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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies and Other Items | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2021
Accounting Policies [Abstract] |
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies and Other Items | Summary of Significant Accounting Policies and Other Items Basis of Presentation The consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”). These consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Cactus Inc. and its wholly owned subsidiaries. All intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated upon consolidation. Cactus Inc. consolidates the financial results of Cactus LLC and its subsidiaries and reports a non-controlling interest related to the portion of CW Units not owned by Cactus Inc., which reduces net income attributable to holders of Cactus Inc.’s Class A common stock. Use of Estimates In preparing our consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP, we make numerous estimates and assumptions that affect the accounting for and recognition and disclosure of assets, liabilities, equity, revenues and expenses. We must make these estimates and assumptions because certain information that we use is dependent on future events, cannot be calculated with a high degree of precision from available data or is not otherwise capable of being readily calculated based on accepted methodologies. In some cases, these estimates are particularly difficult to determine, and we must exercise significant judgment. Actual results could differ materially from the estimates and assumptions that we use in the preparation of our consolidated financial statements. Segment Information We operate in a single operating segment, which reflects how we manage our business and the fact that all of our products and services are dependent upon the oil and natural gas industry. Substantially all of our products and services are sold in the U.S. to oil and natural gas exploration and production companies. We operate in the United States, Australia, China and the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Our operations outside of the United States represented less than 10% of our consolidated operations for all periods presented in these consolidated financial statements. Concentrations of Credit Risk Our assets that are potentially subject to concentrations of credit risk are cash and cash equivalents and accounts receivable. We manage the credit risk associated with these financial instruments by transacting only with what management believes are financially secure counterparties, requiring credit approvals and credit limits and monitoring counterparties’ financial condition. Our receivables are spread over a number of customers, a majority of which are operators and suppliers to the oil and natural gas industry. Our maximum exposure to credit loss in the event of non‑performance by the customer is limited to the receivable balance. We perform ongoing credit evaluations and monitoring as to the financial condition of our customers with respect to trade receivables. Generally, no collateral is required as a condition of sale. We also control our exposure associated with trade receivables by discontinuing sales and service to non-paying customers. For the year ended December 31, 2021, we had one customer representing approximately 12% of total revenues. No customer represented 10% or more of total revenues for the year ended December 2020 and one customer represented approximately 10% of total revenues in the year ended December 31, 2019. Significant Vendors The principal raw materials used in the manufacture of our products and rental equipment include forgings and plate, castings, tube and bar stock. In addition, we require accessory items (such as elastomers, ring gaskets, studs and nuts) and machined components and assemblies. We purchase these items from vendors primarily located in the United States, China, India and Australia. For the year ended December 31, 2021, two vendors each represented approximately 9% of our total third-party vendor purchases of raw materials, finished products, equipment, machining and other services. For the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, one vendor represented approximately 9% and 16%, respectively, of such purchases. Amounts due to these vendors included in accounts payable, in the consolidated balance sheets, as of December 31, 2021 and 2020 totaled $6.4 million (combined total for two vendors) and $1.5 million, respectively. Tax Receivable Agreement (TRA) We account for amounts payable under the TRA in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 450, Contingencies. As such, subsequent changes to the measurement of the TRA liability are recognized in the statements of income as a component of other income (expense), net. During the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019, we recognized a $0.9 million gain, a $0.6 million loss and a $5.3 million gain on the change in the TRA liability, respectively. See Note 9 for further details on the TRA liability. Revenue Recognition The majority of our revenues are derived from short-term contracts for fixed consideration. Product sales generally do not include right of return or other significant post-delivery obligations. A contract’s transaction price is allocated to each distinct performance obligation and recognized as revenue when, or as, the performance obligation is satisfied. Revenues are recognized when we satisfy a performance obligation by transferring control of the promised goods or providing services to our customers at a point in time, in an amount specified in the contract with our customer and that reflects the consideration to which we expect to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. The majority of our contracts with customers contain a single performance obligation to provide agreed upon products or services. For contracts with multiple performance obligations, we allocate revenue to each performance obligation based on its relative standalone selling price. We do not assess whether promised goods or services are performance obligations if they are immaterial in the context of the contract with the customer. We do not incur any material costs of obtaining contracts. We do not adjust the amount of consideration per the contract for the effects of a significant financing component when we expect, at contract inception, that the period between the transfer of a promised good or service to a customer and when the customer pays for that good or service will be one year or less, which is in substantially all cases. Payment terms and conditions vary, although terms generally include a requirement of payment within 30 to 45 days. Revenues are recognized net of any taxes collected from customers, which are subsequently remitted to governmental authorities. We treat shipping and handling associated with outbound freight as a fulfillment cost instead of as a separate performance obligation. We recognize the cost for the associated shipping and handling when incurred as an expense in cost of sales. Our revenues are derived from three sources: products, rentals, and field service and other: Product revenue. Product revenues are primarily derived from the sale of wellhead systems and production trees. Revenue is recognized when the products have shipped and the customer obtains control of the products. Rental revenue. Rental revenues are primarily derived from the rental of equipment, tools and products used for well control during the drilling and completion phases to customers. Our rental agreements are directly with our customers and provide for a rate based on the period of time the equipment is used or made available to the customer. In addition, customers are charged for repair costs, typically through an agreed upon rate for each rental job. Revenue is recognized ratably over the rental period, which tends to be short-term in nature with most equipment on site for less than 90 days. Field service and other revenue. We provide field services to our customers based on contractually agreed rates. Other revenues are derived from providing repair and reconditioning services to customers who have installed wellheads and production trees on their wellsite. Revenues are recognized as the services are performed or rendered. Foreign Currency Translation The financial position and results of operations of our foreign subsidiaries are measured using the local currency as the functional currency. Revenues and expenses of the subsidiaries have been translated into U.S. dollars at average exchange rates prevailing during the period. Assets and liabilities have been translated at the rates of exchange on the balance sheet dates. The resulting translation gain and loss adjustments have been recorded directly as a separate component of other comprehensive income in the consolidated statements of comprehensive income and stockholders’ equity. Transaction gains and losses that arise from exchange rate fluctuations on transactions denominated in a currency other than the functional currency are included in our consolidated statements of income as incurred. Derivative Financial Instruments We utilize a hedging program to reduce the risks associated with changes in the value of monetary assets and liabilities denominated in currencies other than the functional currency of our subsidiaries. Under this program, we utilize foreign currency forward contracts to offset gains or losses recorded upon remeasurement of assets and liabilities stated in the non-functional currencies of our subsidiaries. These forward contracts are not designated as hedges for accounting purposes. As such, we record changes in fair value of the forward contracts in our consolidated statements of income along with the gain or loss resulting from remeasurement of the U.S. dollar denominated financial assets and liabilities held by our foreign subsidiaries. The forward contracts are typically only 30 days in duration and are settled and renewed each month. As of December 31, 2021 and 2020, the fair value of our forward contracts was a liability of approximately $37 thousand and $56 thousand, respectively. Stock-based Compensation We measure the cost of equity‑based awards based on the grant date fair value and allocate the compensation expense over the requisite service period, which is usually the vesting period. Beginning with our 2021 grants, the grant date fair value is determined by the closing price of our Class A common stock on the grant date. Prior to 2021, the grant date fair value was determined by the average price of the trading high and trading low of our Class A common stock on the grant date. Income Taxes Deferred taxes are recorded using the asset and liability method, whereby tax assets and liabilities are determined based on the differences between the financial statement and tax basis of assets and liabilities using enacted tax laws and rates expected to apply to taxable income in the year in which the differences are expected to reverse. We regularly evaluate the valuation allowances established for deferred tax assets for which future realization is uncertain. In assessing the realizability of deferred tax assets, we consider both positive and negative evidence, including scheduled reversals of deferred tax assets and liabilities, projected future taxable income, tax planning strategies and results of recent operations. If, based on the weight of available evidence, it is more likely than not that the deferred tax assets will not be realized, a valuation allowance is recorded. Cactus Inc. is a corporation and is subject to U.S. federal as well as state income tax related to its ownership percentage in Cactus LLC. Cactus LLC is a limited liability company treated as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes and files a U.S. Return of Partnership Income, which includes both our U.S. and foreign operations. Consequently, the members of Cactus LLC are taxed individually on their share of earnings for U.S. federal and state income tax purposes. However, Cactus LLC is subject to the Texas Margins Tax. Additionally, our operations in both Australia and China are subject to local country income taxes. See Note 5 “Income Taxes” for additional information regarding income taxes. Cash and Cash Equivalents Cash in excess of current operating requirements is invested in short-term interest-bearing investments with maturities of three months or less at the date of purchase and is stated at cost, which approximates fair value. Throughout the year we maintained cash balances that were not covered by federal deposit insurance. We have not experienced any losses in such accounts. Accounts Receivable and Allowance for Credit Losses We extend credit to customers in the normal course of business. Our customers are predominantly oil and gas companies in the United States. Our receivables are short-term in nature and typically due in 30 to 45 days. We do not accrue interest on delinquent receivables. Accounts receivable includes amounts billed and currently due from customers and unbilled amounts for products delivered and services performed for which billings had not yet been submitted to the customers. Total unbilled revenue included in accounts receivable as of December 31, 2021 and 2020 was $24.1 million and $8.7 million, respectively. We maintain an allowance for credit losses to provide for the amount of billed receivables we believe to be at risk of loss. In our determination of the allowance for credit losses, we pool receivables with similar risk characteristics based on customer size, credit ratings, payment history, bankruptcy status and other factors known to us and apply an expected credit loss percentage. The expected credit loss percentage is determined using historical loss data adjusted for current conditions and forecasts of future economic conditions. Accounts deemed uncollectible are applied against the allowance for credit losses. The following is a rollforward of our allowance for credit losses:
| Balance at Beginning of Period |  | Expense |  | Write off |  | Balance at End of Period
Year Ended December 31, 2021 | $ | 598 |  |  | $ | 310 |  |  | $ | (167) |  |  | $ | 741 |
Year Ended December 31, 2020 | 837 |  |  | 342 |  |  | (581) |  |  | 598 |
Year Ended December 31, 2019 | 576 |  |  | 355 |  |  | (94) |  |  | 837 |
Inventories Inventories are stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value. Cost is determined using standard cost (which approximates average cost) and weighted average methods. Costs include an application of related direct labor, duties, tariffs, freight and overhead costs. Net realizable value is the estimated selling price in the ordinary course of business, less reasonably predictable costs of completion, disposal and transportation. Reserves are made for excess and obsolete items based on a range of factors, including age, usage and technological or market changes that may impact demand for those products. The inventory obsolescence reserve was $18.0 million and $14.6 million as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The following is a rollforward of our inventory obsolescence reserve:
| Balance at Beginning of Period |  | Expense |  | Write off |  | Translation Adjustments |  | Balance at End of Period
Year Ended December 31, 2021 | $ | 14,637 |  |  | $ | 3,490 |  |  | $ | (62) |  |  | $ | (53) |  |  | $ | 18,012 |
Year Ended December 31, 2020 | 9,772 |  |  | 4,840 |  |  | (53) |  |  | 78 |  |  | 14,637 |
Year Ended December 31, 2019 | 7,310 |  |  | 2,552 |  |  | (90) |  |  | — |  |  | 9,772 |
Property and Equipment Property and equipment are stated at cost. We manufacture or construct most of our own rental assets and during the manufacture of these assets, they are reflected as construction in progress until complete. We depreciate the cost of property and equipment using the straight‑line method over the estimated useful lives and depreciate our rental assets to their salvage value. Leasehold improvements are amortized over the shorter of the remaining lease term or economic life of the related assets. When assets are retired or otherwise disposed of, the cost and related accumulated depreciation are removed from the accounts and any resulting gain or loss are reflected in income for the period. The cost of maintenance and repairs is charged to income as incurred; significant renewals and improvements are capitalized. Estimated useful lives are as follows:
Land | N/A
Buildings and improvements | 5 | - | 30 | years
Machinery and equipment | 2 | - | 12 | years
Vehicles under finance lease |  |  | 3 | years
Rental equipment | 2 | - | 11 | years
Furniture and fixtures |  |  | 5 | years
Computers and software |  |  | 4 | years
Property and equipment as of December 31, 2021 and 2020 consists of the following:
| December 31,
| 2021 |  | 2020
Land | $ | 3,203 |  |  | $ | 3,203 |
Buildings and improvements | 22,532 |  |  | 21,935 |
Machinery and equipment | 56,937 |  |  | 57,726 |
Vehicles under finance lease | 23,450 |  |  | 14,371 |
Rental equipment | 180,704 |  |  | 172,012 |
Furniture and fixtures | 1,755 |  |  | 1,780 |
Computers and software | 3,495 |  |  | 3,530 |
Gross property and equipment | 292,076 |  |  | 274,557 |
Less: Accumulated depreciation | (175,992) |  |  | (147,221) |
Net property and equipment | 116,084 |  |  | 127,336 |
Construction in progress | 13,033 |  |  | 15,489 |
Total property and equipment, net | $ | 129,117 |  |  | $ | 142,825 |
Depreciation and amortization was $36.3 million, $40.5 million and $38.9 million for 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively. Depreciation and amortization expense is included in the consolidated statements of income as follows:
| Year Ended December 31,
| 2021 |  | 2020 |  | 2019
Cost of product revenue | $ | 3,176 |  |  | $ | 3,506 |  |  | $ | 3,304 |
Cost of rental revenue | 25,812 |  |  | 28,063 |  |  | 24,881 |
Cost of field service and other revenue | 6,863 |  |  | 8,075 |  |  | 9,986 |
Selling, general and administrative expenses | 457 |  |  | 876 |  |  | 683 |
Total depreciation and amortization | $ | 36,308 |  |  | $ | 40,520 |  |  | $ | 38,854 |
Impairment of Long‑Lived Assets We review the recoverability of long‑lived assets, such as property and equipment, when events or changes in circumstances occur that indicate the carrying value of the asset or asset group may not be recoverable. The assessment of possible impairment is based on our ability to recover the carrying value of the asset or asset group from the expected future pre‑tax cash flows (undiscounted) of the related operations. If these cash flows are less than the carrying value of such asset, an impairment loss is recognized for the difference between estimated fair value and carrying value. We concluded there were no indicators evident or other circumstances present that these assets were not recoverable and accordingly, no impairment charges of long‑lived assets were recognized for 2021. Due to reduced sales and cash flows in 2020, we assessed the recoverability of our long-lived assets at each interim period of 2020 and as of December 31, 2020. No impairments were recognized in 2020 as a result of these assessments. Additionally, no impairment charges of long‑lived assets were recognized in 2019. Goodwill Goodwill represents the excess of purchase price paid over the fair value of the net assets of acquired businesses. Our goodwill resulted from the acquisition of a manufacturing facility in Bossier City, Louisiana in 2011. The facility supports our full range of products, rentals and services. Goodwill is not amortized, but we evaluate at least annually whether it is impaired. Goodwill is considered impaired if the carrying amount of the reporting unit exceeds its estimated fair value. We conduct our annual assessment of the recoverability of goodwill as of December 31 of each year. We first assess qualitative factors to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount as a basis for determining whether it is necessary to perform the goodwill impairment test. If the qualitative assessment indicates that it is more likely than not that the fair value of the reporting unit is less than its carrying amount or we elect not to perform a qualitative assessment, the quantitative assessment of goodwill test is performed. The goodwill impairment test is also performed whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value may not be recoverable. If it is necessary to perform the quantitative assessment to determine if our goodwill is impaired, we typically utilize a discounted cash flow analysis using management’s projections that are subject to various risks and uncertainties of revenues, expenses and cash flows as well as assumptions regarding discount rates, terminal value and control premiums. Estimates of future cash flows and fair value are highly subjective and inherently imprecise. These estimates can change materially from period to period based on many factors. Accordingly, if conditions change in the future, we may record impairment losses, which could be material to any particular reporting period. No goodwill impairment losses were deemed necessary in 2021. Due to the depressed oil price environment, reduced sales and cash flow projections and a significant decline in our market capitalization as of March 31, 2020, we assessed whether our goodwill may have been impaired as of March 31, 2020. Our quantitative impairment test using management’s current projections of revenues, expenses and cash flows as of March 31, 2020 calculated significant cushion and no impairment was recognized as a result of this assessment. Actual results during the remainder of the year were consistent with expectations and our forecasts had not materially changed; therefore, we concluded that our goodwill was not impaired at each subsequent interim period of 2020 and as of December 31, 2020. Additionally, no goodwill impairment losses were deemed necessary in 2019. Accrued Expenses and Other Current Liabilities Accrued expenses and other current liabilities as of December 31, 2021 and 2020 are as follows:
| December 31,
| 2021 |  | 2020
Accrued international freight and tariffs | $ | 14,794 |  |  | $ | 2,087 |
Payroll, incentive compensation, payroll taxes and benefits | 7,030 |  |  | 4,210 |
Deferred revenue | 1,764 |  |  | 1,068 |
Taxes other than income | 1,641 |  |  | 450 |
Income based tax payable | 1,182 |  |  | 2,336 |
Accrued professional fees and other | 1,078 |  |  | 687 |
Accrued dividends | 346 |  |  | 271 |
Accrued workers’ compensation insurance | 269 |  |  | — |
Product warranties | 136 |  |  | 283 |
Total accrued expenses and other current liabilities | $ | 28,240 |  |  | $ | 11,392 |
Self-Insurance Accrued Expenses We maintain a partially self-insured health benefit plan which provides medical and prescription drug benefits to certain of our employees electing coverage under the plan. Our exposure is limited by individual and aggregate stop loss limits through third-party insurance carriers. Our self-insurance expense is accrued based upon the aggregate of the expected liability for reported claims and the estimated liability for claims incurred but not reported, based on historical claims experience provided by our third-party insurance advisors, adjusted as necessary based upon management’s reasoned judgment. Actual employee medical claims expense may differ from estimated loss provisions based on historical experience. The liabilities for these claims are included as a component of payroll, incentive compensation, payroll taxes and benefits in the table above and were $1.1 million and $1.3 million as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. Product Warranties We generally warrant our manufactured products for 12 months from the date placed in service. The estimated liability for product warranties is based on historical and current claims experience. Fair Value Measurements Authoritative guidance on fair value measurements provides a framework for measuring fair value and establishes a fair value hierarchy that prioritizes the inputs used to measure fair value, giving the highest priority to unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities (Level 1 inputs) and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs (Level 3 inputs). The carrying value of cash and cash equivalents, receivables, accounts payable and accrued expenses approximates fair value based on the short-term nature of these accounts. The fair value of our foreign currency forwards is determined using market observable inputs including forward and spot prices (Level 2 inputs). We had no long-term debt outstanding as of December 31, 2021 or 2020. Employee Benefit Plans Our employees within the United States are eligible to participate in a 401(k) plan sponsored by us. These employees are eligible to participate on the first day of the month following 30 days of employment and if they are at least eighteen years of age. Eligible employees may contribute a percentage of their compensation subject to a maximum imposed by the Internal Revenue Code. Similar benefit plans exist for employees of our foreign subsidiaries. We match 100% of the first 3% of gross pay contributed by each employee and 50% of the next 4% of gross pay contributed by each employee and we may also make additional non‑elective employer contributions at our discretion under the plan. Due to the difficult economic environment at that time, the 401(k) match was temporarily suspended in the U.S. in June 2020 and reinstated in August 2021. During 2021, 2020 and 2019, employer matching contributions totaled $1.2 million, $1.6 million and $3.1 million, respectively. During the year ended December 31, 2019, a $0.1 million non-elective contribution was made under the 401(k) plan, whereas no such contributions were made in 2021 or 2020.

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- Definition The entire disclosure for the basis of presentation and significant accounting policies concepts. Basis of presentation describes the underlying basis used to prepare the financial statements (for example, US Generally Accepted Accounting Principles, Other Comprehensive Basis of Accounting, IFRS). Accounting policies describe all significant accounting policies of the reporting entity. + References Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 235 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/topic&trid=2122369 + Details
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