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Income Taxes
9 Months Ended
Sep. 30, 2018
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]  
Income Taxes
Income Taxes

For the three months ended September 30, 2018, we recorded $0.8 million of income tax benefit on $13.0 million of income before income taxes, resulting in a negative effective rate of 6.2%. The primary reason for the difference between the federal statutory income tax rate of 21% and the effective tax rate was the 2017 return to provision true-up, including the remeasurement of deferred income taxes to the new federal statutory rate of 21%, offset partially by the effect of state taxes. The remeasurement of deferred income taxes includes a $3.8 million discrete tax benefit, which mostly relates to a $20.0 million discretionary pension contribution made during the current period, for which we received a tax deduction at the 2017 federal income tax rate. For the nine months ended September 30, 2018, we recorded $22.8 million of income tax expense and had an effective rate of 19.7%. The primary reason for the difference between the federal statutory income tax rate of 21% and the effective tax rate was the 2017 return to provision true-up on the remeasurement of deferred income taxes to the new federal statutory rate of 21% and the excess tax benefits of vested share-based payment awards, offset partially by the effect of state taxes. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, we recorded $18.3 million and $36.5 million, respectively, of income tax expense and had an effective rate of 36.6% and 36.4%, respectively. The primary reason for the difference between the federal statutory income tax rate of 35% and the effective tax rate was the effect of state taxes.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, cash paid for taxes, net of refunds received, were $14.4 million and $15.3 million, respectively.

Tax Reform

On December 22, 2017, the Tax Act was enacted by the U.S. government. The legislation makes broad and complex changes to the U.S. tax code affecting the taxation of businesses in all industries. The most significant impact to our financial statements is the reduction of the corporate federal income tax rate from 35% to 21%. Other relevant provisions which may impact our financial statements include, but are not limited to, the elimination of the production activities deduction, limitations on the deductibility of certain executive compensation, bonus depreciation to allow immediate expensing of qualified property, and limitations on deductible interest expense.

As of September 30, 2018, we have completed our assessment of the effects of the Tax Act on our financial statements. In connection with our analysis of the Tax Act, we recorded a discrete tax benefit of $8.1 million during the year ended December 31, 2017, and an additional discrete tax benefit of $3.8 million during third quarter 2018.