a $6.0 million net charge in the third quarter 2015 related to the devaluation of inventory through costs of products sold in the Venezuelan operation of $9.3 million net of operational gross margin contribution of the Venezuelan operation of $3.3 million. Gross profit margin increased from 17.7 percent to 20.8 percent for the first nine months of 2015 and 2016, respectively. This increase was primarily attributable to gross profit margin increases from 16.8 percent to 22.7 percent in Asia Pacific, 17.2 percent to 22.0 percent in North America and 10.9 percent to 14.2 percent in Latin America for the first nine months of 2015 and 2016, respectively. In Europe, Middle East, and Africa, gross profit margins were generally flat.
Operating profit was $113.4 million for the first nine months of 2016 compared with $75.5 million for the first nine months of 2015. The $37.9 million increase was primarily attributable to the same factors impacting gross profit, a $26.3 million reduction in SG&A expense, primarily attributable to impact of foreign currency translation, an increase of $13.6 million in gain on sales of properties, plants and equipment and business, net, a reduction in restructuring costs of $9.2 million, partially offset by an increase in non-cash asset impairment charges of $18.5 million. On a geographic basis, for the first nine months
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of 2016, operating profit increased in Latin America by $18.0 million, North America by $13.6 million, Europe, Middle East and Africa by $6.4 million, and $0.8 million in closures and reconditioning businesses, partially offset by a decrease of $0.9 million in Asia Pacific.
EBITDA was $173.5 million for the first nine months of 2016 compared with $145.2 million for the first nine months of 2015. The $28.3 million increase was due to the same factors that impacted the segment’s operating profit, as described above. Depreciation, depletion and amortization expense was $63.7 million for the first nine months of 2016 compared with $70.2 million for the first nine months of 2015. The decrease in depreciation, depletion and amortization expense was primarily due to the impact of divestitures, foreign currency translation, and previous non-cash impairment charges.
Paper Packaging & Services
Net sales increased to $498.1 million for the first nine months of 2016 compared with $496.3 million for the first nine months of 2015. Net volumes increased 5.7 percent from the first nine months 2015 as compared to the first nine months 2016, primarily related to increased containerboard output from the Riverville mill modernization project completed in the second quarter of 2015, and the addition of two lines in the corrugator business. These increases were offset by selling price decreases of 5.3 percent, primarily due to a reduction in published index prices impacting the first nine months 2016.
Gross profit was $105.5 million for the first nine months of 2016 compared with $117.0 million for the first nine months of 2015. Gross profit margin was 21.2 percent and 23.6 percent for the first nine months of 2016 and 2015, respectively. This decrease was due to higher production costs and lower sales price during the first nine months of 2016, as compared to the first nine months of 2015.
Operating profit was $64.4 million for the first nine months of 2016 compared with $76.7 million for the first nine months of 2015. The decrease was primarily due to the same factors impacting gross profit, as described above.
EBITDA was $88.0 million for the first nine months of 2016 compared with $98.6 million for the first nine months of 2015. This decrease was due to the same factors that impacted the segment’s operating profit, as described above. Depreciation, depletion and amortization expense was $23.6 million and $21.5 million for the first nine months of 2016 and 2015, respectively. This increase was primarily due to the completion of the Riverville modernization completed in the second quarter of 2015.
Flexible Products & Services
Net sales decreased 12.2 percent to $219.0 million for the first nine months of 2016 compared with $249.3 million for the first nine months of 2015. This decrease was attributable to volume decreases of 8.9 percent and the negative impact of foreign currency translation of 4.5 percent for the first nine months of 2016 compared with the first nine months of 2015, partially offset by an increase in selling prices of 1.2 percent.
Gross profit was $30.3 million for the first nine months of 2016 compared with $26.8 million for the first nine months of 2015. This increase was mainly due to improved margins as a result of strategic volume and pricing decisions and reductions in fixed and variable production costs, partially offset by $1.2 million in costs associated with the move to an in-house labor model in Turkey. Gross profit margin increased to 13.8 percent for the first nine months of 2016 from 10.8 percent for the first nine months of 2015.
Operating loss was $11.9 million for the first nine months of 2016 compared with an operating loss of $23.8 million for the first nine months of 2015. This improvement in operating loss was primarily due to the same factors impacting the segment’s gross profit as well as SG&A expense reductions realized as part of our transformation efforts.
EBITDA was negative $9.0 million for the first nine months of 2016 compared with negative $17.8 million for the first nine months of 2015. This improvement was due to the same factors that impacted the segment’s operating loss, as described above. Depreciation, depletion and amortization expense was $5.9 million for the first nine months of 2016 compared with $6.6 million for the first nine months of 2015, respectively.
Land Management
Net sales increased to $17.6 million for the first nine months of 2016 compared with $17.3 million for the first nine months of 2015.
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Operating profit decreased to $6.1 million for the first nine months of 2016 from $32.3 million for the first nine months of 2015. This decrease was due to no timberland gains in the first nine months of 2016 compared with $24.3 million of timberland gains in the first nine months of 2015.
EBITDA was $8.7 million and $34.9 million for the first nine months of 2016 and 2015, respectively. This decrease was due to the same factors that impacted the segment’s operating profit, as described above. Depreciation, depletion and amortization expense was $2.6 million for the first nine months of 2016 and 2015, respectively.
Other Income Statement Changes
Interest expense, net
Interest expense, net, was $58.2 million for the first nine months of 2016 compared with $56.2 million for the first nine months of 2015. This increase was a result of mandatorily redeemable noncontrolling interest adjustments to redemption value for the first nine months of 2016 compared to the first nine months of 2015.
U.S. and Non-U.S. Income before Income Tax Expense
Income before income tax expense derived from non-U.S. operations as a percentage of consolidated income before income tax expense decreased from 43.1 percent to 31.9 percent from the first nine months of 2015 to the first nine months of 2016. After eliminating the impact of timberland gains, restructuring charges, non-cash asset impairment charges and gains and losses on the sales of businesses, income before income tax expense derived from non-U.S. operations as a percentage of consolidated income before income tax expense decreased from 53.2 percent to 41.7 percent from the first nine months of 2015 to the first nine months of 2016. Refer to the following tables for details of the U.S and non-U.S income before income taxes results for the periods presented.

Summary
| Nine Months Ended July 31,
| 2016 |  | 2015
Non-U.S. % of Consolidated Net Sales | 52.0 | % |  | 53.8 | %
U.S. % of Consolidated Net Sales | 48.0 | % |  | 46.2 | %
| 100.0 | % |  | 100.0 | %
Non-U.S. % of Consolidated I.B.I.T. | 31.9 | % |  | 43.1 | %
U.S. % of Consolidated I.B.I.T. | 68.1 | % |  | 56.9 | %
| 100.0 | % |  | 100.0 | %
Non-U.S. % of Consolidated I.B.I.T. before Special Items | 41.7 | % |  | 53.2 | %
U.S. % of Consolidated I.B.I.T. before Special Items | 58.3 | % |  | 46.8 | %
| 100.0 | % |  | 100.0 | %

Non-U.S. I.B.I.T. Reconciliation
| Nine Months Ended July 31,
| 2016 |  | 2015
Non-U.S. I.B.I.T. | $ | 33.9 |  |  | $ | 44.6 |
Non-cash asset impairment charges | 23.4 |  |  | 15.4 |
Restructuring charges | 13.1 |  |  | 20.1 |
Gain on sale of businesses | (1.6 | ) |  | (9.5 | )
Impact of Venezuela devaluation on cost of goods sold | — |  |  | 9.3 |
Impact of Venezuela devaluation on other income/expense | — |  |  | (4.9 | )
Total Non-U.S. Special Items | 34.9 |  |  | 30.4 |
Non-U.S. I.B.I.T. before Special Items | $ | 68.8 |  |  | $ | 75.0 |

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U.S. I.B.I.T. Reconciliation
| Nine Months Ended July 31,
| 2016 |  | 2015
U.S. I.B.I.T. | $ | 72.5 |  |  | $ | 58.9 |
Non-cash asset impairment charges | 21.5 |  |  | 6.9 |
Timberland gains | — |  |  | (24.3 | )
Restructuring charges | 4.8 |  |  | 6.6 |
(Gain)/Loss on sale of businesses | (2.5 | ) |  | 18.0 |
Total U.S. Special Items | 23.8 |  |  | 7.2 |
U.S. I.B.I.T. before Special Items | $ | 96.3 |  |  | $ | 66.1 |

* | Income Before Income Tax Expense= I.B.I.T.

Income tax expense
The total pretax income was $106.4 million for the first nine months of 2016 compared with $103.5 million for the first nine months of 2015. Our income tax expense is impacted by the respective mix of pretax income between the U.S. and non-U.S. jurisdictions in which we operate, changes in losses from jurisdictions for which a valuation allowance has been provided and the impact of discrete items. The mix of pretax income was 68.1 percent U.S. and 31.9 percent non-U.S. for the first nine months of 2016 and was 56.9 percent U.S. and 43.1 percent non-U.S. for the first nine months of 2015. Refer to the tables above for details of the U.S and non-U.S pretax income for the periods presented.
We evaluate our deferred tax assets under ASC 740 and determine those which are unlikely to be realized as a result of existing cumulative losses and insufficient projected future sources of taxable income. As a result, our tax expense is impacted by valuation allowances on deferred tax assets.
Income tax for the period was computed in accordance with ASC 740-270. Under this method, losses from jurisdictions for which a valuation allowance has been provided have not been included in the amount to which the ASC 740-270 rate was applied. Income tax expense of the Company fluctuates primarily due to changes in income mix by jurisdiction, changes in losses from jurisdictions for which a valuation allowance has been provided and the impact of discrete items in the respective quarter.
Income tax expense was $38.2 million for the first nine months of 2016 and $45.8 million for the first nine months of 2015. The first nine months of 2016 income tax expense reflected the tax consequences of rebalancing our global debt, net discrete gains and losses for which there was not a proportionate tax recognized, adjustments to uncertain tax position estimates due to audit settlements and expiration of the statue of limitations on several positions, and the impact of losses in jurisdictions with a valuation allowance for which we did not receive a tax benefit.
We have estimated the reasonably possible expected net change in unrecognized tax benefits through July 31, 2017 under ASC 740. Our estimate is based on lapses of the applicable statutes of limitations, settlements and payments of uncertain tax positions and current year increases in uncertain tax positions. The estimated net decrease in unrecognized tax benefits for the next 12 months ranges from $0 to $3.0 million. Actual results may differ materially from this estimate.
Net (income) loss attributable to noncontrolling interests
Net (income) loss attributable to noncontrolling interests represents the portion of earnings from the operations of our majority owned subsidiaries that was added to net income to arrive at net income attributable to us. Net (income) loss attributable to noncontrolling interests for the first nine months of 2016 and 2015 was $(2.6) million and $1.5 million, respectively. The improvement in net (income) attributable to noncontrolling interests was due to the overall decrease in the net operating loss of the Flexible Products & Services segment.
Net income attributable to Greif, Inc.
Based on the factors noted above, net income attributable to Greif, Inc. was $66.4 million for the first nine months of 2016 compared to $59.5 million for the first nine months of 2015.
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OTHER COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS) CHANGES
Foreign currency translation.
In accordance with ASC 830, “Foreign Currency Matters,” the assets and liabilities denominated in a foreign currency are translated into United States Dollars at the rate of exchange existing at the end of the current period, and revenues and expenses are translated at average exchange rates over the month in which they are incurred. The cumulative translation adjustments, which represent the effects of translating assets and liabilities of our international operations, are presented in the condensed consolidated statements of changes in equity in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss).
Minimum pension liability, net
Change in minimum pension liability, net for the first nine months of 2016 and 2015 was $3.5 million and $5.5 million, respectively. The decrease in comprehensive income resulting from the change in minimum pension liability, net was primarily due to changes in valuation assumptions and the impact of foreign currency translation.
BALANCE SHEET CHANGES
Working capital changes
The $14.4 million increase in accounts receivable to $418.1 million as of July 31, 2016 from $403.7 million as of October 31, 2015 was primarily due to timing of collections.
The $14.8 million decrease in accounts payable to $340.5 million as of July 31, 2016 from $355.3 million as of October 31, 2015 was primarily due to the timing of payments and benefits from early payment discounts where financially justified.
We reclassified our 6.75% Senior Notes due February 1, 2017 from Long-term debt to Current portion of long-term debt in the Consolidated Balance Sheet during the three months ended April 30, 2016. We intend to refinance these Senior Notes at their maturity date.
Other balance sheet changes
The $5.2 million decrease in assets held for sale to $11.7 million as of July 31, 2016 from $16.9 million as of October 31, 2015 was primarily due to the sale of three asset groups within the Rigid Industrial Packaging & Services segment during the second and third quarter of 2016, partially offset by the reclassifications into assets held for sale for one asset group in the Rigid Industrial Packaging & Services segment and one asset group in the Flexible Products & Services segment during the third quarter of 2016.
The $25.6 million decrease in prepaid expenses and other current assets to $133.7 million as of July 31, 2016 from $159.3 million as of October 31, 2015 was primarily due to the receipt of $44.2 million in full payment of a subordinated note receivable during the first quarter of 2016, partially offset by in an increase in the deferred purchase price related to accounts receivable sold of $20.2 million.
The $16.1 million decrease in goodwill to $791.0 million as of July 31, 2016 from $807.1 million as of October 31, 2015 was due to impairments recognized on goodwill allocated to divestitures, partially offset by a positive impact of foreign currency translation.
The $44.7 million decrease in properties, plants and equipment, net to $1,173.0 million as of July 31, 2016 from $1,217.7 million as of October 31, 2015 was primarily due to depreciation and the impairment of asset groups within the Rigid Industrial Packaging & Services segment, partially offset by capital expenditures incurred during the period.
The $31.9 million decrease in noncontrolling interests to $12.4 million as of July 31, 2016 from $44.3 million as of October 31, 2015 was primarily due to the reclassification of mandatorily redeemable and redeemable noncontrolling interests out of noncontrolling interests. See Note 18 to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 1 of this Form 10-Q for additional information concerning this reclassification.
LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES
Our primary sources of liquidity are operating cash flows and borrowings under our senior secured credit facility and the senior notes we have issued and proceeds from our United States trade accounts receivable credit facility and proceeds from the sale
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of our non-United States accounts receivable. Our United States trade accounts receivable credit facility is scheduled to expire in September 2016, and we intend to refinance this facility on similar terms. We use these sources to fund our working capital needs, capital expenditures, dividend payments, common stock repurchases and acquisitions. We anticipate continuing to fund these items in a like manner. We currently expect that operating cash flows, borrowings under our senior secured credit facility, proceeds from our U.S. trade accounts receivable credit facility and proceeds from the sale of our non-United States accounts receivable will be sufficient to fund our anticipated working capital, capital expenditures, debt repayment, dividend payments, potential acquisitions of businesses and other liquidity needs for at least 12 months. Alternatively, if funds held outside the U.S. are needed for operations in the U.S., we would be required to accrue and pay U.S. taxes to repatriate those funds. Those international earnings are considered to be permanently reinvested, as we have no plans or intentions to repatriate such funds for U.S. operations.
Capital Expenditures
During the first nine months of 2016, we invested $71.4 million in capital expenditures and $4.7 million in purchases of and investments in timber properties, compared with capital expenditures of $108.2 million and purchases of and investments in timber properties of $38.2 million, during the first nine months of 2015.
We expect capital expenditures, excluding purchases of and investments in timber properties, to be approximately $95.0 to $110.0 million in 2016. The 2016 capital expenditures will replace and improve existing equipment and fund new facilities.
Sale of Non-United States Accounts Receivable
Certain of our international subsidiaries have entered into discounted receivables purchase agreements and factoring agreements (collectively, the “RPAs”) pursuant to which trade receivables generated from certain countries other than the United States and which meet certain eligibility requirements are sold to certain international banks or their affiliates. In particular, in April 2012, certain of our international subsidiaries entered into an RPA with affiliates of a major international bank (the “2012 RPA”). On April 20, 2015, Cooperage Receivables Finance B.V. and Greif Coordination Center BVBA amended and extended the term of the 2012 RPA for an additional two years. Under the 2012 RPA as amended, the number of entities participating in the agreement have decreased. Additionally, the terms have been amended to decrease the maximum amount of receivables that may be sold and outstanding under the agreement at any time to €100 million ($110.6 million as of July 31, 2016). A significant portion of the proceeds from the 2012 RPA was used to pay the obligations under previous RPAs, which were then terminated, and to pay expenses incurred in connection with this transaction. The subsequent proceeds from the RPAs are available for working capital and general corporate purposes. Under the terms of a performance and indemnity agreement, the performance obligations of our international subsidiaries under the 2012 RPA have been guaranteed by Greif, Inc.
See Note 3 to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 1 of Part I of this Form 10-Q for additional information regarding these various RPAs.
Acquisitions, Divestitures and Other Significant Transactions
We completed four divestitures and no material acquisitions for the nine months ended July 31, 2016. The divestitures were of three nonstrategic businesses in the Rigid Industrial Packaging & Services and one in Flexible Products & Services segments.
The gain on the disposal of businesses was $4.1 million for the nine months ended July 31, 2016. Proceeds from the divestitures were $25.2 million. Additionally, we recorded notes receivable of $2.4 million for the sale of two businesses completed during the second quarter of 2016, which are expected to be collected in the fourth quarter of 2017.
We completed eight divestitures and no material acquisitions for the nine months ended July 31, 2015. The divestitures were of nonstrategic businesses, six in the Rigid Industrial Packaging & Services segment and two in the Flexible Products & Services segment. The loss on disposal of businesses was $8.5 million for the nine months ended July 31, 2015. Proceeds from divestitures were $18.9 million.
See Note 2 to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 1 of Part I of this Form 10-Q for additional information regarding these divestitures.
We purchased the remaining redeemable noncontrolling interest of one of our joint ventures for $5.5 million in the third quarter of 2016. We have conditional and mandatory contractual obligations to redeem the outstanding equity interest of certain
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noncontrolling interest holders in our joint ventures in 2017, 2021 and 2022, at which time we may incur additional cash outflows.
Borrowing Arrangements
Long-term debt is summarized as follows (Dollars in millions):

| July 31, 2016 |  | October 31, 2015
Amended Credit Agreement | $ | 205.7 |  |  | $ | 217.4 |
Senior Notes due 2017 | 300.3 |  |  | 300.7 |
Senior Notes due 2019 | 246.7 |  |  | 246.0 |
Senior Notes due 2021 | 219.8 |  |  | 219.4 |
Amended Receivables Facility | 75.0 |  |  | 147.6 |
Other long-term debt | 11.4 |  |  | 15.8 |
| 1,058.9 |  |  | 1,146.9 |
Less current portion | (300.3 | ) |  | (30.7 | )
Long-term debt | $ | 758.6 |  |  | $ | 1,116.2 |

Credit Agreement
We and two of our international subsidiaries have a senior secured credit agreement (the “Amended Credit Agreement”) with a syndicate of financial institutions.
The Amended Credit Agreement provides us with an $800 million revolving multicurrency credit facility and a $200 million term loan, both expiring in December 2017, with an option to add $250 million to the facilities with the agreement of the lenders. The $200 million term loan is scheduled to amortize by the payment of principal in the amount of $2.5 million each quarter-end for the first eight quarters, beginning January 2013, the payment of $5.0 million each quarter-end for the next twelve quarters and the payment of the remaining balance on the maturity date. In August 2014, we made an unscheduled principal payment of $25 million on the term loan portion of the Amended Credit Facility. The remaining loan balance is scheduled to amortize, beginning January 2015, by the payment of principal in the amount of $4.3 million over the next twelve quarters and the payment of the remaining balance on the maturity date. The revolving credit facility under the Amended Credit Agreement is available to fund ongoing working capital and capital expenditure needs, for general corporate purposes and to finance acquisitions. Interest is based on a Eurodollar rate or a base rate that resets periodically plus an agreed upon margin amount. The total available borrowing under this facility was $705.1 million as of July 31, 2016, which included a reduction of $14.4 million for outstanding letters of credit, all of which is available without violating covenants. The weighted average interest rate under the Amended Credit Agreement was 1.91% for the nine months ended July 31, 2016.
The Amended Credit Agreement contains financial covenants that require us to maintain a certain leverage ratio and an interest coverage ratio. The leverage ratio generally requires that at the end of any fiscal quarter we will not permit the ratio of (a) our total consolidated indebtedness, to (b) our consolidated net income plus depreciation, depletion and amortization, interest expense (including capitalized interest), income taxes, and minus certain extraordinary gains and non-recurring gains (or plus certain extraordinary losses and non-recurring losses) and plus or minus certain other items for the preceding twelve months (“adjusted EBITDA”) to be greater than 4.00 to 1. The interest coverage ratio generally requires that at the end of any fiscal quarter we will not permit the ratio of (a) our consolidated adjusted EBITDA to (b) our consolidated interest expense to the extent paid or payable, to be less than 3.00 to 1, during the preceding twelve month period (the “Interest Coverage Ratio Covenant”). As of July 31, 2016, we were in compliance with these covenants.
The terms of the Amended Credit Agreement limit our ability to make “restricted payments,” which include dividends and purchases, redemptions and acquisitions of our equity interests. The repayment of amounts borrowed under the Amended Credit Agreement are secured by a security interest in the personal property of Greif, Inc. and certain of our United States subsidiaries, including equipment and inventory and certain intangible assets, as well as a pledge of the capital stock of substantially all of our United States subsidiaries. The repayment of amounts borrowed under the Amended Credit Agreement is also secured, in part, by capital stock of the non-U.S. subsidiaries that are parties to the Amended Credit Agreement. However, in the event that we receive and maintain an investment grade rating from either Moody’s Investors Service, Inc. or Standard & Poor’s Corporation, we may request the release of such collateral. The payment of outstanding principal under the Amended Credit Agreement and accrued interest thereon may be accelerated and become immediately due and payable upon
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our default in its payment or other performance obligations or our failure to comply with the financial and other covenants in the Amended Credit Agreement, subject to applicable notice requirements and cure periods as provided in the Amended Credit Agreement.
Senior Notes
We have issued $300.0 million of our 6.75% Senior Notes due February 1, 2017. Proceeds from the issuance of these Senior Notes were principally used to fund the purchase of our previously outstanding senior subordinated notes and for general corporate purposes. These Senior Notes are general unsecured obligations of Greif, Inc., provide for semi-annual payments of interest at a fixed rate of 6.75%, and do not require any principal payments prior to maturity on February 1, 2017. These Senior Notes are not guaranteed by any of our subsidiaries and thereby are effectively subordinated to all of our subsidiaries’ existing and future indebtedness. The Indenture pursuant to which these Senior Notes were issued contains covenants, which, among other matters, limit our ability to create liens on our assets to secure debt and to enter into sale and leaseback transactions. These covenants are subject to a number of limitations and exceptions as set forth in the Indenture. As of July 31, 2016, we were in compliance with these covenants. These Senior Notes were reclassified to current portion of long-term debt in the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets in Item 1 of this Form 10-Q as of July 31, 2016. We intend to refinance these Senior Notes prior to their stated maturity date.
We have issued $250.0 million of our 7.75% Senior Notes due August 1, 2019. Proceeds from the issuance of these Senior Notes were principally used for general corporate purposes, including the repayment of amounts outstanding under the then existing revolving multicurrency credit facility, without any permanent reduction of the commitments. These Senior Notes are general unsecured obligations of Greif, Inc., provide for semi-annual payments of interest at a fixed rate of 7.75%, and do not require any principal payments prior to maturity on August 1, 2019. These Senior Notes are not guaranteed by any of our subsidiaries and thereby are effectively subordinated to all of our subsidiaries’ existing and future indebtedness. The Indenture pursuant to which these Senior Notes were issued contains covenants, which, among other matters, limit our ability to create liens on our assets to secure debt and to enter into sale and leaseback transactions. These covenants are subject to a number of limitations and exceptions as set forth in the Indenture. As of July 31, 2016, we were in compliance with these covenants.
Our Luxembourg subsidiary has issued €200.0 million of 7.375% Senior Notes due July 15, 2021. These Senior Notes are fully and unconditionally guaranteed on a senior basis by Greif, Inc. A portion of the proceeds from the issuance of these Senior Notes was used to repay non-U.S. borrowings under our then existing revolving multicurrency credit facility, without any permanent reduction of the commitments thereunder, with the remaining proceeds available for general corporate purposes, including the financing of acquisitions. These Senior Notes are general unsecured obligations of the Luxembourg subsidiary and Greif, Inc. and provide for semi-annual payments of interest at a fixed rate of 7.375%, and do not require any principal payments prior to maturity on July 15, 2021. These Senior Notes are not guaranteed by any subsidiaries of Greif, Inc. or of the issuer and thereby are effectively subordinated to all existing and future indebtedness of the subsidiaries of the issuer and of Greif, Inc. The Indenture pursuant to which these Senior Notes were issued contains covenants, which, among other matters, limit our ability to create liens on our assets to secure debt and to enter into sale and leaseback transactions. These covenants are subject to a number of limitations and exceptions as set forth in the Indenture. As of July 31, 2016, we were in compliance with these covenants.
The assumptions used in measuring fair value of all of the Senior Notes are considered level 2 inputs, which were based on observable market pricing for similar instruments.
United States Trade Accounts Receivable Credit Facility
We and certain of our domestic subsidiaries have a $150.0 million United States Accounts Receivable Credit Facility (the “Amended Receivables Facility”) with a financial institution. The Amended Receivables Facility matures in September 2016, and we intend to refinance this facility in similar terms. In addition, we can terminate the Amended Receivables Facility at any time upon five days prior written notice. The Amended Receivables Facility is secured by certain of our United States trade accounts receivables and bears interest at a variable rate based on the London InterBank Offered Rate or an applicable base rate, plus a margin, or a commercial paper rate plus a margin. Interest is payable on a monthly basis and the principal balance is payable upon termination of the Amended Receivables Facility. The Amended Receivables Facility also contains certain covenants and events of default, including a requirement that, at the end of any fiscal quarter, we will not permit the Interest Coverage Ratio Covenant to be less than 3.00 to 1 during the applicable trailing twelve-month period. As of July 31, 2016, we were in compliance with this covenant. Proceeds of the Amended Receivables Facility are available for working capital and general corporate purposes.
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Financial Instruments
Interest Rate Derivatives
As of July 31, 2016, we have no interest rate derivatives. We may use interest rate derivatives in the future to manage exposure to interest rate fluctuations as needed.
Foreign Exchange Hedges
We conduct business in major international currencies and are subject to risks associated with changing foreign exchange rates. Our objective is to reduce volatility associated with foreign exchange rate changes to allow management to focus its attention on business operations. Accordingly, we enter into various contracts that change in value as foreign exchange rates change to protect the value of certain existing foreign currency assets and liabilities, commitments and anticipated foreign currency revenues and expenses.
As of July 31, 2016, we had outstanding foreign currency forward contracts in the notional amount of $85.1 million ($129.9 million as of October 31, 2015). Adjustments to fair value are recognized in earnings, offsetting the impact of the hedged item. The assumptions used in measuring fair value of foreign exchange hedges are considered level 2 inputs, which were based on observable market pricing for similar instruments, principally foreign exchange futures contracts. Gains recorded under fair value contracts were $0.6 million for the three months ended July 31, 2015. Losses recorded under fair value contracts were $2.0 million for the three months ended July 31, 2016; and were $2.3 million and $6.2 million for the nine months ended July 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively.
Stock Repurchase Program and Other Share Acquisitions
Our Board of Directors has authorized the purchase of up to four million shares of Class A Common Stock or Class B Common Stock or any combination of the foregoing. In April 2016, the Stock Repurchase Committee authorized us to repurchase 110,241 shares of Class B Common Stock as part of the program and those shares were repurchased during the second quarter. There have been no other shares repurchased under this program from November 1, 2014 through July 31, 2016. As of July 31, 2016, we had repurchased 3,294,513 shares, including 1,425,452 shares of Class A Common Stock and 1,869,061 shares of Class B Common Stock.
ITEM 3. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURE ABOUT MARKET RISK
There has not been a significant change in the quantitative and qualitative disclosures about our market risk from the disclosures contained in the 2015 Form 10-K.
ITEM 4. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
During the fourth quarter of 2014, in conjunction with the implementation of additional internal controls started in 2013, related to the calculation and reconciliation of deferred income tax assets, deferred income tax liabilities and uncertain tax positions, management identified unreconciled differences and errors in the income tax accounts of certain of the Company’s non-U.S. subsidiaries. Specifically, prior to 2014, certain calculations and reconciliations had not been accurately and consistently performed for these income tax accounts for certain non-U.S. subsidiaries nor were return-to-provision reconciliations consistently performed as non-U.S. subsidiary tax returns were filed. The errors were not material to any individual prior fiscal year; however, the correction of these errors would have been material to the 2014 financial statements. Consequently, the Company revised ending retained earnings, goodwill, deferred income taxes and uncertain tax positions as of October 31, 2011, and revised the Company’s financial statements as of and for the years ended October 31, 2012 and October 31, 2013 from the amounts previously reported.
The actions that have been implemented to remediate the above identified material weakness include the improvement of internal controls for the Company’s non-U.S. subsidiaries related to the timely and accurate calculation and reconciliation of the income tax accounts and the completion and review of return-to-provision reconciliations. Management believes the steps taken to date have improved the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. Moreover, the Company has hired additional personnel and engaged external tax advisors for the income tax accounting function in connection with remediating this material weakness.
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However, the material weakness will not be considered remediated until the applicable internal controls operate for a sufficient period of time and management has concluded, through testing, that these controls are operating effectively. Accordingly, the material weakness in our internal controls over financial reporting related to accounting for income taxes, including deferred income taxes and uncertain tax positions, had not been remediated as of July 31, 2016.
In the course of completing our assessment of internal control over financial reporting as of October 31, 2014, management identified a number of deficiencies related to the design and operating effectiveness of information technology general controls for certain of our information systems that are relevant to the preparation of the Company’s condensed consolidated financial statements and system of internal control over financial reporting (i.e., the “affected IT systems”). In particular, these deficiencies related to logical access controls and program change management controls that are intended to ensure that access to financial applications and data is adequately restricted to appropriate personnel and that all changes affecting the financial applications and underlying account records are identified, authorized, tested and implemented appropriately. Additionally, as a result of the deficiencies identified, there is a possibility that the effectiveness of business process controls that are dependent on the affected IT systems or data and financial reports generated from the affected IT systems may be adversely affected.
Management has been actively engaged in developing and implementing a remediation plan to address the material weakness in the Company’s IT systems noted above. The remediation actions that are expected to be taken include the following:

• | Improvement of the design and operation of control activities and procedures associated with user and administrator access to the affected IT systems, including both preventive and detective control activities.

• | Implementation of appropriate program change management control activities, including implementation of change management control setting configurations across the affected IT systems, as well as tracking of access and history of changes.

• | Implementation of business process controls that directly and precisely address the risks related to accuracy and completeness of the financial reports and data generated from the affected IT systems and used in the performance of underlying business process controls.

In addition, the continued implementation of our global ERP platform will positively impact the remediation plan as many of the affected IT systems with deficiencies are expected to be removed from operation.
Management believes the foregoing efforts will effectively remediate the above identified material weakness. Because the reliability of the internal control process requires repeatable execution, the successful remediation of this material weakness will require review and evidence of effectiveness prior to management concluding that the controls are effective and there is no assurance that additional remediation steps will not be necessary. While progress has been made related to the remediation activities noted above, deficiencies in access and change management controls in several key systems and reliance on data generated from those IT systems have not yet been proven to be remediated. Accordingly, the material weakness in our internal controls over financial reporting related to information technology general controls in the areas of user access, change management and key reports had not been remediated as of July 31, 2016.
As part of the process of remediating our material weaknesses discussed above, management continues to evaluate resources, change and expand roles and responsibilities of key personnel and make changes to certain processes related to financial close, systems and financial reporting. We continue to consolidate some of our transaction processing and general accounting activities onto a common, company-wide management information and accounting system, including the conversion of several of our U.S. plants and our U.S. based shared services during the quarter. We have also continued implementation of a global account reconciliation and monitoring tool. These changes are intended to further enhance our internal control over financial reporting and our operating efficiencies. No other changes occurred in our internal control over financial reporting during our most recent fiscal quarter that materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting. Notwithstanding the identified material weaknesses, management believes the condensed consolidated financial statements included in this Form 10-Q fairly present, in all material respects, our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows at and for the periods presented in accordance with U.S. GAAP.
Except as noted in the preceding paragraphs, there has been no change in our internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the most recent quarter that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
Disclosure Controls and Procedures
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With the participation of our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, our management has evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”)), as of the end of the period covered by this report. Based upon that evaluation, our principal executive officer and principal financial officer have concluded that, as of the end of the period covered by this report:

• | Information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the rules and forms of the Securities and Exchange Commission;

• | Information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure; and

• | Because of a material weakness in internal controls over financial reporting related to accounting for international income taxes, including deferred income taxes and uncertain tax positions, and a material weakness over financial reporting related to information technology general controls in the areas of user access and change management, our disclosure controls and procedures and internal controls over financial reporting were not effective.

PART II. OTHER INFORMATION
ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS
There have been no material changes in our risk factors from those disclosed in the 2015 Form 10-K under Part I, Item 1A –– Risk Factors.
ITEM 2. UNREGISTERED SALES OF EQUITY SECURITIES AND USE OF PROCEEDS
Issuer Purchases of Class A Common Stock

Period | Total Number of Shares Purchased |  | Average Price Paid Per Share |  | Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs (1) |  | Maximum Number (or Approximate Dollar Value) of Shares that May Yet Be Purchased under the Plans or Programs (1)
November 2015 | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 815,728 |
December 2015 | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 815,728 |
January 2016 | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 815,728 |
February 2016 | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 815,728 |
March 2016 | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 815,728 |
April 2016 | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 705,487 |
May 2016 | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 705,487 |
June 2016 | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 705,487 |
July 2016 | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 705,487 |

Issuer Purchases of Class B Common Stock
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Period | Total Number of Shares Purchased |  | Average Price Paid Per Share |  | Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs (1) |  | Maximum Number (or Approximate Dollar Value) of Shares that May Yet Be Purchased under the Plans or Programs (1)
November 2015 | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 815,728 |
December 2015 | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 815,728 |
January 2016 | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 815,728 |
February 2016 | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 815,728 |
March 2016 | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 815,728 |
April 2016 | 110,241 |  |  | $ | 47.62 |  |  | 110,241 |  |  | 705,487 |
May 2016 | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 705,487 |
June 2016 | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 705,487 |
July 2016 | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 705,487 |

_______________

(1) | Our Board of Directors has authorized a stock repurchase program which permits us to purchase up to 4.0 million shares of our Class A Common Stock or Class B Common Stock, or any combination thereof. As of July 31, 2016, the maximum number of shares that may yet be purchased was 705,487 shares, which may be any combination of Class A Common Stock or Class B Common Stock.

ITEM 6. EXHIBITS
(a.) Exhibits

Exhibit No. |  | Description of Exhibit
31.1 |  | Certification of Chief Executive Officer Pursuant to Rule 13a — 14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.
31.2 |  | Certification of Vice President and Chief Financial Officer Pursuant to Rule 13a — 14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.
32.1 |  | Certification of Chief Executive Officer required by Rule 13a —14(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and Section 1350 of Chapter 63 of Title 18 of the United States Code.
32.2 |  | Certification of Vice President and Chief Financial Officer required by Rule 13a — 14(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and Section 1350 of Chapter 63 of Title 18 of the United States Code.
101 |  | The following financial statements from the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended July 31, 2016, formatted in XBRL (Extensible Business Reporting Language): (i) Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income and Comprehensive Income (Loss), (ii) Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets, (iii) Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flow and (iv) Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

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SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Company has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereto duly authorized.

|  | Greif, Inc.
|  | (Registrant)
Date: September 2, 2016 |  | /s/ Lawrence A. Hilsheimer
|  | Lawrence A. Hilsheimer,
|  | Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

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