The Company has elected to qualify as a REIT in accordance with Sections 856 through 860 of the Code, and intends at all times to qualify as a REIT under the Code. To qualify as a REIT, the Company must meet a number of organizational and operational requirements, including a requirement that it currently distribute at least 90% of its annual REIT taxable income to its shareholders. As a REIT, the Company generally will not be subject to corporate Federal income tax, provided that distributions to its shareholders equal at least the amount of its REIT taxable income as defined under the Code. As the Company distributed sufficient taxable income for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, no U.S. Federal income or excise taxes were incurred. If the Company fails to qualify as a REIT in any taxable year, it will be subject to Federal income taxes at the regular corporate rates (including any applicable alternative minimum tax) and may not be able to qualify as a REIT for the four subsequent taxable years. Even though the Company qualifies for taxation as a REIT, the Company is subject to certain state and local taxes on its income and property and Federal income and excise taxes on any undistributed taxable income. In addition, taxable income from non-REIT activities managed through the Company’s TRS’s is subject to Federal, state and local income taxes. No more than 20% of the value of our total assets may consist of the securities of one or more TRS.

In the normal course of business, the Company or one or more of its subsidiaries is subject to examination by Federal, state and local jurisdictions, in which it operates, where applicable. The Company expects to recognize interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions, if any, as income tax expense. For the three years ended December 31, 2019, the Company recognized no material adjustments regarding its tax accounting treatment for uncertain tax provisions. As of December 31, 2019, the tax years that remain subject to examination by the major tax jurisdictions under applicable statutes of limitations are generally the year 2016 and forward.

Reconciliation of GAAP net income attributable to Acadia to taxable income is as follows:

	Year Ended December 31,
(in thousands)	2019			2018			2017
Net income attributable to Acadia	$	53,045		$	31,439		$	61,470
Deferred cancellation of indebtedness income		—			2,050			2,050
Deferred rental and other income ^(a)		1,203			1,222			(934	)
Book/tax difference - depreciation and amortization ^(a)		21,688			23,166			21,334
Straight-line rent and above- and below-market rent adjustments ^(a)		(10,949	)		(12,129	)		(10,559	)
Book/tax differences - equity-based compensation		7,177			6,042			5,325
Joint venture equity in earnings, net ^(a)		15,571			13,905			9,114
Acquisition costs ^(a)		63			326			1,135
Gain (loss) on disposition of properties		2,375			—			(5,181	)
Book/tax differences - miscellaneous		(1,473	)		(2,821	)		930
Taxable income	$	88,700		$	63,200		$	84,684
Distributions declared	$	96,310		$	89,122		$	87,848

The Company has determined that the cash distributed to the shareholders for the periods presented is characterized as follows for Federal income tax purposes:

	Year Ended December 31,
	2019					2018					2017
	Per Share		%			Per Share		%			Per Share		%
Ordinary income - Non-Section 199A	$	—		—	%		—		—	%	$	0.820		78	%
Ordinary income - Section 199A		0.820		77	%		0.870		100	%		—		—	%
Qualified dividend		—		—	%		—		—	%		—		—	%
Capital gain		0.240		23	%		—		—	%		0.230		22	%
Total ^(b)	$	1.060		100	%		0.870		100	%	$	1.050		100	%

Income taxes have been provided for using the liability method as required by ASC Topic 740, “Income Taxes.” The Company’s TRS income and provision for income taxes associated with the TRS for the periods presented are summarized as follows (in thousands):

	Year Ended December 31,
	2019			2018			2017
TRS loss before income taxes	$	(3,117	)	$	(2,609	)	$	(3,604	)
(Provision) benefit for income taxes:
Federal		754			(377	)		(982	)
State and local		317			26			423
TRS net loss before noncontrolling interests		(2,046	)		(2,960	)		(4,163	)
Noncontrolling interests		(369	)		4			8
TRS net loss	$	(2,415	)	$	(2,956	)	$	(4,155	)

The income tax provision for the Company differs from the amount computed by applying the statutory Federal income tax rate to income before income taxes as follows. Amounts are not adjusted for temporary book/tax differences (in thousands):

	Year Ended December 31,
	2019			2018			2017
Federal tax benefit at statutory tax rate	$	(655	)	$	(548	)	$	(1,225	)
TRS state and local taxes, net of Federal benefit		(197	)		(165	)		(190	)
Tax effect of:
Permanent differences, net		239			951			1,131
Prior year over-accrual, net		—			—			(1,541	)
Effect of Tax Cuts and Jobs Act		—			—			1,982
Adjustment to deferred tax reserve		1,748			(1,530	)		—
Other		(112	)		1,702			404
REIT state and local income and franchise taxes		445			524			443
Total provision (benefit) for income taxes	$	1,468		$	934		$	1,004

As of December 31, 2019, and 2018, the Company’s deferred tax assets were $0.9 million and $2.0 million net of applicable reserves of $1.7 million and $0, respectively and were comprised of capital loss carryovers of $0.1 and $0.1 million and net operating loss carryovers of $2.5 million and $1.9 million, respectively.

Under GAAP a reduction of the carrying amounts of deferred tax assets by a valuation allowance is required, if, based on the evidence available, it is more likely than not (a likelihood of more than 50 percent) that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. The valuation allowance should be sufficient to reduce the deferred tax asset to the amount that is more likely than not to be realized. During 2019, the Company determined that the realization of its deferred tax assets was not likely and as such, the Company recorded a valuation allowance against its deferred tax assets.