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Income Taxes
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2022
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]  
Income Taxes Income Taxes
Income Tax Provision

    Income before income taxes includes the following components:
Year Ended December 31
202220212020
(thousands)
Domestic$1,144,790 $945,562 $284,147 
Foreign1,591 3,289 2,164 
Income before income taxes$1,146,381 $948,851 $286,311 
    
    The income tax provision shown in the Consolidated Statements of Operations includes the following:
Year Ended December 31
202220212020
(thousands)
Current income tax provision
Federal$177,023 $201,725 $66,401 
State52,046 48,332 17,434 
Foreign(12)12 — 
Total current229,057 250,069 83,835 
Deferred income tax provision (benefit)
Federal54,852 (12,149)22,321 
State3,921 (2,484)4,529 
Foreign893 929 647 
Total deferred59,666 (13,704)27,497 
Income tax provision$288,723 $236,365 $111,332 
    The effective tax rate varies from the U.S. Federal statutory income tax rate principally due to the following:
Year Ended December 31
202220212020
(thousands, except percentages)
Income before income taxes$1,146,381 $948,851 $286,311 
Statutory U.S. income tax rate21.0 %21.0 %21.0 %
Statutory tax provision$240,740 $199,259 $60,125 
State taxes45,037 35,705 12,267 
Stranded tax effects of Plan Termination (a)— — 38,794 
Unrecognized tax benefits6 2 87 
Tax credits(570)(620)(712)
Foreign rate differential370 236 65 
Stock-based compensation(1,529)(563)(411)
Nondeductible executive compensation2,433 1,664 808 
Meals and entertainment911 336 340 
Other1,325 346 (31)
Total$288,723 $236,365 $111,332 
Effective income tax rate25.2 %24.9 %38.9 %
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(a)    In December 2020, we eliminated our qualified defined benefit pension plan (Plan Termination), as discussed in Note 11, Retirement and Benefit Plans. Prior to the Plan Termination, "Accumulated other comprehensive loss" on our Consolidated Balance Sheet included the stranded tax effects of our conversion from a limited liability company to a corporation in 2013 and the adoption of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act in 2017. Upon Plan Termination, these stranded tax effects of $38.8 million were required to be released into income tax expense under GAAP.
    During the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, cash paid for taxes, net of refunds received, was $260.0 million, $260.1 million, and $75.1 million, respectively.

    Deferred income taxes reflect the net tax effects of temporary differences between the carrying amount of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the amounts for income tax purposes. The components of our net deferred tax assets and liabilities at December 31, 2022 and 2021, are summarized as follows:
December 31, 2022December 31, 2021
(thousands)
Deferred tax assets
Employee benefits$31,688 $28,534 
Lease liabilities22,739 24,956 
Inventories8,999 4,100 
Foreign net operating loss carryforward503 1,685 
Other10,320 7,170 
Deferred tax assets$74,249 $66,445 
Deferred tax liabilities
Property and equipment$(100,781)$(32,040)
Right-of-use assets(20,511)(22,950)
Intangible assets and other(7,491)(6,850)
Other(2,804)(1,657)
Deferred tax liabilities$(131,587)$(63,497)
Total deferred tax assets (liabilities), net$(57,338)$2,948 

    As of December 31, 2022, we have foreign net operating loss carryforwards of $6.6 million, which if unused, will expire in years 2033 through 2042. We have state income tax credits totaling $1.3 million as of December 31, 2022, which if unused, will expire in years 2023 through 2033. The foreign net operating loss and state credit carryforwards in the income tax returns filed included unrecognized tax benefits. The deferred tax assets recognized for those net operating losses and state credit carryforwards are presented net of these unrecognized tax benefits.

Income Tax Uncertainties

    The following table summarizes the changes related to our gross unrecognized tax benefits excluding interest and penalties:
202220212020
(thousands)
Balance as of January 1$1,782 $1,780 $1,685 
Increases related to prior years' tax positions— — 97 
Increases related to current years' tax positions13 28 89 
Decreases related to prior years' tax positions(14)(19)— 
Lapse of statute of limitations(47)(7)(91)
Balance as of December 31$1,734 $1,782 $1,780 

    As of December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, we had $1.7 million, $1.8 million, and $1.8 million, respectively, of unrecognized tax benefits recorded on our Consolidated Balance Sheets, excluding interest and penalties. Of the total unrecognized tax benefits recorded, $1.7 million, $1.8 million, and $1.8 million (net of the federal benefit for state taxes), respectively, would impact the effective tax rate if recognized.

    We recognize interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions as income tax expense in our Consolidated Statements of Operations. For the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, we recognized an insignificant amount of interest and penalties related to taxes. We recognize tax liabilities and adjust these liabilities when our judgment changes as a
result of the evaluation of new information not previously available or as new uncertainties occur. We do not expect the unrecognized tax benefits to change significantly over the next twelve months.     We file income tax returns in the U.S. and various state and foreign jurisdictions. Tax years 2019 to present remain open to examination in the U.S. and tax years 2018 to present remain open to examination in Canada and various states. We recorded net operating losses in Canada beginning in 2006 that are subject to examinations and adjustments up to four years following the year in which they are utilized.