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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2016
Accounting Policies [Abstract] |
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies | Summary of Significant Accounting Policies Principles of Consolidation The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Boise Cascade and its subsidiaries. Intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated. Use of Estimates The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (GAAP) requires management to make estimates and assumptions about future events. These estimates and the underlying assumptions affect the amounts of assets and liabilities reported, disclosures about contingent assets and liabilities, and reported amounts of revenues and expenses. Such estimates include the valuation of accounts receivable, inventories, goodwill, intangible assets, and other long-lived assets; legal contingencies; guarantee obligations; indemnifications; assumptions used in retirement, medical, and workers' compensation benefits; stock-based compensation; fair value measurements; income taxes; and vendor and customer rebates, among others. These estimates and assumptions are based on management's best estimates and judgment. Management evaluates its estimates and assumptions on an ongoing basis using historical experience and other factors, including the current economic environment, which management believes to be reasonable under the circumstances. We adjust such estimates and assumptions when facts and circumstances dictate. As future events and their effects cannot be determined with precision, actual results could differ significantly from these estimates. Changes in these estimates resulting from continuing changes in the economic environment will be reflected in the consolidated financial statements in future periods. Revenue Recognition We recognize revenue when the following criteria are met: persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists, delivery has occurred or services have been rendered, our price to the buyer is fixed or determinable, and collectibility is reasonably assured. Delivery is not considered to have occurred until the customer takes title and assumes the risks and rewards of ownership. The timing of revenue recognition is dependent on shipping terms. Revenue is recorded at the time of shipment for terms designated free on board (fob) shipping point. For sales transactions designated fob destination, revenue is recorded when the product is delivered to the customer's delivery site. Fees for shipping and handling charged to customers for sales transactions are included in "Sales." For our Wood Products segment, costs related to shipping and handling are included in "Materials, labor, and other operating expenses (excluding depreciation)." In our Wood Products segment, we view our shipping and handling costs as a cost of the manufacturing process and the movement of product to our end customers. For our Building Materials Distribution segment, costs related to shipping and handling of $121.6 million, $109.2 million, and $104.8 million are included in "Selling and distribution expenses" for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015, and 2014, respectively. In our Building Materials Distribution segment, our activities relate to the purchase and resale of finished product, and excluding shipping and handling costs from “Materials, labor, and other operating expenses (excluding depreciation)” provides us a clearer view of our operating performance and the effectiveness of our sales and purchasing functions. Cash and Cash Equivalents Cash equivalents consist of short-term investments that have a maturity of three months or less at the date of purchase. At December 31, 2016 and 2015, the majority of our cash and cash equivalents were invested in money market funds that are broadly diversified and invested in high-quality, short-duration securities, including commercial paper, certificates of deposit, U.S. government agency securities, and similar instruments. We have significant amounts of cash and cash equivalents that are in excess of federally insured limits. Though we have not experienced any losses on our cash and cash equivalents to date and we do not anticipate incurring any losses, we cannot be assured that we will not experience losses on our cash and cash equivalents. Trade Accounts Receivables and Allowance for Doubtful Accounts Trade accounts receivable are stated at the amount we expect to collect. Trade accounts receivable do not bear interest. We make ongoing estimates relating to the collectibility of our accounts receivable and maintain a reserve for estimated losses resulting from the inability of our customers to meet their financial obligations to us. At December 31, 2016 and 2015, we had $1.5 million and $1.7 million, respectively, recorded as allowances for doubtful accounts. In determining the amount of the reserve and in order to manage credit risk, we consider our historical level of credit losses, customer concentrations, and current economic trends and monitor the creditworthiness of significant customers based on ongoing credit evaluations. Our sales are principally to customers in the building products industry located in the U.S. and Canada. A significant portion of our sales are concentrated with a relatively small number of customers. In 2016, our top ten customers represented approximately 33% of sales. At December 31, 2016, receivables from two customers accounted for approximately 11% and 12%, respectively, of total receivables. At December 31, 2015, receivables from two customers each accounted for approximately 10% of total receivables. No other customer accounted for 10% or more of total receivables. Adjustments to the valuation allowance are charged to income. Trade accounts receivable balances that remain outstanding after we have used reasonable collection efforts are written off through a charge to the valuation allowance and a credit to accounts receivable. Although we have not experienced material credit losses in recent years, our actual future losses from uncollectible accounts may differ materially from our current estimates. As additional information becomes known, we may change our estimates. In the event we determine that a change in the reserve is appropriate, we will record a charge to "Selling and distribution expenses" in our Consolidated Statements of Operations in the period we make such a determination. Fair Value Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. The fair value hierarchy under GAAP gives the highest priority to quoted market prices (Level 1) and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs (Level 3). In general, and where applicable, we use quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities to determine fair value (Level 1). If quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities are not available to determine fair value, we use quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities or inputs that are observable either directly or indirectly (Level 2). If quoted prices for identical or similar assets are not available or are unobservable, we may use internally developed valuation models, whose inputs include bid prices, and third-party valuations utilizing underlying asset assumptions (Level 3). See Note 9, Retirement and Benefit Plans, for the fair value measurements of our defined benefit plans' assets. Financial Instruments Our financial instruments are cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, accounts payable, long-term debt, and interest rate swaps. Our cash is recorded at cost, which approximates fair value, and our cash equivalents are money market funds measured at fair value. As of December 31, 2016 and 2015, we held $78.1 million and $170.2 million, respectively, in money market funds that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis using Level 1 inputs. The recorded values of accounts receivable and accounts payable approximate fair values based on their short-term nature. At December 31, 2016 and 2015, the book value of our fixed-rate debt was $350.0 million and $300.0 million, respectively, and the fair value was estimated to be $347.4 million and $309.0 million, respectively. The difference between the book value and the fair value is derived from the difference between the period-end market interest rate and the stated rate of our fixed-rate, long-term debt. We estimated the fair value of our fixed-rate debt using quoted market prices of our debt in inactive markets (Level 2 inputs). The interest rate on our term loans is based on market conditions such as the London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR) or a base rate. Because the interest rate on the term loans is based on current market conditions, we believe that the estimated fair value of the outstanding balance on our term loans approximates book value. We are exposed to financial risks such as changes in interest rates, foreign currency exchange rates, and commodity price risk. We employ a variety of practices to manage these risks, including operating and financing activities and, where deemed appropriate, the use of derivative instruments. As discussed in Note 13, Financial Instrument Risk, we use interest rate swaps to mitigate our variable interest rate exposure, the fair value of which is measured based on Level 2 inputs. Vendor and Customer Rebates and Allowances We receive rebates and allowances from our vendors under a number of different programs, including vendor marketing programs. At December 31, 2016 and 2015, we had $7.0 million and $7.7 million, respectively, of vendor rebates and allowances recorded in "Receivables, Other" on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Rebates and allowances received from our vendors are recognized as a reduction of "Materials, labor, and other operating expenses (excluding depreciation)" when the product is sold, unless the rebates and allowances are linked to a specific incremental cost to sell a vendor's product. Amounts received from vendors that are linked to specific selling and distribution expenses are recognized as a reduction of "Selling and distribution expenses" in the period the expense is incurred. We also provide rebates to our customers and our customers' customers based on the volume of their purchases. We provide the rebates to increase the sell-through of our products. The rebates are recorded as a decrease in "Sales." At December 31, 2016 and 2015, we had $31.6 million and $27.7 million, respectively, of rebates payable to our customers recorded in "Accrued liabilities, Other" on our Consolidated Balance Sheets. Foreign Currency The functional currency for our operations outside the United States is the U.S. dollar. Nonmonetary assets and liabilities and related depreciation and amortization for these foreign operations are remeasured into U.S. dollars using historical exchange rates. Monetary assets and liabilities are remeasured into U.S. dollars using the exchange rates as of the Consolidated Balance Sheet date. Revenue and expense items are remeasured into U.S. dollars using an average exchange rate prevailing during the year. Leases We assess lease classification as either capital or operating at lease inception or upon modification. We lease a portion of our distribution centers as well as other property and equipment under operating leases. Substantially all lease agreements have fixed payment terms based on the passage of time. Some lease agreements provide us with the option to purchase the leased property. Additionally, some agreements contain renewal options generally ranging from one to ten years, with fixed payment terms similar to those in the original lease agreements. For purposes of determining straight-line rent expense, the lease term is calculated from the date we first take possession of the facility, including any periods of free rent and any renewal option periods we are reasonably assured of exercising. Inventory Valuation Inventories are valued at the lower of cost or market. Cost is based on the first-in, first-out (FIFO) method of inventory valuation or average cost. Wholesale distribution inventories include costs incurred in bringing inventory to its existing location. Manufactured inventories include costs for materials, labor, and factory overhead. Log inventories include costs to harvest and deliver the logs. Inventories included the following (work in process is not material):
|  | December 31, 2016 |  | December 31, 2015
|  | (thousands)
Finished goods and work in process |  | $ | 330,026 |  |  | $ | 292,826 |
Logs |  | 63,208 |  |  | 58,299 |
Other raw materials and supplies |  | 40,217 |  |  | 33,732 |
|  | $ | 433,451 |  |  | $ | 384,857 |
Property and Equipment Property and equipment are recorded at cost. Cost includes expenditures for major improvements and replacements and the amount of interest cost associated with significant capital additions. For the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015, and 2014, we did not capitalize any interest. We expense all repair and maintenance costs as incurred. When property and equipment are retired, sold, or otherwise disposed of, the asset's carrying amount and related accumulated depreciation are removed from the accounts and any gain or loss is included in income (loss). We use the straight-line method of depreciation. Property and equipment consisted of the following asset classes with the following general range of estimated useful lives:
|  | December 31, 2016 |  | December 31, 2015 |  | General Range of Estimated Useful Lives in Years
|  | (thousands) |  |  |  |
Land |  | $ | 38,700 |  |  | $ | 36,876 |  |  |  |  |
Buildings |  | 136,087 |  |  | 106,269 |  |  | 20 |  | - | 40
Improvements |  | 50,655 |  |  | 46,205 |  |  | 10 |  | - | 15
Mobile equipment, information technology, and office furniture |  | 125,486 |  |  | 109,702 |  |  | 3 |  | - | 7
Machinery and equipment |  | 613,060 |  |  | 437,433 |  |  | 7 |  | - | 12
Construction in progress |  | 34,877 |  |  | 34,661 |  |  |  |  |
|  | 998,865 |  |  | 771,146 |  |  |  |  |
Less accumulated depreciation |  | (430,163 | ) |  | (368,480 | ) |  |  |  |
|  | $ | 568,702 |  |  | $ | 402,666 |  |  |  |  |
As of December 31, 2016, property and equipment includes two EWP facilities acquired by us on March 31, 2016. For more information, see Note 5, Acquisitions. Long-Lived Asset Impairment We review long-lived assets for impairment when events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of assets may not be recoverable. An impairment of long-lived assets exists when the carrying value is not recoverable through future undiscounted cash flows from operations and when the carrying value of an asset or asset group exceeds its fair value. Goodwill and Intangible Assets We maintain two reporting units for purposes of our goodwill impairment testing, Wood Products and Building Materials Distribution, which are the same as our operating segments discussed in Note 14, Segment Information. We test goodwill in each of our reporting units and intangible assets with indefinite lives for impairment annually in the fourth quarter or sooner if events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of the asset may exceed fair value. We also evaluate the remaining useful lives of our finite-lived purchased intangible assets to determine whether any adjustments to the useful lives are necessary. We completed our annual assessment of goodwill in fourth quarter 2016 using a qualitative approach. The qualitative goodwill impairment assessment requires evaluating factors, based on the weight of evidence, to determine whether a reporting unit's carrying value would more likely than not exceed its fair value. As part of our goodwill qualitative testing process for each reporting unit, we evaluate various factors that are specific to the reporting unit as well as industry and macroeconomic factors in order to determine whether it is reasonably likely to have a material impact on the fair value of our reporting units. Examples of the factors that were considered include the results of the most recent quantitative impairment test, current and long-term forecasted financial results, changes in the discount rate between current and prior years, and operating strategy for each reporting unit. Based on the qualitative analysis performed in 2016, we concluded that there were no changes that were reasonably likely to cause the fair value of the reporting units to be less than the reporting units' carrying value and determined that there was no impairment of our goodwill. In the event we were to determine that a reporting unit's carrying value would more likely than not exceed its fair value, quantitative testing would be performed comparing carrying values to estimated fair values. For our intangible asset impairment testing, we use a discounted cash flow approach, based on a relief from royalty method (Level 3 measurement). This method assumes that, through ownership of trademarks and trade names, we avoid royalty expenses associated with licensing, resulting in cost savings. An estimated royalty rate, determined as a percentage of the related net sales, is used to estimate the value of the intangible assets. Based on the impairment tests of our intangible assets with indefinite lives performed in fourth quarter 2016, we determined that the fair value of our intangible assets exceeds their carrying value. See Note 6, Goodwill and Intangible Assets, for additional information. Asset Retirement Obligations We recognize our asset retirement obligations in the period in which they are incurred if sufficient information is available to reasonably estimate the fair value of the obligation. Fair value estimates are determined using Level 3 inputs in the fair value hierarchy. The fair values of our asset retirement obligations are measured using expected future cash outflows discounted using the company's credit-adjusted risk-free interest rate. When we record the liability, we capitalize the cost by increasing the carrying amount of the related long-lived asset. Over time, the liability is accreted to its settlement value, and the capitalized cost is depreciated over the useful life of the related asset. Upon settlement of the liability, we will recognize a gain or loss for any difference between the settlement amount and the liability recorded. At December 31, 2016 and 2015, we had $1.0 million and $0.2 million, respectively, of asset retirement obligations recorded in "Other long-term liabilities" on our Consolidated Balance Sheets. At December 31, 2016, these liabilities related primarily to a waste treatment pond and landfill closure costs. The liabilities are based on the best estimate of current costs and are updated periodically to reflect current technology, laws and regulations, inflation, and other economic factors. We do not have any assets legally restricted for purposes of settling asset retirement obligations. We have additional asset retirement obligations with indeterminate settlement dates. The fair value of these asset retirement obligations cannot be estimated due to the lack of sufficient information to estimate the settlement dates of the obligations. These asset retirement obligations include, for example, (i) removal and disposal of potentially hazardous materials on equipment and/or an operating facility if the equipment and/or facility were to undergo major maintenance, renovation, or demolition; (ii) retention ponds that may be required to be drained and/or cleaned if the related operating facility is closed; and (iii) storage sites or owned facilities for which removal and/or disposal of chemicals and other related materials are required if the operating facility is closed. We will recognize a liability in the period in which sufficient information becomes available to reasonably estimate the fair value of these obligations. Pension Benefits Several estimates and assumptions are required to record pension costs and liabilities, including discount rates, expected return on plan assets, expected rate of compensation increases, retirement and mortality rates, expected contributions, and other factors. We review and update these assumptions annually unless a plan curtailment or other event occurs requiring that we update the estimates on an interim basis. See Note 9, Retirement and Benefit Plans, for additional information related to our pension plan. While we believe that the assumptions used to measure our pension obligations are reasonable, differences in actual experience or changes in assumptions may materially affect our pension obligations and future expense. Deferred Software Costs We defer internal-use software costs that benefit future years. These costs are amortized using the straight-line method over the expected life of the software, typically three to five years. "Other assets" in the Consolidated Balance Sheets includes $6.5 million of deferred software costs at both December 31, 2016 and 2015. We amortized $2.1 million, $1.6 million, and $1.3 million of deferred software costs for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015, and 2014, respectively. Labor Concentration and Unions As of December 31, 2016, we had approximately 6,210 employees. Approximately 24% of these employees work pursuant to collective bargaining agreements. As of December 31, 2016, we had nine collective bargaining agreements. Four agreements, covering approximately 658 employees at our Elgin plywood plant and sawmill, La Grande particleboard plant, Kettle Falls plywood plant, and Woodinville BMD facility, originally expired on May 31, 2016, but were subsequently renewed in January 2017. In addition, we have two agreements, covering approximately 47 employees at our Billings BMD facility and Vancouver BMD facility, that are scheduled to expire on March 31, 2017, as well as an agreement, covering approximately 712 employees at our Oakdale and Florien plywood plants, that is scheduled to expire on July 15, 2017. We also have an agreement, covering approximately 87 employees at our Canadian EWP facility that is scheduled to expire on December 31, 2017. If these agreements are not renewed or extended upon their termination, we could experience a material labor disruption or significantly increased labor costs, which could prevent us from meeting customer demand or reduce our sales and profitability. Self-Insurance We are self-insured for certain losses related to workers' compensation and medical claims as well as general and auto liability. The expected ultimate costs for claims incurred are recognized as liabilities in the Consolidated Balance Sheets and are estimated based principally on an analysis of historical claims data and estimates of claims incurred but not reported. Losses are accrued and charged to operations when it is probable that a loss has been incurred and the amount can be reasonably estimated. We maintain third-party stop-loss insurance policies to cover these liability costs in excess of predetermined retained amounts. Costs related to the administration of the plans and related claims are expensed as incurred. At December 31, 2016 and 2015, self-insurance related liabilities of $8.4 million and $9.7 million, respectively, were classified within "Accrued liabilities," and $10.0 million and $9.8 million, respectively, were classified within "Other long-term liabilities" on our Consolidated Balance Sheets. New and Recently Adopted Accounting Standards In January 2017, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued Accounting Standards Update (ASU) 2017-04, Intangibles - Goodwill and Other (Topic 350): Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment. This ASU is intended to simplify the accounting for goodwill impairment by removing the requirement to perform a hypothetical purchase price allocation. A goodwill impairment will now be the amount by which the reporting unit's carrying value exceeds its fair value, not to exceed the carrying amount of goodwill. All other goodwill impairment guidance will remain largely unchanged. This new standard will be applied prospectively and is effective for annual or interim goodwill impairment tests in fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019. Early adoption is permitted after January 1, 2017. We do not expect this guidance to have a material effect on our financial statements. In August 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-15, Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments (a consensus of the Emerging Issues Task Force). This ASU is intended to reduce diversity in practice in how certain transactions are classified in the statement of cash flows. This new standard is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2017, and interim periods within that reporting period. Early adoption is permitted, provided that all of the amendments are adopted in the same period. The guidance requires application using a retrospective transition method. We are evaluating the effect that this guidance will have on our consolidated statements of cash flows. In March 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-09, Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Improvements to Employee Share-Based Payment Accounting. This ASU simplifies several aspects of the accounting for employee share-based payment transactions, including the accounting for income taxes, forfeitures, and statutory tax withholding requirements, as well as classification in the statement of cash flows. This new standard is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2016, and interim periods within that reporting period. We will adopt this standard in the first quarter of 2017, under the modified retrospective method, with the cumulative effect of adoption recorded as an adjustment to 2017 beginning retained earnings. The new standard will result in excess tax benefits and deficiencies on share-based transactions being recorded as income tax expense or benefit rather than in additional-paid-in-capital. We will also classify excess tax benefits on share-based payments in the operating section of our consolidated statement of cash flows. Furthermore, we expect to record an adjustment to beginning retained earnings of approximately $0.2 million as we have made an election to account for share-based award forfeitures as they occur, rather than making estimates of future forfeitures. In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842). This amendment requires a lessee to recognize substantially all leases (whether operating or finance leases) on the balance sheet as a right-of-use asset and an associated lease liability. Short-term leases of 12 months or less are excluded from this amendment. For leases defined as finance leases under the new standard, the lessee subsequently recognizes interest expense and amortization of the right-of-use asset, similar to accounting for capital leases under current GAAP. For leases defined as operating leases under the new standard, the lessee subsequently recognizes straight-line lease expense over the life of the lease. This new standard is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted. The guidance is to be applied using a modified retrospective transition method with the option to elect a package of practical expedients. The adoption of this ASU will result in a significant increase to our balance sheet for lease liabilities and right-of-use assets, which has not yet been quantified. We are currently evaluating this and the other effects of this ASU on our financial statements. In July 2015, the FASB issued ASU 2015-11, Inventory (Topic 330): Simplifying the Measurement of Inventory. This ASU requires entities to measure most inventory "at the lower of cost or net realizable value," thereby simplifying the current guidance under which an entity must measure inventory at the lower of cost or market. The new standard is effective for annual and interim reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2016. We will adopt this standard in first quarter of 2017 and do not expect this guidance to have a material effect on our financial statements. In May 2015, the FASB issued ASU 2015-07, Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820): Disclosures of Investments in Certain Entities That Calculate Net Asset Value per Share (or Its Equivalent). This ASU removes the requirement to categorize within the fair value hierarchy all investments for which fair value is measured using the net asset value per share practical expedient. This ASU also removes the requirement to make certain disclosures for all investments that are eligible to be measured at fair value using the net asset value per share practical expedient. We adopted the new standard on January 1, 2016 although there was no effect on our interim reporting periods. The adoption of this standard had no impact on our financial statements except for certain pension asset disclosures in "Fair Value Measurements of Plan Assets" of Note 9, Retirement and Benefit Plans. In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606). This ASU will replace most existing revenue recognition guidance in U.S. GAAP when it becomes effective and requires an entity to recognize the amount of revenue to which it expects to be entitled for the transfer of promised goods or services to customers. The guidance also requires additional disclosure to help users of financial statements better understand the nature, amount, timing, and uncertainty of revenue that is recognized. Furthermore, numerous updates were issued in 2016 that provide clarification on a number of specific issues. The new standard is effective for annual and interim reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017 and we currently anticipate adopting it effective January 1, 2018. The standard permits the use of either the retrospective or cumulative effect transition method. We are still evaluating the transition method we will elect upon implementation. As a result of our preliminary assessment, we do not anticipate a material impact on the revenue recognition practices of our Building Materials Distribution segment. We have not yet completed our preliminary assessment of the revenue recognition practices of our Wood Products segment. We continue to evaluate the standard as well as additional changes, modifications or interpretations which may impact our current conclusions. There were no other accounting standards recently issued that had or are expected to have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements and associated disclosures. Reclassifications Certain amounts in prior years' consolidated financial statements have been reclassified to conform with current year's presentation, none of which were considered material.

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