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Income Taxes
9 Months Ended
Sep. 30, 2019
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]  
Income Taxes Income Taxes

For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019, we recorded $9.7 million and $22.6 million, respectively of income tax expense and had an effective rate of 26.2% and 25.4%, respectively. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019, the primary reason for the difference between the federal statutory income tax rate of 21% and the effective tax rate was the effect of state taxes. For the three months ended September 30, 2018, we recorded $0.8 million of income tax benefit on $13.0 million of income before taxes, resulting in a negative effective rate of 6.2%. The primary reason for the difference between the federal statutory income tax rate of 21% and the effective tax rate was the 2017 return to provision true-up, including the remeasurement of deferred income taxes to the new federal statutory rate of 21%, offset partially by the effect of state taxes. The remeasurement of deferred income taxes included a $3.8 million discrete tax benefit, which mostly related to a $20.0 million discretionary pension contribution made during the period, for which we received a tax deduction at the 2017 federal income tax rate. For the nine months ended September 30, 2018, we recorded $22.8 million of income tax expense and had an effective rate of 19.7%. The primary reason for the difference between the federal statutory income tax rate of 21% and the effective tax rate was the 2017 return to provision true-up on the remeasurement of deferred income taxes to the federal statutory rate of 21% and the excess tax benefits of vested share-based payment awards, offset partially by the effect of state taxes.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2019, refunds received, net of cash taxes paid were $7.1 million. During the nine months ended September 30, 2018, cash paid for taxes, net of refunds received, was $14.4 million.