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Investment Securities | 9 Months Ended
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Sep. 30, 2023
Investments, Debt and Equity Securities [Abstract] |
Investment Securities | INVESTMENT SECURITIES Held-to-maturity (“HTM”) securities, which include any security for which the Company has both the positive intent and ability to hold until maturity, are carried at historical cost adjusted for amortization of premiums and accretion of discounts. Premiums and discounts are amortized and accreted, respectively, to interest income using the constant effective yield method over the security’s estimated life. Prepayments are anticipated for mortgage-backed and SBA securities. Premiums on callable securities are amortized to their earliest call date. Available-for-sale (“AFS”) securities, which include any security for which the Company has no immediate plan to sell but which may be sold in the future, are carried at fair value. Realized gains and losses, based on specifically identified amortized cost of the individual security, are included in other income. Unrealized gains and losses are recorded, net of related income tax effects, in stockholders’ equity, further discussed below. Premiums and discounts are amortized and accreted, respectively, to interest income using the constant effective yield method over the estimated life of the security. Prepayments are anticipated for mortgage-backed and SBA securities. Premiums on callable securities are amortized to their earliest call date. During the quarters ended June 30, 2022 and September 30, 2021, the Company transferred, at fair value, $1.99 billion and $500.8 million, respectively, of securities from the AFS portfolio to the HTM portfolio. As of September 30, 2023, the related remaining combined net unrealized losses of $131.2 million in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) will be amortized over the remaining life of the securities. No gains or losses on these securities were recognized at the time of transfer. The amortized cost, fair value and allowance for credit losses of investment securities that are classified as HTM are as follows:
(In thousands) | Amortized Cost |  | Allowance for Credit Losses |  | Net Carrying Amount |  | Gross Unrealized Gains |  | Gross Unrealized (Losses) |  | Estimated Fair Value
Held-to-maturity |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
September 30, 2023 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Government agencies | $ | 452,428 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 452,428 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (117,530) |  |  | $ | 334,898 |
Mortgage-backed securities | 1,178,324 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,178,324 |  |  | — |  |  | (172,976) |  |  | 1,005,348 |
State and political subdivisions | 1,859,172 |  |  | (1,520) |  |  | 1,857,652 |  |  | 26 |  |  | (564,366) |  |  | 1,293,312 |
Other securities | 255,582 |  |  | (1,694) |  |  | 253,888 |  |  | — |  |  | (39,235) |  |  | 214,653 |
Total HTM | $ | 3,745,506 |  |  | $ | (3,214) |  |  | $ | 3,742,292 |  |  | $ | 26 |  |  | $ | (894,107) |  |  | $ | 2,848,211 |
December 31, 2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Government agencies | $ | 448,012 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 448,012 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (102,558) |  |  | $ | 345,454 |
Mortgage-backed securities | 1,190,781 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,190,781 |  |  | 227 |  |  | (118,960) |  |  | 1,072,048 |
State and political subdivisions | 1,861,102 |  |  | (110) |  |  | 1,860,992 |  |  | 56 |  |  | (446,198) |  |  | 1,414,850 |
Other securities | 261,199 |  |  | (1,278) |  |  | 259,921 |  |  | — |  |  | (29,040) |  |  | 230,881 |
Total HTM | $ | 3,761,094 |  |  | $ | (1,388) |  |  | $ | 3,759,706 |  |  | $ | 283 |  |  | $ | (696,756) |  |  | $ | 3,063,233 |
Mortgage-backed securities (“MBS”) are commercial MBS, secured by commercial properties, and residential MBS, generally secured by single-family residential properties. All mortgage-backed securities included in the table above were issued by U.S. government agencies or corporations. As of September 30, 2023, HTM MBS consists of $143.1 million and $1.04 billion of commercial MBS and residential MBS, respectively. As of December 31, 2022, HTM MBS consists of $149.2 million and $1.04 billion of commercial MBS and residential MBS, respectively. The amortized cost, fair value and allowance for credit losses of investment securities that are classified as AFS are as follows:
(In thousands) | Amortized Cost |  | Allowance for Credit Losses |  | Gross Unrealized Gains |  | Gross Unrealized (Losses) |  | Estimated Fair Value
Available-for-sale |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
September 30, 2023 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Treasury | $ | 2,278 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (54) |  |  | $ | 2,224 |
U.S. Government agencies | 179,638 |  |  | — |  |  | 45 |  |  | (6,924) |  |  | 172,759 |
Mortgage-backed securities | 2,444,803 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (287,711) |  |  | 2,157,092 |
State and political subdivisions | 999,373 |  |  | — |  |  | 111 |  |  | (209,140) |  |  | 790,344 |
Other securities | 264,818 |  |  | (1,196) |  |  | — |  |  | (27,620) |  |  | 236,002 |
Total AFS | $ | 3,890,910 |  |  | $ | (1,196) |  |  | $ | 156 |  |  | $ | (531,449) |  |  | $ | 3,358,421 |
December 31, 2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Treasury | $ | 2,257 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (60) |  |  | $ | 2,197 |
U.S. Government agencies | 191,498 |  |  | — |  |  | 103 |  |  | (7,322) |  |  | 184,279 |
Mortgage-backed securities | 2,809,319 |  |  | — |  |  | 20 |  |  | (266,437) |  |  | 2,542,902 |
State and political subdivisions | 1,056,124 |  |  | — |  |  | 250 |  |  | (185,300) |  |  | 871,074 |
Other securities | 272,215 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (19,813) |  |  | 252,402 |
Total AFS | $ | 4,331,413 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 373 |  |  | $ | (478,932) |  |  | $ | 3,852,854 |
As of September 30, 2023, AFS MBS consists of $859.9 million and $1.30 billion of commercial MBS and residential MBS, respectively. As of December 31, 2022, AFS MBS consists of $1.07 billion and $1.47 billion of commercial MBS and residential MBS, respectively. Accrued interest receivable on HTM and AFS securities at September 30, 2023 was $17.5 million and $18.6 million, respectively, and is included in interest receivable on the consolidated balance sheets. The Company has made the election to exclude all accrued interest receivable from securities from the estimate of credit losses. The following table summarizes the Company’s AFS investments in an unrealized loss position for which an allowance for credit loss has not been recorded as of September 30, 2023, aggregated by investment category and length of time that individual securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position:
| Less Than 12 Months |  | 12 Months or More |  | Total
(In thousands) | Estimated Fair Value |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  | Estimated Fair Value |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  | Estimated Fair Value |  | Gross Unrealized Losses
Available-for-sale |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Treasury | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,224 |  |  | $ | (54) |  |  | $ | 2,224 |  |  | $ | (54) |
U.S. Government agencies | 9,161 |  |  | (21) |  |  | 158,972 |  |  | (6,903) |  |  | 168,133 |  |  | (6,924) |
Mortgage-backed securities | 9,924 |  |  | (140) |  |  | 2,147,168 |  |  | (287,571) |  |  | 2,157,092 |  |  | (287,711) |
State and political subdivisions | 11,170 |  |  | (502) |  |  | 771,404 |  |  | (208,638) |  |  | 782,574 |  |  | (209,140) |
Other securities | 15,169 |  |  | (3,505) |  |  | 202,990 |  |  | (22,919) |  |  | 218,159 |  |  | (26,424) |
Total AFS | $ | 45,424 |  |  | $ | (4,168) |  |  | $ | 3,282,758 |  |  | $ | (526,085) |  |  | $ | 3,328,182 |  |  | $ | (530,253) |
As of September 30, 2023, the Company’s investment portfolio included $3.36 billion of AFS securities, of which $3.33 billion, or 99.1%, were in an unrealized loss position that were not deemed to have credit losses. A portion of the unrealized losses were related to the Company’s MBS, which are issued and guaranteed by U.S. government-sponsored entities and agencies, and the Company’s state and political subdivision securities, specifically investments in insured fixed rate municipal bonds for which the issuers continue to make timely principal and interest payments under the contractual terms of the securities. Furthermore, the decline in fair value for each of the above AFS securities is attributable to the rates for those investments yielding less than current market rates. Management does not believe any of the securities are impaired due to reasons of credit quality. Management believes the declines in fair value for the securities are temporary. Management does not have the immediate intent to sell the securities, and management believes the accounting standard of “more likely than not” has not been met regarding whether the Company would be required to sell any of the AFS securities before recovery of amortized cost. Allowance for Credit Losses All MBS held by the Company are issued by U.S. government-sponsored entities and agencies. These securities are either explicitly or implicitly guaranteed by the U.S. government, highly rated by major rating agencies and have a long history of no credit losses. Accordingly, no allowance for credit losses has been recorded for these securities. Regarding securities issued by state and political subdivisions and other HTM securities, the adequacy of the reserve for credit loss is determined quarterly based on methodology similar to the methodology for determining the allowance for credit losses on loans. The methodology considers, but is not limited to: (i) issuer bond ratings, (ii) issuer geography, (iii) whether issuers continue to make timely principal and interest payments under the contractual terms of the securities, (iv) probability-weighted multiple scenario forecasts, and (v) the issuers’ size. The following table details activity in the allowance for credit losses by investment security type for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 on the Company’s HTM and AFS securities portfolios.
(In thousands) | State and Political Subdivisions |  | Other Securities |  | Total
Three Months Ended September 30, 2023 |  |  |  |  |
Held-to-maturity |  |  |  |  |
Beginning balance, July 1, 2023 | $ | 934 |  |  | $ | 2,280 |  |  | $ | 3,214 |
Provision for credit loss expense | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Net increase (decrease) in allowance on previously impaired securities | 586 |  |  | (586) |  |  | — |
Ending balance, September 30, 2023 | $ | 1,520 |  |  | $ | 1,694 |  |  | $ | 3,214 |
Available-for-sale |  |  |  |  |
Beginning balance, July 1, 2023 | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,396 |  |  | $ | 2,396 |
Provision for credit loss expense | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Net decrease in allowance on previously impaired securities | — |  |  | (1,200) |  |  | (1,200) |
Ending balance, September 30, 2023 | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,196 |  |  | $ | 1,196 |
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023 |  |  |  |  |
Held-to-maturity |  |  |  |  |
Beginning balance, January 1, 2023 | $ | 110 |  |  | $ | 1,278 |  |  | $ | 1,388 |
Provision for credit loss expense | 824 |  |  | 1,002 |  |  | 1,826 |
Net increase (decrease) in allowance on previously impaired securities | 586 |  |  | (586) |  |  | — |
Ending balance, September 30, 2023 | $ | 1,520 |  |  | $ | 1,694 |  |  | $ | 3,214 |
Available-for-sale |  |  |  |  |
Beginning balance, January 1, 2023 | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Provision for credit loss expense | — |  |  | 12,800 |  |  | 12,800 |
Reduction due to sales | — |  |  | (2,078) |  |  | (2,078) |
Net decrease in allowance on previously impaired securities | — |  |  | (2,526) |  |  | (2,526) |
Securities charged-off | — |  |  | (7,000) |  |  | (7,000) |
Ending balance, September 30, 2023 | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,196 |  |  | $ | 1,196 |
Activity in the allowance for credit losses by investment security type for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 on the Company’s HTM securities portfolio was as follows:
(In thousands) | State and Political Subdivisions |  | Other Securities |  | Total
Three Months Ended September 30, 2022 |  |  |  |  |
Held-to-maturity |  |  |  |  |
Beginning balance, July 1, 2022 | $ | 103 |  |  | $ | 1,278 |  |  | $ | 1,381 |
Provision for credit loss expense | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Net increase (decrease) in allowance on previously impaired securities | 3 |  |  | (3) |  |  | — |
Recoveries | 1 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 3 |
Ending balance, September 30, 2022 | $ | 107 |  |  | $ | 1,277 |  |  | $ | 1,384 |
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022 |  |  |  |  |
Held-to-maturity |  |  |  |  |
Beginning balance, January 1, 2022 | $ | 1,197 |  |  | $ | 82 |  |  | $ | 1,279 |
Provision for credit loss expense | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Net increase (decrease) in allowance on previously impaired securities | (1,180) |  |  | 1,180 |  |  | — |
Recoveries | 90 |  |  | 15 |  |  | 105 |
Ending balance, September 30, 2022 | $ | 107 |  |  | $ | 1,277 |  |  | $ | 1,384 |
Based upon the Company’s analysis of the underlying risk characteristics of its AFS portfolio, including credit ratings and other qualitative factors, as previously discussed, the provision for credit losses related to AFS securities recorded for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 was $10.3 million, while the provision for credit losses related to AFS securities was reduced by $1.2 million during the three months ended September 30, 2023. During the nine months ended September 30, 2023, the Company charged-off $7.0 million directly related to one corporate bond which was deemed uncollectible in the period. The remaining allowance for credit loss on the AFS portfolio of $1.2 million at September 30, 2023 is related to outstanding exposure for two nonperforming corporate bonds. The following table summarizes bond ratings for the Company’s HTM portfolio, based upon amortized cost, issued by state and political subdivisions and other securities as of September 30, 2023:
| State and Political Subdivisions |  |
(In thousands) | Not Guaranteed or Pre-Refunded |  | Other Credit Enhancement or Insurance |  | Pre-Refunded |  | Total |  | Other Securities
Aaa/AAA | $ | 179,897 |  |  | $ | 299,873 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 479,770 |  |  | $ | — |
Aa/AA | 636,466 |  |  | 523,018 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,159,484 |  |  | — |
A | 46,948 |  |  | 161,580 |  |  | — |  |  | 208,528 |  |  | 102,179 |
Baa/BBB | — |  |  | 4,374 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,374 |  |  | 153,403 |
Not Rated | 7,016 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 7,016 |  |  | — |
Total | $ | 870,327 |  |  | $ | 988,845 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,859,172 |  |  | $ | 255,582 |
Historical loss rates associated with securities having similar grades as those in the Company’s portfolio have generally not been significant. Pre-refunded securities, if any, have been defeased by the issuer and are fully secured by cash and/or U.S. Treasury securities held in escrow for payment to holders when the underlying call dates of the securities are reached. Income earned on securities for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, is as follows:
| Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
(In thousands) | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Taxable: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Held-to-maturity | $ | 11,062 |  |  | $ | 10,679 |  |  | $ | 33,133 |  |  | $ | 23,169 |
Available-for-sale | 23,672 |  |  | 14,169 |  |  | 67,150 |  |  | 41,622 |
Non-taxable: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Held-to-maturity | 10,137 |  |  | 10,181 |  |  | 30,488 |  |  | 26,371 |
Available-for-sale | 5,767 |  |  | 5,925 |  |  | 17,392 |  |  | 21,352 |
Total | $ | 50,638 |  |  | $ | 40,954 |  |  | $ | 148,163 |  |  | $ | 112,514 |
The amortized cost and estimated fair value by maturity of securities as of September 30, 2023 are shown in the following table. Securities are classified according to their contractual maturities without consideration of principal amortization, potential prepayments or call options. Accordingly, actual maturities may differ from contractual maturities.
| Held-to-Maturity |  | Available-for-Sale
(In thousands) | Amortized Cost |  | Fair Value |  | Amortized Cost |  | Fair Value
One year or less | $ | 2,192 |  |  | $ | 2,128 |  |  | $ | 69,877 |  |  | $ | 68,611 |
After one through five years | 9,261 |  |  | 8,731 |  |  | 159,285 |  |  | 154,113 |
After five through ten years | 384,518 |  |  | 319,298 |  |  | 220,681 |  |  | 189,896 |
After ten years | 2,171,211 |  |  | 1,512,706 |  |  | 996,002 |  |  | 788,447 |
Securities not due on a single maturity date | 1,178,324 |  |  | 1,005,348 |  |  | 2,444,803 |  |  | 2,157,092 |
Other securities (no maturity) | — |  |  | — |  |  | 262 |  |  | 262 |
Total | $ | 3,745,506 |  |  | $ | 2,848,211 |  |  | $ | 3,890,910 |  |  | $ | 3,358,421 |
The carrying value, which approximates the fair value, of securities pledged as collateral, to secure public deposits and for other purposes, amounted to $3.38 billion at September 30, 2023 and $3.96 billion at December 31, 2022. There were no gross realized gains and no gross realized losses from the call or sale of securities during the three months ended September 30, 2023. There were no gross realized gains and $391,000 of gross realized losses recorded from the sale of securities during the nine months ended September 30, 2023. There were approximately $8,000 of gross realized gains and $30,000 of gross realized losses from the sale and call of securities during the three months ended September 30, 2022, and approximately $45,000 of gross realized gains and $271,000 of gross realized losses from the sale and call of securities during the nine months ended September 30, 2022. The income tax expense/benefit related to security gains/losses was 26.135% of the gross amounts in 2023 and 2022. The Company has entered into various fair value hedging transactions to mitigate the impact of changing interest rates on the fair value of AFS securities. See Note 23, Derivative Instruments, for disclosure of the gains and losses recognized on derivative instruments and the cumulative fair value hedging adjustments to the carrying amount of the hedged securities.

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