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INCOME TAXES
 12 Months Ended
Oct. 31, 2024
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]  
INCOME TAXES INCOME TAXES
The provision for income taxes consists of the following:
Year Ended October 31,
(in millions)202420232022
Current
Federal$44.7 $77.4 $54.6 
State and local8.9 19.6 19.9 
Non-U.S.59.8 49.1 49.2 
Total Current113.4 146.1 123.7 
Deferred
Federal(61.5)(18.8)12.5 
State and local(12.7)(8.6)(6.6)
Non-U.S.(12.0)(0.9)7.5 
Total Deferred(86.2)(28.3)13.4 
Tax expense$27.2 $117.8 $137.1 
The U.S. income before income tax expense was $85.1 million, $240.7 million and $333.5 million in 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The non-U.S. income before income tax expense was $234.5 million, $254.0 million and $192.2 million in 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
The following is a reconciliation of the provision for income taxes based on the federal statutory rate to the Company’s effective income tax rate:
Year Ended October 31,
202420232022
Federal statutory rate21.00 %21.00 %21.00 %
Impact of foreign tax rate differential1.26 %1.78 %2.03 %
State and local taxes, net of federal tax benefit(1.04)%1.71 %2.01 %
Net impact of changes in valuation allowances(3.32)%(2.21)%(1.05)%
Permanent book-tax differences5.71 %(0.25)%1.60 %
Withholding taxes5.14 %2.95 %2.33 %
Tax credits(6.63)%(1.40)%(0.99)%
Impact of intangible property transfers(15.38)%— %— %
Other items, net1.77 %0.23 %(0.84)%
Company’s effective income tax rate8.51 %23.81 %26.09 %
The primary items that decreased the Company’s effective income tax rate from the federal statutory rate in 2024 were recognition of a deferred tax asset related to the onshoring of certain intangible property, tax credits and release of valuation allowances. The decreases were partially offset by permanent differences between book income and taxable income, including the allocation of goodwill to the Delta Divestiture for which a tax benefit will not be realized, and withholding taxes.
The primary items that increased the Company’s effective income tax rate from the federal statutory rate in 2023 were changes in the mix of earnings among tax jurisdictions, including jurisdictions for which valuation allowances have been recorded, state and local taxes and withholding taxes. The increases were partially offset by tax credits and release of valuation allowances.
The primary items that increased the Company’s effective income tax rate from the federal statutory rate in 2022 were changes in the mix of earnings among tax jurisdictions, including jurisdictions for which valuation allowances have been recorded, state and local taxes, withholding taxes and the net $58.6 million book loss recorded for the FPS Divestiture and other disposals of businesses for which limited tax benefits were available. The increases were partially offset by decreases in valuation allowances and recording additional capital losses which are expected to be fully utilized.
The components of the Company’s deferred tax assets and liabilities as of October 31 for the years indicated were as follows:
(in millions)20242023
Deferred tax assets
Net operating loss and other carryforwards$126.5 $104.9 
Incentive liabilities20.5 18.6 
Operating lease liabilities68.1 70.3 
Other reserves12.5 16.0 
Research and development expenses56.7 29.7 
Other70.3 45.4 
Total deferred tax assets354.6 284.9 
Valuation allowance(87.4)(97.3)
Net deferred tax assets$267.2 $187.6 
Deferred tax liabilities
Properties, plants and equipment$181.1 $157.2 
Operating lease assets68.1 70.3 
Timberland transactions52.7 51.6 
Goodwill and other intangible assets163.2 150.6 
Pension liabilities8.9 10.6 
Other51.4 50.0 
Total deferred tax liabilities525.4 490.3 
Net deferred tax liability$258.2 $302.7 
As of October 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company had deferred income tax benefits of $126.5 million and $104.9 million, respectively, from net operating losses and other tax credit carryforwards. For the fiscal year ended October 31, 2024, these losses and carryforwards consist of $19.5 million, $10.2 million and $96.8 million in U.S. Federal, U.S. state and non-U.S. jurisdictions, respectively. For the fiscal year ended October 31, 2023, these losses and carryforwards consist of $7.5 million, $10.1 million and $87.3 million in U.S. Federal, U.S. state and non-U.S. jurisdictions, respectively. The Company has recorded valuation allowances of $65.2 million and $82.8 million against non-U.S. deferred tax assets as of October 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The Company has also recorded valuation allowances against U.S. deferred tax assets of $22.2 million and $14.5 million, as of October 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The Company had net changes in valuation allowances in 2024 of $9.9 million.
A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of unrecognized tax benefits is as follows:
(in millions)202420232022
Balance of unrecognized tax benefit at November 1$23.4 $24.3 $31.0 
Increases in tax positions for prior years1.7 0.6 0.2 
Increases in tax positions for current years3.9 4.1 5.9 
Lapse in statute of limitations(3.6)(4.6)(11.4)
Currency translation0.1 (1.0)(1.4)
Balance at October 31$25.5 $23.4 $24.3 
The 2024 net increase in unrecognized tax benefits is primarily related to increases in unrecognized tax benefits related to the prior and current year, offset by decreases related to lapses in the statute of limitations. The Company files income tax returns in the U.S. federal jurisdiction, various U.S. state jurisdictions and various non-U.S. jurisdictions and is subject to audit by various taxing authorities for 2016 through the current year. The Company has completed its U.S. federal tax audit for the tax years through 2016, and the statues of limitations have expired for years 2017 through 2020. The Company has filed a refund claim for 2019 and is under audit for this year. Adjustments may only be made up to the amount of the refund claim.
The October 31, 2024, 2023, 2022 balances include $25.5 million, $23.4 million and $24.3 million, respectively, of unrecognized tax benefits that, if recognized, would have an impact on the effective tax rate. The Company also recognizes
accrued interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits in income tax expense net of tax, as applicable. As of October 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company had accrued for the payment of interest and penalties in the amounts of $3.8 million and $4.8 million, respectively.
The Company has estimated the reasonably possible expected net change in unrecognized tax benefits through October 31, 2024 under ASC 740, “Income Taxes.” The Company’s estimate is based on lapses of the applicable statutes of limitations, settlements and payments of uncertain tax positions. Though actual results may materially differ, the estimated net decrease in unrecognized tax benefits for the next 12 months could be up to $6.3 million.