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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, DC 20549
FORM 10-K

☒ | ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the fiscal year ended | December 31, 2024
☐ | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the transition period from to

Commission File Number: 001-35805
Boise Cascade Company
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware | 20-1496201
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

1111 West Jefferson Street
Suite 300
Boise, Idaho 83702-5389
(Address of principal executive offices) (Zip Code)
(208) 384-6161
(Registrant's telephone number, including area code)
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of Each Class | Trading Symbol(s) | Name of Each Exchange on Which Registered
Common Stock, $0.01 par value per share | BCC | New York Stock Exchange

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes x No o
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes o No x
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes x No o
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes x No o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of "large accelerated filer," "accelerated filer," "smaller reporting company," and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
Large accelerated filer x Accelerated filer o
Non-accelerated filer o Smaller reporting company ☐
Emerging growth company ☐
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange
Act. o
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management's assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. x
If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. o
Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant's executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). o
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes ☐ No x
The aggregate market value of the voting and non-voting common equity held by non-affiliates of the registrant on June 28, 2024, the last business day of the registrant's most recently completed second fiscal quarter, based on the last reported trading price of the registrant's common stock on the New York Stock Exchange was approximately $4.6 billion.
There were 37,932,989 shares of the registrant's common stock, $0.01 par value per share, outstanding on February 14, 2025.
DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE
Portions of the registrant’s Proxy Statement for its 2025 annual meeting of stockholders are incorporated by reference into Part III of this Form 10-K.

Table of Contents
Table of Contents

PART I
Item 1. |  | Business |  | 2 |  |
Item 1A. |  | Risk Factors |  | 17 |  |
Item 1B. |  | Unresolved Staff Comments |  | 28 |  |
Item 1C. |  | Cybersecurity |  | 28 |  |
Item 2. |  | Properties |  | 30 |  |
Item 3. |  | Legal Proceedings |  | 30 |  |
Item 4. |  | Mine Safety Disclosures |  | 30 |  |
PART II
Item 5. |  | Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters, and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities |  | 30 |  |
Item 6. |  | [RESERVED] |  | 32 |  |
Item 7. |  | Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations |  | 32 |  |
|  | Understanding Our Financial Information |  | 32 |  |
|  | Overview |  | 32 |  |
|  | Factors That Affect Our Operating Results and Trends |  | 33 |  |
|  | Our Operating Results |  | 36 |  |
|  | Income Tax Provision |  | 39 |  |
|  | Liquidity and Capital Resources |  | 39 |  |
|  | Guarantees |  | 43 |  |
|  | Seasonal Influences |  | 43 |  |
|  | Disclosures of Financial Market Risks |  | 43 |  |
|  | Financial Instruments |  | 44 |  |
|  | Environmental |  | 45 |  |
|  | Critical Accounting Estimates |  | 47 |  |
|  | Non-GAAP Financial Measures |  | 48 |  |
|  | New and Recently Adopted Accounting Standards |  | 50 |  |
Item 7A. |  | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk |  | 50 |  |
Item 8. |  | Financial Statements and Supplementary Data |  | 51 |  |
|  | Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements |  | 57 |  |
|  | 1. Nature of Operations and Basis of Presentation |  | 57 |  |
|  | 2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies |  | 57 |  |
|  | 3. Revenues |  | 63 |  |
|  | 4. Income Taxes |  | 65 |  |
|  | 5. Net Income Per Common Share |  | 67 |  |
|  | 6. Acquisitions |  | 68 |  |
|  | 7. Goodwill and Intangible Assets |  | 70 |  |
|  | 8. Debt |  | 71 |  |

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|  | 9. Leases |  | 73 |  |
|  | 10. Retirement and Benefit Plans |  | 75 |  |
|  | 11. Long-Term Incentive Compensation Plans |  | 76 |  |
|  | 12. Stockholders' Equity |  | 78 |  |
|  | 13. Transactions with Related Party |  | 80 |  |
|  | 14. Financial Instrument Risk |  | 80 |  |
|  | 15. Segment Information |  | 81 |  |
|  | 16. Commitments, Legal Proceedings and Contingencies, and Guarantees |  | 84 |  |
|  | Reports of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm |  | 86 |  |
Item 9. |  | Changes In and Disagreements With Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure |  | 89 |  |
Item 9A. |  | Controls and Procedures |  | 89 |  |
Item 9B. |  | Other Information |  | 90 |  |
Item 9C. |  | Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections |  | 90 |  |
PART III
Item 10. |  | Directors, Executive Officers, and Corporate Governance |  | 90 |  |
Item 11. |  | Executive Compensation |  | 90 |  |
Item 12. |  | Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters |  | 91 |  |
Item 13. |  | Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence |  | 91 |  |
Item 14. |  | Principal Accountant Fees and Services |  | 91 |  |
PART IV
Item 15. |  | Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules |  | 92 |  |
|  | Index to Exhibits |  | 93 |  |
|  | Signatures |  | 98 |  |

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Cautionary Statement Concerning Forward-Looking Statements
Certain statements made in this Form 10-K contain forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements are subject to risks and uncertainties that may cause our actual results, performance, or achievements to be materially different from any future results, performance, or achievements expressed or implied by these forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements include information concerning our future financial performance, business strategy, plans, goals, and objectives.
Statements preceded or followed by, or that otherwise include, the words "believes," "expects," "anticipates," "intends," "project," "targets," "estimates," "plans," "forecast," "is likely to," and similar expressions or future or conditional verbs such as "will," "may," "would," "should," and "could" are generally forward-looking in nature and not historical facts. Such statements are based upon the current beliefs and expectations of our management and are subject to significant risks and uncertainties. Actual results may differ materially from those set forth in the forward-looking statements.
The following factors, among others, could cause our actual results, performance, or achievements to differ from those set forth in the forward-looking statements:
•The commodity nature of a portion of our products and their price movements, which are driven largely by general economic conditions, industry capacity and operating rates, industry cycles that affect supply and demand, and net import and export activity;
•The highly competitive nature of our industry;
•Declines in demand for our products due to competing technologies or materials, as well as changes in building code provisions;
•Disruptions to information systems used to process and store customer, employee, and vendor information, as well as the technology that manages our operations and other business processes;
•Material disruptions and/or major equipment failure at our manufacturing facilities;
•Declining demand for residual byproducts, particularly wood chips generated in our manufacturing operations;
•Labor disruptions, shortages of skilled and technical labor, or increased labor costs;
•The need to successfully formulate and implement succession plans for key members of our management team;
•Product shortages, loss of key suppliers, and our dependence on third-party suppliers and manufacturers;
•The cost and availability of third-party transportation services used to deliver the goods we manufacture and distribute, as well as our raw materials;
•Cost and availability of raw materials, including wood fiber and glues and resins;
•Our ability to execute our organic growth and acquisition strategies efficiently and effectively;
•Failures or delays with new or existing technology systems and software platforms;
•Our ability to successfully pursue our long-term growth strategy related to innovation and digital technology;
•Concentration of our sales among a relatively small group of customers, as well as the financial condition and creditworthiness of our customers;
•Impairment of our long-lived assets, goodwill, and/or intangible assets;
•Substantial ongoing capital investment costs, including those associated with organic growth and acquisitions, and the difficulty in offsetting fixed costs related to those investments;
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•Our indebtedness, including the possibility that we may not generate sufficient cash flows from operations or that future borrowings may not be available in amounts sufficient to fulfill our debt obligations and fund other liquidity needs;
•Restrictive covenants contained in our debt agreements;
•Changes in foreign trade policy, including the imposition of tariffs;
•Compliance with data privacy and security laws and regulations;
•The impacts of climate change and related legislative and regulatory responses intended to reduce climate change;
•Cost of compliance with government regulations, in particular, environmental regulations;
•Exposure to product liability, product warranty, casualty, construction defect, and other claims; and
•Fluctuations in the market for our equity.
Certain of these and other factors are discussed in more detail in "Item 1A. Risk Factors" of this Form 10-K. These factors should not be construed as exhaustive and should be read in conjunction with the other cautionary statements that are included in this Form 10-K. While we believe that our forecasts and assumptions are reasonable, we caution that actual results may differ materially. If one or more of these or other risks or uncertainties materialize, or if our underlying assumptions prove to be incorrect, actual results may vary materially from what we projected. Consequently, actual events and results may vary significantly from those included in or contemplated or implied by our forward-looking statements. Any forward-looking statement speaks only as of the date on which such statement is made, and we disclaim any obligation to update any forward-looking statements, except as required by law.
PART I
ITEM 1. BUSINESS
Boise Cascade is one of the largest producers of engineered wood products (EWP) and plywood in North America and a leading U.S. wholesale distributor of building products. As used in this Form 10-K, the terms "Boise Cascade," "we," and "our" refer to Boise Cascade Company and its consolidated subsidiaries. As a leading manufacturer and distributor of building materials, we bring people, products, and services together to build strong homes, businesses, and communities that stand the test of time.
Segment Overview
Our two reportable segments, Wood Products and Building Materials Distribution, operate with a high degree of integration. In our Wood Products segment, we manufacture laminated veneer lumber (LVL), I-joists, and laminated beams, which are collectively referred to as EWP. In addition, we manufacture structural, appearance, and industrial grade plywood panels, and ponderosa pine lumber. Our Building Materials Distribution segment (BMD) is the largest customer of our Wood Products segment and operates a nationwide network of distribution facilities that sell a broad line of building materials, including oriented strand board (OSB), plywood, and lumber (collectively referred to as commodities); general line items such as siding, composite decking, doors and millwork, metal products, roofing, and insulation; and EWP. Substantially all of BMD's EWP is sourced from our Wood Products segment, with the remaining products we distribute sourced from a broad vendor base of third-party suppliers ranging from large manufacturers to small regional producers.
Our products are used in the construction of new residential housing, including single-family, multi-family, and manufactured homes, the repair-and-remodeling of existing housing, the construction of light industrial and commercial buildings, and industrial applications. We have a broad base of national and local customers, which includes a diverse mix of dealers, home improvement centers, leading wholesalers, specialty distributors, and industrial converters. Drivers of new residential construction, residential repair-and-remodeling activity, and light commercial construction include new household formation, the age of the housing stock, availability of credit and other macroeconomic factors, such as GDP growth, population growth and migration, interest rates, employment, and consumer sentiment.
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The map below presents our network of manufacturing and distribution facilities.
Our Business Strategies
Increase Both Our Earnings and Earnings Stability
We intend to increase both our earnings and earnings stability by growing our EWP sales and expanding our distribution capabilities. In Wood Products, we are principally focused on the production of veneer-based products. We expect to grow our EWP sales and thereby divert more of our internally produced veneer away from plywood, which is a product line exposed to oriented strand board substitution and significant price volatility. Value-added EWP provides higher margins and pricing is not subject to the auction-based volatility of commodity markets. To provide access to additional veneer for EWP production, we acquired Coastal Plywood and its plywood manufacturing locations in Havana, Florida, and Chapman, Alabama, in 2022.
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Wood Products' sales mix by product line is illustrated below and demonstrates our principal focus on the production of veneer-based products. In addition to the acquisition of Coastal Plywood in 2022, we have made, and intend to continue to make, investments in our mills in the Southeast U.S., allowing us to grow our EWP sales.
In BMD, our growth strategy includes adding products and services, expanding our market penetration via acquisition or the opening or expansion of locations in underserved markets, and identifying and executing upon adjacent distribution platforms that can be scaled. Doors and millwork provide a recent example of product line expansion in BMD. In 2024, we acquired assets of door and millwork facilities in Boise, Idaho and Lakeland, Florida. Furthermore, in 2023, we acquired Brockway-Smith Company (BROSCO), a wholesale distributor specializing in doors and millwork. In the last several years, we have also expanded our door and millwork business with new locations in Dallas and Houston, Texas; Kansas City, Missouri; and Denver, Colorado. In addition to our investment in our door and millwork business, we continue to expand the capacity of our distribution centers. In 2024, we made progress on greenfield distribution centers in Hondo, Texas, and Walterboro, South Carolina, which we expect to be complete in 2025 and 2026, respectively. In 2023, we announced or completed capacity expansion projects in West Palm Beach, Florida; Marion, Ohio; and Medford, Oregon and we announced the relocation of our Lathrop, California distribution center to Modesto, California. In 2022, we completed capacity expansion projects in Minneapolis, Minnesota and Cincinnati, Ohio. These organic growth projects allow us to further expand our product and service offerings in those markets.
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BMD carries a broad line of building materials used in residential construction, repair and remodel, and industrial applications. BMD continues to increase the proportion of its sales attributable to general line and EWP as those products carry a higher and more stable margin profile than commodities. The chart below reflects BMD's sales mix by product for the year ended December 31, 2024.
BMD's sales and sales per U.S. housing start, as well as our focus on increasing sales attributable to general line and EWP, are reflected in the charts below. In addition, BMD's sales in 2021 and 2022 were impacted by historically high composite panel and lumber prices.
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Leverage the Integrated Model
We believe our integrated business model provides us with advantages over less integrated competitors and provides unique and significant value to our customers. Wood Products enjoys superior access to the market through a committed distributor, BMD benefits from a committed manufacturing partnership, and we capture margin at both levels of the supply chain. In addition, Wood Products and BMD are collectively motivated to make the investments necessary to support our growth in the marketplace. In 2024, approximately 75% of Wood Products' EWP sales volumes and approximately 50% of Wood Products' plywood sales volumes were to BMD. The chart below reflects the progress we have made in distributing internally produced products through our distribution network.
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Leverage Technology
Like many companies, we continue to innovate with technology to search out revenue-generating, cost-reducing, and risk-mitigating opportunities. We are also actively engaged in product development opportunities.
In Wood Products, these opportunities include the development of new products for commercial construction applications. The commercial construction segment of the market is a particular area of focus for us, given we have limited penetration in that space today, and recent changes in building codes that allow for the use of mass timber in tall wood structures provide further opportunity. Innovation efforts within our Wood Products segment are also focused on identifying process and cost efficiency improvement opportunities, some of which include automated packaging, asset monitoring applications for predictive maintenance, and the use of artificial intelligence to classify and identify opportunities in safety. We use process improvement and machine reliability methodologies to continuously refine and improve our operations and processes. We believe there are opportunities to further apply these process improvement programs in our manufacturing operations and apply similar techniques and methods to different functional areas to realize efficiencies in those areas.
In BMD, we believe our highly efficient logistics system allows us to deliver superior customer service and assist our customers in optimizing their working capital. To assess the effectiveness and efficiency of our operations, we regularly capture and report on a wide variety of investment, operational, and customer service metrics. Our focus is to increase the quality of decision-making at all levels using data-driven digital technologies. This includes leveraging business intelligence software to build dashboards and reports for many areas of our business. We are also increasing the robustness of our data analytics methods used for forecasting, evaluating opportunities, and solving problems. Our success with innovating digital technology and analytical methods is opening the door to more use cases for improving the way we do business. Key learnings and best practices are then leveraged across our distribution locations. In addition, we are investing in robotics equipment and configuration technologies for our door and millwork business.
Segment Detail
Wood Products
Products
LVL and laminated beams are structural products used in applications where extra strength and consistent quality are required, such as headers and beams. LVL is also used in the manufacture of I-joists, which are assembled by combining a vertical web of OSB with top and bottom LVL or solid wood flanges. I-joists, which are used primarily in residential and commercial flooring and roofing systems and other structural applications, are stronger, lighter, and straighter than conventional lumber products. We believe EWP has favorable characteristics when compared to competing products, as it reduces labor and
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installed costs, provides cycle time advantages, and results in less material usage and waste. Plywood is used in a wide range of structural, interior, and exterior applications within the residential, industrial, and repair and remodel sectors. We also produce ponderosa pine shop lumber, which is sold primarily to industrial converters, and ponderosa pine appearance grade boards that are sold to home centers and dealers.
The following table sets forth the annual capacity, production volumes, and sales volumes of our principal products for the periods indicated:

|  | Year Ended December 31
|  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
|  | (millions)
Capacity (a) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
LVL (cubic feet) (b) |  | 36.3 |  |  | 34.6 |  |  | 34.6 |  |  | 34.0 |  |  | 34.0 |
Plywood and Parallel Laminated Veneer (PLV) (sq. ft.) (3/8" basis) (c)(d) |  | 2,725 |  |  | 2,735 |  |  | 2,735 |  |  | 2,230 |  |  | 2,230 |
Production Volumes |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
LVL (cubic feet) (b) |  | 29.1 |  |  | 25.2 |  |  | 26.7 |  |  | 29.3 |  |  | 26.0 |
I‑joists (equivalent lineal feet) (b) |  | 234 |  |  | 215 |  |  | 233 |  |  | 295 |  |  | 237 |
Plywood and PLV (sq. ft.) (3/8" basis) (c) |  | 1,988 |  |  | 1,945 |  |  | 1,753 |  |  | 1,727 |  |  | 1,637 |
Sales Volumes |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
LVL (cubic feet) (e) |  | 19.4 |  |  | 17.4 |  |  | 17.6 |  |  | 18.2 |  |  | 17.3 |
I-joists (equivalent lineal feet) |  | 234 |  |  | 220 |  |  | 229 |  |  | 290 |  |  | 241 |
Plywood (sq. ft.) (3/8" basis) (f) |  | 1,517 |  |  | 1,599 |  |  | 1,319 |  |  | 1,259 |  |  | 1,253 |

_______________________________________
(a) Estimated annual capacity at the end of each year based on machinery capabilities.
(b) During the years presented above, approximately one-third of the LVL we produced was utilized internally to produce I-joists. Capacity is based on LVL production only.
(c) During the years presented above, approximately one-fourth of production was for PLV panels that are utilized internally to produce LVL.
(d) 2022 includes 505 million square feet of plywood capacity related to the two plywood manufacturing facilities in Chapman, Alabama, and Havana, Florida, that were purchased in July 2022.
(e) Excludes LVL produced and used as flange stock in the manufacture of I-joists.
(f) Excludes PLV produced and used in the manufacture of LVL.
The following table sets forth segment sales, segment income, depreciation and amortization, and EBITDA (a non-GAAP measure) for the periods indicated:

|  | Year Ended December 31
|  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
|  | (millions)
Segment sales (a) |  | $ | 1,832.3 |  |  | $ | 1,932.6 |  |  | $ | 2,115.9 |  |  | $ | 1,970.8 |  |  | $ | 1,323.9 |
Segment income (b) |  | $ | 231.5 |  |  | $ | 337.1 |  |  | $ | 575.2 |  |  | $ | 531.2 |  |  | $ | 127.7 |
Segment depreciation and amortization (b) |  | 93.2 |  |  | 98.7 |  |  | 73.3 |  |  | 55.2 |  |  | 71.1 |
Segment EBITDA (c) |  | $ | 324.7 |  |  | $ | 435.8 |  |  | $ | 648.5 |  |  | $ | 586.5 |  |  | $ | 198.9 |

_______________________________________
(a) Segment sales are calculated before elimination of sales to our BMD segment.
(b) The years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 include $2.2 million and $6.2 million, respectively, of accelerated depreciation related to the indefinite curtailment of lumber production at our Chapman, Alabama facility. The year ended December 31, 2020 includes $15.0 million of accelerated depreciation and $1.7 million of other closure costs related to the Roxboro I-joist curtailment in March 2020.
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(c) Segment EBITDA is calculated as segment income before depreciation and amortization. See "Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" of this Form 10-K for a description of our reasons for using EBITDA and for a discussion of the limitations of such a non-GAAP measure.
Facilities
Our Wood Products segment operates five EWP facilities. Our two most significant EWP facilities are located in Louisiana and Oregon and have a high degree of raw material and manufacturing integration with our neighboring plywood and veneer facilities. We also operate eleven plywood and veneer plants, as well as two sawmills.
Raw Materials and Input Costs
Wood fiber. Wood fiber is the primary raw material used in our Wood Products operations, and our primary source of wood fiber is logs. For the year ended December 31, 2024, wood fiber accounted for approximately 39% of materials, labor, and other operating expenses (excluding depreciation) in our Wood Products segment. Our EWP facilities use PLV panels and veneer sheets produced by our facilities, as well as lumber, OSB, and veneer sheets purchased from third parties, to manufacture LVL, I-joists, and laminated beams. Our EWP, plywood, and veneer facilities use Douglas fir, white woods, and pine logs as raw materials. Our manufacturing facilities are located in close proximity to active wood fiber markets.
Logs comprised approximately 78% of our wood fiber costs during 2024, and we satisfy our log requirements through a combination of purchases under supply agreements, open-market purchases, and purchases pursuant to contracts awarded under public auctions. Approximately 89% of our log supply in 2024 was supplied through purchases from private landowners or through dealers. We also bid in auctions conducted by federal, state, and local authorities for the purchase of logs, generally at fixed prices, under contracts with terms of generally one to three years.
Our log requirements and our access to supply, as well as the cost of obtaining logs, are subject to change based on, among other things, the availability of logs in each of our operating areas, our operating schedules, competition from other manufacturers, the effect of governmental laws and regulations, impacts of weather or fire on log availability, and the status of environmental appeals. Per-unit log costs in the western U.S. are higher than per-unit log costs in the southern U.S. due to higher harvest and delivery costs, as well as various supply-side constraints, including seasonal weather-related restrictions, slower growth cycles, and a higher proportion of federal and state timberland ownership. Our aggregate cost of obtaining logs is also affected by fuel costs and the distance of the log source from our facilities, as we are often required to arrange for harvesting and delivery of the logs we purchase from the source to our facilities. For a discussion of contractual commitments relating to log supply agreements, see "Liquidity and Capital Resources" in "Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" of this Form 10-K.
We also purchase OSB, which is used as the vertical web to assemble I-joists. OSB accounted for approximately 6% of the aggregate amount of materials, labor, and other operating expenses (excluding depreciation) for our Wood Products segment in 2024. OSB is a commodity, and prices have historically been volatile in response to industry capacity and operating rates, inventory levels in various distribution channels, and seasonal demand patterns.
Wood fiber also includes, to a lesser extent than OSB, lumber purchased from third parties for I-joist production at our Canadian EWP facility and for production at our laminated beam plant in Idaho. Lumber input costs are subject to similar commodity-based volatility characteristics noted above for OSB.
Other raw materials and energy costs. We use a significant quantity of various resins and glues in our manufacturing processes. Resin and glue product costs are influenced by changes in the prices of raw material input costs, primarily fossil fuel products. We purchase resins and glues, other raw materials, and energy used to manufacture our products in both the open market and through supply contracts. The contracts are generally with regional suppliers who agree to supply all of our needs for a certain raw material or energy within the applicable region. These contracts have terms of various lengths and typically contain price adjustment mechanisms that take into account changes in market prices.
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Sales, Marketing, and Distribution
Our EWP sales force is managed centrally through a main office that oversees regional sales teams. Our sales force spends a significant amount of time working with end customers who purchase our EWP. Our sales force provides a variety of technical support services, including integrated design, engineering, product specification software, distributor inventory management software, and job-pack preparation systems. Sales of plywood are handled in multiple locations, with management located centrally at headquarters.
In 2024, EWP and plywood accounted for 62% and 30%, respectively, of our Wood Products sales. The majority of our wood products are sold to leading wholesalers (including our BMD segment), home improvement centers, dealers, and industrial converters in North America. Our BMD segment is our Wood Products segment's largest customer, representing approximately 70% of our Wood Products segment's overall sales in 2024. In 2024, approximately 75% and 50% of our Wood Products segment's EWP and plywood sales volumes, respectively, were to our BMD segment.
Building Materials Distribution
Products
We sell a broad line of building materials, including OSB, plywood, and lumber (collectively commodities); general line items such as siding, composite decking, doors and millwork, metal products, roofing, and insulation; and EWP. Except for EWP, we purchase most of these building materials from a broad base of third-party suppliers ranging from large manufacturers, such as Canfor, Commercial Metals Company, Hampton Lumber, Hoover Treated Wood Products, Huber Engineered Woods, James Hardie Building Products, JELD-WEN, Louisiana-Pacific, Steves & Sons, Therma-Tru Doors, Trex Company and West Fraser, to small regional producers. Substantially all of our EWP is sourced from our Wood Products segment. Our products are used in the construction of new residential housing, including single-family, multi-family, and manufactured homes, the repair-and-remodeling of existing housing, the construction of light industrial and commercial buildings, and other industrial applications.
The following table lists our product line sales mix for the periods indicated:

| Year Ended December 31
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
| (percentage of Building Materials Distribution sales)
Commodity | 35.8 | % |  | 37.8 | % |  | 44.9 | % |  | 51.6 | % |  | 46.6 | %
General line | 42.4 | % |  | 39.5 | % |  | 33.3 | % |  | 30.2 | % |  | 35.6 | %
Engineered wood products | 21.8 | % |  | 22.7 | % |  | 21.8 | % |  | 18.2 | % |  | 17.8 | %

The following table sets forth segment sales, income, depreciation and amortization, and EBITDA (a non-GAAP measure) for the periods indicated:

|  | Year Ended December 31
|  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
|  | (millions)
Segment sales |  | $ | 6,166.5 |  |  | $ | 6,178.7 |  |  | $ | 7,643.6 |  |  | $ | 7,174.3 |  |  | $ | 4,952.0 |
Segment income |  | $ | 303.4 |  |  | $ | 335.8 |  |  | $ | 627.1 |  |  | $ | 481.1 |  |  | $ | 247.5 |
Segment depreciation and amortization |  | 49.5 |  |  | 32.4 |  |  | 27.0 |  |  | 24.0 |  |  | 22.5 |
Segment EBITDA (a) |  | $ | 352.9 |  |  | $ | 368.2 |  |  | $ | 654.1 |  |  | $ | 505.1 |  |  | $ | 270.0 |

_______________________________________
(a) Segment EBITDA is calculated as segment income before depreciation and amortization. See "Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" of this Form 10-K for a description of our reasons for using EBITDA and for a discussion of the limitations of such a non-GAAP measure.
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Facilities
Our BMD segment operates a nationwide network of 38 building materials distribution facilities throughout the U.S., including door and millwork facilities in 14 markets, as well as one component manufacturing plant. Our broad geographic presence reduces our exposure to market factors in any single region. In 2024, we acquired assets of door and millwork facilities in Boise, Idaho and Lakeland, Florida.
Sales, Marketing, and Distribution
We market our building materials primarily to dealers, home improvement centers, and specialty distributors that then sell the products to end customers, who are typically homebuilders, independent contractors, and homeowners engaged in residential construction and repair-and-remodeling projects. We also market our products to a wide variety of industrial accounts, which use our products to assemble cabinets, doors, agricultural bins, crating, and other products used in industrial and construction applications.
We believe that our national presence and long-standing relationships with many of our key suppliers allow us to obtain favorable price, terms, and supply arrangements on leading brands in the building materials industry. We also believe our broad product line provides our customers with an efficient, one-stop resource for their building materials needs. We also have expertise in special-order sourcing and merchandising support, which is a key service for our home improvement center customers that choose not to stock certain items in inventory.
We sell products through two primary distribution channels: warehouse sales and direct sales. Warehouse sales are delivered from our distribution centers to our customers, and direct sales are shipped from the manufacturer to the customer without us taking physical possession of inventory. Each of our distribution centers implements its own distribution and logistics model using centralized information systems. We use internal and external trucking resources to deliver materials on a regularly scheduled basis. Our highly efficient logistics system allows us to deliver superior customer service and assist our customers in optimizing their working capital.
We have a large, decentralized sales force to support our suppliers and customers. Our sales force and product managers have local product knowledge and decision-making authority, which we believe enables them to optimize stocking, pricing, and product assortment decisions. Our sales force has access to centralized information technology systems, an extensive vendor base, and corporate-level working capital support, which we believe complements our localized sales model.
Our national presence allows us to act as a vehicle for our suppliers' new innovative products and the ability to introduce new building products to our customers. Broadening our product offering helps us serve as a one-stop resource for building materials, which we believe improves our customers' purchasing and operating efficiencies. The introduction of new products is primarily driven by customer demand or product extensions originating from our vendors. We believe our long-standing customer and vendor relationships allow us to respond to customer feedback and introduce new products more rapidly. Broadening our product offering also helps us drive additional products through our distribution system, thereby increasing our scale and efficiency.
Customers
Our customer relationships range from locally owned single-location facilities to large national dealers and home improvement centers across the U.S. and Canada, with Builders FirstSource and Home Depot being our largest customers. Substantially all sales to Builders FirstSource were recorded in our BMD segment, and sales to Home Depot were recorded in our BMD and Wood Products segments. For additional information related to customers of our Wood Products and BMD segments, see the "Sales, Marketing, and Distribution" sections above.
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Competition
Wood Products. The wood products manufacturing markets in which we operate are large and highly competitive. In EWP, we compete against several major North American EWP producers, such as Weyerhaeuser Company, Pacific Woodtech Corporation, and Roseburg Forest Products, as well as several other smaller firms. Our EWP products also face competition because EWP may be substituted by dimension lumber and truss products in many building applications. In plywood, we compete with Georgia-Pacific, the largest manufacturer in North America, other large producers such as Roseburg Forest Products, foreign imports produced principally in South America, and several smaller domestic producers. Our plywood products also face competition from OSB producers, because OSB can be substituted for plywood in many building and industrial applications. We have leading market positions in the manufacture of EWP and plywood. In the wood products manufacturing markets, we compete primarily on the basis of price, quality, availability, and particularly with respect to EWP, customer service, product support, and performance features offered. Most of our competitors are located in the U.S. and Canada, although we also compete with manufacturers in other countries, particularly when the U.S. dollar and economy are stronger relative to other countries, encouraging foreign producers to sell more of their products into the U.S.
Building Materials Distribution. The building materials distribution markets in which we operate are fragmented, and we compete in each of our geographic and product markets with national, regional, and local distributors. Our wholesale distribution competitors include BlueLinx Holdings Inc., Specialty Building Products Inc., Weyerhaeuser Company, Dixie Plywood and Lumber, OrePac, Woodgrain Inc., and Capital Lumber, among others. We also compete with wholesale brokers, specialty distributors, and certain buying cooperatives. We compete on the basis of pricing and availability of product, service and delivery capabilities, ability to assist customers with problem-solving, extension of credit terms, customer relationships, geographic coverage, and breadth of product offerings. We distribute products for some manufacturers that also engage in direct sales to our distribution customers. Proximity to customers is also an important factor in minimizing shipping costs and facilitating quick order turnaround and on-time delivery. We believe our partnership with leading building materials suppliers, the scale and efficiency of our national footprint, and our focus on customer service are our primary competitive advantages in this segment. Also, financial stability is important to suppliers and customers when choosing distributors. Having a sound financial position is important to our suppliers and allows for favorable terms on which to procure products. In addition, our financial condition is also important to customers who rely on us for timely delivery across a broad range of products that are consistently in stock.
We also present information pertaining to our segments, including product sales and customer concentration, in Note 15, Segment Information, of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in "Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data" of this Form 10-K.
Human Capital Management
Human capital management and our ability to attract, develop and retain talent that embraces our shared values of integrity, safety, respect, and pursuit of excellence have been and will continue to be critical to executing our previously described strategic objectives.
At Boise Cascade, the health and safety of our 7,560 employees is core to how we do business. We collect and report common lagging indicators of safety performance, and our safety programs include tools, training, and resources that allow us to collect, analyze, and share leading indicators of safety-related hazards broadly across our organization. We believe that our focus on leading indicators helps to prevent future incidents and injuries. Living our values means driving the expectation that each of our employees has ownership of safety and the authority to stop work if there is a safety concern.
In addition, selecting and developing talent is a vital aspect of our human capital strategy because we believe our employees are at the heart of our purpose and fulfillment of our promise to our stakeholders. We focus on developing talent from within our businesses and supplement that talent with finding the right external hires to support key strategic objectives. Individual development includes annual performance reviews with development plans, access to a variety of resources, including self-help resources, and continuing education opportunities. Our employees are able to participate in training through a combination of online platforms and in-person learning. We work towards business continuity and personal leadership growth by developing our employees as individuals through targeted leadership programs, coaching, and focused experiences.
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Our Code of Ethics guides the actions and behaviors of anyone working for, representing, or partnering with Boise Cascade. The code establishes the expectations for ensuring we have an inclusive and harassment-free work environment. We have an open-door policy that encourages employees to speak up about any work-related issues, suggestions, or ideas. We also provide a confidential CARE Line, which offers an additional way to report behavior or activity that may be unsafe, unethical, or illegal.
Environmental
Boise Cascade recognizes that the weight of scientific evidence indicates a changing climate associated with increasing carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and uses the Task Force on Climate-Related Financial Disclosures (TCFD) framework for communicating our position and performance on climate-related matters. We have implemented technology tools to collect material Scope 1 and Scope 2 greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions data, which further enhances our ability to track and report on climate-related issues. This is an important step in understanding the emissions impact of our operations and allows for future enhancement of reporting metrics in the TCFD framework.
A discussion of general and industry-specific environmental laws and regulations, climate change, and energy uses are presented under the caption "Environmental" in "Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" and "Item 3. Legal Proceedings" of this Form 10-K.
Capital Investment
Information concerning our capital expenditures is presented in "Investment Activities" under "Liquidity and Capital Resources" in "Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" of this Form 10-K.
Seasonal Influences
We are exposed to fluctuations in quarterly sales volumes and expenses due to seasonal factors. These seasonal factors are common in the building products industry. For further information, see "Seasonal Influences" in "Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" of this Form 10-K.
Trademarks
We maintain many trademarks for our manufactured wood products, particularly EWP. Our key registered trademarks include BOISE CASCADE® and the TREE-IN-A-CIRCLE® logo, which are perpetual in duration as long as we continue to timely file all post registration maintenance documents related thereto. We believe these key trademarks to be of significant importance to our business.
Available Information
Our filings under the Exchange Act, including annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, proxy statements, and all amendments to these filings, are available free of charge on the investors portion of our website at www.bc.com. These reports are available as soon as reasonably practicable after such material is electronically filed with or furnished to the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). The reference to our website address does not constitute incorporation by reference of the information contained on the website, and the information contained on the website is not part of this document.
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Information About Our Executive Officers and Key Management
Below is a list of names, ages, and a brief description of the business experience of our executive officers and key members of management, each as of February 17, 2025.

Name | Age | Position
Executive Officers: |  |
Nate Jorgensen | 60 | Chief Executive Officer
Jeff Strom | 57 | Chief Operating Officer
Kelly Hibbs | 58 | Senior Vice President, Chief Financial Officer, and Treasurer
Joanna Barney | 51 | Executive Vice President, Building Materials Distribution
Troy Little | 57 | Executive Vice President, Wood Products
Jill Twedt | 45 | Senior Vice President, General Counsel and Corporate Secretary
Key Management: |  |
Robert Johnson | 60 | Senior Vice President, Engineered Wood Products Sales and Marketing, Wood Products
Chris Seymour | 53 | Senior Vice President, Manufacturing Operations, Wood Products
Jim Wickham | 59 | Senior Vice President, Eastern Operations, Building Materials Distribution
Angella Broesch | 48 | Vice President, Human Resources
Chris Forrey | 49 | Vice President, Finance and Investor Relations
Nathan Sikes | 44 | Vice President, Sales and Marketing, Building Materials Distribution

Nate Jorgensen, Chief Executive Officer
Mr. Jorgensen was appointed the company's chief executive officer in March 2020. His previous positions include:
•Chief Operating Officer, January 2019 - March 2020
•Senior Vice President of Engineered Wood Products, Wood Products, November 2017 - January 2019
•Vice President of Engineered Wood Products, Wood Products, February 2016 - November 2017
•Engineered Wood Products Marketing Manager, Wood Products, Boise Cascade Company, June 2015 - February 2016
•Prior employment with Weyerhaeuser Company, a New York Stock Exchange-listed timberlands and wood products company, as Vice President of Weyerhaeuser Distribution, February 2011 - June 2015
Mr. Jorgensen received a bachelor's degree in Civil and Environmental Engineering from the University of Wisconsin and also attended the Tuck School of Business Executive Education Program, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH.
Jeff Strom, Chief Operating Officer
Mr. Strom was appointed the company's chief operating officer in January 2025. His previous positions with the company include:
•Executive Vice President, Building Materials Distribution, March 2021 - January 2025
•Vice President, General Manager Eastern Operations, Building Materials Distribution, January 2020 - March 2021
•General Manager, Eastern Region, Building Materials Distribution, May 2019 - January 2020
•Region Manager, Building Materials Distribution, November 2015 - May 2019
•Branch Manager, Building Materials Distribution, September 2008 - November 2015
Mr. Strom received a bachelor’s degree in Management from the Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA.
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Kelly Hibbs, Senior Vice President, Chief Financial Officer, and Treasurer
Mr. Hibbs was appointed the company's senior vice president, chief financial officer, and treasurer in May 2021. His previous positions with the company include:
•Vice President and Controller, February 2011 - May 2021
•Director of Strategic Planning and Internal Audit, February 2008 - February 2011
Mr. Hibbs received a bachelor's degree in Accounting from Boise State University, Boise, ID. He is a certified public accountant.
Joanna Barney, Executive Vice President, Building Materials Distribution
Ms. Barney was appointed the company’s executive vice president, Building Materials Distribution, in February 2025. Her previous positions with the company include:
•Senior Vice President, Western Operations, Building Materials Distribution, October 2023 - February 2025
•Vice President, Western Operations, Building Materials Distribution, May 2022 - October 2023
•General Manager, Western Operations, Building Materials Distribution, September 2021 - May 2022
•Branch Manager, Building Materials Distribution, September 2015 - September 2021
Ms. Barney received a bachelor’s degree in Business Finance from the University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT.
Troy Little, Executive Vice President, Wood Products
Mr. Little was appointed the company's executive vice president, Wood Products, in February 2024. His previous positions with the company include:
•Senior Vice President, Finance & Commodity Sales, Wood Products, October 2023 - February 2024
•Vice President, Finance & Commodity Sales, Wood Products, May 2022 - October 2023
•Director of Finance & Commodity Sales, Wood Products, May 2020 - May 2022
•Financial Manager, Wood Products, May 2018 - May 2020
•Division Controller, Wood Products, October 2016 - May 2018
Mr. Little received a bachelor’s degree in Business Administration from the College of Idaho, Caldwell, ID.
Jill Twedt, Senior Vice President, General Counsel, and Corporate Secretary
Ms. Twedt was appointed the company's senior vice president, general counsel, and corporate secretary in October 2020. Her previous positions include:
•Vice President, General Counsel, and Corporate Secretary, January 2019 - October 2020
•Vice President, Legal and Corporate Secretary, August 2017 - January 2019
•Associate General Counsel, July 2007 - August 2017
Ms. Twedt received a bachelor's degree in Political Science from the College of Idaho, Caldwell, ID and a law degree from the University of Idaho, Moscow, ID.
Robert Johnson, Senior Vice President, Engineered Wood Products Sales & Marketing, Wood Products
Mr. Johnson was appointed the company's senior vice president of engineered wood products sales and marketing, Wood Products, in February 2022. His previous positions with the company include:
•Vice President of Engineered Wood Products Sales and Marketing, Wood Products, January 2020 - February 2022
•Director of Engineered Wood Products, March 2019 - January 2020
•Business Optimization Manager, Wood Products, May 2017 - March 2019
•Region Manager, Wood Products, February 2016 - May 2017
•Business Optimization Manager, Wood Products, March 2015 - February 2016
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•Business Optimization Engineer, Wood Products, October 2014 - March 2015
Mr. Johnson received a bachelor’s degree in Finance from the University of Oregon, Eugene, OR.
Chris Seymour, Senior Vice President, Manufacturing Operations, Wood Products
Mr. Seymour was appointed the company's senior vice president of manufacturing operations, Wood Products, in February 2022. His previous positions with the company include:
•Vice President of Manufacturing Operations, Wood Products, January 2020 - February 2022
•Director of Operations, Wood Products, February 2019 - January 2020
•Operations Manager, Wood Products, November 2017 - February 2019
•Area Manager, Wood Products, February 2015 - November 2017
Mr. Seymour received a bachelor’s degree in Business Administration and a master’s degree in Wood Science from West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV.
Jim Wickham, Senior Vice President, Eastern Operations, Building Materials Distribution
Mr. Wickham was appointed the company's senior vice president of eastern operations, Building Materials Distribution, in October 2023. His previous positions with the company include:
•Vice President, Eastern Operations, Building Materials Distribution, February 2022 - October 2023
•General Manager, Eastern Operations, Building Materials Distribution, February 2021 - February 2022
•Northeastern Region Manager, Building Materials Distribution, May 2016 - February 2021
•Branch Manager, Building Materials Distribution, March 2008 - May 2016
Mr. Wickham received a bachelor’s degree in Business from Missouri State University, Springfield, MO.
Angella Broesch, Vice President, Human Resources
Ms. Broesch was appointed the company's vice president of human resources in February 2024. Her previous positions with the company include:
•Senior Human Resources Director, July 2023 - February 2024
•Director of Total Rewards, November 2020 - July 2023
•Director of Internal Audit, October 2013 - November 2020
Ms. Broesch received a bachelor's degree in Accounting from the University of Idaho, Moscow, ID.
Chris Forrey, Vice President, Finance and Investor Relations
Mr. Forrey was appointed the company's vice president of finance and investor relations in May 2024. His previous positions with the company include:
•Senior Director of Finance, March 2022 - May 2024
•Director of Tax, March 2015 - March 2022
Mr. Forrey received a bachelor's degree in Accounting and a master's degree in Taxation from Boise State University, Boise, ID. He is a certified public accountant.
Nathan Sikes, Vice President, Sales and Marketing, Building Materials Distribution
Mr. Sikes was appointed the company's vice president of sales and marketing, Building Materials Distribution, in October 2023. His previous positions with the company include:
•Director of Sales and Marketing, Building Materials Distribution, December 2022 - October 2023
•Region Manager, Building Materials Distribution, January 2022 - December 2022
•Branch Manager, Building Materials Distribution, February 2019 - January 2022
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•Sales Manager, Building Materials Distribution, January 2014 - February 2019
Mr. Sikes received a bachelor’s degree in Business Administration from the University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX.
ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS
You should carefully consider the risks and uncertainties described below, together with all of the other information in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, including "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" and our consolidated financial statements and related notes, before making an investment decision. If any of the events or circumstances described in the following risk factors actually occurs, our business, operating results, financial condition, cash flows, and prospects could be materially and adversely affected.
Risks Relating to Our Business
Competitive Risks
A portion of the products we manufacture or purchase and resell are commodities whose price is determined by the market's supply and demand for such products, and the markets in which we operate are cyclical and competitive.
A portion of the building products we produce or distribute, including OSB, plywood, and lumber, are commodities that are widely available from other manufacturers or distributors with prices and volumes determined frequently in an auction market based on participants' perceptions of short-term supply and demand factors. At times, the price for any one or more of the products we produce or distribute may fall below our cash production or purchase costs, requiring us to either incur short-term losses on product sales or curtail production at one or more of our manufacturing facilities. Therefore, our profitability with respect to these commodity products depends, in significant part, on effective facilities maintenance and procurement programs, and on managing our cost structure, particularly raw materials and labor, which represent the largest components of our operating costs. Commodity wood product prices have historically been volatile in response to economic uncertainties, industry operating rates, supply-related disruptions, transportation constraints or disruptions, net import and export activity, trade policies, inventory levels in various distribution channels, and seasonal demand patterns.
Demand for the products we manufacture, as well as the products we purchase and distribute, is correlated with new residential construction, residential repair-and-remodeling activity and light commercial construction in the U.S. New residential construction activity has historically been volatile with demand for new residential construction influenced by seasonal weather factors, mortgage availability and rates, housing affordability constraints, home equity levels, unemployment levels, wage growth, household formation rates, domestic population growth, immigration rates, residential vacancy and foreclosure rates, demand for second homes, consumer confidence, and other general economic factors. Furthermore, changing demographics could impact product consumption and demand, including urbanization compounding issues around affordability, increasing importance of multi-family housing, declining size of single-family entry-level housing, increasing proportion of homes using slab-on-grade construction, reduced birthing statistics, and changing baby boomer needs freeing up housing capacity.
Industry supply for the products we produce and distribute is influenced primarily by price-induced changes in the operating rates of existing facilities, but is also influenced over time by the introduction of new product technologies, capacity additions and closures, the restart of idled capacity, and log availability. The balance of supply and demand in the U.S. is also heavily influenced by imported products, principally from Canada and South America.
We have very limited control of the preceding, and as a result, our profitability and cash flow may fluctuate materially in response to changes in the supply and demand balance for our primary products.
Our industry is highly competitive. If we are unable to compete effectively, our sales, operating results, and growth strategies could be negatively affected.
The markets for the products we manufacture in our Wood Products segment are highly competitive. Our competitors range from very large, fully integrated forest and building products firms to smaller firms that may manufacture only one or a few types of products. We also compete less directly with firms that manufacture substitutes for wood building products. Certain mills operated by our competitors may be lower-cost manufacturers than the mills operated by us.
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Our Wood Products segment provides financial incentives, including temporary price protection, to various parties along the supply chain (including wholesale distributors, dealers, and homebuilders) to increase sales of and loyalty to our EWP products. As a result of these commercial arrangements, the full effects of announced price increases may be delayed or reduced, impacting our financial results. Furthermore, customer consolidation has been ongoing. This consolidation could increase buying power which would create demand pressure on our financial incentives and compress our margins. In addition, if financial incentives provided are not sufficient, there is a risk we could lose business at the regional or national level.
The building products distribution industry in which our BMD segment competes is fragmented and competitive, and the barriers to entry for local competitors are relatively low. Competitive factors in our industry include pricing and availability of product, service and delivery capabilities, ability to assist customers with problem-solving, extension of credit terms, customer relationships, geographic coverage, and breadth of product offerings. Also, financial stability is important to suppliers and customers when choosing distributors. Having a sound financial position is important to our suppliers and allows for favorable terms on which to procure products. In addition, our financial condition is also important to customers who rely on us for timely delivery across a broad range of products that are consistently in stock. If our financial condition deteriorates in the future, our relationships with suppliers and customers may be negatively affected.
Some of the businesses with which we compete are part of larger companies and therefore have access to greater financial and other resources than we do. These resources may afford those competitors greater purchasing power, increased financial flexibility, and more capital resources for expansion and improvement, which may enable those competitors to compete more effectively than we can. In addition, certain suppliers to our distribution business also sell and distribute their products directly to our customers. Additional manufacturers of products distributed by us may elect to sell and distribute directly to our dealer or retail customers in the future or enter into exclusive supply arrangements with other distributors. Finally, we may not be able to maintain our costs at a level sufficiently low for us to compete effectively. If we are unable to compete effectively, our net sales and net income will be reduced.
Some of our products are vulnerable to declines in demand due to competing technologies or materials, as well as changes in building code provisions.
Our products may compete with alternative products in certain market segments. For example, plastic, concrete, steel, wood/plastic or composite materials may be used by builders as alternatives to the products produced by our Wood Products segment, such as EWP and plywood. Changes in prices for oil, chemicals, and wood-based fiber can change the competitive position of our products relative to available alternatives and could increase the substitution of those products for our products. As the use of these alternatives grows, demand for our products may decline.
Our principal manufactured products are also subject to substitution from other wood-based products, such as EWP facing competition from numerous dimension lumber producers and other strand-based EWP that we do not produce, or plywood losing further market share to OSB in residential and non-residential applications. In addition, we have seen an increase in floor truss capacity by some of our dealer customers, partially due to the limited supply of I-joists over the last few years. The expansion of truss manufacturing, along with the increased use of slab-on-grade construction, could negatively impact our I-joist market share and net sales prices.
Building code provisions have also been implemented in certain jurisdictions to address concerns for firefighter safety related to the collapse of floors during residential fires. The I-joists that we manufacture are subject to this code change. As local jurisdictions adopt the new code, we may be competitively disadvantaged in houses built with ground floors over unfinished basements and could be subject to substitution by dimension lumber or other products.
Operational Risks
Cybersecurity risks related to the technology used in our operations and other business processes, as well as security breaches of company, customer, employee, and vendor information, could adversely affect our business.
We rely on various information technology systems to capture, process, store, and report data and interact with customers, vendors, and employees. We also rely on information technology systems that automate aspects of our manufacturing processes. We work to install new and upgrade existing information technology systems and provide employee awareness training around phishing, malware, and other cyber risks to ensure that we are protected, to the greatest extent possible, against cyber risks and security breaches. In the future, network, system, and data breaches could result in the misappropriation of sensitive data or operational disruptions, including interruption to systems availability and denial of access to and misuse of applications required by our customers to conduct business with us. In addition, sophisticated hardware and operating system software and applications that we procure from third parties may contain defects in design or manufacture,
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including "bugs" and other problems that could unexpectedly interfere with the operation of the systems. Misuse of internal applications; theft of intellectual property, trade secrets, or other corporate assets; and unauthorized disclosure of confidential information could stem from such incidents. Delayed sales, slowed production, or other repercussions resulting from these disruptions could result in lost sales, business delays, and negative publicity and could have a material adverse effect on our operations, financial condition, or cash flows.
For additional information on our cybersecurity risk management, strategy, and governance, see "Item 1C. Cybersecurity" of this Form 10-K.
A material disruption at one of our manufacturing facilities could prevent us from meeting customer demand, including the demand from our Building Materials Distribution business, reduce our sales, and/or negatively affect our financial results.
Any of our manufacturing facilities, or any of our machines within an otherwise operational facility, could cease operations unexpectedly due to a number of events, including but not limited to:
•labor difficulties, including the inability to staff our facilities due to a global health pandemic;
•equipment failure, particularly a press at one of our major EWP production facilities;
•fires, floods, earthquakes, hurricanes, extreme weather, or other catastrophes, which may increase in frequency, severity and duration due to the physical impacts of climate change;
•unscheduled maintenance outages, including the inability to obtain equipment, parts, and supplies necessary to complete repairs;
•utility, information technology, telephonic, and transportation infrastructure disruptions;
•other operational problems; or
•internal or external security threats.
Any downtime or facility damage could prevent us from meeting customer demand for our products and/or require us to make unplanned capital expenditures. If our machines or facilities were to incur significant downtime, our ability to satisfy customer requirements would be impaired, resulting in lower sales and net income.
Because approximately 70% of our Wood Products sales in 2024 were to our BMD business, a material disruption at our Wood Products facilities would also negatively affect our BMD business. We are, therefore, exposed to a larger extent to the risk of disruption to our Wood Products manufacturing facilities due to our integration and the resulting impact on our BMD business.
In addition, a number of our suppliers are subject to the manufacturing facility disruption risks noted above. Our suppliers' inability to produce the necessary raw materials for our manufacturing processes or supply the finished goods that we distribute through our BMD segment may adversely affect our results of operations, cash flows, and financial position.
Declining demand for residual byproducts could negatively affect our financial results and operations.
We sell wood chips that are a byproduct of processing logs at our manufacturing operations, or created through the chipping of small-diameter logs that we are unable to process at our manufacturing operations. Our wood chips are primarily sold to paper mills in close proximity to our operations which convert the chips into wood pulp. Periods of high output from wood-based operations, closure of paper mills in the regions that we operate, declines in demand for paper grades that utilize our chips, or substitution of our chips with other recycled fiber sources, can negatively affect the balance of supply and demand for chips. An oversupply of chips has a negative impact on our chip price realizations and profitability, which impacts the financial results of our mills. In addition, if declines in demand for our chips continue and we cannot find alternative consumers for our chips, we may be forced to curtail any impacted mills.
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Labor disruptions, shortages of skilled and technical labor, or increased labor costs could adversely affect our business.
As of February 2, 2025, we had approximately 7,560 employees. Approximately 17% of these employees work pursuant to collective bargaining agreements. As of February 2, 2025, we had ten collective bargaining agreements. One agreement covering approximately 50 employees at our Woodinville BMD facility expired on May 31, 2024 and one agreement covering approximately 40 employees at our Vancouver BMD facility expired on December 31, 2024, but the terms and conditions of these agreements remain in effect pending negotiation of new agreements. One agreement covering approximately 20 employees at our Billings BMD facility is set to expire on March 31, 2025, and two agreements covering approximately 730 employees at our Oakdale and Florien plywood plants are set to expire on July 15, 2025, but the terms and conditions of these agreements will remain in effect after expiration, pending negotiation of new agreements. We may not be able to renew these agreements or may renew them on terms that are less favorable to us than the current agreements. If any of these agreements are not renewed or extended upon their termination, or additional collective bargaining agreements are formed, we could experience a material labor disruption, strike, or significantly increased labor costs at one or more of our facilities, either in the course of negotiations of a labor agreement or otherwise.
In addition, our ability to attract and retain talent is challenging due to a shortage of both hourly and technically skilled workers for our manufacturing and distribution facilities, as well as changing workforce expectations, including flexible or remote work arrangements that we may be unable to provide. Furthermore, changes in immigration laws and/or their enforcement, could result in tighter overall labor conditions and a shortage of skilled tradespeople. Labor disruptions or shortages could prevent us from meeting customer demands or result in increased costs, thereby reducing our sales and profitability.
We may be unable to attract and retain key management and other key employees.
Our key managers are important to our success and may be difficult to replace because they have a significant amount of experience in wood products manufacturing and building materials distribution. While our senior management team has considerable experience, certain members of our management team are nearing or have reached retirement age. In addition, certain of our employees have assumed key roles in recent years and may not have the experience of retiring key managers. The failure to successfully formulate and implement succession plans for retiring employees, implement training plans for new key managers, or our inability to attract new talent to our Company, could result in inadequate depth of institutional knowledge or inadequate skill sets, which could adversely affect our business.
Product shortages, loss of key suppliers, and our dependence on third-party suppliers and manufacturers could affect our financial health.
Our ability to offer a wide variety of products to our BMD customers is dependent upon our ability to obtain adequate product supply from manufacturers and other suppliers. Our customers' purchasing decisions for commodity products we sell are primarily based on price and availability, and these commodities may be sourced from various manufacturers. In the case of the general line and EWP products that we distribute, brand preference and product performance characteristics can have a high degree of influence on our customers' purchasing decisions. Supply chains, including key products purchased from our suppliers, may be disrupted due to labor shortages during elevated housing demand or a global health pandemic. In addition, although we have agreements with many of our suppliers, such agreements are generally terminable by either party on relatively short notice. The loss of, or a substantial decrease in the availability of, products from our suppliers or the loss of key supplier arrangements could adversely impact our financial condition, operating results, and cash flows.
We depend on third parties for transportation services and limited availability or increases in costs of transportation could adversely affect our business and operations.
Our business depends on the transportation of a large number of products via rail or truck. In Wood Products, we rely on third parties for inbound receipt of raw materials and outbound movement of finished goods. In BMD, we rely primarily on third parties for inbound receipt of the products we resell and manage the outbound movement of products to our customers with a combination of internal and external resources. In addition, we are subject to seasonal capacity constraints and weather-related delays for rail and truck transportation.
If any of these providers fail to deliver raw materials or finished goods for resale to us in a timely manner, we may be unable to meet our customer demands. In addition, if any of our third-party transportation providers fail to deliver the goods we manufacture or distribute in a timely manner, we may be unable to sell those products at full value. In addition, if any of these third parties were to cease operations or cease doing business with us, we may be unable to replace them at a reasonable cost.
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Any failure of a third-party transportation provider to deliver raw materials or finished products in a timely manner could harm our reputation, negatively affect our customer relationships, and have a material adverse effect on our operating results, cash flows, and financial condition.
In addition, an increase in transportation rates or fuel surcharges could adversely affect our sales, profitability, and cash flows.
Our manufacturing operations may have difficulty obtaining wood fiber at favorable prices or at all.
Wood fiber is our principal raw material, which accounted for approximately 39% of the aggregate amount of materials, labor, and other operating expenses (excluding depreciation) for our Wood Products segment in 2024. Our primary source of wood fiber is logs. Log prices have been historically cyclical in response to changes in domestic and foreign demand and supply. In the future, we expect the level of foreign demand for log exports from the western U.S. to fluctuate based on the economic activity in China and other Pacific Rim countries, currency exchange rates, trade policies, and the availability of log supplies from other countries such as Canada, Russia, and New Zealand. Sustained periods of high log costs may impair the cost competitiveness of our manufacturing facilities.
In our Pacific Northwest operations, a substantial portion of our logs are purchased from governmental authorities, including federal, state, and local governments. As a result, existing and future governmental regulation can affect our access to, and the cost of, such timber. Future domestic or foreign legislation and litigation concerning the use of timberlands, timber harvest methodologies, forest road construction and maintenance, the protection of endangered species, forest-based carbon sequestration, the promotion of forest health, and the response to and prevention of catastrophic wildfires can affect log and fiber supply from both government and private lands. Availability of harvested logs and fiber may be further limited by pandemics, fire, insect infestation, disease, ice storms, windstorms, hurricanes, flooding, changing temperature and precipitation patterns, and other natural and man-made causes, thereby reducing supply and increasing prices. Changes in global climate conditions could amplify one or more of these factors. If we are unable to negotiate purchases for our log requirements in a particular region to satisfy our log needs at satisfactory prices or at all, which could include private purchases, open-market purchases, and purchases from governmental sources, it could have an adverse effect on our results of operations.
We also purchase OSB, which is used as the vertical web to assemble I-joists. OSB accounted for approximately 6% of the aggregate amount of materials, labor, and other operating expenses (excluding depreciation) for our Wood Products segment in 2024. OSB is a commodity, and prices have historically been volatile in response to industry capacity restarts and operating rates, inventory levels in various distribution channels, and seasonal demand patterns.
Wood fiber also includes, to a lesser extent than OSB, lumber purchased from third parties for I-joist production at our Canadian EWP facility and for production at our laminated beam plant in Idaho. Lumber input costs are subject to similar commodity-based volatility characteristics noted above for OSB.
Our strategy includes both organic growth and pursuing acquisitions, which we may be unable to execute efficiently and effectively.
Organic growth, such as greenfield investments, involves higher fixed costs and significant risks and uncertainties, including some that may not be identifiable or resolvable in due diligence. Subsequent to making the investment, the performance of the new assets is subject to economic uncertainties, as described in our other risk factors, as well as difficulties obtaining labor, customers, or suppliers. In addition, organic growth investments may divert management's attention and resources from existing operations. Our failure to effectively expand our product and service offerings in our previously announced greenfield distribution centers in Texas and South Carolina or future projects, realize expected benefits, or manage other consequences of our organic growth could adversely affect our financial condition, operating results, and cash flows.
We evaluate potential acquisitions from time to time and have, in the past, grown through acquisitions. In the future, we may be unable to successfully identify attractive potential acquisitions or effectively integrate potential acquisitions due to multiple factors, including those noted below, and potential issues related to regulatory review of the proposed transactions. We may also be required to incur additional debt in order to consummate acquisitions, which debt may be substantial and may limit our flexibility in using our cash flow from operations.
In addition, we may not be able to integrate the operations of previously acquired businesses in an efficient and cost-effective manner or without disruption to our existing operations or may not be able to realize expected benefits. Acquisitions involve significant risks and uncertainties, including some that may not be identifiable or resolvable in due diligence. Subsequent to making the investment, the performance of the acquired assets is subject to economic uncertainties, as described
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in our other risk factors, uncertainties related to the achievement of expected synergies, as well as difficulties integrating acquired personnel into our business, the potential loss of key employees, customers, or suppliers, difficulties in integrating different computer and accounting systems, exposure to unknown or unforeseen liabilities of acquired companies, and the diversion of management attention and resources from existing operations.
Our failure to integrate future acquired businesses effectively, realize expected benefits, or manage other consequences of our acquisitions could adversely affect our financial condition, operating results, and cash flows.
We invest resources to update and improve our information technology systems and software platforms. Should our investments not succeed, or if delays or other issues with new or existing technology systems and software platforms disrupt our operations, our business could be harmed.
We rely on our network infrastructure, enterprise resource planning (ERP) system, data hosting, public cloud and software-as-a-service providers, and technology systems for many of our development, marketing, operational, support, sales, accounting and financial reporting activities. We are continually investing resources to update and improve these systems and environments in order to meet existing needs, as well as the growing and changing requirements of our business and customers. If we experience prolonged delays or unforeseen difficulties in updating and upgrading our systems and architecture, we may experience outages and may not be able to deliver certain offerings or develop new offerings and enhancements that we need to remain competitive. Improvements, upgrades, and, to a greater extent, system conversions, are often complex, costly and time-consuming. In addition, such improvements can be challenging to integrate with our existing technology systems or may uncover problems with our existing technology systems. Unsuccessful implementation of hardware or software updates and improvements could result in outages, disruption in our business operations, loss of revenue or damage to our reputation.
We may be unable to successfully pursue our long-term growth strategy related to innovation and digital technology.
We are committed to pursuing innovation with technology to search out revenue-generating, cost-reducing, and risk-mitigating opportunities. New technological developments, including the development of artificial intelligence, are rapidly evolving. Our long-term strategy depends, in part, on our ability to identify and adapt to evolving technological trends in order to leverage potential benefits for us and our vendor and customer partners. Slow-moving initiatives may cause us to fall behind competitors in identifying value in new markets, creating relevant business insights, and identifying cost-cutting capabilities. There is also a risk that changes in our business model due to a push into innovative products, new business markets, and digitalization are not sufficiently understood and managed, leaving us exposed to unknown risks. In addition, we may not be successful in implementing evolving technologies and may spend resources on projects that ultimately are unsuccessful or yield a low return on the amount invested. Without effective implementation, there may be credibility loss with both internal and external audiences, as well as lost market opportunities, which could adversely affect our financial condition, operating results, and cash flows.
Financial Risks
A significant portion of our sales are concentrated with a small number of customers.
For the year ended December 31, 2024, our top ten customers represented approximately 48% of our sales, with two customers accounting for approximately 12% and 10% of total sales. At December 31, 2024, receivables from two customers accounted for approximately 19% and 11% of total receivables. Although we believe that our relationships with our customers are strong, the loss of one or more of these customers could have a material adverse effect on our operating results, cash flow, and liquidity.
Adverse market conditions may increase the credit risk from our customers.
Our BMD and Wood Products segments extend credit to numerous customers who are generally susceptible to the same economic business risks as we are. Unfavorable market conditions could result in financial failures of one or more of our significant customers. Furthermore, we may not be aware of any deterioration in our customers' financial position. In addition, as customers merge and consolidate, credit risk may become concentrated among fewer customers. If our customers' financial positions become impaired, our ability to fully collect receivables from such customers could be impaired and negatively affect our operating results, cash flow, and liquidity.
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Our long-lived assets, goodwill, and/or intangible assets may become impaired, which may require us to record non-cash impairment charges that could have a material impact on our results of operations.
We review the carrying value of long-lived assets and finite-lived intangible assets for impairment when events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the assets may not be recoverable. We also test goodwill in each of our reporting units and intangible assets with indefinite lives for impairment annually in the fourth quarter or sooner if events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of the asset may exceed fair value. To the extent that long-lived assets, goodwill, and/or intangible assets do not provide the future economic benefit we expect, it may result in non-cash impairment or accelerated depreciation charges. These non-cash impairments or accelerated depreciation charges could have a material impact on our results of operations in the period in which these charges are recognized.
Future events or circumstances such as sustained negative economic impacts, declines in single-family housing starts, environmental regulations or restrictions, sustained periods of weak commodity prices, loss of key customers, capacity additions by competitors, changes in the competitive position of our products, or changes in raw materials or manufacturing costs that lead us to believe the long-lived asset will no longer provide a sufficient return on investment, could prompt decisions to invest capital differently than expected, sell facilities, or curtail operations. Any of these factors, among others, could result in non-cash impairment or accelerated depreciation charges in the future with respect to the book value of certain assets and past investments we have made.
For additional information and a discussion regarding the impact of impairment of long-lived assets and accelerated depreciation charges on our results of operations and financial condition, see "Long-Lived Asset Impairment" included in "Critical Accounting Estimates" in "Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" of this Form 10-K.
Our operations require substantial capital, and recent significant capital investments and acquisitions have increased fixed costs, which could negatively affect our profitability.
In recent years, we have completed a number of capital investments; including the expansion of our EWP capacity, the replacement or rebuild of veneer dryers and log utilization centers (or improvements to other manufacturing equipment), purchasing and leasing new or additional land and warehouse space for expansions related to our distribution centers and door and millwork facilities, and increasing our outdoor storage acreage. These organic growth investments, along with recent acquisitions, have increased our base level of capital expenditures needed for the replacement and maintenance of our asset base. In addition, the recent inflationary environment has increased the cost of machinery and equipment needed for our operations. Ineffective deployment of increased capital and not maintaining our cost leverage could negatively affect our profitability if our revenue and operating results do not offset our incremental fixed costs. Capital expenditures for the expansion or replacement of existing facilities or equipment or to comply with future changes in environmental laws and regulations may be substantial. Although we maintain our production equipment with regular periodic and scheduled maintenance, we cannot guarantee that key pieces of equipment in our various manufacturing facilities will not need to be repaired or replaced or that we will not incur significant additional costs associated with environmental compliance. The costs of repairing or replacing such equipment and the associated downtime of the affected production line could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations and cash flow. If, for any reason, we are unable to provide for our operating needs, capital expenditures, and other cash requirements on economic terms, we could experience a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows.
Our ability to service our indebtedness or to fund our other liquidity needs is subject to various risks.
Our ability to make scheduled payments on our indebtedness and fund other liquidity needs depends on and is subject to our financial and operating performance, which in turn is affected by general and regional economic, financial, competitive, business, and other factors, including the availability of financing in the banking and capital markets as well as the other risks described herein. In particular, demand for our products correlates to a significant degree to the level of residential construction activity in North America, which historically has been characterized by significant cyclicality.
We cannot guarantee that our business will generate sufficient cash flows from operations or that future borrowings will be available to us at a cost or in an amount sufficient to enable us to service our debt or to fund our other liquidity needs. If we are unable to service our debt obligations or fund our other liquidity needs, we could be forced to curtail our operations, reorganize our capital structure, or liquidate some or all of our assets.
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The terms of our debt agreements restrict, and covenants contained in agreements governing indebtedness in the future may impose significant operating and financial restrictions on our company and our subsidiaries, which may prevent us from capitalizing on business opportunities.
Our debt agreements contain, and any future indebtedness of ours may contain, a number of restrictive covenants that impose operating and financial restrictions on us. Our debt agreements limit our ability and the ability of our restricted subsidiaries, among other things, to:
•incur additional debt;
•declare or pay dividends, redeem stock, or make other distributions to stockholders;
•make investments;
•create liens or use assets in security in other transactions;
•merge or consolidate, or sell, transfer, lease, or dispose of substantially all of our assets;
•enter into transactions with affiliates;
•sell or transfer certain assets; and
•in the case of our revolving credit facility, make prepayments on our senior notes and subordinated indebtedness.
In addition, our revolving credit facility provides that if an event of default occurs or excess availability under our revolving credit facility drops below a threshold amount equal to the greater of 10% of the Line Cap (as defined in the Amended Agreement) and $35 million (and until such time as excess availability for two consecutive fiscal months exceeds that threshold amount and no event of default has occurred and is continuing), we will be required to maintain a monthly minimum fixed charge coverage ratio of 1.0:1.0, determined on a trailing twelve-month basis.
Our failure to comply with any of these covenants could result in an event of default, which, if not cured or waived, could result in the acceleration of all of our indebtedness.
Risks Relating to Laws and Regulations
Changes in foreign trade policy, including the imposition of tariffs, could impact our product pricing and input costs.
Our Wood Products and BMD segments could be negatively impacted by changes in tariffs, duties, taxes, or customs resulting from changes in U.S. and foreign trade policy. We export finished wood products and other building materials to foreign markets, primarily to Canada. In addition, we purchase raw materials to be used as inputs in our manufacturing business and inventory purchased for resale in our distribution business from suppliers and manufacturers that are located outside of the United States. Given the nature of our business operations, actions taken by the U.S. government regarding trade policy, such as renegotiating or terminating existing trade agreements or leveraging tariffs, could adversely impact our product pricing and input costs, the supply of products available to us, as well as the demand for the products we manufacture and distribute. Further, if we experience increases in input costs, we may be unable to pass these cost increases along to our customers, thereby reducing our margins. We cannot predict future U.S. or foreign trade policy, however, the impacts of changes in trade policy discussed above could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, cash flows, and financial condition.
Compliance with data privacy and security laws and regulations could adversely affect our business.
Many U.S. states have enacted data privacy and security laws and regulations that govern the collection, use, disclosure, transfer, storage, disposal, and protection of sensitive personal information. In the ordinary course of business, we capture, process, store, and transmit confidential business information and certain personal information relating to our employees, customers and vendors that are subject to these laws and regulations. The legislative and regulatory landscape for privacy and data protection continues to evolve, and there has been an increasing focus on privacy and data protection issues. Ongoing efforts to comply with evolving laws and regulations may require subsequent modifications to our policies, procedures and systems. We will continue to monitor and assess the impact of regulatory legislation, which may impose substantial
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penalties for violations, increased costs for investigations, monitoring and compliance, potential litigation, and possible damage to our reputation, all of which could have a material adverse effect on our operations, financial condition, or cash flows.
The impacts of climate change, and related legislative and regulatory responses intended to reduce climate change, may adversely impact our business.
There is increasing concern that climate change will cause significant changes in temperatures and weather patterns around the globe, an increase in the frequency, severity, and duration of extreme weather conditions and natural disasters, and water scarcity and poor water quality. These events could adversely impact both the availability of raw materials required for the manufacture of our products and the delivery of products to our distribution facilities. They could disrupt the operation of our supply chain and the productivity of our suppliers, increase our production and transportation costs, impose capacity restraints, and impact the purchases of our products. These events could also compound adverse economic conditions and impact consumer confidence. As a result, the effects of climate change could have a long-term adverse impact on our business and results of operations.
In the United States, it is possible that some form of new or additional legislation and regulations will be enacted at the federal or state level to reduce or mitigate the impact of climate change. If we, or our suppliers, are required to comply with these laws and regulations, we may experience increased costs for energy, production, transportation, and raw materials, increased costs related to environmental monitoring and reporting, increased capital expenditures, or increased insurance premiums and deductibles, which could adversely impact our operations. Inconsistency of legislation and regulations among jurisdictions may also affect the costs of compliance with such laws and regulations. Any assessment of the potential impact or timing of future climate change legislation, regulations, or industry standards is uncertain, given the evolving nature of the heightened focus on climate change.
For additional information on how climate change regulation and compliance affects our business, see "Environmental" in "Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" of this Form 10-K.
We are subject to environmental regulation and environmental compliance expenditures, as well as other potential environmental liabilities.
Our businesses are subject to a wide range of general and industry-specific environmental laws and regulations, particularly with respect to air emissions, wastewater discharges, solid and hazardous waste management, and site remediation. Compliance with these laws and regulations is a significant factor in the operation of our businesses. Enactment of new environmental laws or regulations, or changes in existing laws or regulations might require us to make significant expenditures or restrict operations.
As an owner and operator of real estate, we may be liable under environmental laws for the cleanup of past and present spills and releases of hazardous or toxic substances on or from our properties and operations. We may also be contractually obligated to indemnify third parties under environmental laws for the cleanup of past spills and releases of hazardous or toxic substances for properties which we no longer own and operate. We could be found liable under these laws whether or not we knew of, or were responsible for, the presence of such substances. In some cases, this liability may exceed the property's value.
We may be unable to generate funds or other sources of liquidity and capital to fund unforeseen environmental liabilities or expenditures to the extent we are not indemnified by third parties. For example, in connection with prior transactions, certain third parties are generally obligated to indemnify us for hazardous substance releases and other environmental violations that occurred prior to such transactions. However, these third parties may not have sufficient funds to fully satisfy their indemnification obligations when required, and in some cases, we may not be contractually entitled to indemnification by them.
For additional information on how environmental regulation and compliance affects our business, see "Environmental" in "Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" of this Form 10-K.
The nature of our business exposes us to product liability, product warranty, casualty, manufacturing and construction defects, and other claims.
We may be involved in product liability, product warranty, casualty, manufacturing and construction defects, and other claims relating to the products we manufacture and distribute, and services we provide. We also rely on manufacturers and other suppliers to provide us with many of the products we sell and distribute. Because we do not have direct control over the quality of such products manufactured or supplied by such third-party suppliers, we are exposed to risks relating to the quality
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of such products. In addition, we are exposed to potential claims arising from the conduct of our employees, and homebuilders and their subcontractors, for which we may be contractually liable. Although we currently maintain what we believe to be suitable and adequate insurance in excess of our self-insured amounts, there can be no assurance that we will be able to maintain such insurance on acceptable terms or that such insurance will provide adequate protection against potential liabilities. Product liability, product warranty, casualty, construction defect, and other claims can be expensive to defend and can divert the attention of management and other personnel for significant periods, regardless of the ultimate outcome. Claims of this nature could also have a negative impact on our reputation and customer confidence in our products and our company. We cannot assure that any current or future claims will not adversely affect our financial condition, operating results, and cash flows.
Risks Relating to Ownership of Our Common Stock
The price of our common stock may fluctuate significantly.
Volatility in the market price of our common stock may prevent a stockholder from being able to sell shares at or above the price paid for them. The market price for our common stock could fluctuate significantly for various reasons, including:
•our operating and financial performance and prospects;
•our quarterly or annual earnings or those of other companies in our industry;
•the public's reaction to our press releases, our other public announcements, and our filings with the SEC;
•changes in key personnel;
•strategic actions by us, our customers, or our competitors, such as acquisitions, consolidations, or restructurings;
•changes in, or failure to meet, earnings estimates or recommendations by research analysts who track our common stock or the stock of other companies in our industry;
•the failure of research analysts to cover our common stock;
•general economic, industry, and market conditions;
•new laws or regulations or new interpretations of existing laws or regulations applicable to our business;
•investors' perception of our commitment to sustainability and corporate responsibility;
•material litigation or government investigations;
•changes in general conditions in the U.S. and global economies or financial markets, including those resulting from war, incidents of terrorism, pandemics, or responses to such events;
•sales of common stock by our management team or board of directors;
•the granting of equity or equity-based incentives;
•volume of trading in our common stock (which may be impacted by future sales or repurchases of our common stock);
•changes in accounting standards, policies, guidance, interpretations, or principles; and
•the impact of the factors described elsewhere in "Item 1A. Risk Factors" of this Form 10-K.
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In addition, the stock market has regularly experienced significant price and volume fluctuations. This volatility has had a significant impact on the market price of securities issued by many companies, including companies in our industry. The changes frequently appear to occur without regard to the operating performance of the affected companies. Hence, the price of our common stock could fluctuate based on factors that have little or nothing to do with us, and these fluctuations could materially reduce our share price.
We may not pay cash dividends in the future.
In November 2017, our board of directors approved a dividend policy pursuant to which we have paid quarterly cash dividends to holders of our common stock. In addition to these quarterly dividends, we also paid special dividends in each of the last five years. However, the future declaration and payment of dividends will continue to be at the discretion of our board of directors and the dividend policy may be suspended or canceled at its discretion at any time. Declaration of future dividends will depend upon legal capital requirements and surplus, our future operations and earnings, general financial condition, material cash requirements, restrictions imposed by our asset-based credit facility and the indenture governing our senior notes, applicable laws, and other factors that our board of directors may deem relevant. Unless we continue to pay cash dividends on our common stock in the future, the success of an investment in our common stock will depend entirely upon its appreciation. Our common stock may not appreciate in value or even maintain the price at which it was purchased.
Certain provisions of our organizational documents and other contractual provisions may make it difficult for stockholders to change the composition of our board of directors and may discourage hostile takeover attempts that some of our stockholders may consider to be beneficial.
Certain provisions of our certificate of incorporation and bylaws may have the effect of delaying or preventing changes in control if our board of directors, in exercising its duty of care, determines that such changes in control are not in the best interests of the company and our stockholders. The provisions in our certificate of incorporation and bylaws include, among other things, the following:
• the ability of our board of directors to issue shares of preferred stock and to determine the price and other terms, including preferences and voting rights, of those shares without stockholder approval;
• stockholder action can only be taken at a special or regular meeting and not by written consent;
• advance notice procedures for nominating candidates to our board of directors or presenting matters at stockholder meetings;
• removal of directors only for cause;
• allowing only our board of directors the ability to create additional director seats and fill vacancies on our board of directors; and
• super-majority voting requirements to amend our bylaws and certain provisions of our certificate of incorporation.
We have elected in our certificate of incorporation not to be subject to Section 203 of the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware (DGCL), an antitakeover law. However, our certificate of incorporation contains provisions that have the same effect as Section 203. The provisions in our certificate of incorporation prohibit us from engaging in a business combination, such as a merger, with a person or group owning 15% or more of the corporation's voting stock for a period of three years following the date the person became an interested stockholder, unless (with certain exceptions) the business combination or the transaction in which the person became an interested stockholder is approved in a prescribed manner.
While these provisions have the effect of encouraging persons seeking to acquire control of our company to negotiate with our board of directors, they could enable the board of directors to hinder or frustrate a transaction that some, or a majority, of the stockholders might believe to be in their best interests and, in that case, may prevent or discourage attempts to remove and replace incumbent directors.
These provisions may frustrate or prevent any attempts by our stockholders to replace or remove our current management by making it more difficult for stockholders to replace members of our board of directors, which is responsible for appointing the members of our management.
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ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS
We have no unresolved comments from the SEC staff.
ITEM 1C. CYBERSECURITY
Cybersecurity Risk Oversight and Risk Assessment
We recognize the importance of developing, implementing, and maintaining robust cybersecurity measures to safeguard our information systems and protect the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of our data.
One of the key functions of our board of directors is to provide informed oversight of our risk management processes. While management is assigned responsibility for the day-to-day response to material risks we face, our board of directors maintains responsibility for risk oversight, including risks related to cybersecurity threats. The Audit Committee of our board of directors is responsible for discussing risk exposures relating to cybersecurity, including current and emerging developments and threats, and the steps management has taken to monitor and control such exposures. The Audit Committee is composed of board members with diverse expertise, including financial, governance, and information security and controls, which equips them to oversee cybersecurity risks effectively.
Our cybersecurity risk identification and assessment process is integrated into our enterprise risk management process. Our board of directors and key members of management across the organization rank previously identified risks, identify new or emerging risks, and provide commentary on the financial or strategic impact these risks could have on the Company. The risk survey responses are analyzed in the context of our business, recommendations are made where appropriate, and ownership of risk response is assigned to specific individuals. The results of this process are presented to our board of directors at least annually. In addition, our Information Technology (IT) Director provides quarterly updates to our board of directors on cybersecurity incidents, cybersecurity awareness activities, including results of mock-phishing exercises, regulatory and compliance matters specific to cybersecurity, and activities related to business continuity, including data validation and restore testing and tabletop exercises. Risk assessment for cybersecurity threats is embedded into these quarterly updates, with each topic discussed being assigned a risk level.
In 2024, we did not identify any cybersecurity threats that have materially affected or are reasonably likely to materially affect our business strategy, results of operations, or financial condition. However, we can provide no assurance that there will not be cybersecurity threats or incidents in the future or that they will not materially affect us, including our business strategy, results of operations, or financial condition. For more information regarding the risks we face from cybersecurity threats, see Item 1A. "Risk Factors" included in this report.
Cybersecurity Risk Management
Primary responsibility for assessing, monitoring and managing our cybersecurity risks rests with our IT Director. Our current IT Director has been in his position since 2014 and has over 30 years of information technology, finance, and operational experience in our organization. Our IT Director is certified in governance of enterprise IT (CGEIT), is a Certified Data Privacy Solutions Engineer (CDPSE) and a Certified Information Systems Auditor (CISA). Our IT Director and other IT leaders systematically use the Control Objectives for Information and Related Technology (COBIT) framework as an IT governance framework and remain educated on other best practices in compliance, projects, and processes. In addition, our IT Director reviews our operational plan annually with our operating segments, which includes review and discussion of a cybersecurity risk management framework.
Our information services department, led by our IT Director, manages and continually enhances our information systems with the ultimate goal of preventing cybersecurity incidents to the extent feasible, while simultaneously increasing our system resilience in an effort to minimize the business impact should an incident occur. We work to install new and upgrade existing information technology systems. We recognize the importance of preventative controls in mitigating the risk from cybersecurity threats and have implemented measures such as anti-virus security, two-factor authentication, web filtering, browser isolation tools, and mobility safeguards to enable enhanced security on personal devices. In addition, we provide mandatory cybersecurity training to our employees around phishing, malware, and other cybersecurity risks to ensure that we are protected, to the greatest extent possible, against cybersecurity risks and security breaches.
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Recognizing the complexity and evolving nature of cybersecurity threats, we engage independent third parties to penetration test our systems, consult on security enhancements, and perform industrial control system audits. In addition, our IT-related internal controls over financial reporting are audited by both our internal auditors and independent external auditors. These practices allow us to leverage specialized knowledge and insights, identify risks, and continuously improve our information technology internal controls and processes to respond to the evolving cybersecurity threats.
We also acknowledge the risks associated with third-party service providers. We employ a risk-based due diligence process of engaging and managing third-party relationships. The third-party management program is integrated into our enterprise risk management process to measure risks and evaluate current and evolving resource needs. We perform risk assessments of new and existing service providers, develop and maintain a proactive approach to address non-compliance, and establish monitoring plans based on risk scores. This process continues throughout the lifecycle of the third-party relationship. Initially, new third parties are segmented into risk categories based on reputational/sanction screenings, geographical location, contractual obligations, financial arrangements, data transfer/sharing agreements, subcontractor/additional entity relationships of the third party, and business relationship oversight feedback. When the ongoing risk monitoring identifies a change in risk profiles, monitoring plans are adjusted as appropriate to ensure proper controls are in place and due diligence is applied to mitigate higher-risk relationships. These practices are designed to mitigate risks related to data breaches and other security incidents originating from third-party service providers.
Monitoring and Responding to Cybersecurity Incidents and Data Breaches
Management reduces the risk of cyber incidents by monitoring network traffic through security controls, including firewalls, intrusion detection/prevention systems, anti-virus/anti-malware systems, cyber threat intelligence, and vulnerability monitoring tools. We use extended detection and response (XDR) technology to integrate network, endpoint, and cloud data to stop sophisticated attacks by detecting malware and exploit threats, including using artificial intelligence (AI) behavioral analytics. We also partner with a security operation center (SOC) to provide 24-7 outside monitoring services for additional support to the internal IT team.
We have an established cross-functional IT incident response team, which includes our IT Director, to respond to cyber incidents effectively and to coordinate communications that may be necessary in the event of an incident. The incident response team has a prescriptive plan to track cyber incidents and responses and has established communication protocols when an event occurs, enabling better reporting of such events. Our incident response plan includes involving law enforcement, as needed, depending on the nature of the attack. Members of the IT incident response team and data breach team, discussed in more detail below, maintain relationships with key suppliers and other entities in order to collaborate and communicate about ongoing cyber threats that may impact the Company.
We have also developed a data breach response plan that includes policies and procedures to assess the nature and scope of an incident that has been determined to be a data breach, identify the information systems and types of information that may have been accessed or misused, contain and control the incident, maintain or restore business continuity, and communicate the incident to the necessary parties, dependent upon the nature and severity of the incident. In addition, we have formed a data breach response team that is comprised of individuals across the organization, including our IT Director, executive management, information technology and security, risk management, audit, legal, privacy and compliance, finance, communications, and business and IT operations. The data breach response plan outlines the roles and responsibilities of each team member, including monitoring of new data breach reporting regulations and communication protocols for incident reporting. In the event of a verified data breach, the data breach response team communicates the data breach to internal and external stakeholders, including employees, vendors, customers, law enforcement, and other federal or state agencies. The data breach response team also works with the necessary individuals to determine whether a verified data breach has a material impact to the company. If determined to be material, the data breach response team provides our CEO with documentation to communicate the incident to our board of directors.
In addition, we perform quarterly incident response and data breach tabletop exercises, which are simulations of cybersecurity incidents that are designed to test the effectiveness of our incident and data breach response plans. These exercises identify potential process improvements, opportunities to enhance the incident and data breach response plans and help prepare for actual cybersecurity incidents.
We recognize that cyber threats are a permanent part of the risk landscape and that new threats are constantly evolving. For these and other reasons, we have made it a priority to ensure the risk of cybersecurity threats is integrated into our risk assessment and risk management processes.
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ITEM 2. PROPERTIES
Our properties are well-maintained and are suitable for the operations for which they are used. Information concerning production capacity and the utilization of our manufacturing facilities is presented in "Item 1. Business" of this Form 10-K.
The following is a list of our facilities by segment as of February 14, 2025. We lease office space for our corporate headquarters in Boise, Idaho.
Wood Products
We own all of our Wood Products manufacturing facilities. The following table summarizes our Wood Products facilities as of February 14, 2025:

Facility Type |  | Number of Facilities |  | Locations
Plywood and veneer plants |  | 11 |  | Alabama, Florida, Louisiana (2), Oregon (5), South Carolina, and Washington
LVL/I-joist/laminated beam plants |  | 5 |  | Alabama, Louisiana, Oregon, Idaho, and Canada
Sawmills |  | 2 |  | Washington

Building Materials Distribution
Our BMD business operates a nationwide network of 38 owned and leased distribution facilities across the U.S., including door and millwork facilities in 14 markets. The total approximate square footage of our warehouse space is 6.3 million, of which 3.4 million square feet are owned. Substantially all of our leases are noncancelable and the majority are accounted for as operating leases. These leases are not subject to early termination except for standard nonperformance clauses. In addition, BMD operates a single component manufacturing plant.

ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
We are a party to legal proceedings that arise in the ordinary course of our business, including commercial liability claims, premises claims, environmental claims, and employment-related claims, among others. As of the date of this filing, we do not believe that we are party to any legal action that could reasonably be expected to have, individually or in the aggregate, a material adverse effect on our financial position, results of operations, or cash flows.
SEC regulations require us to disclose certain information about proceedings arising under federal, state or local environmental provisions if we reasonably believe that such proceedings may result in monetary sanctions above a stated threshold. Pursuant to the SEC regulations, we use a threshold of $1 million or more for purposes of determining whether disclosure of any such proceedings is required.
ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES
Not applicable.
PART II
ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT'S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS, AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES
Our common stock is traded on the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) under the trading symbol BCC. On February 14, 2025, there were 37,932,989 shares of our common stock outstanding, held by six stockholders of record, one of which was Cede & Co., which is the nominee of The Depository Trust Company.
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Dividends
Information regarding the payment of dividends is discussed in more detail under "Financing Activities—Dividends on Common Stock" in "Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" of this Form 10-K.
Performance Graph
The following graph compares the return on a $100 investment in our common stock on December 31, 2019, with a $100 investment also made on December 31, 2019, in the S&P SmallCap 600 Index and in our peer group, which is comprised of companies within the S&P 600 Building Products Index. The information in the graph below is not "soliciting material," is not deemed "filed" with the SEC, and is not to be incorporated by reference in any of our filings under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, whether made before or after the date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, except to the extent that we specifically incorporate such information by reference. The stock performance shown below is not necessarily indicative of future performance.
___________________________________
(a) $100 invested in stock or index on December 31, 2019, including reinvestment of dividends in additional shares of the same class of equity securities.
Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities
We did not sell any unregistered securities from January 1, 2024, through December 31, 2024.
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Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer and Affiliated Purchasers
On October 30, 2024, our board of directors authorized the repurchase of an additional 1.4 million shares of our common stock. This is the most recent authorization under our common stock repurchase program that was authorized on February 25, 2015 (the Program). Share repurchases may be made on an opportunistic basis, through open market transactions, privately negotiated transactions, or by other means in accordance with applicable federal securities laws. During fourth quarter 2024, we repurchased 280,750 shares under the Program at a cost of $36.4 million, or an average of $129.64 per share. Set forth below is information regarding the Company's share repurchases under the Program during the fourth quarter ended December 31, 2024.

| Total Number of Shares Purchased |  | Average Price Paid per Share |  | Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs |  | Maximum Number of Shares That May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs
October 1, 2024 - October 31, 2024 | 50,000 |  | $ | 137.54 |  |  | 50,000 |  | 2,038,966 |
November 1, 2024 - November 30, 2024 | 2,600 |  | 139.48 |  |  | 2,600 |  | 2,036,366 |
December 1, 2024 - December 31, 2024 | 228,150 |  | 127.79 |  |  | 228,150 |  | 1,808,216 |
Total | 280,750 |  | $ | 129.64 |  |  | 280,750 |  | 1,808,216 |

ITEM 6. [RESERVED]
ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
Understanding Our Financial Information
This Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and related notes and other financial information appearing elsewhere in this Form 10-K. The following discussion includes statements that are forward-looking statements and are based on the beliefs of our management, as well as assumptions made by, and information currently available to, our management. Actual results could differ materially from those discussed in or implied by forward-looking statements as a result of various factors, including those discussed below and elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, particularly in the section entitled "Cautionary Statement Concerning Forward-Looking Statements" and in Item 1A. "Risk Factors." References to "fiscal year" or "fiscal" refer to our fiscal year ending on December 31 in each calendar year.
The following sections discuss our financial condition and results of operations for the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to the year ended December 31, 2023. For a discussion of the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the year ended December 31, 2022, please refer to Part II, Item 7, "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023.
Overview
Company Background
Boise Cascade is a large, integrated wood products manufacturer and building materials distributor with widespread operations throughout the United States (U.S.) and one manufacturing facility in Canada. We completed an initial public offering of our common stock on February 11, 2013. We have two reportable segments: (i) Wood Products, which primarily manufactures engineered wood products (EWP) and plywood; and (ii) Building Materials Distribution (BMD), which is a wholesale distributor of building materials. For more information, see Note 3, Revenues, and Note 15, Segment Information, of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in "Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data" and "Item 1. Business" of this Form 10-K. Our products are used in the construction of new residential housing, including single-family, multi-family, and manufactured homes, the repair-and-remodeling of existing housing, the construction of light industrial and commercial buildings, and industrial applications. We have a broad base of customers, which includes a diverse mix of dealers, home improvement centers, leading wholesalers, specialty distributors, and industrial converters. Our Wood Products and BMD
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segments are integrated from wood fiber procurement through distribution. During 2024, approximately 70% of our Wood Products segment sales, or approximately 75% and 50% of our Wood Product segment's EWP and plywood sales volumes, respectively, were to our BMD segment.
Executive Summary
We recorded income from operations of $490.0 million during the year ended December 31, 2024, compared with $624.4 million during the same period in the prior year. In our Wood Products segment, income decreased by $105.7 million to $231.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, from $337.1 million in 2023. The decrease in segment income was due primarily to lower EWP and plywood sales prices, as well as higher wood fiber and conversion costs. These decreases were offset partially by higher EWP sales volumes. In our BMD segment, income decreased $32.4 million to $303.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, from $335.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. The decline in segment income was driven by increased selling and distribution expenses and depreciation and amortization expense of $37.4 million and $17.2 million, respectively. These decreases in segment income were offset partially by a gross margin increase of $15.1 million, resulting primarily from improved gross margins on general line products, offset partially by lower gross margins on EWP and commodity products. These changes are discussed further in "Our Operating Results" below.
We ended 2024 with $713.3 million of cash and cash equivalents and $450.0 million of debt. At December 31, 2024, we had $395.7 million of unused committed bank line availability. We used $236.3 million of cash during the year ended December 31, 2024, as cash provided by operations was offset by capital spending, dividends paid on our common stock, and treasury stock purchases. A further description of our cash sources and uses for the comparative periods are discussed in "Liquidity and Capital Resources" below.
Demand for the products we manufacture, as well as the products we purchase and distribute, is correlated with new residential construction, residential repair-and-remodeling activity, and light commercial construction. Residential construction, particularly new single-family construction, is the key demand driver for the products we manufacture and distribute. As reported by the U.S. Census Bureau, housing starts were 1.37 million in 2024. Current industry forecasts for U.S. housing starts are approximately 1.35 million in 2025. Single-family starts in 2024 outpaced 2023 levels by 7%, and are expected to remain at approximately 1.0 million, despite the affordability challenges consumers are facing in the current rate environment. Multi-family starts declined sharply in 2024 and are expected to continue to face headwinds in 2025 due to prohibitive capital costs for developers, combined with elevated levels of multi-family unit completions in 2023 and 2024. We expect 2025 to reflect modest growth in home improvement spending, as the age of U.S. housing stock, elevated levels of homeowner equity, and recent improvement in existing home sales will provide a favorable backdrop for repair-and-remodel spending. Ultimately, macroeconomic factors, the level and expectations for mortgage rates, home affordability, home equity levels, home size, levels of new and existing home inventory for sale, and other factors will influence the near-term demand environment for the products we manufacture and distribute.
As a manufacturer of certain commodity products, we have sales and profitability exposure to declines in commodity product prices and rising input costs. Our distribution business purchases and resells a broad mix of products with periods of increasing prices providing the opportunity for higher sales and increased margins, while declining price environments expose us to declines in sales and profitability. Future product pricing, particularly commodity products pricing and input costs, may be volatile in response to economic uncertainties, industry operating rates, supply-related disruptions, transportation constraints or disruptions, net import and export activity, inventory levels in various distribution channels, and seasonal demand patterns. In addition, changes in laws or government regulations, such as the imposition of tariffs, could impact our product pricing and input costs.
Factors That Affect Our Operating Results and Trends
Our results of operations and financial performance are influenced by a variety of factors, including: (i) the commodity nature of a portion of the products we manufacture and distribute; (ii) general economic and industry conditions affecting demand; and (iii) cost and availability of raw materials, including wood fiber and glues and resins. These factors have historically produced cyclicality in our results of operations, and we expect this cyclicality to continue in future periods.
Commodity Nature of a Portion of Our Products
A portion of the building products we manufacture or distribute, including OSB, plywood, and lumber, are commodities that are widely available from other manufacturers or distributors, with prices and volumes determined frequently in an auction market based on participants' perceptions of short-term supply and demand factors. At times, the price for any one
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or more of the products we produce or distribute may fall below our cash production or purchase costs, requiring us to either incur short-term losses on product sales or curtail production at one or more of our manufacturing facilities. Therefore, our profitability with respect to these commodity products depends, in significant part, on effective facilities maintenance and procurement programs, and on managing our cost structure, particularly raw materials and labor, which represent the largest components of our operating costs. Composite structural panel and lumber prices have been volatile historically.
The following table provides changes in the average composite panel, including certain panel subcategories, and average composite lumber prices as reflected by Random Lengths, an industry publication, for the period noted below.

| Year Ended December 31
| 2024 versus 2023 |  |  |  |  |  |
Increase (decrease) in composite panel prices | 1% |  |  |  |  |  |
Increase (decrease) in Western Fir plywood prices | 1% |  |  |  |  |  |
Increase (decrease) in Southern Pine plywood prices | (5)% |  |  |  |  |  |
Increase (decrease) in OSB prices | 6% |  |  |  |  |  |
Increase (decrease) in composite lumber prices | (3)% |  |  |  |  |  |

In our Wood Products segment, we manufacture plywood, but not OSB, and therefore our reported prices may not trend with the overall composite panel price index. Our BMD segment purchases and resells a broad mix of commodity products with periods of increasing prices providing the opportunity for higher sales and increased margins, while declining price environments may result in declines in sales and profitability. For further discussion of the impact of commodity prices, see "Our Operating Results" in this Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.
General Economic and Industry Conditions Affecting Demand
The level of housing starts is especially important to our results of operations. New residential construction activity has historically been volatile with demand for new residential construction influenced by seasonal weather factors, mortgage availability and rates, housing affordability constraints, home equity levels, unemployment levels, wage growth, household formation rates, domestic population growth, immigration rates, residential vacancy and foreclosure rates, demand for second homes, consumer confidence, and other general economic factors. Furthermore, changing demographics could impact product consumption and demand, including urbanization compounding issues around affordability, increasing importance of multi-family housing, declining size of single-family entry-level housing, increasing proportion of homes using slab-on-grade construction, reduced birthing statistics, and changing baby boomer needs freeing up housing capacity. In addition, EWP demand will be highly influenced by single-family housing starts.
Industry supply for the products we produce and distribute is influenced primarily by price-induced changes in the operating rates of existing facilities, but is also influenced over time by the introduction of new product technologies, capacity additions and closures, the restart of idled capacity, and log availability. The balance of supply and demand in the U.S. is also heavily influenced by imported products, principally from Canada and South America.
We believe that our product line diversification provides us some protection from declines in new residential construction. Our products are used not only in new residential construction but also in residential repair-and-remodeling projects. We believe the overall age of the U.S. housing stock, resales of existing homes, and increased focus on making homes more energy efficient will continue to support long-term growth in repair-and-remodeling expenditures and increased demand through home improvement centers and our other customers that service professional contractors.
Cost and Availability of Raw Materials
Our principal raw material is wood fiber, which accounted for approximately 39% of the aggregate amount of materials, labor, and other operating expenses (excluding depreciation), for our Wood Products segment in 2024. Logs comprised approximately 78% of our wood fiber costs during 2024, and we satisfy our log requirements through a combination of purchases under supply agreements, open-market purchases, and purchases pursuant to contracts awarded under public auctions.
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The following table provides the change in our average per-unit log costs for the period noted below:

| Year Ended December 31
| 2024 versus 2023 |  |  |  |  |  |
Increase (decrease) in per-unit log costs | (1)% |  |  |  |  |  |

Our log requirements and our access to supply, as well as the cost of obtaining logs, are subject to change based on, among other things, the availability of logs in each of our operating areas, our operating schedules, competition from other manufacturers, the effect of governmental laws and regulations, impacts of weather or fire on log availability, and the status of environmental appeals. Per-unit log costs in the western U.S. are higher than per-unit log costs in the southern U.S. due to higher harvest and delivery costs, as well as various supply-side constraints, including seasonal weather-related restrictions, slower growth cycles, and a higher proportion of federal and state timberland ownership. Our aggregate cost of obtaining logs is also affected by fuel costs and the distance of the log source from our facilities, as we are often required to arrange for harvesting and delivery of the logs we purchase from the source to our facilities.
We also purchase OSB, which is used as the vertical web to assemble I-joists. OSB accounted for approximately 6% of the aggregate amount of materials, labor, and other operating expenses (excluding depreciation) for our Wood Products segment in 2024. OSB is a commodity, and prices have historically been volatile in response to economic uncertainties, industry operating rates, supply-related disruptions, transportation constraints or disruptions, net import and export activity, trade policies, inventory levels in various distribution channels, and seasonal demand patterns.
Wood fiber also includes, to a lesser extent than OSB, lumber purchased from third parties for I-joist production at our Canadian EWP facility and for production at our laminated beam plant in Idaho. Lumber input costs are subject to similar commodity-based volatility characteristics noted above for OSB.
We also use various resins and glues in our manufacturing processes, which accounted for approximately 6% of the aggregate amount of materials, labor, and other operating expenses (excluding depreciation) for our Wood Products segment in 2024. The costs of resins and glues are influenced by changes in the prices of raw material input costs, primarily fossil fuel products.
We purchase many of our raw materials through long-term contracts that contain price adjustment mechanisms that take into account changes in market prices. Therefore, although our long-term contracts provide us with supplies of raw materials and energy that are more stable than open-market purchases, in many cases, they may not alleviate fluctuations in market prices.
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Our Operating Results
The following tables set forth our operating results in dollars and as a percentage of sales for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023:

| Year Ended December 31
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  |
| (millions)
Sales | $ | 6,724.3 |  |  | $ | 6,838.2 |  |  |
Costs and expenses |  |  |  |  |
Materials, labor, and other operating expenses (excluding depreciation) | 5,393.6 |  |  | 5,409.3 |  |  |
Depreciation and amortization | 144.1 |  |  | 132.5 |  |  |
Selling and distribution expenses | 594.9 |  |  | 559.5 |  |  |
General and administrative expenses | 102.3 |  |  | 114.4 |  |  |
Other (income) expense, net | (0.7) |  |  | (1.9) |  |  |
| 6,234.3 |  |  | 6,213.9 |  |  |
Income from operations | $ | 490.0 |  |  | $ | 624.4 |  |  |
| (percentage of sales)
Sales | 100.0 | % |  | 100.0 | % |  |
Costs and expenses |  |  |  |  |
Materials, labor, and other operating expenses (excluding depreciation) | 80.2 | % |  | 79.1 | % |  |
Depreciation and amortization | 2.1 |  |  | 1.9 |  |  |
Selling and distribution expenses | 8.8 |  |  | 8.2 |  |  |
General and administrative expenses | 1.5 |  |  | 1.7 |  |  |
Other (income) expense, net | — |  |  | — |  |  |
| 92.7 | % |  | 90.9 | % |  |
Income from operations | 7.3 | % |  | 9.1 | % |  |

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Sales Volumes and Prices
Set forth below are historical U.S. housing starts data, segment sales volumes and average net selling prices for the principal products sold by our Wood Products segment, and sales mix and gross margin information for our BMD segment for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023.

| Year Ended December 31
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  |
| (thousands)
U.S. Housing Starts (a) |  |  |  |  |
Single-family | 1,012.1 |  |  | 947.7 |  |  |
Multi-family | 353.9 |  |  | 472.3 |  |  |
| 1,366.0 |  |  | 1,420.0 |  |  |
| (millions)
Segment Sales |  |  |  |  |
Wood Products | $ | 1,832.3 |  |  | $ | 1,932.6 |  |  |
Building Materials Distribution | 6,166.5 |  |  | 6,178.7 |  |  |
Intersegment eliminations | (1,274.5) |  |  | (1,273.0) |  |  |
| $ | 6,724.3 |  |  | $ | 6,838.2 |  |  |
| (millions)
Wood Products |  |  |  |  |
Sales Volumes |  |  |  |  |
Laminated veneer lumber (LVL) (cubic feet) | 19.4 |  |  | 17.4 |  |  |
I-joists (equivalent lineal feet) | 234 |  |  | 220 |  |  |
Plywood (sq. ft.) (3/8" basis) | 1,517 |  |  | 1,599 |  |  |
Lumber (board feet) | 78 |  |  | 125 |  |  |
| (dollars per unit)
Wood Products |  |  |  |  |
Average Net Selling Prices |  |  |  |  |
LVL (cubic foot) | $ | 27.87 |  |  | $ | 30.01 |  |  |
I-joists (1,000 equivalent lineal feet) | 1,949 |  |  | 2,088 |  |  |
Plywood (1,000 sq. ft.) (3/8" basis) | 355 |  |  | 372 |  |  |
Lumber (1,000 board feet) | 682 |  |  | 667 |  |  |
| (percentage of BMD sales)
Building Materials Distribution |  |  |  |  |
Product Line Sales |  |  |  |  |
Commodity | 35.8 | % |  | 37.8 | % |  |
General line | 42.4 | % |  | 39.5 | % |  |
Engineered wood products | 21.8 | % |  | 22.7 | % |  |
Gross margin percentage (b) | 15.3 | % |  | 15.0 | % |  |

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(a) Actual U.S. housing starts as reported by the U.S. Census Bureau.
(b) We define gross margin as "Sales" less "Materials, labor, and other operating expenses (excluding depreciation)." Substantially all costs included in "Materials, labor, and other operating expenses (excluding depreciation)" for our BMD segment are for inventory purchased for resale. Gross margin percentage is gross margin as a percentage of segment sales.
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2024 Compared With 2023
Sales
For the year ended December 31, 2024, total sales decreased $114.0 million, or 2%, to $6,724.3 million from $6,838.2 million during the year ended December 31, 2023. As described below, the decrease in sales was driven by the changes in sales prices and volumes for the products we manufacture and distribute with single-family residential construction activity being the key demand driver for our sales. During 2024, total U.S. housing starts decreased 4%, while single-family housing starts increased 7%, compared with 2023. For the year ended December 31, 2024, average composite lumber and average composite panel prices were 3% lower and 1% higher, respectively, compared with 2023, as reflected by Random Lengths composite lumber and panel pricing.
Wood Products. During the year ended December 31, 2024, sales, including sales to our BMD segment, decreased $100.3 million, or 5%, to $1,832.3 million from $1,932.6 million in 2023. The decrease in sales was driven by lower sales prices of 7% for both LVL and I-joists (collectively referred to as EWP), resulting in decreased sales of $41.4 million and $32.4 million, respectively. Plywood sales volumes and sales prices both decreased 5%, resulting in decreased sales of $30.4 million and $25.4 million, respectively. Plywood sales volumes decreased as we shifted a higher proportion of our internally produced veneer into EWP production, due to increased demand for EWP. In addition, other sales, including lumber and residual byproducts, decreased $44.7 million. These decreases were offset partially by higher sales volumes for LVL and I-joists of 11% and 7%, respectively, resulting in increased sales of $59.7 million and $30.4 million, respectively.
Building Materials Distribution. During the year ended December 31, 2024, sales decreased $12.2 million, or less than 1%, to $6,166.5 million from $6,178.7 million in 2023. Compared with the prior year, the overall decrease in sales was driven by a sales price decrease of 3%, offset partially by a sales volume increase of 3%. Excluding the impact of the BROSCO acquisition on October 2, 2023, sales would have decreased by 2%. By product line, commodity sales decreased 5%, or $128.0 million, general line product sales increased 7%, or $172.3 million, and sales of EWP (substantially all of which is sourced through our Wood Products segment) decreased 4%, or $56.5 million.
Costs and Expenses
Materials, labor, and other operating expenses (excluding depreciation) decreased $15.7 million, or less than 1%, to $5,393.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, compared with $5,409.3 million during the prior year. In our Wood Products segment, materials, labor, and other operating expenses increased due to higher EWP sales volumes, higher costs of OSB (used in the manufacture of I-joists), and increased labor costs compared with 2023. Materials, labor, and other operating expenses as a percentage of sales (MLO rate) in our Wood Products segment increased by 480 basis points, due primarily to lower EWP and plywood sales prices. In BMD, the decrease in materials, labor, and other operating expenses was driven by lower purchased materials costs as a result of a decrease in product prices, offset partially by an increase in purchased materials costs due to the BROSCO acquisition. The BMD segment MLO rate decreased 30 basis points, driven by higher margin percentages on general line products, offset partially by lower margins on EWP compared with 2023.
Depreciation and amortization expense increased $11.6 million, or 9%, to $144.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, compared with $132.5 million during the prior year. The increase was due primarily to the BROSCO acquisition and other capital expenditures. These increases were offset partially by less accelerated depreciation recorded in 2024 than 2023 related to the indefinite curtailment of lumber production at our Chapman, Alabama facility.
Selling and distribution expenses, inclusive of the BROSCO acquisition, increased $35.4 million, or 6%, to $594.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, compared with $559.5 million for the prior year. The increase was due primarily to higher employee-related expenses of $21.9 million, offset partially by decreased incentive compensation expense of $6.6 million. Shipping and handling and occupancy costs both increased $2.5 million. In addition, costs related to professional fees, travel and entertainment, and advertising increased $5.4 million.
General and administrative expenses decreased $12.1 million, or 11%, to $102.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, compared with $114.4 million for the prior year. The decrease was primarily the result of lower incentive compensation of $9.5 million. In addition, we incurred $5.1 million of acquisition-related expenses in the prior year for the BROSCO acquisition. These decreases were offset partially by an increase in other employee-related expenses of $1.5 million.
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Income From Operations
Income from operations decreased $134.3 million to $490.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, compared with $624.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2023.
Wood Products. For the year ended December 31, 2024, segment income decreased $105.7 million to $231.5 million from $337.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. The decrease in segment income was due primarily to lower EWP and plywood sales prices, as well as higher wood fiber and conversion costs. These decreases in segment income were offset partially by higher EWP sales volumes.
Building Materials Distribution. For the year ended December 31, 2024, segment income decreased $32.4 million to $303.4 million from $335.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. The decline in segment income was driven by increased selling and distribution expenses and depreciation and amortization expense of $37.4 million and $17.2 million, respectively. These decreases in segment income were offset partially by a gross margin increase of $15.1 million, resulting primarily from improved gross margins on general line products, offset partially by lower gross margins on EWP and commodity products. In addition, general and administrative expenses decreased $6.7 million, primarily due to $5.1 million of acquisition-related expenses in the prior year for the BROSCO acquisition.
Corporate. Unallocated corporate expenses decreased $3.8 million to $44.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, from $48.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. The decrease was due primarily to lower incentive compensation, offset partially by an increase in other employee-related expenses.
Other
Interest Income. Interest income decreased $9.0 million to $39.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, from $48.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. The decrease was due primarily to lower average balances of cash equivalents.
Change in fair value of interest rate swaps. For information related to our interest rate swap, see the discussion under "Disclosures of Financial Market Risks" and "Financial Instruments" included in this "Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" of this Form 10-K.
Income Tax Provision
For the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, we recorded $125.4 million and $161.4 million, respectively, of income tax expense and had an effective rate of 25.0% for both periods. Our rate is affected by recurring items, such as state income taxes, and discrete items that may occur in any given year but are not consistent from year to year.
During the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, the primary reason for the difference between the federal statutory income tax rate of 21% and the effectiv e tax rate was the effect of state taxes.
For more information related to our income taxes, see Note 4, Income Taxes, of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in "Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data" of this Form 10-K.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
We ended 2024 with $713.3 million of cash and cash equivalents and $450.0 million of debt. At December 31, 2024, we had $1,109.0 million of available liquidity (cash and cash equivalents and undrawn committed bank line availability). Our cash and cash equivalents decreased by $236.3 million during the year ended December 31, 2024, as cash provided by operations was offset by capital spending, dividends paid on our common stock, and treasury stock purchases, as further discussed below.
At December 31, 2024, our cash was invested in high-quality, short-term investments, which we record in "Cash and cash equivalents." The majority of our cash and cash equivalents is comprised of money market funds that are broadly diversified and invested in high-quality, short-duration securities, including U.S. government agency securities and similar instruments. We have significant amounts of cash and cash equivalents that are in excess of federally insured limits. Though we have not experienced any losses on our cash and cash equivalents to date, and we do not anticipate incurring any losses, we cannot be assured that we will not experience losses on our short-term investments.
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We believe that our cash flows from operations, combined with our current cash levels and available borrowing capacity, will be adequate to fund debt service requirements and provide cash, as required, to support our ongoing operations, capital expenditures, lease obligations, working capital, income tax payments, and to pay cash dividends to holders of our common stock over the next 12 months. We expect to fund our seasonal and intra-month working capital requirements in 2025 from cash on hand and, if necessary, borrowings under our revolving credit facility. Consistent with our historical patterns, we expect working capital increases to use cash in the first quarter of 2025.
Sources and Uses of Cash
We generate cash primarily from sales of our products, as well as short-term and long-term borrowings. Our primary uses of cash are for expenses related to the manufacture and distribution of building products, including inventory purchased for resale, wood fiber, labor, energy, and glues and resins. In addition to paying for ongoing operating costs, we use cash to invest in our business, service our debt and lease obligations, and return cash to our shareholders through dividends or common stock repurchases. Below is a discussion of our sources and uses of cash for operating activities, investing activities, and financing activities.

| Year Ended December 31
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  |
| (thousands)
Net cash provided by operations | $ | 438,320 |  |  | $ | 687,458 |  |  |
Net cash used for investment | (237,820) |  |  | (375,552) |  |  |
Net cash used for financing | (436,814) |  |  | (360,676) |  |  |

Operating Activities
2024 Compared With 2023
In 2024, our operating activities generated $438.3 million of cash, compared with $687.5 million in 2023. The $249.1 million decrease in cash provided by operations in 2024 relates primarily to the following:
•A $105.7 million decrease in income in our Wood Products segment and a $32.4 million decrease in income in our BMD segment. See "Our Operating Results" above for a discussion on our results for 2024.
•A $94.8 million increase in working capital during 2024, compared with a $23.6 million decrease in working capital during 2023. Working capital is subject to cyclical operating needs, seasonal buying patterns for inventory purchased for resale and logs, participation in early-buy programs with certain vendors, the timing of the collection of receivables, and the timing of payment of payables and expenses. The increase in working capital in 2024 was primarily attributable to an increase in inventories and a decrease in accounts payable and accrued liabilities, offset partially by decreased receivables. The increase in inventories was due primarily to weaker market conditions and participation in certain BMD vendors' early-buy programs in 2024, as well as recently added inventory for our door and millwork facilities in our BMD segment. The decrease in accounts payable and accrued liabilities was primarily due to less purchasing activity as a result of decreased demand, as well as lower accrued incentive compensation. The decrease in receivables primarily reflects decreased sales of approximately 5%, comparing sales for the month of December 2024 with sales for the month of December 2023. The decrease in working capital in 2023 was primarily attributable to an increase in accounts payable and accrued liabilities and decreased inventories, offset partially by higher receivables. The increase in accounts payable was related to increased purchasing in fourth quarter 2023 in response to improved demand compared to fourth quarter 2022 and extended terms offered by certain BMD vendors. The decrease in inventories was due primarily to improved housing demand in fourth quarter 2023 compared to fourth quarter 2022, offset partially by increased inventories at some BMD locations due to location expansions. The increase in receivables in 2023 primarily reflects increased sales of approximately 7%, comparing sales for the month of December 2023 with sales for the month of December 2022.
•A $2.4 million decrease in cash paid for income taxes, net of refunds. During 2024, cash paid for taxes, net of refunds received was $130.6 million, compared to $133.0 million in 2023. The decrease in cash paid for income taxes is primarily due to timing of income tax payments.
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Investment Activities
Net cash used for investing activities was $237.8 million and $375.6 million during 2024 and 2023, respectively.
2024
During the year ended December 31, 2024, we used approximately $229.6 million of cash for purchases of property and equipment, which included business improvement and quality/efficiency projects, replacement and expansion projects, and ongoing environmental compliance. Quality and efficiency projects include quality improvements, modernization, energy, and cost-saving projects. In our Wood Products segment, our 2024 capital spending includes spending to convert a plywood layup line to a parallel laminated veneer line at our Chapman, Alabama veneer and plywood mill. In addition, it includes spending on multi-year investment projects to add I-joist production capabilities at our Thorsby, Alabama EWP mill, as well as significant modernization projects at our Oakdale, Louisiana veneer and plywood mill. In our BMD segment, our 2024 capital spending includes spending on the previously announced greenfield distribution centers in Texas and South Carolina. In addition, it includes the purchase of previously leased distribution centers in Westfield, Massachusetts and Chicago, Illinois. Purchases of property and equipment also included approximately $5 million for environmental compliance in 2024.
In addition, during the year ended December 31, 2024, we used $10.2 million of cash for acquisitions of businesses and facilities, which consisted of $3.4 million for post-transaction closing adjustments related to the BROSCO acquisition, as well as $6.8 million for acquired assets of door and millwork operations in Boise, Idaho and Lakeland, Florida. For further discussion on these acquisitions, see Note 6, Acquisitions, of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in "Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data" of this Form 10-K.
Excluding potential acquisitions, we expect capital expenditures in 2025 to total approximately $220 million to $240 million. We expect our capital spending in 2025 will be for business improvement and quality/efficiency projects, replacement and expansion projects, and ongoing environmental compliance. Our 2025 capital expenditures range includes additional spending on the multi-year investments at our Thorsby EWP and Oakdale veneer and plywood mills, as well as our greenfield distribution centers in Texas and South Carolina, as discussed above. In addition, we expect to spend approximately $4 million for environmental compliance in 2025. This level of capital expenditures could increase or decrease as a result of several factors, including acquisitions, efforts to further accelerate organic growth, exercise of lease purchase options, our financial results, future economic conditions, availability of engineering and construction resources, and timing and availability of equipment purchases.
2023
During the year ended December 31, 2023, we used approximately $215.4 million of cash for purchases of property and equipment, which included business improvement and quality/efficiency projects, replacement and expansion projects, and ongoing environmental compliance. Purchases of property and equipment also included approximately $3 million for environmental compliance in 2023. In addition, we used $162.8 million, net of cash acquired, for the BROSCO acquisition. During the year ended December 31, 2023, we received $1.0 million of earn-out income related to a previous asset sale in our Wood Products segment.
Financing Activities
During 2024, our financing activities used $436.8 million of cash, including $228.8 million in common stock dividend payments, $194.9 million for the repurchase of 1,513,095 shares of our common stock, and $11.1 million of tax withholding payments on stock-based awards. See "Dividends on Common Stock" below for further discussion of common stock dividend payments and "Stock Repurchase Program" below for further discussion of stock repurchases. During 2024, we did not borrow under our revolving credit facility and therefore had no borrowings outstanding on the facility as of December 31, 2024.
During 2023, our financing activities used $360.7 million of cash, including $346.5 million in common stock dividend payments, $6.4 million for the repurchase of 75,678 shares of our common stock, and $5.9 million of tax withholding payments on stock-based awards. At December 31, 2023, we had no borrowings outstanding under the revolving credit facility.
Debt Structure
For information related to our debt transactions and debt structure, see Note 8, Debt, of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in "Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data" of this Form 10-K.
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Dividends on Common Stock
On November 14, 2017, our board of directors approved a dividend policy to pay quarterly cash dividends to holders of our common stock. Future quarterly dividend declarations, including amount per share, record date and payment date, will be made at the discretion of our board of directors and will depend upon, among other things, legal capital requirements and surplus, our future operations and earnings, general financial condition, material cash requirements, restrictions imposed by our asset-based credit facility and the indenture governing our senior notes, applicable laws, and other factors that our board of directors may deem relevant. For a description of the restrictions in our asset-based credit facility and the indenture governing our senior notes on our ability to pay dividends, see Note 8, Debt, of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in "Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data" of this Form 10-K. The dividend policy may be suspended or canceled at the discretion of the board of directors at any time.
For more information regarding our dividend declarations and payments made during 2024 and 2023, see Note 12, Stockholders' Equity, of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in "Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data" of this Form 10-K.
Stock Repurchase Program
On October 30, 2024, our board of directors authorized the repurchase of an additional 1.4 million shares of our common stock. This is the most recent authorization under our common stock repurchase program that was authorized on February 25, 2015 (the Program). Share repurchases may be made on an opportunistic basis through open market transactions, privately negotiated transactions, or by other means in accordance with applicable federal securities laws. We are not obligated to purchase any shares, and there is no set date that the program will expire. Our board of directors, at its discretion, may increase or decrease the number of authorized shares or terminate the Program at any time. During the year ended December 31, 2024, we repurchased 1,513,095 shares under the Program. As of December 31, 2024, there were approximately 1.8 million shares of common stock that may yet be purchased under the Program. For more information related to our stock repurchases, see Note 12, Stockholders' Equity, of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in "Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data" of this Form 10-K.
Other Material Cash Requirements
Long-term Debt and Interest
As of December 31, 2024, we had long-term debt with varying maturities totaling an aggregate principal of $450.0 million, with no principal payments required within 12 months. Future interest payments associated with the long-term debt total approximately $124 million, with approximately $22 million payable within 12 months. Long-term debt and interest amounts assume our debt is held to maturity. For more information, see Note 8, Debt, of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in "Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data" of this Form 10-K.
Leases
We enter into various operating and finance leases for our distribution centers, as well as other property and equipment. As of December 31, 2024, our minimum lease payments for operating leases were $66.5 million, with $13.1 million of lease payments required within 12 months. As of December 31, 2024, our minimum lease payments for finance leases were $44.8 million, with $3.7 million of lease payments required within 12 months. These amounts exclude the undiscounted future lease payments for additional leases signed but not yet commenced as of December 31, 2024 of approximately $9 million. Some lease agreements provide us with the option to renew the lease or purchase the leased property. The lease term includes any renewal option periods we are reasonably certain of exercising. Our operating and finance lease obligations could change based on whether we actually exercise these renewal options and/or if we entered into additional lease agreements. See Note 2, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, and Note 9, Leases, of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in "Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data" of this Form 10-K.
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Purchase Obligations for Raw Materials
As of December 31, 2024, we have contracts to purchase approximately $124 million of logs, approximately $55 million of which will be purchased pursuant to fixed-price contracts and approximately $69 million of which will be purchased pursuant to variable-price contracts. The $69 million is estimated using current contractual index pricing, but actual prices depend on future market prices. We are required to purchase approximately $42 million of logs within 12 months. Under certain log agreements, we have the right to cancel or reduce our commitments in the event of a mill curtailment or shutdown. Future purchase prices under most of the variable-price agreements will be set quarterly or semiannually based on regional market prices. Our log requirements and our access to supply, as well as the cost of obtaining logs, are subject to change based on, among other things, the effect of governmental laws and regulations, our manufacturing operations not operating in the normal course of business, log availability, and the status of environmental appeals. Except for deposits required pursuant to log supply contracts, these obligations are not recorded in our consolidated financial statements until contract payment terms take effect.
Guarantees
Note 8, Debt, and Note 16, Commitments, Legal Proceedings and Contingencies, and Guarantees, of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in "Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data" of this Form 10-K describe the nature of our guarantees, including the approximate terms of the guarantees, how the guarantees arose, the events or circumstances that would require us to perform under the guarantees, and the maximum potential undiscounted amounts of future payments we could be required to make.
Seasonal Influences
We are exposed to fluctuations in quarterly sales volumes and expenses due to seasonal factors. These seasonal factors are common in the building products industry. Seasonal changes in levels of building activity affect our building products businesses, which are dependent on housing starts, repair-and-remodeling activities, and light commercial construction activities. We typically report lower sales volumes in the first and fourth quarters due to the impact of poor weather on the construction market, and we generally have higher sales volumes in the second and third quarters, reflecting an increase in construction due to more favorable weather conditions. We typically have higher working capital in the first and second quarters in preparation and response to the building season. Seasonally cold weather increases costs, especially energy consumption costs, at most of our manufacturing facilities.
Disclosures of Financial Market Risks
In the normal course of business, we are exposed to financial risks such as changes in commodity prices, interest rates, and foreign currency exchange rates. In 2024 and 2023, we did not use derivative instruments to manage these risks, except for interest rate swaps as discussed below.
Commodity Price Risk
A portion of the products we manufacture or purchase and resell and some of our key production inputs are commodities whose price is determined by the market's supply and demand for such products. Price fluctuations in our selling prices and key costs have a significant effect on our financial performance. The markets for most of these commodities are cyclical and are primarily affected by economic uncertainties, industry operating rates, supply-related disruptions, transportation constraints or disruptions, net import and export activity, trade policies, inventory levels in various distribution channels, and seasonal demand patterns. For further discussion of commodity price risk, refer to "Item 1A. Risk Factors" of this Form 10-K and "Factors That Affect Our Operating Results and Trends" in this Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.
Interest Rate Risk
We are exposed to interest rate risk arising from fluctuations in variable-rate Secured Overnight Financing Rate (SOFR) on our term loan and when we have loan amounts outstanding on our Revolving Credit Facility. At December 31, 2024, we had $50.0 million of variable-rate debt outstanding based on one-month term SOFR. Our objective is to limit the variability of interest payments on our debt. To meet this objective, we enter into receive-variable, pay-fixed interest rate swaps to mitigate the variable-rate cash flow exposure with fixed-rate cash flows. In accordance with our risk management strategy, we actively monitor our interest rate exposure and use derivative instruments from time to time to manage the related risk. We do not speculate using derivative instruments.
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At December 31, 2024, we had one interest rate swap agreement. Under the interest rate swap, we receive one-month SOFR plus a spread adjustment of 0.10% variable interest rate payments and make fixed interest rate payments, thereby fixing the interest rate on $50.0 million of variable rate debt exposure. Payments on this interest rate swap, with a notional principal amount of $50.0 million, are due on a monthly basis at an annual fixed rate of 0.41%, and this swap expires in June 2025. The interest rate swap agreement was not designated as a cash flow hedge, and as a result, all changes in the fair value are recognized in "Change in fair value of interest rate swaps" in our Consolidated Statements of Operations rather than through other comprehensive income. At December 31, 2024, we recorded a current asset of $0.9 million in "Prepaid expenses and other" on our Consolidated Balance Sheet. At December 31, 2023, we recorded a long-term asset of $3.0 million in "Other assets" on our Consolidated Balance Sheet. These assets represent the fair value of the interest rate swap agreement. The swap was valued based on observable inputs for similar assets and liabilities and other observable inputs for interest rates and yield curves (Level 2 inputs).
Foreign Currency Risk
We have sales in countries outside the U.S. As a result, we are exposed to movements in foreign currency exchange rates, primarily in Canada, but we do not believe our exposure to currency fluctuations is significant.
Financial Instruments
The table below provides information as of December 31, 2024, about our financial instruments that are sensitive to changes in interest rates. The table presents principal cash flows and related weighted average interest rates by expected maturity dates. For obligations with variable interest rate sensitivity, the table sets forth payout amounts based on December 31, 2024 rates and does not attempt to project future rates.

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | December 31, 2024
2025 |  | 2026 |  | 2027 |  | 2028 |  | 2029 |  | There- after |  | Total |  | Fair Value (b)
| (millions, other than percentages)
Long-term debt |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fixed-rate debt payments (a) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Senior Notes | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 400.0 |  |  | $ | 400.0 |  |  | $ | 377.0 |
Average interest rates | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4.875 | % |  | 4.875 | % |  | — |
Variable-rate debt payments (a) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Term Loan | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 50.0 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 50.0 |  |  | $ | 50.0 |
Average interest rates | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5.2 | % |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5.2 | % |  | — |

_______________________________________
(a) These obligations are further explained in Note 8, Debt, of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in "Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data" of this Form 10-K. The table assumes our long-term debt is held to maturity.
(b) We estimated the fair value using quoted market prices of our debt in inactive markets.
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The table below provides information as of December 31, 2024, about our interest rate swap. For information on our interest rate swap, see "Interest Rate Risk" of Note 14, Financial Instrument Risk, of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in "Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data" of this Form 10-K. The following is information about the notional amount and interest rate by contractual maturity date for our interest rate swap agreement, as well as the fair value at December 31, 2024:

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | December 31, 2024
2025 |  | 2026 |  | 2027 |  | 2028 |  | 2029 |  | There- after |  | Total |  | Fair Value
| (millions, other than percentages)
Interest rate swap |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Variable to fixed notional amount | $ | 50.0 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 50.0 |  |  | $ | 0.9 |
Average pay rate (a) | 0.4 | % |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 0.4 | % |  | — |
Average receive rate (b) | 4.5 | % |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4.5 | % |  | — |

_______________________________________
(a) Represents the weighted average actual fixed interest rate payable on our interest rate swap.
(b) Represents the weighted average variable interest rate receivable on our interest rate swap at December 31, 2024.
Environmental
We are subject to a wide range of general and industry-specific environmental laws and regulations. In particular, we are affected by laws and regulations covering air emissions, wastewater discharges, solid and hazardous waste management, and site remediation. Compliance with these laws and regulations is a significant factor in the operation of our businesses. We believe that we have created a corporate culture of strong compliance by taking a conservative approach to environmental issues in order to ensure that we are operating within the bounds of regulatory requirements. However, we cannot guarantee that we will be in compliance with environmental requirements at all times, and we cannot guarantee that we will not incur fines and penalties in the future. In 2024, we paid an insignificant amount in environmental fines and penalties.
We incur capital and operating expenditures to comply with federal, state, and local environmental laws and regulations. Failure to comply with these laws and regulations could result in civil or criminal fines or penalties or in enforcement actions. Our failure to comply could also result in governmental or judicial orders that stop or interrupt our operations or require us to take corrective measures, install additional pollution control equipment, or take other remedial actions. During 2024 and 2023, we spent approximately $5 million and $3 million, respectively, on capital expenditures to comply with environmental requirements. We expect to spend approximately $4 million in 2025 for this purpose.
As an owner and operator of real estate, we may be liable under environmental laws for the cleanup of past and present spills and releases of hazardous or toxic substances on or from our properties and operations. We may also be contractually obligated to indemnify third parties under environmental laws for the cleanup of past spills and releases of hazardous or toxic substances for properties which we no longer own and operate. We could be found liable under these laws whether or not we knew of, or were responsible for, the presence of such substances. In some cases, this liability may exceed the property's value.
In connection with prior transactions, certain third parties are generally obligated to indemnify us for hazardous substance releases and other environmental violations that occurred prior to such transactions. However, these third parties may not have sufficient funds to fully satisfy their indemnification obligations when required, and in some cases, we may not be contractually entitled to indemnification by them.
Climate Change
We source logs from responsibly managed working forests. Our log procurement practices are internally and third-party audited to meet the requirements of forest certification standards. When logs arrive at our facilities, they are processed into products that store carbon such as plywood, lumber and EWP. Bark and manufacturing residuals are used as biomass fuel, which allows us to generate the majority of the energy needed to manufacture our products. All manufacturing energy not derived from biomass is sourced from natural gas or electricity. None of our manufacturing facilities use coal or fuel oil as primary energy sources to manufacture products.
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The use of our products is an energy efficient building choice, and results in lower greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions during manufacturing, when used in place of more fossil fuel-intensive materials. We are assessing opportunities related to increased interest or demand for wood-based building materials due to their role in climate mitigation.
In recent years, various legislative and regulatory proposals to restrict GHG emissions, such as carbon dioxide, have been under consideration in state legislative bodies and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). These proposals have included regulations to reduce GHG emissions from new and existing electric utilities, which may result in increased electricity costs to our businesses. This impact may be partially mitigated, as the majority of the energy used to manufacture our products is generated from biomass fuel, which reduces our reliance on fossil fuels. There are currently no specific regulations that require our wood products plants to reduce GHG emissions, and the current EPA administration has not announced plans to develop such federal regulations.
States are taking various positions on climate change regulation. Oregon and Washington have enacted regulations intended to reduce GHG emissions. These regulations have not directly affected our manufacturing facilities; however, they are expected to impact our operations by increasing future costs related to natural gas, transportation fuel, and/or electricity. Our manufacturing operations derive a significant amount of their energy from biomass fuel, a carbon neutral emission, which may not be directly regulated. However, changes in biomass fuel regulations may increase our costs for fuel and electricity. We are not aware of any plans to regulate GHG emissions by other states in which we have manufacturing operations. There are several states that have implemented, or have proposed to implement, regulations that will require sale of zero-emission heavy duty trucks and phase out existing diesel fueled trucks. Our manufacturing and distribution operations rely on diesel fueled trucks to transport materials from suppliers and deliver products to customers. These new zero-emission vehicles are expected to be more expensive than traditional diesel trucks. In addition, there are concerns that the availability of compliant trucks may not be sufficient to meet demand at the time of scheduled replacement, the charging or hydrogen fuel infrastructure may not be adequate, and available early model zero-emission trucks may not be able to travel the distance or carry the load of existing trucks. In addition, there are ongoing efforts by some states and various organizations to encourage and/or require companies to calculate, report, and reduce their carbon footprint. Furthermore, our customers may impose carbon footprint standards on their vendors, which may require us to incur additional costs associated with the evaluation and reduction of GHGs. Given the high degree of uncertainty about the ultimate parameters of any GHG regulatory initiatives, it is premature to make any prediction concerning such impacts.
Other Regulatory Initiatives
From time to time, legislative bodies and environmental regulatory agencies may promulgate new or revised regulatory programs imposing significant incremental operating costs or capital costs on us.
In February 2024, the EPA finalized a rule to lower the primary annual National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) for fine particulate matter (PM-2.5). This lower PM-2.5 standard resulted in more areas within the U.S. that exceed the NAAQS. Areas not in compliance with the new standard will be classified as non-attainment areas. It is possible that some of our manufacturing facilities are located in areas that will be reclassified as non-attainment areas. Non-attainment areas must develop regulations designed to bring the areas into attainment. Our manufacturing facilities located in non-attainment areas will be subject to more stringent emission limits and permitting requirements, which could require additional costs to implement improvements to ensure compliance. Further, because the standard is now at or near the typical ambient concentration at many locations where we operate, it could be more difficult to permit mill expansions, which may restrict our future growth. We are unable to predict the specific impact to our facilities until attainment area designations are completed and implementation details are finalized in 2026.
In 2016, our facilities began complying with the Boiler Maximum Achievable Control Technology (Boiler MACT) regulations, which regulate emissions of hazardous air pollutants from industrial boilers and process heaters. Following litigation of the standards, in September 2022, the EPA adopted more stringent Boiler MACT emission standards for several types of boilers, including boilers common to our facilities. Boilers must be in compliance with the revised standards by September 2025. We determined boiler improvement projects were necessary to meet the revised standards at three of our facilities and we substantially completed these projects in 2024.
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Some of our wood products facilities are subject to the Plywood and Composite Wood Products (PCWP) MACT standards for hazardous air pollutants, and they have complied with these standards since 2007 or 2008. The EPA published its Risk and Technology Review (RTR) for PCWP MACT standards, which concluded additional controls were not required for PCWP sources. However, the RTR Rule did not address certain remanded sources, including plywood presses, lumber kilns, and various other emission sources at wood products manufacturing mills. Furthermore, soon after publication of the RTR Rule, an environmental organization filed a petition for reconsideration which the EPA has granted. While there was a court-ordered deadline of November 2023 to complete the revised rule, the EPA negotiated an extension that allows them until June 2026 to finalize the revised rule. It is expected that manufacturing facilities subject to PCWP MACT standards will have three years after publication of the revised rule for compliance. At this time, we are unable to predict the impact of the revised final rules to our business.
The Oregon Department of Environmental Quality (ODEQ) Cleaner Air Oregon (CAO) rules regulate toxic air emissions from manufacturing facilities located in Oregon. The rules are risk-based, and the ODEQ released their prioritization list establishing which facilities within the state likely pose the greatest risk to their communities based on emissions inventories that facilities submitted to the ODEQ. The ODEQ established four risk groups. None of our mills were identified in the first tier risk group. Our Medford plywood mill was identified in the second tier risk group and was selected into the program in October 2024. Our other Oregon mills were identified in the third and fourth tier risk groups and will likely not be selected for several more years. When selected into the program, the facilities will incur expenses to evaluate the risk to the public and may be required to incur additional operating or capital expenditures to mitigate any significant risk. As we were recently selected into the program, we are unable to estimate the specific impact to our business at this time.
The EPA's Regional Haze Rule sets standards for visual air clarity in "Federal Class I" areas such as national parks and wilderness areas. In 2020, the ODEQ required our Medford and Elgin plywood mills to submit a cost/benefit analysis of emission controls that would reduce pollution at the mills associated with regional haze. In January 2021, both facilities received a preliminary determination from the ODEQ that additional controls would “likely” be required for the facilities’ boilers. Our Medford plywood mill negotiated permit emission reductions sufficient to reduce their potential regional haze impact to below the ODEQ threshold, and therefore, will not be required to install additional controls or take other actions. The emission reductions are not expected to impact the facility's ability to meet production goals. Our Elgin plywood mill is required to conduct a study to determine what levels of emission reduction can be achieved by installation of improved boiler controls. We began installation of boiler combustion improvements in May 2023, are monitoring emissions, and are required to propose new emission limits by December 2025. We are then required to be fully compliant with those new emission limits by August 2026.
Critical Accounting Estimates
The preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) requires management to make estimates and assumptions about future events. These estimates and the underlying assumptions affect the amounts of assets and liabilities reported, disclosures about contingent assets and liabilities, and reported amounts of revenues and expenses. Actual results could differ from these estimates. We believe that the accounting estimates discussed below represent the accounting estimates requiring the exercise of judgment where a different set of judgments could result in the greatest changes to reported results. We reviewed the development, selection, and disclosure of our critical accounting estimates with the Audit Committee of our board of directors. Our current critical accounting estimates are as follows:
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EWP Rebates and Allowances
We provide EWP rebates at various stages of the supply chain (including distributors, dealers, and homebuilders) as a means to increase sales. EWP rebates are based on the volume of purchases (measured in dollars or units), among other factors such as customer loyalty, conversion, and commitment incentives, as well as temporary protection from price increases. EWP rebate estimates are based on the expected amount to be paid and are recorded as a decrease in "Sales" as revenue is recognized. The estimate of EWP rebates is inherently difficult due to the time lag of information and it is challenging to estimate sales subject to rebate as the products transition beyond our wholesale customers and through the supply chain to homebuilders. In addition, some EWP rebate accruals are estimated based on achievement of tiered sales levels, which require management to forecast sales throughout the supply chain, using incentive terms that vary at each level. Information that we consider when estimating sales activity at dealers and homebuilders includes historical sales information, sales projections, publicly available information of housing starts by homebuilder, residential development audits, and economic forecasts of new residential construction, among other economic data. We update these forecasts on a regular basis. We adjust our estimate of revenue at the earlier of the time when the probability of EWP rebates paid changes or the time when the amounts of rebates become fixed. Because of the complexity of some of these rebates, the ultimate resolution may result in payments that are materially different from our current estimate of EWP rebates payable. At both December 31, 2024 and 2023, we had $63.0 million of EWP rebates payable recorded in "Accrued liabilities, Other" on our Consolidated Balance Sheets.
Long-Lived Asset Impairment
We review the carrying value of long-lived assets for impairment when events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the assets may not be recoverable (triggering event). No triggering event was identified during the year ended December 31, 2024. An impairment of a long-lived asset exists when the carrying value is not recoverable through future undiscounted cash flows from operations and when the carrying value of an asset or asset group exceeds its fair value.
To the extent the carrying value of the asset or asset group exceeds future undiscounted cash flows, we would be required to estimate the fair value of the asset or asset group, and long-lived asset impairment would become a critical accounting estimate. To measure future cash flows, we are required to make assumptions about future sales volumes, future product pricing, and future expenses to be incurred. Estimates of future cash flows may change based on overall economic conditions, the cost and availability of wood fiber, environmental requirements, capital spending, and other strategic management decisions. We estimate the fair value of an asset or asset group based on quoted market prices for similar assets (the amount for which the asset(s) could be bought or sold in a current transaction with a third party) when available (Level 2 measurement) or the expected proceeds from the sale of the assets (Level 3 measurement). When quoted market prices are not available, we use a discounted cash flow model to estimate fair value (Level 3 measurement).
Future events or circumstances such as sustained negative economic impacts, declines in single-family housing starts, environmental regulations or restrictions, sustained periods of weak commodity prices, loss of key customers, capacity additions by competitors, changes in the competitive position of our products, or changes in raw materials or manufacturing costs that lead us to believe the long-lived asset will no longer provide a sufficient return on investment, could prompt decisions to invest capital differently than expected, sell facilities, or curtail operations. Any of these factors, among others, could result in non-cash impairment or accelerated depreciation charges in the future with respect to long-lived assets, which could have a material impact on our results of operations in the period in which an impairment is recognized. Due to the numerous variables associated with our judgments and assumptions relating to the valuation of assets and the effects of changes on these valuations, the timing, precision, and reliability of our estimates are subject to uncertainty. As additional information becomes known, we may change our estimates.
Non-GAAP Financial Measures
In evaluating our business, we utilize non-GAAP financial measures that fall within the meaning of SEC Regulation G and Regulation S-K Item 10(e), which we believe provide users of the financial information with additional meaningful comparison to prior reported results. Non-GAAP financial measures do not have standardized definitions and are not defined by GAAP. In this annual report on Form 10-K, we disclose income before interest (interest expense and interest income), income taxes, and depreciation and amortization as EBITDA, which is a non-GAAP financial measure. We also disclose Adjusted EBITDA, which further adjusts EBITDA to exclude the change in fair value of interest rate swaps. We also disclose Segment EBITDA, which is segment income before depreciation and amortization.
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We believe EBITDA, Adjusted EBITDA and Segment EBITDA are meaningful measures because they present a transparent view of our recurring operating performance and allow management to readily view operating trends, perform analytical comparisons, and identify strategies to improve operating performance. We also believe EBITDA, Adjusted EBITDA and Segment EBITDA are useful to investors because they provide a means to evaluate the operating performance of our segments and our Company on an ongoing basis using criteria that are used by our management and because they are frequently used by investors and other interested parties when comparing companies in our industry that have different financing and capital structures and/or tax rates. EBITDA, Adjusted EBITDA and Segment EBITDA, however, are not measures of our liquidity or financial performance under GAAP and should not be considered as alternatives to net income, income from operations, or any other performance measure derived in accordance with GAAP or as alternatives to cash flow from operating activities as a measure of our liquidity. The use of EBITDA, Adjusted EBITDA and Segment EBITDA instead of net income or segment income have limitations as analytical tools, including the inability to determine profitability; the exclusion of interest expense, interest income, and associated significant cash requirements; and the exclusion of depreciation and amortization, which represent unavoidable operating costs. Management compensates for these limitations by relying on our GAAP results. Our measures of EBITDA, Adjusted EBITDA and Segment EBITDA are not necessarily comparable to other similarly titled captions of other companies due to potential inconsistencies in the methods of calculation.
The following table reconciles net income to EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022:

|  | Year Ended
|  | December 31
|  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Net income |  | $ | 376,354 |  |  | $ | 483,656 |  |  | $ | 857,658 |
Interest expense |  | 24,067 |  |  | 25,496 |  |  | 25,412 |
Interest income |  | (39,139) |  |  | (48,106) |  |  | (12,263) |
Income tax provision |  | 125,405 |  |  | 161,393 |  |  | 288,723 |
Depreciation and amortization |  | 144,113 |  |  | 132,467 |  |  | 101,593 |
EBITDA |  | 630,800 |  |  | 754,906 |  |  | 1,261,123 |
Change in fair value of interest rate swaps |  | 2,038 |  |  | 1,791 |  |  | (3,559) |
Adjusted EBITDA |  | $ | 632,838 |  |  | $ | 756,697 |  |  | $ | 1,257,564 |

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The following table reconciles segment income and unallocated corporate costs to Segment EBITDA, EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022:

|  | Year Ended
|  | December 31
|  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Wood Products |  |  |  |  |  |
Segment income |  | $ | 231,454 |  |  | $ | 337,132 |  |  | $ | 575,167 |
Depreciation and amortization |  | 93,203 |  |  | 98,710 |  |  | 73,308 |
Segment EBITDA |  | $ | 324,657 |  |  | $ | 435,842 |  |  | $ | 648,475 |
Building Materials Distribution |  |  |  |  |  |
Segment income |  | $ | 303,385 |  |  | $ | 335,808 |  |  | $ | 627,091 |
Depreciation and amortization |  | 49,534 |  |  | 32,353 |  |  | 27,005 |
Segment EBITDA |  | $ | 352,919 |  |  | $ | 368,161 |  |  | $ | 654,096 |
Corporate |  |  |  |  |  |
Unallocated corporate costs |  | $ | (44,801) |  |  | $ | (48,554) |  |  | $ | (44,409) |
Foreign currency exchange gain (loss) |  | (1,164) |  |  | 7 |  |  | (1,584) |
Pension expense (excluding service costs) |  | (149) |  |  | (163) |  |  | (294) |
Change in fair value of interest rate swaps |  | (2,038) |  |  | (1,791) |  |  | 3,559 |
Depreciation and amortization |  | 1,376 |  |  | 1,404 |  |  | 1,280 |
EBITDA |  | (46,776) |  |  | (49,097) |  |  | (41,448) |
Change in fair value of interest rate swaps |  | 2,038 |  |  | 1,791 |  |  | (3,559) |
Corporate Adjusted EBITDA |  | $ | (44,738) |  |  | $ | (47,306) |  |  | $ | (45,007) |
Total Company Adjusted EBITDA |  | $ | 632,838 |  |  | $ | 756,697 |  |  | $ | 1,257,564 |

New and Recently Adopted Accounting Standards
For information related to new and recently adopted accounting standards, see "New and Recently Adopted Accounting Standards" in Note 2, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in "Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data" in this Form 10-K.
ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
Information concerning quantitative and qualitative disclosures about market risk is included under the captions "Disclosures of Financial Market Risks" and "Financial Instruments" in "Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" of this Form 10-K.
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ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
Boise Cascade Company
Consolidated Statements of Operations

|  | Year Ended December 31
|  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
|  | (thousands, except per-share data)
Sales |  | $ | 6,724,294 |  |  | $ | 6,838,245 |  |  | $ | 8,387,307 |
Costs and expenses |  |  |  |  |  |
Materials, labor, and other operating expenses (excluding depreciation) |  | 5,393,607 |  |  | 5,409,311 |  |  | 6,472,540 |
Depreciation and amortization |  | 144,113 |  |  | 132,467 |  |  | 101,593 |
Selling and distribution expenses |  | 594,927 |  |  | 559,503 |  |  | 553,251 |
General and administrative expenses |  | 102,317 |  |  | 114,434 |  |  | 103,750 |
Other (income) expense, net |  | (708) |  |  | (1,856) |  |  | (1,676) |
|  | 6,234,256 |  |  | 6,213,859 |  |  | 7,229,458 |
Income from operations |  | 490,038 |  |  | 624,386 |  |  | 1,157,849 |
Foreign currency exchange gain (loss) |  | (1,164) |  |  | 7 |  |  | (1,584) |
Pension expense (excluding service costs) |  | (149) |  |  | (163) |  |  | (294) |
Interest expense |  | (24,067) |  |  | (25,496) |  |  | (25,412) |
Interest income |  | 39,139 |  |  | 48,106 |  |  | 12,263 |
Change in fair value of interest rate swaps |  | (2,038) |  |  | (1,791) |  |  | 3,559 |
|  | 11,721 |  |  | 20,663 |  |  | (11,468) |
Income before income taxes |  | 501,759 |  |  | 645,049 |  |  | 1,146,381 |
Income tax provision |  | (125,405) |  |  | (161,393) |  |  | (288,723) |
Net income |  | $ | 376,354 |  |  | $ | 483,656 |  |  | $ | 857,658 |
Weighted average common shares outstanding: |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic |  | 39,086 |  |  | 39,649 |  |  | 39,526 |
Diluted |  | 39,318 |  |  | 39,901 |  |  | 39,772 |
Net income per common share: |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic |  | $ | 9.63 |  |  | $ | 12.20 |  |  | $ | 21.70 |
Diluted |  | $ | 9.57 |  |  | $ | 12.12 |  |  | $ | 21.56 |
Dividends declared per common share |  | $ | 5.82 |  |  | $ | 8.70 |  |  | $ | 4.01 |

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
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Boise Cascade Company
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income

| Year Ended December 31
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
| (thousands)
Net income | $ | 376,354 |  |  | $ | 483,656 |  |  | $ | 857,658 |
Other comprehensive income, net of tax |  |  |  |  |
Defined benefit pension plans |  |  |  |  |
Actuarial gain (loss), net of tax of $10, $(7), and $122, respectively | 28 |  |  | (22) |  |  | 367 |
Amortization of actuarial loss, net of tax of $9, $8, and $21, respectively | 29 |  |  | 25 |  |  | 62 |
Effects of settlements, net of tax of $—, $—, and $32, respectively | — |  |  | — |  |  | 98 |
Other comprehensive income, net of tax | 57 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 527 |
Comprehensive income | $ | 376,411 |  |  | $ | 483,659 |  |  | $ | 858,185 |

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
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Boise Cascade Company
Consolidated Balance Sheets

|  | December 31
|  | 2024 |  | 2023
|  | (thousands)
ASSETS |  |  |  |
Current |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 713,260 |  |  | $ | 949,574 |
Receivables |  |  |  |
Trade, less allowances of $5,506 and $3,278 |  | 321,820 |  |  | 352,780 |
Related parties |  | 173 |  |  | 181 |
Other |  | 22,772 |  |  | 20,740 |
Inventories |  | 803,296 |  |  | 712,369 |
Prepaid expenses and other |  | 24,747 |  |  | 21,170 |
Total current assets |  | 1,886,068 |  |  | 2,056,814 |
Property and equipment, net |  | 1,047,083 |  |  | 932,633 |
Operating lease right-of-use assets |  | 49,673 |  |  | 62,868 |
Finance lease right-of-use assets |  | 22,128 |  |  | 24,003 |
Timber deposits |  | 6,916 |  |  | 7,208 |
Goodwill |  | 171,945 |  |  | 170,254 |
Intangible assets, net |  | 173,027 |  |  | 190,743 |
Deferred income taxes |  | 3,705 |  |  | 4,854 |
Other assets |  | 8,838 |  |  | 9,269 |
Total assets |  | $ | 3,369,383 |  |  | $ | 3,458,646 |

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
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Boise Cascade Company
Consolidated Balance Sheets (continued)

|  | December 31
|  | 2024 |  | 2023
|  | (thousands, except per-share data)
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY |  |  |  |
Current |  |  |  |
Accounts payable |  |  |  |
Trade |  | $ | 297,676 |  |  | $ | 310,175 |
Related parties |  | 1,315 |  |  | 1,501 |
Accrued liabilities |  |  |  |
Compensation and benefits |  | 127,415 |  |  | 149,561 |
Interest payable |  | 9,957 |  |  | 9,958 |
Other |  | 127,653 |  |  | 122,921 |
Total current liabilities |  | 564,016 |  |  | 594,116 |
Debt |  |  |  |
Long-term debt, net |  | 446,167 |  |  | 445,280 |
Other |  |  |  |
Compensation and benefits |  | 42,006 |  |  | 40,189 |
Operating lease liabilities, net of current portion |  | 43,174 |  |  | 56,425 |
Finance lease liabilities, net of current portion |  | 26,883 |  |  | 28,084 |
Deferred income taxes |  | 78,849 |  |  | 82,014 |
Other long-term liabilities |  | 17,014 |  |  | 16,874 |
|  | 207,926 |  |  | 223,586 |
Commitments and contingent liabilities |  |  |  |
Stockholders' equity |  |  |  |
Preferred stock, $0.01 par value per share; 50,000 shares authorized, no shares issued and outstanding |  | — |  |  | — |
Common stock, $0.01 par value per share; 300,000 shares authorized, 45,139 and 44,983 shares issued, respectively |  | 451 |  |  | 450 |
Treasury stock, 6,956 and 5,443 shares at cost, respectively |  | (341,974) |  |  | (145,335) |
Additional paid-in capital |  | 565,041 |  |  | 560,697 |
Accumulated other comprehensive loss |  | (460) |  |  | (517) |
Retained earnings |  | 1,928,216 |  |  | 1,780,369 |
Total stockholders' equity |  | 2,151,274 |  |  | 2,195,664 |
Total liabilities and stockholders' equity |  | $ | 3,369,383 |  |  | $ | 3,458,646 |

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
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Boise Cascade Company
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

|  | Year Ended December 31
|  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
|  | (thousands)
Cash provided by (used for) operations |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income |  | $ | 376,354 |  |  | $ | 483,656 |  |  | $ | 857,658 |
Items in net income not using (providing) cash |  |  |  |  |  |
Depreciation and amortization, including deferred financing costs and other |  | 147,402 |  |  | 135,414 |  |  | 103,879 |
Stock-based compensation |  | 15,486 |  |  | 15,410 |  |  | 11,870 |
Pension expense |  | 149 |  |  | 163 |  |  | 294 |
Deferred income taxes |  | (2,416) |  |  | (180) |  |  | 59,666 |
Change in fair value of interest rate swaps |  | 2,038 |  |  | 1,791 |  |  | (3,559) |
Other |  | (379) |  |  | (1,898) |  |  | (1,043) |
Decrease (increase) in working capital, net of acquisitions |  |  |  |  |  |
Receivables |  | 31,068 |  |  | (35,024) |  |  | 158,073 |
Inventories |  | (89,266) |  |  | 22,286 |  |  | (13,903) |
Prepaid expenses and other |  | (1,029) |  |  | (824) |  |  | (2,834) |
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities |  | (35,595) |  |  | 37,146 |  |  | (100,354) |
Income taxes payable |  | (2,405) |  |  | 28,590 |  |  | (30,561) |
Other |  | (3,087) |  |  | 928 |  |  | 2,033 |
Net cash provided by operations |  | 438,320 |  |  | 687,458 |  |  | 1,041,219 |
Cash provided by (used for) investment |  |  |  |  |  |
Expenditures for property and equipment |  | (229,569) |  |  | (215,438) |  |  | (114,117) |
Acquisitions of businesses and facilities, net of cash acquired |  | (10,221) |  |  | (162,774) |  |  | (515,237) |
Proceeds from sales of assets and other |  | 1,970 |  |  | 2,660 |  |  | 3,898 |
Net cash used for investment |  | (237,820) |  |  | (375,552) |  |  | (625,456) |
Cash provided by (used for) financing |  |  |  |  |  |
Treasury stock purchased |  | (194,904) |  |  | (6,426) |  |  | — |
Dividends paid on common stock |  | (228,814) |  |  | (346,493) |  |  | (159,564) |
Tax withholding payments on stock-based awards |  | (11,141) |  |  | (5,926) |  |  | (3,930) |
Payments of deferred financing costs |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1,174) |
Other |  | (1,955) |  |  | (1,831) |  |  | (1,658) |
Net cash used for financing |  | (436,814) |  |  | (360,676) |  |  | (166,326) |
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents |  | (236,314) |  |  | (48,770) |  |  | 249,437 |
Balance at beginning of the period |  | 949,574 |  |  | 998,344 |  |  | 748,907 |
Balance at end of the period |  | $ | 713,260 |  |  | $ | 949,574 |  |  | $ | 998,344 |

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
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Boise Cascade Company
Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity

| Common Stock |  | Treasury Stock |  | Additional Paid-In Capital |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss |  | Retained Earnings |  | Total
| Shares |  | Amount |  | Shares |  | Amount |  |  |  |
| (thousands)
Balance at December 31, 2021 | 44,698 |  |  | $ | 447 |  |  | 5,367 |  |  | $ | (138,909) |  |  | $ | 543,249 |  |  | $ | (1,047) |  |  | $ | 948,879 |  |  | $ | 1,352,619 |
Net income |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 857,658 |  |  | 857,658 |
Other comprehensive income |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 527 |  |  |  |  | 527 |
Common stock issued | 129 |  |  | 1 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1 |
Stock-based compensation |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 11,870 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 11,870 |
Common stock dividends ($4.01 per share) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (160,796) |  |  | (160,796) |
Tax withholding payments on stock-based awards |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (3,930) |  |  |  |  |  |  | (3,930) |
Proceeds from exercise of stock options |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 27 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 27 |
Other |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (1) |  |  |  |  |  |  | (1) |
Balance at December 31, 2022 | 44,827 |  |  | $ | 448 |  |  | 5,367 |  |  | $ | (138,909) |  |  | $ | 551,215 |  |  | $ | (520) |  |  | $ | 1,645,741 |  |  | $ | 2,057,975 |
Net income |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 483,656 |  |  | 483,656 |
Other comprehensive income |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 3 |  |  |  |  | 3 |
Common stock issued | 156 |  |  | 2 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2 |
Treasury stock purchased |  |  |  |  | 76 |  |  | (6,426) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (6,426) |
Stock-based compensation |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 15,410 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 15,410 |
Common stock dividends ($8.70 per share) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (349,028) |  |  | (349,028) |
Tax withholding payments on stock-based awards |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (5,926) |  |  |  |  |  |  | (5,926) |
Other |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (2) |  |  |  |  |  |  | (2) |
Balance at December 31, 2023 | 44,983 |  |  | $ | 450 |  |  | 5,443 |  |  | $ | (145,335) |  |  | $ | 560,697 |  |  | $ | (517) |  |  | $ | 1,780,369 |  |  | $ | 2,195,664 |
Net income |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 376,354 |  |  | 376,354 |
Other comprehensive income |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 57 |  |  |  |  | 57 |
Common stock issued | 156 |  |  | 1 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1 |
Treasury stock purchased |  |  |  |  | 1,513 |  |  | (194,904) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (194,904) |
Stock-based compensation |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 15,486 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 15,486 |
Common stock dividends ($5.82 per share) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (228,507) |  |  | (228,507) |
Tax withholding payments on stock-based awards |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (11,141) |  |  |  |  |  |  | (11,141) |
Other |  |  |  |  |  |  | (1,735) |  |  | (1) |  |  |  |  |  |  | (1,736) |
Balance at December 31, 2024 | 45,139 |  |  | $ | 451 |  |  | 6,956 |  |  | $ | (341,974) |  |  | $ | 565,041 |  |  | $ | (460) |  |  | $ | 1,928,216 |  |  | $ | 2,151,274 |

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
1. Nature of Operations and Basis of Presentation
Boise Cascade Company is a building products company headquartered in Boise, Idaho. Our operations began on October 29, 2004 (inception), when we acquired the forest products assets of OfficeMax, Incorporated. As used in these consolidated financial statements, the terms "Boise Cascade," "we," and "our" refer to Boise Cascade Company and its consolidated subsidiaries. We are one of the largest producers of engineered wood products (EWP) and plywood in North America and a leading United States wholesale distributor of building products.
We operate our business using two reportable segments: (1) Wood Products, which primarily manufactures EWP and plywood, and (2) Building Materials Distribution (BMD), which is a wholesale distributor of building materials. For more information, see Note 15, Segment Information.
2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Principles of Consolidation
The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Boise Cascade and its subsidiaries. Intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated.
Use of Estimates
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) requires management to make estimates and assumptions about future events. These estimates and the underlying assumptions affect the amounts of assets and liabilities reported, disclosures about contingent assets and liabilities, and reported amounts of revenues and expenses. Such estimates include the valuation of accounts receivable, inventories, goodwill, intangible assets, and other long-lived assets; legal contingencies; guarantee obligations; indemnifications; assumptions used in retirement, medical, and workers' compensation benefits; assumptions used in the determination of right-of-use (ROU) assets and related lease liabilities; stock-based compensation; fair value measurements; income taxes; and vendor and customer rebates, among others. These estimates and assumptions are based on management's best estimates and judgment. Management evaluates its estimates and assumptions on an ongoing basis using historical experience and other factors, including the current economic environment, which management believes to be reasonable under the circumstances. We adjust such estimates and assumptions when facts and circumstances dictate. As future events and their effects cannot be determined with precision, actual results could differ significantly from these estimates. Changes in these estimates resulting from continuing changes in the economic environment will be reflected in the consolidated financial statements in future periods.
Revenue Recognition
Revenues are recognized when control of the promised goods or services is transferred to our customers, in an amount that reflects the consideration we expect to be entitled to in exchange for those goods or services. For additional information regarding our revenue recognition policies, see Note 3, Revenues.
Cash and Cash Equivalents
Cash equivalents consist of short-term investments that have an original maturity of three months or less at the date of purchase. At December 31, 2024 and 2023, the majority of our cash and cash equivalents were comprised of money market funds that are broadly diversified and invested in high-quality, short-duration securities, including U.S. government agency securities and similar instruments. We have significant amounts of cash and cash equivalents that are in excess of federally insured limits. Though we have not experienced any losses on our cash and cash equivalents to date and we do not anticipate incurring any losses, we cannot be assured that we will not experience losses on our cash and cash equivalents.
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Trade Accounts Receivables and Allowance for Doubtful Accounts
Trade accounts receivable are stated at the amount we expect to collect. Trade accounts receivable do not bear interest. We make ongoing estimates relating to the collectability of our accounts receivable and maintain a reserve for estimated losses resulting from the inability of our customers to meet their financial obligations to us. At December 31, 2024 and 2023, we had $5.5 million and $3.3 million, respectively, recorded as allowances for doubtful accounts. In determining the amount of the reserve and in order to manage credit risk, we consider our historical level of credit losses, customer concentrations, and current economic trends and monitor the creditworthiness of significant customers based on ongoing credit evaluations. Our sales are principally to customers in the building products industry located in the U.S. and Canada. A significant portion of our sales are concentrated with a relatively small number of customers. In 2024, our top ten customers represented approximately 48% of sales, with two customers accounting for approximately 12% and 10% of total sales, respectively. At December 31, 2024, receivables from two customers accounted for approximately 19% and 11% of total receivables. At December 31, 2023, receivables from these two customers accounted for approximately 19% and 13% of total receivables. No other customer accounted for 10% or more of total receivables. Adjustments to allowances are charged to income. Trade accounts receivable balances that remain outstanding after we have used reasonable collection efforts are written off through a charge to the valuation allowance and a credit to accounts receivable. Although we have not experienced material credit losses in recent years, our actual future losses from uncollectable accounts may differ materially from our current estimates. As additional information becomes known, we may change our estimates. In the event we determine that a change in the reserve is appropriate, we will record a charge to "Selling and distribution expenses" in our Consolidated Statements of Operations in the period we make such a determination.
Fair Value
Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. The fair value hierarchy under GAAP gives the highest priority to quoted market prices (Level 1) and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs (Level 3). In general, and where applicable, we use quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities to determine fair value (Level 1). If quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities are not available to determine fair value, we use quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities or inputs that are observable either directly or indirectly (Level 2). If quoted prices for identical or similar assets are not available or are unobservable, we may use internally developed valuation models, whose inputs include bid prices, and third-party valuations utilizing underlying asset assumptions (Level 3).
Financial Instruments
Our financial instruments are cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, accounts payable, long-term debt, and an interest rate swap. Our cash is recorded at cost, which approximates fair value, and our cash equivalents are money market funds. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, we held $679.5 million and $899.4 million, respectively, in money market funds that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis using Level 1 inputs. The recorded values of accounts receivable and accounts payable approximate fair values based on their short-term nature. At December 31, 2024 and 2023, the book value of our fixed-rate debt for each period was $400.0 million, and the fair value was estimated to be $377.0 million and $374.5 million, respectively. The difference between the book value and the fair value is derived from the difference between the period-end market interest rate and the stated rate of our fixed-rate, long-term debt. We estimated the fair value of our fixed-rate debt using quoted market prices of our debt in inactive markets (Level 2 inputs). The interest rate on our variable-rate debt is based on market conditions such as the Secured Overnight Financing Rate (SOFR) or a base rate. Because the interest rate on the variable-rate debt is based on current market conditions, we believe that the estimated fair value of the outstanding balance on our variable-rate debt approximates book value.
We are exposed to financial risks such as changes in commodity prices, interest rates, and foreign currency exchange rates. We employ a variety of practices to manage these risks, including operating and financing activities and, where deemed appropriate, the use of derivative instruments. As discussed in Note 14, Financial Instrument Risk, we use interest rate swaps to mitigate our variable interest rate exposure, the fair value of which is measured based on Level 2 inputs.
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Vendor Rebates and Allowances
We receive rebates and allowances from our vendors under a number of different programs, including vendor marketing programs. At December 31, 2024 and 2023, we had $17.7 million and $17.4 million, respectively, of vendor rebates and allowances recorded in "Receivables, Other" on our Consolidated Balance Sheets. Rebates and allowances received from our vendors are recognized as a reduction of "Materials, labor, and other operating expenses (excluding depreciation)" when the product is sold, unless the rebates and allowances are linked to a specific incremental cost to sell a vendor's product. Amounts received from vendors that are linked to specific selling and distribution expenses are recognized as a reduction of "Selling and distribution expenses" in the period the expense is incurred.
Foreign Currency
The functional currency for our operations outside the United States is the U.S. dollar. Nonmonetary assets and liabilities and related depreciation and amortization for these foreign operations are remeasured into U.S. dollars using historical exchange rates. Monetary assets and liabilities are remeasured into U.S. dollars using the exchange rates as of the Consolidated Balance Sheet date. Revenue and expense items are remeasured into U.S. dollars using an average exchange rate prevailing during the year.
Leases
We primarily lease land, buildings, and equipment under operating and finance leases. We determine if an arrangement is a lease at inception and assess lease classification as either operating or finance at lease inception or upon modification. Substantially all of our leases with initial terms greater than one year are for real estate, including distribution centers, corporate headquarters, land, and other office space. Substantially all of these lease agreements have fixed payment terms based on the passage of time and are recorded in our BMD segment. Many of our leases include fixed escalation clauses, renewal options and/or termination options that are factored into our determination of lease term and lease payments when appropriate. Renewal options generally range from one to ten years with fixed payment terms similar to those in the original lease agreements. Some lease agreements provide us with the option to purchase the leased property at market value. Our lease agreements do not contain any residual value guarantees.
ROU assets represent our right to use an underlying asset for the lease term and lease liabilities represent our obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. ROU assets and lease liabilities are recognized at the lease commencement date based on the estimated present value of fixed lease payments over the lease term. The current portion of our operating and finance lease liabilities are recorded in "Accrued liabilities, Other" on our Consolidated Balance Sheets.
We use our estimated incremental borrowing rate, which is derived from information available at the lease commencement date, in determining the present value of lease payments. In determining our incremental borrowing rates, we give consideration to publicly available interest rates for instruments with similar characteristics, including credit rating, term, and collateralization.
For purposes of determining straight-line rent expense, the lease term is calculated from the date we first take possession of the facility, including any periods of free rent and any renewal option periods we are reasonably certain of exercising. Variable lease expense generally includes reimbursement of actual costs for common area maintenance, property taxes, and insurance on leased real estate and are recorded as incurred. Most of our operating lease expense is recorded in "Selling and distribution expenses" in our Consolidated Statements of Operations. In addition, we do not separate lease and non-lease components for all of our leases.
Our short-term leases primarily include equipment rentals with lease terms on a month-to-month basis, which provide for our seasonal needs and flexibility in the use of equipment. Our short-term leases also include certain real estate for which either party has the right to cancel upon providing notice of 30 to 90 days. We do not recognize ROU assets or lease liabilities for short-term leases.
Income Taxes
We account for income taxes under the asset and liability method. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to temporary differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and respective tax bases and operating loss and tax credit carryforwards, as measured using enacted tax rates expected to be in effect in the periods where temporary differences are expected to be realized or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date.
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We recognize deferred tax assets to the extent that we believe that these assets are more likely than not to be realized. In making such a determination, we consider all available positive and negative evidence, including future reversals of existing taxable temporary differences, projected future taxable income, tax-planning strategies, and results of recent operations. If we determine that we would be unable to realize our deferred tax assets in the future, we would make an adjustment to the deferred tax asset valuation allowance, which would increase the provision for income taxes.
We review and update our tax positions as necessary to add any new uncertain tax positions taken, or to remove previously identified uncertain positions that have been adequately resolved. Additionally, uncertain positions may be remeasured as warranted by changes in facts or law. Accounting for uncertain tax positions requires estimating the amount, timing and likelihood of ultimate settlement. Although we believe that these estimates are reasonable, actual results could differ from these estimates.
Inventory Valuation
Inventories are valued at the lower of cost or net realizable value. Cost is based on the first-in, first-out (FIFO) method of inventory valuation or average cost. Wholesale distribution inventories include costs incurred in bringing inventory to its existing location. Manufactured inventories include costs for materials, labor, and factory overhead. Log inventories include costs to harvest and deliver the logs.
Inventories included the following (work in process is not material):

|  | December 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
|  | (thousands)
Finished goods and work in process |  | $ | 695,901 |  |  | $ | 604,624 |
Logs |  | 50,152 |  |  | 56,270 |
Other raw materials and supplies |  | 57,243 |  |  | 51,475 |
|  | $ | 803,296 |  |  | $ | 712,369 |

Property and Equipment
Property and equipment are recorded at cost. Cost includes expenditures for major improvements and replacements and the amount of interest cost associated with significant capital additions. For the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, an insignificant amount of interest was capitalized. We expense all repair and maintenance costs as incurred. When property and equipment are retired, sold, or otherwise disposed of, the asset's carrying amount and related accumulated depreciation are removed from the accounts and any gain or loss is included in operating income (loss). We use the straight-line method of depreciation.
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Property and equipment consisted of the following asset classes with the following general range of estimated useful lives:

|  | December 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023 |  | General Range of Estimated Useful Lives in Years
|  | (thousands) |  |  |  |
Land |  | $ | 94,591 |  |  | $ | 85,572 |  |  |  |  |
Buildings |  | 360,518 |  |  | 338,230 |  |  | 20 | - | 40
Improvements |  | 87,512 |  |  | 79,308 |  |  | 10 | - | 15
Mobile equipment, information technology, and office furniture |  | 296,604 |  |  | 254,783 |  |  | 3 | - | 7
Machinery and equipment |  | 1,089,117 |  |  | 1,037,135 |  |  | 7 | - | 12
Construction in progress |  | 147,668 |  |  | 64,619 |  |  |  |  |
|  | 2,076,010 |  |  | 1,859,647 |  |  |  |  |
Less accumulated depreciation |  | (1,028,927) |  |  | (927,014) |  |  |  |  |
|  | $ | 1,047,083 |  |  | $ | 932,633 |  |  |  |  |

Long-Lived Asset and Finite-Lived Intangible Asset Impairment
We review the carrying value of long-lived assets and finite-lived intangible assets for impairment when events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the assets may not be recoverable (triggering event). An impairment of long-lived assets or finite-lived intangible assets exists when the carrying value is not recoverable through future undiscounted cash flows from operations and when the carrying value of an asset or asset group exceeds its fair value. No triggering events were identified during the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022.
Goodwill and Indefinite-Lived Intangible Asset Impairment
We maintain two reporting units for purposes of our goodwill impairment testing, Wood Products and BMD, which are the same as our operating segments discussed in Note 15, Segment Information. We test goodwill in each of our reporting units and intangible assets with indefinite lives for impairment annually in the fourth quarter or sooner if events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of the asset may exceed fair value.
We completed our annual assessment of goodwill in fourth quarter 2024 using a qualitative approach. The qualitative goodwill impairment assessment requires evaluating factors, based on the weight of evidence, to determine whether a reporting unit's carrying value would more likely than not exceed its fair value. As part of our goodwill qualitative testing process for each reporting unit, we evaluate various factors that are specific to the reporting unit as well as industry and macroeconomic factors in order to determine whether they are reasonably likely to have a material impact on the fair value of our reporting units. Based on the qualitative analysis performed in 2024, we concluded that there were no changes that were reasonably likely to cause the fair value of the reporting units to be less than the reporting units' carrying value and determined that there was no impairment of our goodwill. In the event we were to determine that a reporting unit's carrying value would more likely than not exceed its fair value, quantitative testing would be performed comparing carrying values to estimated fair values. See Note 7, Goodwill and Intangible Assets, for additional information.
Asset Retirement Obligations
We recognize our asset retirement obligations in the period in which they are incurred if sufficient information is available to reasonably estimate the fair value of the obligation. Fair value estimates are determined using Level 3 inputs in the fair value hierarchy. The fair values of our asset retirement obligations are measured using expected future cash outflows discounted using the company's credit-adjusted risk-free interest rate. When we record the liability, we capitalize the cost by increasing the carrying amount of the related long-lived asset. Over time, the liability is accreted to its settlement value, and the capitalized cost is depreciated over the useful life of the related asset. Upon settlement of the liability, we will recognize a gain or loss for any difference between the settlement amount and the liability recorded.
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At December 31, 2024 and 2023, we had $4.6 million and $6.0 million, respectively, of asset retirement obligations recorded in "Other long-term liabilities" on our Consolidated Balance Sheets. These liabilities related primarily to landfill closure costs. The liabilities are based on the best estimate of current costs and are updated periodically to reflect current technology, laws and regulations, inflation, and other economic factors. We do not have any assets legally restricted for purposes of settling asset retirement obligations.
We have additional asset retirement obligations with indeterminate settlement dates. The fair value of these asset retirement obligations cannot be estimated due to the lack of sufficient information to estimate the settlement dates of the obligations. These asset retirement obligations include, for example, (i) removal and disposal of potentially hazardous materials on equipment and/or an operating facility if the equipment and/or facility were to undergo major maintenance, renovation, or demolition; (ii) retention ponds that may be required to be drained and/or cleaned if the related operating facility is closed; and (iii) storage sites or owned facilities for which removal and/or disposal of chemicals and other related materials are required if the operating facility is closed. We will recognize a liability in the period in which sufficient information becomes available to reasonably estimate the fair value of these obligations.
Deferred Software Costs
We defer internal-use software costs that benefit future years. These costs are amortized using the straight-line method over the expected life of the software, typically three to five years. "Other assets" in the Consolidated Balance Sheets includes $4.4 million of deferred software costs at both December 31, 2024 and 2023. We amortized $1.7 million, $2.1 million, and $2.2 million of deferred software costs for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, respectively.
Labor Concentration and Unions
As of December 31, 2024, we had approximately 7,530 employees. Approximately 18% of these employees work pursuant to collective bargaining agreements. As of December 31, 2024, we had ten collective bargaining agreements. One agreement covering approximately 50 employees at our Woodinville BMD facility expired on May 31, 2024, and one agreement covering approximately 40 employees at our Vancouver BMD facility expired on December 31, 2024, but the terms and conditions of these agreements remain in effect pending negotiation of new agreements. One agreement covering approximately 20 employees at our Billings BMD facility is set to expire on March 31, 2025, and two agreements covering approximately 740 employees at our Oakdale and Florien plywood plants are set to expire on July 15, 2025, but the terms and conditions of these agreements will remain in effect after expiration, pending negotiation of new agreements. We may not be able to renew these agreements or may renew them on terms that are less favorable to us than the current agreements. If any of these agreements are not renewed or extended upon their termination, we could experience a material labor disruption, strike, or significantly increased labor costs at one or more of our facilities, either in the course of negotiations of a labor agreement or otherwise. Labor disruptions or shortages could prevent us from meeting customer demands or result in increased costs, thereby reducing our sales and profitability.
Self-Insurance
We are self-insured for certain losses related to workers' compensation and medical claims, general and auto liability, as well as property and business interruption losses. The expected ultimate costs for claims incurred are recognized as liabilities in the Consolidated Balance Sheets and are estimated based principally on an analysis of historical claims data and estimates of claims incurred but not reported. Losses are accrued and charged to operations when it is probable that a loss has been incurred and the amount can be reasonably estimated. We maintain third-party stop-loss insurance policies to cover these liability costs in excess of predetermined retained amounts. Costs related to the administration of the plans and related claims are expensed as incurred. At December 31, 2024 and 2023, self-insurance related liabilities of $17.4 million and $13.1 million, respectively, were classified within "Accrued liabilities," and $10.0 million and $9.9 million, respectively, were classified within "Other long-term liabilities" on our Consolidated Balance Sheets.
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New and Recently Adopted Accounting Standards
In November 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued Accounting Standards Update (ASU) 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures, which enhances disclosures about significant segment expenses. The amendments in this ASU are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024 on a retrospective basis. We adopted this standard during the year ended December 31, 2024. This standard resulted in additional required disclosures, which are included in Note 15, Segment Information.
In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures, which enhances the transparency and decision usefulness of income tax disclosures, primarily related to the rate reconciliation and income taxes paid. The amendments in this ASU are effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024 on a prospective basis. Early adoption is permitted. We are currently evaluating the impact of this ASU on the disclosures related to our consolidated financial statements.
In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-03, Income Statement - Reporting Comprehensive Income - Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40): Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses. The ASU requires disclosure of specified costs and expenses in the notes to financial statements, including purchases of inventory, employee compensation, depreciation and amortization. The amendments in this ASU are effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2027. Early adoption is permitted. We are currently evaluating the impact of this ASU on the disclosures related to our consolidated financial statements.
There were no other accounting standards recently issued that had or are expected to have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements and associated disclosures.
Reclassifications
Certain amounts in prior year's consolidated financial statements have been reclassified to conform with current year's presentation, none of which were considered material.
3. Revenues
Wood Products Segment
Our Wood Products segment manufactures EWP, consisting of laminated veneer lumber (LVL), I-joists, and laminated beams, which are structural products used in applications where extra strength and consistent quality are required, such as headers and beams. LVL is also used in the manufacture of I-joists, which are assembled by combining a vertical web of OSB with top and bottom LVL or solid wood flanges. In addition, we manufacture structural, appearance, and industrial grade plywood panels, and ponderosa pine lumber. Our wood products are used primarily in new residential construction, residential repair-and-remodeling markets, and light commercial construction. The majority of our wood products are sold to leading wholesalers (including our BMD segment), home improvement centers, dealers, and industrial converters.
For EWP, plywood and veneer, byproducts, and other products, we transfer control and recognize a sale when we ship the product from our manufacturing facility to our customer. Control transfers when product is shipped because the customer has legal title, a present obligation to pay, and risk and rewards of ownership. The amount of consideration we receive and revenue we recognize varies with changes in rebates and cash discounts we offer to our customers. See "Customer Rebates and Allowances and Cash Discounts" below.
Building Materials Distribution Segment
Our BMD segment is a leading national stocking wholesale distributor of building materials. We distribute a broad line of building materials, including OSB, plywood, and lumber (collectively referred to as commodities); general line items such as siding, composite decking, doors and millwork, metal products, roofing, and insulation; and EWP. Except for EWP, we purchase most of these building materials from third-party suppliers and market them primarily to dealers, home improvement centers, and specialty distributors that then sell the products to the end customers, who are typically homebuilders, independent contractors, and homeowners engaged in residential construction projects. Substantially all of BMD's EWP is sourced from our Wood Products segment.
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We sell products using two primary distribution methods: warehouse sales and direct sales. Warehouse sales are distributed from our warehouses to our customers. Direct sales are shipped from the manufacturer to the customer without us taking physical possession of inventory. We report direct sales on a gross basis, that is, the amounts billed to our customers are recorded as "Sales," and inventory purchased from manufacturers are recorded as "Materials, labor, and other operating expenses (excluding depreciation)." We are the principal of direct sales because we control the inventory, as we have the ability to direct its use before it is transferred to our customers.
For warehouse sales, we transfer control and recognize a sale when the customer takes physical possession of the product. Control transfers when the customer takes physical possession of the product because the customer has legal title, a present obligation to pay, and risk and rewards of ownership. For direct sales, we transfer control and recognize a sale when the product is shipped from the manufacturer to the customer. Control transfers when product is shipped because the customer has legal title, a present obligation to pay, and risk and rewards of ownership. The amount of consideration we receive and revenue we recognize varies with changes in customer rebates and cash discounts we offer to our customers. See "Customer Rebates and Allowances and Cash Discounts" below.
Customer Rebates and Allowances an d Cash Discounts
Rebates are provided to our customers and our customers' customers based on the volume of their purchases, among other factors such as customer loyalty, conversion, and commitment, as well as temporary protection from price increases. We provide the rebates to increase the sell-through of our products. Rebates are generally estimated based on the expected amount to be paid and recorded as a decrease in "Sales." At December 31, 2024 and 2023, we had $91.4 million and $87.9 million, respectively, of rebates payable to our customers recorded in "Accrued liabilities, Other" on our Consolidated Balance Sheets. We also estimate expected cash discounts on trade accounts receivable based on an analysis of historical experience and record cash discounts as a decrease in "Sales." We adjust our estimate of revenue at the earlier of when the probability of rebates paid and cash discounts provided ch anges or when the amounts become fixed. There have not been significant changes to our estimates of rebates, although it is reasonably possible that a change in the estimate may occur.
Shipping and Handling
Fees for shipping and handling charged to customers for sales transactions are included in "Sales" in our Consolidated Statements of Operations. When control over products has transferred to the customer, we have elected to recognize costs related to shipping and handling as fulfillment costs. For our Wood Products segment, costs related to shipping and handling are included in "Materials, labor, and other operating expenses (excluding depreciation)" in our Consolidated Statements of Operations. In our Wood Products segment, we view our shipping and handling costs as a cost of the manufacturing process and the movement of product to our end customers. For our BMD segment, costs related to shipping and handling of $253.8 million, $238.8 million, and $226.1 million for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, respectively, are included in "Selling and distribution expenses" in our Consolidated Statements of Operations. In our BMD segment, our activities relate to the purchase and resale of finished products, and excluding shipping and handling costs from "Materials, labor, and other operating expenses (excluding depreciation)" provides us a clearer view of our operating performance and the effectiveness of our sales and purchasing functions.
Other
Our payment terms vary by the type of customer and the products offered. The term between invoicing and when payment is due is not significant.
Sales, value add, and other taxes we collect concurrent with revenue-producing activities are excluded from revenue.
We expense sales commissions when incurred as they are earned. These costs are recorded within "Selling and distribution expenses" in our Consolidated Statements of Operations.
For revenue disaggregated by major product line for each reportable segment, see Note 15, Segment Information.
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4. Income Taxes
Income Tax Provision
Income before income taxes includes the following components:

|  | Year Ended December 31
|  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
|  | (thousands)
Domestic |  | $ | 500,270 |  |  | $ | 643,060 |  |  | $ | 1,144,790 |
Foreign |  | 1,489 |  |  | 1,989 |  |  | 1,591 |
Income before income taxes |  | $ | 501,759 |  |  | $ | 645,049 |  |  | $ | 1,146,381 |

The income tax provision shown in the Consolidated Statements of Operations includes the following:

|  | Year Ended December 31
|  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
|  | (thousands)
Current income tax provision |  |  |  |  |  |
Federal |  | $ | 101,542 |  |  | $ | 133,323 |  |  | $ | 177,023 |
State |  | 26,279 |  |  | 28,250 |  |  | 52,046 |
Foreign |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (12) |
Total current |  | 127,821 |  |  | 161,573 |  |  | 229,057 |
Deferred income tax provision (benefit) |  |  |  |  |  |
Federal |  | (2,915) |  |  | (629) |  |  | 54,852 |
State |  | (269) |  |  | (68) |  |  | 3,921 |
Foreign |  | 768 |  |  | 517 |  |  | 893 |
Total deferred |  | (2,416) |  |  | (180) |  |  | 59,666 |
Income tax provision |  | $ | 125,405 |  |  | $ | 161,393 |  |  | $ | 288,723 |

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The effective tax rate varies from the U.S. Federal statutory income tax rate principally due to the following:

|  | Year Ended December 31
|  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
|  | (thousands, except percentages)
Income before income taxes |  | $ | 501,759 |  |  | $ | 645,049 |  |  | $ | 1,146,381 |
Statutory U.S. income tax rate |  | 21.0 | % |  | 21.0 | % |  | 21.0 | %
Statutory tax provision |  | $ | 105,369 |  |  | $ | 135,460 |  |  | $ | 240,740 |
State taxes |  | 20,491 |  |  | 22,249 |  |  | 45,037 |
Unrecognized tax benefits |  | 55 |  |  | (154) |  |  | 6 |
Tax credits |  | (805) |  |  | (226) |  |  | (570) |
Foreign rate differential |  | 393 |  |  | 111 |  |  | 370 |
Stock-based compensation |  | (3,882) |  |  | (1,113) |  |  | (1,529) |
Nondeductible executive compensation |  | 4,672 |  |  | 3,174 |  |  | 2,433 |
Meals and entertainment |  | 940 |  |  | 1,239 |  |  | 911 |
Other |  | (1,828) |  |  | 653 |  |  | 1,325 |
Total |  | $ | 125,405 |  |  | $ | 161,393 |  |  | $ | 288,723 |
Effective income tax rate |  | 25.0 | % |  | 25.0 | % |  | 25.2 | %

During the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, cash paid for taxes, net of refunds received, was $130.6 million, $133.0 million, and $260.0 million, respectively.
Deferred income taxes reflect the net tax effects of temporary differences between the carrying amount of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the amounts for income tax purposes. The components of our net deferred tax assets and liabilities at December 31, 2024 and 2023, are summarized as follows:

|  | December 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
|  | (thousands)
Deferred tax assets |  |  |  |
Employee benefits |  | $ | 29,141 |  |  | $ | 35,445 |
Lease liabilities |  | 21,136 |  |  | 24,576 |
Inventories |  | 8,142 |  |  | 5,849 |
Foreign net operating loss carryforward |  | 274 |  |  | 130 |
Other |  | 12,152 |  |  | 10,276 |
Deferred tax assets |  | $ | 70,845 |  |  | $ | 76,276 |
Deferred tax liabilities |  |  |  |
Property and equipment |  | $ | (105,735) |  |  | $ | (108,832) |
Right-of-use assets |  | (18,556) |  |  | (22,256) |
Intangible assets and other |  | (19,480) |  |  | (19,523) |
Other |  | (2,218) |  |  | (2,825) |
Deferred tax liabilities |  | $ | (145,989) |  |  | $ | (153,436) |
Total deferred tax assets (liabilities), net |  | $ | (75,144) |  |  | $ | (77,160) |

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As of December 31, 2024, we have foreign net operating loss carryforwards of $5.6 million, which if unused, will expire in years 2036 through 2044. We have state income tax credits totaling $1.7 million as of December 31, 2024, which if unused, will expire in years 2032 through 2034. The foreign net operating loss and state credit carryforwards in the income tax returns filed included unrecognized tax benefits. The deferred tax assets recognized for those net operating losses and state credit carryforwards are presented net of these unrecognized tax benefits.
Income Tax Uncertainties
The following table summarizes the changes related to our gross unrecognized tax benefits excluding interest and penalties:

|  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
|  | (thousands)
Balance as of January 1 |  | $ | 1,559 |  |  | $ | 1,734 |  |  | $ | 1,782 |
Increases related to prior years' tax positions |  | — |  |  | 4 |  |  | — |
Increases related to current years' tax positions |  | 103 |  |  | — |  |  | 13 |
Decreases related to prior years' tax positions |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (14) |
Lapse of statute of limitations |  | (106) |  |  | (179) |  |  | (47) |
Balance as of December 31 |  | $ | 1,556 |  |  | $ | 1,559 |  |  | $ | 1,734 |

As of December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, we had $1.6 million, $1.6 million, and $1.7 million, respectively, of unrecognized tax benefits recorded on our Consolidated Balance Sheets, excluding interest and penalties. Of the total unrecognized tax benefits recorded, $1.5 million, $1.5 million, and $1.7 million (net of the federal benefit for state taxes), respectively, would impact the effective tax rate if recognized.
We recognize interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions as income tax expense in our Consolidated Statements of Operations. For the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, we recognized an insignificant amount of interest and penalties related to taxes. We recognize tax liabilities and adjust these liabilities when our judgment changes as a result of the evaluation of new information not previously available or as new uncertainties arise. We do not expect the unrecognized tax benefits to change significantly over the next twelve months.
We file income tax returns in the U.S. and various state and foreign jurisdictions. Tax years 2021 to present remain open to examination in the U.S. and tax years 2020 to present remain open to examination in Canada and various states. We recorded net operating losses in Canada beginning in 2006 that are subject to examinations and adjustments up to four years following the year in which they are utilized.
5. Net Income Per Common Share
Basic net income per common share is computed by dividing net income by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Weighted average common shares outstanding for the basic net income per common share calculation includes certain vested restricted stock units (RSUs) and performance stock units (PSUs) as there are no conditions under which those shares will not be issued. For more information about common share activity during the period, see Note 12, Stockholders' Equity. Diluted net income per common share is computed by dividing net income by the combination of the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period and other potentially dilutive weighted average common shares. Other potentially dilutive weighted average common shares include the dilutive effect of stock options, RSUs, and PSUs for each period using the treasury stock method. Under the treasury stock method, the exercise price of a share and the amount of compensation expense, if any, for future service that has not yet been recognized are assumed to be used to repurchase shares in the current period.
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The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted net income per common share:

| Year Ended December 31
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
| (thousands, except per-share data)
Net income | $ | 376,354 |  |  | $ | 483,656 |  |  | $ | 857,658 |
Weighted average common shares outstanding during the period (for basic calculation) | 39,086 |  |  | 39,649 |  |  | 39,526 |
Dilutive effect of other potential common shares | 232 |  |  | 252 |  |  | 246 |
Weighted average common shares and potential common shares (for diluted calculation) | 39,318 |  |  | 39,901 |  |  | 39,772 |
Net income per common share - Basic | $ | 9.63 |  |  | $ | 12.20 |  |  | $ | 21.70 |
Net income per common share - Diluted | $ | 9.57 |  |  | $ | 12.12 |  |  | $ | 21.56 |

The computation of the dilutive effect of other potential common shares excludes stock awards representing an insignificant number of shares of common stock in the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, and 0.1 million shares of common stock in the year ended December 31, 2022. Under the treasury stock method, the inclusion of these stock awards would have been antidilutive.
6. Acquisitions
We account for acquisition transactions in accordance with ASC 805, Business Combinations. Accordingly, the results of operations of the acquiree are included in our consolidated financial statements from the acquisition date. The consideration transferred is allocated to the identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on estimated fair values at the acquisition date, with any excess recorded as goodwill. Transaction-related costs are expensed in the period the costs are incurred. During the measurement period, which may be up to one year from the acquisition date, we may record adjustments to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed with the corresponding adjustment to goodwill.
During the year ended December 31, 2024, our wholly-owned subsidiary, Boise Cascade Building Materials Distribution L.L.C. (BMD), acquired assets of door and millwork operations in Boise, Idaho and Lakeland, Florida (collectively, the 2024 Acquisitions). The purchase price of the 2024 Acquisitions was $8.1 million, inclusive of a $1.3 million contingent liability reflecting the acquisition date fair value of earn-out payments. During 2024, we paid a combined $6.8 million in cash for the 2024 Acquisitions.
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Brockway-Smith Company (BROSCO) Acquisition
On October 2, 2023, our wholly-owned subsidiary, BMD, completed the acquisition of BROSCO, a wholesale distributor specializing in doors and millwork, pursuant to the Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated August 22, 2023 (Merger Agreement), by and among BMD, Firepit Merger Sub, Inc., a wholly-owned subsidiary of BMD (the Merger Sub), BROSCO and the representative of the BROSCO stockholders. On the terms and subject to the conditions set forth in the Merger Agreement, on October 2, 2023, Merger Sub merged with and into BROSCO, with BROSCO surviving the merger as a wholly-owned subsidiary of BMD (the BROSCO Acquisition). The purchase price of the BROSCO Acquisition was $166.2 million, net of cash acquired, and inclusive of a post-transaction closing adjustment of $3.4 million based upon working capital and indebtedness as defined in the Merger Agreement. We funded the BROSCO Acquisition and related costs with cash on hand. Acquisition-related costs of $5.1 million are recorded in "General and administrative expenses" in our Consolidated Statements of Operations for the year ended December 31, 2023.
The following table summarizes the final allocations of the BROSCO Acquisition purchase price consideration to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed based upon their respective estimated fair values at the date of acquisition:

|  | Acquisition Date Fair Value
|  | (thousands)
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 4,009 |
Accounts receivable |  | 19,688 |
Inventories |  | 36,000
Other current assets |  | 159
Property and equipment |  | 57,331
Other assets |  | 508
Intangible assets: |  |
Trade name |  | 18,000
Customer relationships |  | 29,000
Goodwill |  | 32,296
Assets acquired |  | 196,991
Accounts payable |  | 2,144 |
Accrued liabilities |  | 4,078 |
Deferred tax liabilities |  | 20,121 |
Other long-term liabilities |  | 478 |
Liabilities assumed |  | 26,821 |
Net assets acquired |  | $ | 170,170 |
Consideration paid, net of cash acquired |  | $ | 166,161 |

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Pro Forma Financial Information
The following pro forma financial information presents the combined results of operations as if the BROSCO facilities had been combined with us on January 1, 2022. The pro forma results are intended for information purposes only and do not purport to represent what the combined companies' results of operations would actually have been had the related transaction in fact occurred on January 1, 2022. They also do not reflect any cost savings, operating synergies, or revenue enhancements that we may achieve or the costs necessary to achieve these cost savings, operating synergies, revenue enhancements, or integration efforts.

| Pro Forma
| Year Ended December 31
| 2023 |  | 2022
| (unaudited, thousands)
Sales | $ | 6,985,464 |  |  | $ | 8,582,674 |
Net income (a) | $ | 498,065 |  |  | $ | 864,708 |

___________________________________
(a) The pro forma financial information for the year ended December 31, 2023 was adjusted to exclude $5.1 million of pre-tax acquisition-related costs for legal, accounting, and other advisory-related services.
7. Goodwill and Intangible Assets
Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price and related costs over the fair value of the net tangible and intangible assets of businesses acquired.
The carrying amount of our goodwill by segment is as follows:

|  | Building Materials Distribution |  | Wood Products |  | Total
|  | (thousands)
Balance at December 31, 2023 |  | $ | 44,088 |  |  | $ | 126,166 |  |  | $ | 170,254 |
Additions (a) |  | 1,691 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,691 |
Balance at December 31, 2024 |  | $ | 45,779 |  |  | $ | 126,166 |  |  | $ | 171,945 |

___________________________________
(a) Represents goodwill related to acquired assets of a door and millwork operation in Boise, Idaho. For additional information, see Note 6, Acquisitions.
At December 31, 2024 and 2023, intangible assets represented the values assigned to trade names and trademarks and customer relationships. We maintain trademarks for our manufactured wood products, particularly EWP. Our key registered trademarks are perpetual in duration as long as we continue to timely file all post registration maintenance documents related thereto. These trademarks have indefinite lives, are not amortized, and have a carrying amount of $8.9 million. In addition, we have acquired trade names and customer relationships through acquisitions. The weighted-average useful life from the date of purchase for trade names is approximately 15 years. The weighted-average useful life from the date of purchase for customer relationships is approximately 11 years. During the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, we recognized $19.8 million and $17.7 million, respectively, of amortization expense for intangible assets. Amortization expense for intangible assets is expected to be approximately $19 million per year for the next five years.
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Intangible assets consisted of the following:

|  | December 31, 2024
|  | Gross Carrying Amount |  | Accumulated Amortization |  | Net Carrying Amount
|  | (thousands)
Trade names and trademarks |  | $ | 27,600 |  |  | $ | (2,199) |  |  | $ | 25,401 |
Customer relationships |  | 197,100 |  |  | (49,474) |  |  | 147,626 |
|  | $ | 224,700 |  |  | $ | (51,673) |  |  | $ | 173,027 |

|  | December 31, 2023
|  | Gross Carrying Amount |  | Accumulated Amortization |  | Net Carrying Amount
|  | (thousands)
Trade names and trademarks |  | $ | 27,600 |  |  | $ | (1,000) |  |  | $ | 26,600 |
Customer relationships |  | 195,050 |  |  | (30,907) |  |  | 164,143 |
|  | $ | 222,650 |  |  | $ | (31,907) |  |  | $ | 190,743 |

8. Debt
Long-term debt consisted of the following:

|  | December 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
|  | (thousands)
Asset-based revolving credit facility due 2027 |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Asset-based credit facility term loan due 2027 |  | 50,000 |  |  | 50,000 |
4.875% senior notes due 2030 |  | 400,000 |  |  | 400,000 |
Deferred financing costs |  | (3,833) |  |  | (4,720) |
Long-term debt |  | $ | 446,167 |  |  | $ | 445,280 |

At December 31, 2024, the maturities for the aggregate amount of long-term debt outstanding were as follows (in thousands):

2025 |  | $ | — |
2026 |  | — |
2027 |  | 50,000 |
2028 |  | — |
2029 |  | — |
Thereafter |  | 400,000 |

Asset-Based Credit Facility
On May 15, 2015, Boise Cascade and its principal operating subsidiaries, Boise Cascade Wood Products, L.L.C., and Boise Cascade Building Materials Distribution, L.L.C., as borrowers, and Boise Cascade Wood Products Holdings Corp., as guarantor, entered into an Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, as amended, (the Amended Agreement) with Wells Fargo Capital Finance, LLC, as administrative agent, and the banks named therein as lenders. The Amended Agreement includes a $400 million senior secured asset-based revolving credit facility (Revolving Credit Facility) and a $50.0 million term loan (ABL Term Loan) maturing on the earlier of (a) September 9, 2027 and (b) 90 days prior to the maturity of our $400 million of 4.875% senior notes due July 1, 2030 (or the maturity date of any permitted refinancing indebtedness or permitted upsized refinancing indebtedness in respect thereof). Interest on borrowings under our Revolving Credit Facility and ABL Term Loan is payable monthly. Borrowings under the Amended Agreement are constrained by a borrowing base formula dependent upon
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levels of eligible receivables and inventory reduced by outstanding borrowings and letters of credit (Availability).
The Amended Agreement is secured by a first-priority security interest in substantially all of our assets, except for property and equipment. The proceeds of borrowings under the agreement are available for working capital and other general corporate purposes.
The Amended Agreement contains customary nonfinancial covenants, including a negative pledge covenant and restrictions on new indebtedness, investments, distributions to equity holders, asset sales, and affiliate transactions, the scope of which are dependent on the Availability existing from time to time. The Amended Agreement also contains a requirement that we meet a 1:1 fixed-charge coverage ratio (FCCR), applicable only if Availability falls below the greater of (a) 10% of the Line Cap (as defined in the Amended Agreement) and (b) $35 million. Availability exceeded the minimum threshold amounts required for testing of the FCCR at all times since entering into the Amended Agreement, and Availability at December 31, 2024, was $395.7 million.
The Amended Agreement permits us to pay dividends only if at the time of payment (a) no default has occurred or is continuing (or would result from such payment) under the Amended Agreement, and (b) either (i) pro forma Excess Availability (as defined in the Amended Agreement) is equal to or exceeds the greater of (x) 20% of the Line Cap and (y) $75 million or (ii) (x) pro forma Excess Availability is equal to or exceeds the greater of (1) 15% of the Line Cap and (2) $55 million and (y) our fixed-charge coverage ratio is greater than or equal to 1:1 on a pro forma basis.
Revolving Credit Facility
Interest rates under the Revolving Credit Facility are based, at our election, on either Daily Simple SOFR, Term SOFR, or a base rate, as defined in the Amended Agreement, plus a spread over the index elected that ranges from 1.25% to 1.50% for loans based on SOFR and from 0.25% to 0.50% for loans based on the base rate. The spread is determined on the basis of a pricing grid that results in a higher spread as average quarterly Availability declines. Both SOFR options include an additional credit spread adjustment of 0.10%. Letters of credit are subject to a fronting fee payable to the issuing bank and a fee payable to the lenders equal to the Term SOFR margin rate. In addition, we are required to pay an unused commitment fee at a rate of 0.20% per annum of the average unused portion of the lending commitments.
At both December 31, 2024 and 2023, we had no borrowings outstanding under the Revolving Credit Facility and $4.3 million and $4.1 million, respectively, of letters of credit outstanding. These letters of credit and borrowings, if any, reduce Availability under the Revolving Credit Facility by an equivalent amount.
ABL Term Loan
The ABL Term Loan was provided by institutions within the Farm Credit system. Borrowings under the ABL Term Loan may be repaid from time to time at the discretion of the borrowers without premium or penalty. However, any principal amount of ABL Term Loan repaid may not be subsequently re-borrowed.
Interest rates under the ABL Term Loan are based, at our election, on either Daily Simple SOFR, Term SOFR, or a base rate, as defined in the Amended Agreement, plus a spread over the index elected that ranges from 1.75% to 2.00% for SOFR rate loans and from 0.75% to 1.00% for base rate loans, both dependent on the amount of Average Excess Availability (as defined in the Amended Agreement). Both SOFR options include an additional credit spread adjustment of 0.10%. During the year ended December 31, 2024, the average interest rate on the ABL Term Loan was approximately 7.02%.
We have received and expect to continue receiving patronage credits under the ABL Term Loan. Patronage credits are distributions of profits from banks in the Farm Credit system, which are cooperatives that are required to distribute profits to their members. Patronage distributions, which are generally made in cash, are received in the year after they are earned. Patronage credits are recorded as a reduction to interest expense in the year earned. After giving effect to expected patronage distributions, the effective average net interest rate on the ABL Term Loan was approximately 6.0% during the year ended December 31, 2024.
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2030 Notes
On July 27, 2020, we issued $400 million of 4.875% senior notes due July 1, 2030 (2030 Notes) through a private placement that was exempt from the registration requirements of the Securities Act. Interest on our 2030 Notes is payable semiannually in arrears on January 1 and July 1. The 2030 Notes are guaranteed by each of our existing and future direct or indirect domestic subsidiaries that is a guarantor under our Amended Agreement.
The 2030 Notes are senior unsecured obligations and rank equally with all of the existing and future senior indebtedness of Boise Cascade Company and of the guarantors, senior to all of their existing and future subordinated indebtedness, effectively subordinated to all of their present and future senior secured indebtedness (including all borrowings with respect to our Amended Agreement to the extent of the value of the assets securing such indebtedness), and structurally subordinated to the indebtedness of any subsidiaries that do not guarantee the 2030 Notes.
The terms of the indenture governing the 2030 Notes, among other things, limit the ability of Boise Cascade and our restricted subsidiaries to: incur additional debt; declare or pay dividends; redeem stock or make other distributions to stockholders; make investments; create liens on assets; consolidate, merge or transfer substantially all of their assets; enter into transactions with affiliates; and sell or transfer certain assets. The indenture governing the 2030 Notes permits us to pay dividends only if at the time of payment (i) no default has occurred or is continuing (or would result from such payment) under the indenture, and (ii) our consolidated leverage ratio is no greater than 3.5:1, or (iii) the dividend, together with other dividends since the issue date, would not exceed our "builder" basket under the indenture. In addition, the indenture includes certain specific baskets for the payment of dividends.
The indenture governing the 2030 Notes provides for customary events of default and remedies.
Interest Rate Swap
For information on our interest rate swap, see "Interest Rate Risk" of Note 14, Financial Instrument Risk.
Cash Paid for Interest
For the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, cash payments for interest were $20.7 million, $22.6 million, and $23.1 million, respectively.
9. Leases
Lease Costs
The components of lease expense were as follows:

| Year Ended December 31 |  |
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  |
| (thousands) |  |
Operating lease cost | $ | 13,690 |  |  | $ | 13,227 |  |  | $ | 14,212 |  |  |
Finance lease cost |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Amortization of right-of-use assets | 2,480 |  |  | 2,470 |  |  | 2,482 |  |  |
Interest on lease liabilities | 2,147 |  |  | 2,229 |  |  | 2,327 |  |  |
Variable lease cost | 5,800 |  |  | 5,429 |  |  | 4,406 |  |  |
Short-term lease cost | 5,784 |  |  | 6,149 |  |  | 5,662 |  |  |
Sublease income | (153) |  |  | (330) |  |  | (439) |  |  |
Total lease cost | $ | 29,748 |  |  | $ | 29,174 |  |  | $ | 28,650 |  |  |

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Other Information
Supplemental cash flow information related to leases was as follows:

| Year Ended December 31
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
| (thousands)
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities |  |  |  |  |
Operating cash flows from operating leases | $ | 13,125 |  |  | $ | 13,472 |  |  | $ | 14,203 |
Operating cash flows from finance leases | 2,128 |  |  | 2,226 |  |  | 2,338 |
Financing cash flows from finance leases | 1,955 |  |  | 1,831 |  |  | 1,685 |
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for lease obligations |  |  |  |  |
Operating leases | 5,356 |  |  | 18,147 |  |  | 5,096 |
Finance leases | 803 |  |  | — |  |  | — |

Other information related to leases was as follows:

| December 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023 |  |  |  |
Weighted-average remaining lease term (years) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Operating leases | 7 |  | 8 |  |  |  |
Finance leases | 13 |  | 13 |  |  |  |
Weighted-average discount rate |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Operating leases | 5.9 | % |  | 6.2 | % |  |  |  |
Finance leases | 7.5 | % |  | 7.6 | % |  |  |  |

As of December 31, 2024, our minimum lease payment requirements for noncancelable operating and finance leases are as follows:

|  | Operating Leases |  | Finance Leases
|  | (thousands)
2025 |  | $ | 13,137 |  |  | $ | 3,727 |
2026 |  | 9,932 |  |  | 3,573 |
2027 |  | 9,355 |  |  | 3,641 |
2028 |  | 7,345 |  |  | 3,496 |
2029 |  | 6,921 |  |  | 3,479 |
Thereafter |  | 19,835 |  |  | 26,880 |
Total future minimum lease payments |  | 66,525 |  |  | 44,796 |
Less: interest |  | (12,989) |  |  | (16,181) |
Total lease obligations |  | 53,536 |  |  | 28,615 |
Less: current obligations |  | (10,362) |  |  | (1,732) |
Long-term lease obligations |  | $ | 43,174 |  |  | $ | 26,883 |

As of December 31, 2024, the undiscounted future lease payments for additional leases that have not yet commenced was approximately $9 million. These leases are expected to commence in 2025 with lease terms ranging from 3 years to 9 years.
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10. Retirement and Benefit Plans
Our retirement plans consist of noncontributory defined benefit pension plans, contributory defined contribution savings plans, and deferred compensation plans.
Defined Benefit Plans
Some of our current or former employees are covered by noncontributory defined benefit pension plans. These plans are nonqualified salaried pension plans, which were frozen so that no future benefits have accrued since December 31, 2009.
We recognize and record the underfunded status of our defined benefit pension plans in "Accrued liabilities, Compensation and benefits" and "Other, Compensation and benefits" on our Consolidated Balance Sheets. The total accumulated benefit obligation for all unfunded nonqualified defined benefit pension plans was $2.2 million and $2.6 million at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. In addition, we recognize changes in funded status in the year the changes occur through other comprehensive income (loss). For both the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, amounts recognized in accumulated other comprehensive loss related to our nonqualified defined benefit pension plans were immaterial. Furthermore, the components of net periodic benefit cost and other amounts recognized in other comprehensive income related to our nonqualified defined pension plans for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 were immaterial.
Defined Contribution Plans
We sponsor contributory defined contribution savings plans for most of our salaried and hourly employees, and we generally provide company contributions to the savings plans. We contribute 4% of each salaried participant's eligible compensation to the plan as a nondiscretionary company contribution. In addition, for the years that a performance target is met, we contribute an additional amount of the employee's eligible compensation, depending on company performance and the employee's years of service. During the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, company performance resulted in additional contributions in the range of 2% to 4% of eligible compensation. The company contributions for union and nonunion hourly employees vary by location. Company contributions paid, or to be paid, to our defined contribution savings plans for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, were $37.3 million, $33.5 million, and $31.3 million, respectively.
Defined Contributory Trust
We participate in a multiemployer defined contributory trust plan for certain union hourly employees. As of December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022 approximately 740, 730, and 740, respectively, of our employees participated in this plan. Per the terms of the representative collective bargaining agreements, we were required to contribute 4.5% of the employee's earnings during 2024, 2023, and 2022. Company contributions to the multiemployer defined contributory trust plan were $2.1 million, $1.8 million, and $2.0 million, respectively, for each of the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022. After required contributions, we have no further obligation to the plan. The plan and its assets are managed by a joint board of trustees.
Deferred Compensation Plans
We sponsor deferred compensation plans. Under the plans, participating employees and directors irrevocably elect each year to defer receipt of a portion of their compensation. A participant's account is credited with imputed interest at a rate equal to 130% of Moody's Composite Average of Yields on Corporate Bonds. Participants may receive payment of their deferred compensation plan balance in a lump sum or in monthly installments over a specified period of years following the termination of their employment with the company. In addition, subject to plan revisions that became effective January 1, 2019, employee participants may also receive distributions of their deferred compensation accounts while still employed by the company. The deferred compensation plans are unfunded; therefore, benefits are paid from our general assets.
For the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, we recognized $2.4 million, $2.1 million, and $1.4 million, respectively, of interest expense related to the plans. At December 31, 2024 and 2023, we had liabilities related to the plans of $4.5 million and $2.2 million, respectively, recorded in "Accrued liabilities, Compensation and benefits" and $33.0 million and $30.5 million, respectively, recorded in "Other, Compensation and benefits" on our Consolidated Balance Sheets.
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11. Long-Term Incentive Compensation Plans
Stock-Based Compensation
In April 2016, we adopted the 2016 Boise Cascade Omnibus Incentive Plan (2016 Incentive Plan), which superseded the 2013 Incentive Compensation Plan (2013 Incentive Plan). After the effective date of the 2016 Incentive Plan, no awards may be granted under the 2013 Incentive Plan. The 2016 Incentive Plan provides for grants of stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock, other stock-based awards, cash-based compensation, and performance awards. Directors, officers, and other employees, as well as consultants and advisors, are eligible for grants under the 2016 Incentive Plan. These awards are at the discretion of the compensation committee of our board of directors, and they vest and expire in accordance with terms established at the time of grant. All awards under the 2016 Incentive Plan, other than stock options or stock appreciation rights, are eligible to participate in dividend or dividend equivalent payments, if any, which we accrue to be paid if and when the awards vest. Shares issued pursuant to awards under the incentive plans are from our authorized, but unissued shares. The maximum number of shares approved for grant under the 2016 Incentive Plan is 3.7 million shares.
In 2024, 2023, and 2022, we granted two types of stock-based awards under the 2016 Incentive Plan: performance stock units (PSUs) and restricted stock units (RSUs). As of December 31, 2024, 1.9 million shares remained available for future issuance under the 2016 Incentive Plan.
PSU and RSU Awards
In 2024, we granted 60,207 PSUs to our officers and other employees, subject to performance and service conditions, at a weighted average grant date fair value of $137.79. For the officers, the PSUs granted are subject to a three-year performance period. The number of shares actually awarded will range from 0% to 200% of the target amount. Achievement is measured in annual sub-periods, based on Boise Cascade's return on invested capital (ROIC) for 2024, 2025, and 2026. The average achievement for the three years included in the performance period will determine the number of earned PSUs, as approved by our compensation committee in accordance with the related grant agreement. We define ROIC as net operating profit after taxes (NOPAT) divided by average invested capital (based on a rolling thirteen-month average). We define NOPAT as net income plus after-tax financing expense. Invested capital is defined as total assets plus capitalized lease expense, less cash, cash equivalents, and current liabilities, excluding short-term debt. For the other employees, the PSUs granted are subject to a one-year performance period. The number of shares actually awarded will range from 0% to 200% of the target amount, depending upon Boise Cascade's 2024 EBITDA, defined as income before interest (interest expense and interest income), income taxes, and depreciation and amortization, as approved by executive management, determined in accordance with the related grant agreement. Because the PSUs contain a performance condition, we record compensation expense over the requisite service period based on the most probable number of shares expected to vest.
In 2023 and 2022, we granted 93,282 and 66,180 PSUs, at a weighted average grant date fair value of $69.33 and $79.81, respectively, to our officers and other employees, subject to performance and service conditions. The PSUs granted were subject to a one-year performance period. During the 2023 performance period, officers and other employees both earned 200% of the target based on Boise Cascade's 2023 ROIC and EBITDA, as applicable, determined by our compensation committee and executive management, as applicable, in accordance with the related grant agreements. During the 2022 performance period, officers and other employees earned 152% and 200%, respectively, of the target based on Boise Cascade’s 2022 ROIC and EBITDA, as applicable, determined by our compensation committee and executive management, as applicable, in accordance with the related grant agreements.
The PSUs granted to officers generally vest in a single installment three years from the date of grant, while the PSUs granted to other employees vest in three equal tranches each year after the grant date.
In 2024, 2023, and 2022, we granted an aggregate of 72,377, 116,454, and 86,869 RSUs, at a weighted average grant date fair value of $137.75, $69.58, and $79.92, respectively, to our officers, other employees, and nonemployee directors with only service conditions. The RSUs granted to officers and other employees vest in three equal tranches each year after the grant date. The RSUs granted to nonemployee directors vest in a single installment after a one year period.
We based the fair value of the PSU and RSU awards on the closing market price of our common stock on the grant date. During the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, the total fair value of PSUs and RSUs vested was $34.0 million, $16.8 million, and $12.0 million, respectively.
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The following summarizes the activity of our PSUs and RSUs awarded under our incentive plan for the year ended December 31, 2024:

|  | PSUs |  | RSUs
|  | Number of shares |  | Weighted Average Grant-Date Fair Value |  | Number of shares |  | Weighted Average Grant-Date Fair Value
Outstanding, December 31, 2023 |  | 287,106 |  |  | $ | 66.51 |  |  | 178,511 |  |  | $ | 70.13 |
Granted |  | 60,207 |  |  | 137.79 |  |  | 72,377 |  |  | 137.75 |
Performance condition adjustment (a) |  | 91,227 |  |  | 69.33 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Vested |  | (148,872) |  |  | 58.78 |  |  | (97,376) |  |  | 68.57 |
Forfeited |  | (32,644) |  |  | 85.20 |  |  | (21,715) |  |  | 94.14 |
Outstanding, December 31, 2024 |  | 257,024 |  |  | $ | 86.31 |  |  | 131,797 |  |  | $ | 104.45 |

__________________
(a) Represents additional PSUs granted during the year ended December 31, 2024, related to above-target achievement of the 2023 performance condition described above.
Compensation Expense
We record compensation expense over the awards' vesting period and account for share-based award forfeitures as they occur, rather than making estimates of future forfeitures. Any shares not vested are forfeited. We recognize compensation expense for stock awards with only service conditions on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period. Most of our stock-based compensation expense was recorded in "General and administrative expenses" in our Consolidated Statements of Operations. Total stock-based compensation recognized from PSUs and RSUs, net of forfeitures, was as follows:

| Year Ended December 31
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
| (thousands)
PSUs | $ | 8,401 |  |  | $ | 9,056 |  |  | $ | 6,757 |
RSUs | 7,085 |  |  | 6,354 |  |  | 5,113 |
Total | $ | 15,486 |  |  | $ | 15,410 |  |  | $ | 11,870 |

For the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, the related tax benefit was $3.9 million, $3.9 million, and $3.0 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2024, total unrecognized compensation expense related to nonvested share-based compensation arrangements was $17.2 million. This expense is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 1.7 years.
Long-Term Incentive Cash Plan
In 2024, 2023, and 2022, certain non-executive employees participated in a long-term incentive plan that pays awards in cash (LTI Cash Plan). The LTI Cash Plan provides participants with the opportunity to earn a cash award, half of which is subject to service conditions only, with the other half subject to performance and service conditions. For the performance based cash award, the amount of cash actually awarded will range from 0% to 200% of the target amount, depending upon Boise Cascade's EBITDA, as approved by executive management in accordance with the related grant agreement. Under the LTI Cash Plan, the award is paid in three equal installments each year after the grant date, with continued employment as a precondition for receipt of each award installment. We recognize compensation expense for cash awards with only service conditions on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period. Cash awards subject to performance conditions are also recognized on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period, based on the most probable amount of cash to be paid subject to achievement of the performance condition.
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In 2024, 2023, and 2022, we recognized $5.2 million, $6.0 million, and $5.9 million, respectively, of LTI Cash Plan expense, which is recorded in "Materials, labor, and other operating expenses (excluding depreciation)," "Selling and distribution expenses," or "General and administrative expenses" in our Consolidated Statements of Operations. During the 2023 and 2022 performance periods, cash awards earned 200% of the target based on Boise Cascade’s 2023 and 2022 EBITDA, respectively, determined by executive management in accordance with the related grant agreements.
12. Stockholders' Equity
Our certificate of incorporation has authorized 300,000,000 shares of common stock and 50,000,000 shares of preferred stock. No preferred stock was issued or outstanding as of December 31, 2024 and 2023. We had 45,138,835 and 44,982,576 shares of common stock issued and 38,182,989 and 39,539,825 shares of common stock outstanding as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Each share of common stock entitles the holder to one vote on matters to be voted on by the stockholders of Boise Cascade.
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Dividends
On November 14, 2017, we announced that our board of directors approved a dividend policy to pay quarterly cash dividends to holders of our common stock. Our board of directors declared and paid the following dividends during each of the respective quarters for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022:

| Dividends Per Share |  | Amount Paid
2024 |  |  | (in thousands)
First Quarter (a) | $ | 0.20 |  |  | $ | 11,205 |
Second Quarter | 0.20 |  |  | 7,864 |
Third Quarter (b) | 5.21 |  |  | 201,416 |
Fourth Quarter | 0.21 |  |  | 8,329 |
Total | $ | 5.82 |  |  | $ | 228,814 |
2023 |  |  |
First Quarter (a) | $ | 0.15 |  |  | $ | 8,258 |
Second Quarter (c) | 3.15 |  |  | 124,709 |
Third Quarter | 0.20 |  |  | 7,918 |
Fourth Quarter (c) | 5.20 |  |  | 205,608 |
Total | $ | 8.70 |  |  | $ | 346,493 |
2022 |  |  |
First Quarter (a) | $ | 0.12 |  |  | $ | 5,939 |
Second Quarter (d) | 2.62 |  |  | 103,352 |
Third Quarter | 0.12 |  |  | 4,734 |
Fourth Quarter (d) | 1.15 |  |  | 45,539 |
Total | $ | 4.01 |  |  | $ | 159,564 |

__________________
(a)Includes payments of dividend equivalents on RSUs and PSUs which vested in first quarter of each year.
(b)During third quarter 2024, our board of directors declared and paid a special dividend of $5.00 per share on our common stock.
(c)During second quarter 2023, our board of directors declared and paid a special dividend of $3.00 per share on our common stock. During fourth quarter 2023, our board of directors declared and paid a special dividend of $5.00 per share on our common stock.
(d)During second quarter 2022, our board of directors declared and paid a special dividend of $2.50 per share on our common stock. During fourth quarter 2022, our board of directors declared and paid a special dividend of $1.00 per share on our common stock.
On February 7, 2025, our board of directors declared a dividend of $0.21 per share on our common stock, payable on March 19, 2025, to stockholders of record on February 24, 2025. For a description of the restrictions in our asset-based credit facility and the indenture governing our senior notes on our ability to pay dividends, see Note 8, Debt.
Future dividend declarations, including amount per share, record date and payment date, will be made at the discretion of our board of directors and will depend upon, among other things, legal capital requirements and surplus, our future operations and earnings, general financial condition, material cash requirements, restrictions imposed by our asset-based credit facility and the indenture governing our senior notes, applicable laws, and other factors that our board of directors may deem relevant.
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Stock Repurchase
On October 30, 2024, our board of directors authorized the repurchase of an additional 1.4 million shares of our common stock. This is the most recent authorization under our common stock repurchase program that was authorized on February 25, 2015 (the Program). Share repurchases may be made on an opportunistic basis, through open market transactions, privately negotiated transactions, or by other means in accordance with applicable federal securities laws. We are not obligated to purchase any shares and there is no set date that the Program will expire. Our board of directors may increase or decrease the number of shares under the Program or terminate the Program in its discretion at any time.
During the year ended December 31, 2024, we repurchased 1,513,095 shares under the Program at a cost of $194.9 million, or an average of $128.81 per share. The shares were purchased with cash on hand and are recorded as "Treasury stock" on our Consolidated Balance Sheets. As of December 31, 2024, there were 1,808,216 shares of common stock that may yet be purchased under the Program. During the year ended December 31, 2023, we repurchased 75,678 shares under the Program at a cost of $6.4 million, or an average of $84.91 per share. During the year ended December 31, 2022 we did not purchase any shares under the Program.
In January 2025, we repurchased 250,000 shares under the Program at a cost of approximately $30 million, or an average of $120.51 per share. Subsequent to these share repurchases, there were 1,558,216 shares of common stock that may yet be purchased under the Program.
13. Transactions With Related Party
Louisiana Timber Procurement Company, L.L.C. (LTP) is an unconsolidated variable-interest entity that is 50% owned by us and 50% owned by Packaging Corporation of America (PCA). LTP procures sawtimber, pulpwood, residual chips, and other residual wood fiber to meet the wood and fiber requirements of us and PCA in Louisiana. We are not the primary beneficiary of LTP as we do not have power to direct the activities that most significantly affect the economic performance of LTP. Accordingly, we do not consolidate LTP's results in our financial statements.
Sales
Related-party sales to LTP from our Wood Products segment in our Consolidated Statements of Operations were $10.7 million, $11.6 million, and $13.4 million, respectively, during the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022. These sales are recorded in "Sales" in our Consolidated Statements of Operations.
Costs and Expenses
Related-party wood fiber purchases from LTP were $80.9 million, $80.2 million, and $85.5 million, respectively, during the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022. These costs are recorded in "Materials, labor, and other operating expenses (excluding depreciation)" in our Consolidated Statements of Operations.
14. Financial Instrument Risk
In the normal course of business, we are exposed to financial risks such as changes in commodity prices, interest rates, and foreign currency exchange rates. In 2024, 2023, and 2022, we did not use derivative instruments to manage these risks, except for interest rate swaps as discussed below.
Commodity Price Risk
A portion of the products we manufacture or purchase and resell and some of our key production inputs are commodities whose price is determined by the market's supply and demand for such products. Price fluctuations in our selling prices and key costs have a significant effect on our financial performance. The markets for most of these commodities are cyclical and are primarily affected by economic uncertainties, industry operating rates, supply-related disruptions, transportation constraints or disruptions, net import and export activity, trade policies, inventory levels in various distribution channels, and seasonal demand patterns.
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Interest Rate Risk
We are exposed to interest rate risk arising from fluctuations in variable-rate SOFR on our term loan and when we have loan amounts outstanding on our Revolving Credit Facility. At December 31, 2024, we had $50.0 million of variable-rate debt outstanding based on one-month term SOFR. Our objective is to limit the variability of interest payments on our debt. To meet this objective, we enter into receive-variable, pay-fixed interest rate swaps to mitigate the variable-rate cash flow exposure with fixed-rate cash flows. In accordance with our risk management strategy, we actively monitor our interest rate exposure and use derivative instruments from time to time to manage the related risk. We do not speculate using derivative instruments.
At December 31, 2024, we had one interest rate swap agreement. Under the interest rate swap, we receive one-month SOFR plus a spread adjustment of 0.10% variable interest rate payments and make fixed interest rate payments, thereby fixing the interest rate on $50.0 million of variable rate debt exposure. Payments on this interest rate swap, with a notional principal amount of $50.0 million, are due on a monthly basis at an annual fixed rate of 0.41%, and this swap expires in June 2025. The interest rate swap agreement was not designated as a cash flow hedge, and as a result, all changes in the fair value are recognized in "Change in fair value of interest rate swaps" in our Consolidated Statements of Operations rather than through other comprehensive income. At December 31, 2024, we recorded a current asset of $0.9 million in "Prepaid expenses and other" on our Consolidated Balance Sheet. At December 31, 2023, we recorded a long-term asset of $3.0 million in "Other assets" on our Consolidated Balance Sheet. These assets represent the fair value of the interest rate swap agreement. The swap was valued based on observable inputs for similar assets and liabilities and other observable inputs for interest rates and yield curves (Level 2 inputs).
Foreign Currency Risk
We have sales in countries outside the U.S. As a result, we are exposed to movements in foreign currency exchange rates, primarily in Canada, but we do not believe our exposure to currency fluctuations is significant.
15. Segment Information
We operate our business using two reportable segments: Wood Products and BMD. These segments represent distinct businesses that are managed separately because of differing products and services. Each of these businesses requires distinct operating and marketing strategies. For a description of the products sold by our segments, see Note 3, Revenues.
Our chief operating decision maker (CODM) is our chief executive officer. We measure and evaluate our reportable segments based on net sales and segment operating income (loss). Accordingly, our CODM reviews the performance of the company and allocates resources based primarily on net sales and segment operating income (loss) for our business segments, predominantly in the budget and forecasting process. The CODM reviews capital plans for both of our business segments and uses these plans, along with expectations of segment performance, resource availability, and capital structure, to determine how to allocate resources to each business segment.
The segments follow the accounting principles described in Note 2, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies. Specified expenses are allocated to the segments. For many of these allocated expenses, the related assets and liabilities remain in corporate.
For the year ended December 31, 2024, two customers accounted for 12% and 10% of total sales, respectively, when combining sales from Wood Products and BMD to those customers. For each of the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, one customer accounted for 12% of total sales when combining sales from Wood Products and BMD to that customer. Sales to foreign unaffiliated customers were approximately $99 million, $99 million, and $142 million, respectively, for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022.
At December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, and for the years then ended, long-lived assets located in foreign countries and net sales originating in foreign countries were not material.
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Wood Products and BMD segment sales to external customers, including related parties, by product line are as follows:

|  | Year Ended December 31
|  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
|  | (millions)
Wood Products (a) |  |  |  |  |  |
LVL (b) |  | $ | 64.0 |  |  | $ | 46.7 |  |  | $ | 21.2 |
I-joists (b) |  | 41.4 |  |  | 29.6 |  |  | (2.3) |
Other engineered wood products (b) |  | 27.0 |  |  | 33.4 |  |  | 43.9 |
Plywood and veneer |  | 281.0 |  |  | 353.2 |  |  | 493.2 |
Lumber |  | 54.2 |  |  | 86.0 |  |  | 78.9 |
Byproducts |  | 66.1 |  |  | 85.9 |  |  | 84.3 |
Other |  | 24.1 |  |  | 25.0 |  |  | 24.4 |
|  | 557.8 |  |  | 659.7 |  |  | 743.7 |
Building Materials Distribution |  |  |  |  |  |
Commodity |  | 2,207.7 |  |  | 2,335.7 |  |  | 3,432.3 |
General line |  | 2,615.7 |  |  | 2,443.2 |  |  | 2,542.7 |
Engineered wood products |  | 1,343.1 |  |  | 1,399.6 |  |  | 1,668.6 |
|  | 6,166.5 |  |  | 6,178.5 |  |  | 7,643.6 |
|  | $ | 6,724.3 |  |  | $ | 6,838.2 |  |  | $ | 8,387.3 |

___________________________________
(a)Amounts represent sales to external customers. Sales are calculated after intersegment sales eliminations to our BMD segment.
(b)Sales of EWP to external customers are net of the cost of all EWP rebates and sales allowances provided at various stages of the supply chain (including distributors, dealers, and homebuilders). For the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, approximately 75%, 78%, and 77%, respectively, of Wood Products' EWP sales volumes were to our BMD segment.
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An analysis of our operations by segment is as follows:

| Year Ended December 31
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
| (thousands)
Wood Products |  |  |  |  |
Sales | $ | 1,832,317 |  |  | $ | 1,932,602 |  |  | $ | 2,115,896 |
Less: |  |  |  |  |
Materials, labor, and other operating expenses (excluding depreciation) (a) | 1,446,555 |  |  | 1,432,745 |  |  | 1,405,417 |
Other segment items (b) | 61,105 |  |  | 64,015 |  |  | 62,004 |
Depreciation and amortization | 93,203 |  |  | 98,710 |  |  | 73,308 |
| 1,600,863 |  |  | 1,595,470 |  |  | 1,540,729 |
Segment income from operations | $ | 231,454 |  |  | $ | 337,132 |  |  | $ | 575,167 |
Building Materials Distribution |  |  |  |  |
Sales | $ | 6,166,493 |  |  | $ | 6,178,690 |  |  | $ | 7,643,615 |
Less: |  |  |  |  |
Materials, labor, and other operating expenses (excluding depreciation) (a) | 5,221,945 |  |  | 5,249,211 |  |  | 6,438,103 |
Selling and distribution expenses | 551,874 |  |  | 514,513 |  |  | 512,111 |
Other segment items (b) | 39,755 |  |  | 46,805 |  |  | 39,305 |
Depreciation and amortization | 49,534 |  |  | 32,353 |  |  | 27,005 |
| 5,863,108 |  |  | 5,842,882 |  |  | 7,016,524 |
Segment income from operations | $ | 303,385 |  |  | $ | 335,808 |  |  | $ | 627,091 |
Reconciliation of sales |  |  |  |  |
Wood Products | $ | 1,832,317 |  |  | $ | 1,932,602 |  |  | $ | 2,115,896 |
Building Materials Distribution | 6,166,493 |  |  | 6,178,690 |  |  | 7,643,615 |
Intersegment eliminations (c) | (1,274,516) |  |  | (1,273,047) |  |  | (1,372,204) |
Total net sales | $ | 6,724,294 |  |  | $ | 6,838,245 |  |  | $ | 8,387,307 |
Reconciliation of income |  |  |  |  |
Wood Products | $ | 231,454 |  |  | $ | 337,132 |  |  | $ | 575,167 |
Building Materials Distribution | 303,385 |  |  | 335,808 |  |  | 627,091 |
Unallocated corporate costs (d) | (44,801) |  |  | (48,554) |  |  | (44,409) |
Income from operations | $ | 490,038 |  |  | $ | 624,386 |  |  | $ | 1,157,849 |
Interest expense | (24,067) |  |  | (25,496) |  |  | (25,412) |
Interest income | 39,139 |  |  | 48,106 |  |  | 12,263 |
Other unallocated items (e) | (3,351) |  |  | (1,947) |  |  | 1,681 |
Income before income taxes | $ | 501,759 |  |  | $ | 645,049 |  |  | $ | 1,146,381 |

__________________
(a)"Materials, labor, and other operating expenses (excluding depreciation)" for our Wood Products segment are the costs associated with Wood Products' manufacturing processes, including wood fiber, labor, glues and resins, energy, operating supplies, maintenance materials, freight, and other manufacturing costs. Substantially all costs included in "Materials, labor, and other operating expenses (excluding depreciation)" for our BMD segment are for inventory purchased for resale.
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(b)Other segment items for our Wood Products segment includes selling and distribution expenses, general and administrative expenses, and other income (expense). Other segment items for our BMD segment includes general and administrative expenses and other income (expense).
(c)Primarily represents intersegment sales from our Wood Products segment to our BMD segment. During 2024, 2023, and 2022, approximately 70%, 66%, and 65%, respectively, of Wood Products' overall sales were to our BMD segment.
(d)Unallocated corporate costs include corporate support staff services, and related assets and liabilities. Support services include, but are not limited to, information technology, human resources, finance, accounting, and legal functions.
(e)Other unallocated items include foreign exchange gains and losses, pension expense (excluding service costs) and the change in fair value of interest rate swaps.

| December 31
| 2024 |  | 2023
| (thousands)
Assets |  |  |
Wood Products | $ | 1,145,555 |  |  | $ | 1,083,517 |
Building Materials Distribution | 1,524,214 |  |  | 1,440,123 |
Corporate | 699,614 |  |  | 935,006 |
Total assets | $ | 3,369,383 |  |  | $ | 3,458,646 |

| Year Ended December 31
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
| (thousands)
Capital expenditures |  |  |  |  |
Wood Products (a) | $ | 121,870 |  |  | $ | 59,360 |  |  | $ | 51,934 |
Building Materials Distribution (a)(b) | 107,593 |  |  | 155,724 |  |  | 60,463 |
Corporate | 106 |  |  | 354 |  |  | 1,720 |
Total capital expenditures | $ | 229,569 |  |  | $ | 215,438 |  |  | $ | 114,117 |

__________________
(a)Capital spending in 2023 for our BMD segment excludes $162.8 million of consideration paid, net of cash acquired, for the BROSCO acquisition. For more information, see Note 6, Acquisitions. Capital spending in 2022 for our Wood Products segment excludes $515.2 million for the acquisition of two plywood facilities.
(b)Capital spending in 2024 for our BMD segment includes approximately $25 million to purchase previously leased properties in Westfield, Massachusetts and Chicago, Illinois. Capital spending in 2023 for our BMD segment includes approximately $74 million to purchase a facility in Kansas City, Missouri, to house a new door and millwork location, as well as the purchase of facilities in West Palm Beach, Florida and Modesto, California to expand or relocate existing distribution centers. Capital spending in 2022 for our BMD segment includes approximately $13 million to purchase a previously leased property in Milton, Florida.
16. Commitments, Legal Proceedings and Contingencies, and Guarantees
Commitments
We have commitments for leases and long-term debt that are discussed further in Note 8, Debt, and Note 9, Leases. In addition, we have purchase obligations for goods and services, capital expenditures, and raw materials entered into in the normal course of business.
We are a party to a number of long-term log supply agreements. At December 31, 2024, our total obligation for log purchases under contracts with third parties was approximately $124 million based on fixed contract pricing or estimated current contractual index pricing for variable contracts. Under certain log supply agreements, we have the right to cancel or reduce our commitments in the event of a mill curtailment or shutdown. Future purchase prices under most of the variable-price agreements will be set quarterly or semiannually based on regional market prices. Our log requirements and our access to supply, as well as the cost of obtaining logs, are subject to change based on, among other things, the effect of governmental laws and regulations, our manufacturing operations not operating in the normal course of business, log availability, and the
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status of environmental appeals. Except for deposits required pursuant to log supply contracts, these obligations are not recorded in our consolidated financial statements until contract payment terms take effect.
Legal Proceedings and Contingencies
We are a party to legal proceedings that arise in the ordinary course of our business, including commercial liability claims, premises claims, environmental claims, and employment-related claims, among others. As of the date of this filing, we do not believe that we are party to any legal action that could reasonably be expected to have, individually or in the aggregate, a material adverse effect on our financial position, results of operations, or cash flows.
Guarantees
We provide guarantees, indemnifications, and assurances to others.
Boise Cascade Company and its subsidiaries (Boise Cascade Building Materials Distribution, L.L.C., and Boise Cascade Wood Products, L.L.C.) act as co-borrowers under our Revolving Credit Facility and ABL Term Loan, described in Note 8, Debt. Their obligations are guaranteed by each of our remaining domestic subsidiaries.
Boise Cascade has issued $400.0 million of 4.875% senior notes due in 2030. At December 31, 2024, $400.0 million of the 2030 Notes were outstanding. The 2030 Notes are guaranteed by each of Boise Cascade Company's existing and future direct or indirect domestic subsidiaries that is a guarantor or co-borrower under our Revolving Credit Facility. See Note 8, Debt, for more information.
Boise Cascade issued guarantees to a limited number of trade creditors of one or more of its principal operating subsidiaries, Boise Cascade Building Materials Distribution, L.L.C., and Boise Cascade Wood Products, L.L.C., for trade credit obligations arising in the ordinary course of the business of such operating subsidiaries. These included guarantees of obligations with respect to present and future log agreements of Boise Cascade Wood Products, L.L.C. and several facility leases entered into by Boise Cascade Building Materials Distribution, L.L.C. Boise Cascade's exposure under these agreements is limited to future log purchases and the minimum lease payment requirements under the agreements.
We enter into a wide range of indemnification arrangements in the ordinary course of business. At December 31, 2024, we are not aware of any material liabilities arising from these indemnifications.
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Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
To the Stockholders and Board of Directors
Boise Cascade Company:
Opinion on the Consolidated Financial Statements
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Boise Cascade Company and subsidiaries (the Company) as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income, stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2024, and the related notes (collectively, the consolidated financial statements). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2024, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission, and our report dated February 20, 2025 expressed an unqualified opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.
Basis for Opinion
These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these consolidated financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
Critical Audit Matter
The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the consolidated financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the consolidated financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of a critical audit matter does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.
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Customer rebates payable for engineered wood products
As discussed in Note 3 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company records an accrual for estimated rebates payable to third parties. The Company provides engineered wood products (EWP) rebates at various stages of the supply chain (including dealers and homebuilders) as a means to increase sales. EWP rebates are based on the volume of purchases (measured in dollars or units), among other factors such as customer loyalty, conversion, and commitment incentives, as well as temporary protection from price increases. As of December 31, 2024, the Company has recorded $91.4 million of rebates payable to third parties of which $63.0 million represents payables related to EWP rebates.
We identified the rebates payable for EWP as a critical audit matter. Evaluating the Company's estimate of the year end rebates payable for EWP, which is based on a sell-through model as EWP products transition through the supply chain, required a high degree of subjective auditor judgment. Specifically, the estimate required significant auditor judgment because it is challenging, due to the time lag of information, to estimate sales subject to rebate as the products transition through the supply chain from the Company's wholesale distribution customers to dealers and homebuilders.
The following are the primary procedures we performed to address this critical audit matter. We evaluated the design and tested the operating effectiveness of certain internal controls over the customer rebates payable process. This included controls related to the Company's process to evaluate the information used to estimate sales subject to rebate related to the products as they transition through the supply chain. We evaluated the Company’s ability to accurately estimate its year end EWP rebate payable in the aggregate by comparing the prior year estimate to the actual rebate payments made. In addition, subsequent to year end, we tested a sample of EWP rebates at the individual entity level by developing an independent estimate of the payable utilizing key contract terms, current year reported sales and usage metrics, current year payment detail, and historic sales and usage metrics to compare to the Company’s estimate of the EWP payable required.
/s/ KPMG LLP
We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2005.
Boise, Idaho
February 20, 2025
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Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
To the Stockholders and Board of Directors
Boise Cascade Company:
Opinion on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
We have audited Boise Cascade Company and subsidiaries' (the Company) internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. In our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission.
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated balance sheets of the Company as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income, stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2024, and the related notes (collectively, the consolidated financial statements), and our report dated February 20, 2025 expressed an unqualified opinion on those consolidated financial statements.
Basis for Opinion
The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audit also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.
Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
/s/ KPMG LLP
Boise, Idaho
February 20, 2025
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ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE
None.
ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
We maintain "disclosure controls and procedures," as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) under the Exchange Act. We have designed these controls and procedures to reasonably assure that information required to be disclosed in our reports filed or submitted under the Exchange Act, is recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the time periods specified in the Securities and Exchange Commission's rules and forms. We have also designed our disclosure controls to provide reasonable assurance that such information is accumulated and communicated to our senior management, including our chief executive officer (CEO) and our chief financial officer (CFO), as appropriate, to allow them to make timely decisions regarding our required disclosures. Based on their evaluation, our CEO and CFO have concluded that as of December 31, 2024, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective.
Limitations on the Effectiveness of Controls and Procedures
In designing and evaluating our disclosure and/or internal controls and procedures, we recognized that no matter how well conceived and well operated, a control system can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the control system are met. Because of its inherent limitations, a control system, no matter how well designed, may not prevent or detect misstatements due to error or fraud. Additionally, in designing a control system, our management necessarily was required to apply its judgment in evaluating the cost-benefit relationship of possible controls and procedures. We have also designed our disclosure and internal controls and procedures based in part upon assumptions about the likelihood of future events, and there can be no assurance that any design will succeed in achieving its stated goals under all potential future conditions.
Management's Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
The management of Boise Cascade Company (Boise Cascade) is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) or 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act. Our internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the U.S. Internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that:
•pertain to the maintenance of records that in reasonable detail accurately and fairly reflect our transactions and dispositions of assets;
•provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;
•provide reasonable assurance that our receipts and expenditures are being made only in accordance with authorizations of our management and directors; and
•provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of our assets that could have a material effect on our consolidated financial statements.
Internal control over financial reporting includes the controls themselves, monitoring and internal auditing practices, and actions taken to correct deficiencies as identified. As of December 31, 2024, management conducted an assessment of the effectiveness of Boise Cascade's internal control over financial reporting based on criteria for effective internal control over financial reporting described in "Internal Control—Integrated Framework" (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. Based on this assessment, management has concluded as of December 31, 2024, our internal control over financial reporting was effective.
The effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024, has been audited by KPMG LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, as stated in its report, which is included herein.
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Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting that occurred during our latest fiscal quarter that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION
On November 8, 2024, Mr. Kristopher Matula, a member of our board of directors, adopted a Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement under which up to 1,000 shares of our common stock held by Mr. Matula may be sold. The plan terminates on the earlier of the date all shares covered by the plan are sold and October 31, 2025. This trading arrangement was entered into during an open insider trading window and is intended to satisfy the affirmative defense conditions of Rule 10b5-1(c) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.
During the three months ended December 31, 2024, none of Boise Cascade's other directors or officers adopted, terminated or modified a Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement or non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement (as such terms are defined in Item 408 of Regulation S-K of the Securities Act of 1933).
ITEM 9C. DISCLOSURE REGARDING FOREIGN JURISDICTIONS THAT PREVENT
INSPECTIONS
Not applicable.
PART III
ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS, AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
For information with respect to the executive officers of the Registrant, see "Information About Our Executive Officers and Key Management" in "Item 1. Business" of this Form 10-K.
We have adopted a Code of Ethics that applies to all of our employees, including our chief executive officer, chief operating officer, chief financial officer, and principal accounting officer. Our Code of Ethics is available on our website at www.bc.com/investors, on the Corporate Governance tab by clicking on Code of Ethics under the Governance Documents section. Our website is not part of, and is not incorporated by reference to, this Form 10-K. If we amend or grant a waiver of one or more of the provisions of our Code of Ethics, we intend to satisfy the requirements under Item 5.05 of Item 8-K regarding the disclosure of amendments to or waivers from provisions of our Code of Ethics that apply to our principal executive officer and financial and accounting officers by posting the required information on our website at the above address.
The Company has an Insider Trading Policy governing the purchase, sale and other dispositions of Company securities by directors, officers, employees, and the Company itself that is reasonably designed to promote compliance with insider trading laws, rules and regulations, and listing standards. A copy of the policy is filed as Exhibit 19.1 to this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Information with respect to our directors and certain other corporate governance matters is incorporated by reference from the information contained under the sections "Proposal No. 1 - Election of Eleven Directors," and "Corporate Governance" in our Proxy Statement for the Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be held on May 1, 2025, to be filed with the Commission no later than 120 days after December 31, 2024, in accordance with General Instruction G(3) to the Form 10-K.
ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION
The information required by this Item is incorporated herein by reference from information contained under the sections "Board Compensation" and "Executive Compensation" in our Proxy Statement for the Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be held on May 1, 2025, to be filed with the Commission no later than 120 days after December 31, 2024, in accordance with General Instruction G(3) to the Form 10-K.
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ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS
The information required by this Item is incorporated herein by reference from information contained under the sections "Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management" and "Equity Compensation Plan Information" in our Proxy Statement for the Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be held on May 1, 2025, to be filed with the Commission no later than 120 days after December 31, 2024, in accordance with General Instruction G(3) to the Form 10-K.
ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE
The information required by this Item is incorporated herein by reference from information contained under the sections "Director Independence" and "Related-Person Transactions" in our Proxy Statement for the Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be held on May 1, 2025, to be filed with the Commission no later than 120 days after December 31, 2024, in accordance with General Instruction G(3) to the Form 10-K.
ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES
Our independent registered public accounting firm is KPMG LLP, Boise, ID, Auditor Firm ID: 185.
The information required by this Item is incorporated herein by reference from information contained under the section "Audit Committee Report" in our Proxy Statement for the Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be held on May 1, 2025, to be filed with the Commission no later than 120 days after December 31, 2024, in accordance with General Instruction G(3) to the Form 10-K.
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PART IV
ITEM 15. EXHIBITS AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES
(a) The following documents are filed as a part of this Form 10-K:
(1) Consolidated Financial Statements
The Consolidated Financial Statements, the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, and the Reports of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm for Boise Cascade Company are presented in "Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data" of this Form 10-K.
–Consolidated Statements of Operations for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022.
–Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022.
–Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2024 and 2023.
–Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022.
–Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022.
–Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
–Reports of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm.
(2) Financial Statement Schedules
All financial statement schedules have been omitted because they are inapplicable, not required, or shown in the consolidated financial statements and notes in "Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data" of this Form 10-K.
(3) Exhibits
A list of the exhibits required to be filed as part of this report is set forth in the Index to Exhibits and is incorporated by reference.
(b) See Index to Exhibits
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BOISE CASCADE COMPANY
INDEX TO EXHIBITS

Exhibit Number | Exhibit Description | Incorporated by Reference | Filed or Furnished Herewith
Form | File Number | Exhibit Number | Filing Date
3.1 | Restated Certificate of Incorporation of Boise Cascade Company effective May 29, 2020 | 10-K | 001-35805 | 3.1 | 2/22/2021 |
3.2 | Amended and Restated Bylaws of Boise Cascade Company effective October 26, 2023 | 8-K | 001-35805 | 3.2 | 10/27/2023 |
3.3 | Form of stock certificate of Boise Cascade Company | S-1/A Amend. No. 3 | 333-184964 | 4.3 | 1/23/2013 |
4.1 | Indenture dated July 27, 2020, by and among Boise Cascade Company, the guarantors party thereto and U.S. Bank National Association, as trustee, governing the 4.875% Senior Notes due 2030 | 10-Q | 001-35805 | 4.1 | 10/30/2020 |
4.2 | Form of 4.875% Senior Note due 2030 (included as Exhibit 1 to Appendix to Exhibit 4.1) | 10-Q | 001-35805 | 4.1 | 10/30/2020 |
4.3 | Form of 4.875% Senior Note Guarantee (included as Exhibit A to Exhibit 4.1) | 10-Q | 001-35805 | 4.1 | 10/30/2020 |
4.4 | Description of Registrant's Securities Registered Pursuant to Section 12 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 | 10-K | 001-35805 | 4.4 | 2/24/2020 |
10.1 | Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, dated May 15, 2015, by and among the Lenders identified on the signature pages thereof, Wells Fargo Capital Finance, LLC, as the administrative agent, Boise Cascade Company, and the other Borrowers identified on the signature pages thereof | 10-Q | 001-35805 | 10.1 | 7/29/2015 |
10.2 | First Amendment to Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, dated August 7, 2015, by and among the Lenders identified on the signature pages thereof, Wells Fargo Capital Finance, LLC, as the administrative agent, Boise Cascade Company, and the other Borrowers identified on the signature pages thereof | 8-K | 001-35805 | 10.1 | 8/12/2015 |

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10.3 | Second Amendment to Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, dated February 11, 2016, by and among the Lenders identified on the signature pages thereof, Wells Fargo Capital Finance, LLC, as the administrative agent, Boise Cascade Company, and the other Borrowers identified on the signature pages thereof | 10-Q | 001-35805 | 10.1 | 5/3/2016 |
10.4 | Third Amendment to Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, dated June 30, 2016, by and among the Lenders identified on the signature pages thereof, Wells Fargo Capital Finance, LLC, as the administrative agent, Boise Cascade Company, and the other Borrowers identified on the signature pages thereof | 10-Q | 001-35805 | 10.2 | 7/28/2016 |
10.5 | Joinder and Revolver Increase Agreement Regarding Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, dated June 30, 2016, and is between ZB, N.A. DBA Zions First National Bank, Wells Fargo Capital Finance, LLC, as administrative agent for the Lenders, Boise Cascade Company, and the other Borrowers identified on the signature pages thereof | 10-Q | 001-35805 | 10.3 | 7/28/2016 |
10.6 | Fourth Amendment to Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, dated December 8, 2016, by and among the Lenders identified on the signature pages thereof, Wells Fargo Capital Finance, LLC, as the administrative agent, Boise Cascade Company, and the other Borrowers identified on the signature pages thereof | 8-K | 001-35805 | 10.2 | 12/8/2016 |
10.7 | Fifth Amendment to Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, dated as of August 10, 2017, by and among Boise Cascade Company, the subsidiary borrowers party thereto, the subsidiary guarantors party thereto, Wells Fargo Capital Finance, LLC, as administrative agent, and the lenders party thereto | 8-K | 001-35805 | 10.1 | 8/11/2017 |
10.8 | Sixth Amendment to Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, dated March 13, 2020, by and among the Lenders identified on the signature pages thereof, Wells Fargo Capital Finance, LLC, as administrative agent, Boise Cascade Company, and the other Borrowers identified on the signature pages thereof | 10-Q | 001-35805 | 10.1 | 5/7/2020 |

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10.9 | Seventh Amendment to Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, dated July 27, 2020, by and among the Lenders identified on the signature pages thereof, Wells Fargo Capital Finance, LLC, as administrative agent, Boise Cascade Company, and the other Borrowers identified on the signature pages thereof | 10-Q | 001-35805 | 10.1 | 10/30/2020 |
10.10 | Eighth Amendment to Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, dated September 9, 2022, by and among the Lenders identified on the signature pages thereof, Wells Fargo Capital Finance, LLC, as administrative agent, Boise Cascade Company, and the other Borrowers identified on the signature pages thereof | 10-Q | 001-35805 | 10.1 | 10/31/2022 |
10.11 | Ninth Amendment to Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, dated March 31, 2023, by and among the Lenders identified on the signature pages thereof, Wells Fargo Capital Finance, LLC, as administrative agent, Boise Cascade Company, and the other Borrowers identified on the signature pages thereof | 10-Q | 001-35805 | 10.4 | 5/4/2023 |
10.12+ | Boise Cascade Company Supplemental Pension Plan, as amended through July 31, 2013 | S-4 | 333-191191 | 10.17 | 9/16/2013 |
10.13+ | Boise Cascade Company Incentive and Performance Plan, as amended through July 31, 2013 | S-4 | 333-191191 | 10.21 | 9/16/2013 |
10.14+ | Boise Cascade Company 2004 Deferred Compensation Plan, as amended and restated as of January 1, 2018 | 10-K | 001-35805 | 10.18 | 2/26/2018 |
10.15+ | Boise Cascade Company 2019 Deferred Compensation Plan | 10-Q | 001-35805 | 10.1 | 8/6/2018 |
10.16+ | Boise Cascade Company Directors Deferred Compensation Plan, as amended through October 30, 2013 | 10-Q | 001-35805 | 10.1 | 11/14/2013 |
10.17+ | Form of Indemnification Agreement for directors and executive officers | 10-K | 001-35805 | 10.23 | 2/22/2022 |
10.18+ | Boise Cascade Company 2013 Incentive Compensation Plan | 8-K | 001-35805 | 10.5 | 2/13/2013 |
10.19+ | 2016 Boise Cascade Omnibus Incentive Plan | 10-Q | 001-35805 | 10.1 | 7/28/2016 |
10.20+ | Form of Severance Agreement between Boise Cascade Company and executive officers | 10-Q | 001-35805 | 10.2 | 10/31/2022 |

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10.21+ | Form of 202 2 Restricted Stock Unit Agreement under the Boise Cascade Company 2016 Incentive Compensation Plan | 10-Q | 001-35805 | 10.1 | 5/5/2022 |
10.22+ | Form of 202 2 Performance Stock Unit Agreement under the Boise Cascade Company 2016 Incentive Compensation Plan | 10-Q | 001-35805 | 10.2 | 5/5/2022 |
10.23+ | Form of 202 3 Restricted Stock Unit Agreement under the Boise Cascade Company 2016 Incentive Compensation Plan | 10-Q | 001-35805 | 10.1 | 5/4/2023 |
10.24+ | Form of 202 3 Performance Stock Unit Agreement under the Boise Cascade Company 2016 Incentive Compensation Plan | 10-Q | 001-35805 | 10.2 | 5/4/2023 |
10.25+ | Form of 2023 Director Restricted Stock Unit Agreement under the Boise Cascade Company 2016 Incentive Compensation Plan | 10-Q | 001-35805 | 10.3 | 5/4/2023 |
10.26+ | Form of 2024 Restricted Stock Unit Agreement under the 2016 Boise Cascade Omnibus Incentive Plan | 10-Q | 001-35805 | 10.1 | 5/6/2024 |
10.27+ | Form of 2024 Performance Stock Unit Agreement under the 2016 Boise Cascade Omnibus Incentive Plan | 10-Q | 001-35805 | 10.2 | 5/6/2024 |
10.28+ | Form of 2024 Director Restricted Stock Unit Agreement under the 2016 Boise Cascade Omnibus Incentive Plan | 10-Q | 001-35805 | 10.3 | 5/6/2024 |
19.1 | Insider Trading Policy |  |  |  |  | X
21.1 | List of Subsidiaries of Boise Cascade Company |  |  |  |  | X
23.1 | Consent of KPMG LLP, Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm |  |  |  |  | X
31.1 | CEO Certification pursuant to Exchange Act Rule 13a-14(a), as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 |  |  |  |  | X
31.2 | CFO Certification pursuant to Exchange Act Rule 13a-14(a), as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 |  |  |  |  | X
32.1 | CEO Certification pursuant to 18 U.S.C Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 |  |  |  |  | X
32.2 | CFO Certification pursuant to 18 U.S.C Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 |  |  |  |  | X

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97.1+ | Executive Compensation Clawback Policy | 10-K | 001-35805 | 97.1 | 2/20/2024 |
101.INS | Inline XBRL Instance Document |  |  |  |  | X
101.SCH | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document |  |  |  |  | X
101.CAL | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document |  |  |  |  | X
101.DEF | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Definition Linkbase Document |  |  |  |  | X
101.LAB | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document |  |  |  |  | X
101.PRE | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document |  |  |  |  | X
104 | Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101) |  |  |  |  | X

+ Indicates exhibits that constitute management contracts or compensatory plans or arrangements.
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SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

|  | BOISE CASCADE COMPANY
|  | /s/ Nathan R. Jorgensen
|  | Nathan R. Jorgensen
|  | Chief Executive Officer

Date: February 20, 2025
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below on February 20, 2025, by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities indicated.

| Signature |  | Capacity |
| Principal Executive Officer: |  |
| /s/ Nathan R. Jorgensen |  | Chief Executive Officer, Director
| Nathan R. Jorgensen |  |
| Principal Financial & Accounting Officer: |  |
| /s/ Kelly E. Hibbs |  | Senior Vice President, Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer
| Kelly E. Hibbs |  |
| Directors: |  |
| /s/ Thomas E. Carlile |  | /s/ Amy E. Humphreys
| Thomas E. Carlile, Chairman |  | Amy E. Humphreys
| /s/ Steven C. Cooper |  | /s/ Kristopher J. Matula
| Steven C. Cooper |  | Kristopher J. Matula
| /s/ Craig O. Dawson |  | /s/ Duane C. McDougall
| Craig O. Dawson |  | Duane C. McDougall
| /s/ Karen E. Gowland |  | /s/ Christopher J. McGowan
| Karen E. Gowland |  | Christopher J. McGowan
| /s/ David H. Hannah |  | /s/ Sue Y. Taylor
| David H. Hannah |  | Sue Y. Taylor

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