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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
Form 10-Q
(Mark one)
☒ QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the quarterly period ended March 29, 2025
Or
☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the transition period from to
Commission file number: 000-50307
FormFactor, Inc.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware |  | 13-3711155
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) |  | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

7005 Southfront Road, Livermore, California 94551
(Address of principal executive offices, including zip code)
(925) 290-4000
(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)
Securities registered pursuant to Section12(b) of the Act:

| Title of each class |  |  | Trading Symbol(s) |  | Name of each exchange on which registered
| Common stock, $0.001 par value |  |  | FORM |  | Nasdaq Global Select Market

______________________________________
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of the Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer”, “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):

Large Accelerated Filer | ☒ | Accelerated Filer | ☐ | Non-accelerated Filer | ☐
Smaller Reporting Company | ☐ | Emerging Growth Company | ☐ |  |

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒
As of April 30, 2025, 77,076,642 shares of the registrant’s common stock, par value $0.001 per share, were outstanding.

FORMFACTOR, INC.
FORM 10-Q FOR THE QUARTERLY PERIOD ENDED MARCH 29, 2025
INDEX

Part I. | Financial Information |
Item 1. | Financial Statements (Unaudited): |
| Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets as of March 2 9, 202 5 and December 28, 20 24 | 3
| Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income for the three months ended March 2 9, 202 5 and March 30, 202 4 | 4
| Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the three months ended March 2 9, 202 5 and March 30, 202 4 | 5
| Condensed Consolidated Statement of Stockholders' Equity for the three months ended March 2 9, 202 5 and March 30, 202 4 | 6
| Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the three months ended March 2 9, 202 5 and March 30, 202 4 | 7
| Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements | 9
Item 2. | Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 20
Item 3. | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk | 28
Item 4. | Controls and Procedures | 28
Part II. | Other Information | 29
Item 1A. | Risk Factors | 29
Item 2. | Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and use of proceeds | 30
Item 5. | Other Information | 30
Item 6. | Exhibits | 31
Signatures |  | 32

2

PART I - FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Item 1. Financial Statements
FORMFACTOR, INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(In thousands, except share and per share amounts)
(Unaudited)

| March 29, 2025 |  | December 28, 2024
ASSETS |  |  |
Current assets: |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 129,889 |  |  | $ | 190,728 |
Marketable securities | 169,099 |  |  | 169,295 |
Accounts receivable, net of allowance for credit losses of $12 and $4 | 98,605 |  |  | 104,294 |
Inventories, net | 109,965 |  |  | 101,676 |
Restricted cash | 967 |  |  | 3,746 |
Prepaid expenses and other current assets | 42,716 |  |  | 35,389 |
Total current assets | 551,241 |  |  | 605,128 |
Restricted cash | 2,445 |  |  | 2,732 |
Operating lease, right-of-use-assets | 20,054 |  |  | 22,579 |
Property, plant and equipment, net of accumulated depreciation | 208,317 |  |  | 210,230 |
Equity investment | 68,667 |  |  | — |
Goodwill | 199,700 |  |  | 199,171 |
Intangibles, net | 9,681 |  |  | 10,355 |
Deferred tax assets | 92,759 |  |  | 92,012 |
Other assets | 3,303 |  |  | 4,008 |
Total assets | $ | 1,156,167 |  |  | $ | 1,146,215 |
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY |  |  |
Current liabilities: |  |  |
Accounts payable | $ | 64,536 |  |  | $ | 62,287 |
Accrued liabilities | 34,909 |  |  | 43,742 |
Current portion of term loan, net of unamortized issuance costs | 1,113 |  |  | 1,106 |
Deferred revenue | 14,996 |  |  | 15,847 |
Operating lease liabilities | 8,461 |  |  | 8,363 |
Total current liabilities | 124,015 |  |  | 131,345 |
Term loan, less current portion, net of unamortized issuance costs | 11,927 |  |  | 12,208 |
Long-term operating lease liabilities | 15,980 |  |  | 17,550 |
Deferred grant | 18,000 |  |  | 18,000 |
Other liabilities | 20,371 |  |  | 19,344 |
Total liabilities | 190,293 |  |  | 198,447 |
Stockholders’ equity: |  |  |
Common stock, $0.001 par value: |  |  |
250,000,000 shares authorized; 77,075,636 and 77,114,633 shares issued and outstanding | 77 |  |  | 77 |
Additional paid-in capital | 844,488 |  |  | 837,586 |
Accumulated other comprehensive loss | (6,037) |  |  | (10,840) |
Accumulated income | 127,346 |  |  | 120,945 |
Total stockholders’ equity | 965,874 |  |  | 947,768 |
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity | $ | 1,156,167 |  |  | $ | 1,146,215 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.
3

FORMFACTOR, INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME
(In thousands, except per share amounts)
(Unaudited)

| Three Months Ended |  |
| March 29, 2025 |  | March 30, 2024 |  |  |  |
Revenues | $ | 171,356 |  |  | $ | 168,725 |  |  |  |  |
Cost of revenues | 106,833 |  |  | 105,987 |  |  |  |  |
Gross profit | 64,523 |  |  | 62,738 |  |  |  |  |
Operating expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Research and development | 27,800 |  |  | 28,627 |  |  |  |  |
Selling, general and administrative | 33,454 |  |  | 33,079 |  |  |  |  |
Total operating expenses | 61,254 |  |  | 61,706 |  |  |  |  |
Gain on sale of business | — |  |  | 20,271 |  |  |  |  |
Operating income | 3,269 |  |  | 21,303 |  |  |  |  |
Interest income, net | 3,317 |  |  | 3,156 |  |  |  |  |
Other income, net | 890 |  |  | 520 |  |  |  |  |
Income before income taxes | 7,476 |  |  | 24,979 |  |  |  |  |
Provision for income taxes | 1,075 |  |  | 3,198 |  |  |  |  |
Net income | $ | 6,401 |  |  | $ | 21,781 |  |  |  |  |
Net income per share: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic | $ | 0.08 |  |  | $ | 0.28 |  |  |  |  |
Diluted | $ | 0.08 |  |  | $ | 0.28 |  |  |  |  |
Weighted-average number of shares used in per share calculations: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic | 77,345 |  |  | 77,452 |  |  |  |  |
Diluted | 77,884 |  |  | 78,490 |  |  |  |  |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.
4

FORMFACTOR, INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME
(In thousands)
(Unaudited)

| Three Months Ended |  |
| March 29, 2025 |  | March 30, 2024 |  |  |  |
Net income | $ | 6,401 |  |  | $ | 21,781 |  |  |  |  |
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Foreign currency translation adjustments | 3,339 |  |  | (2,283) |  |  |  |  |
Unrealized gains (losses) on available-for-sale marketable securities | 370 |  |  | (198) |  |  |  |  |
Unrealized gains (losses) on derivative instruments | 1,094 |  |  | (232) |  |  |  |  |
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax: | 4,803 |  |  | (2,713) |  |  |  |  |
Comprehensive income | $ | 11,204 |  |  | $ | 19,068 |  |  |  |  |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.
5

FORMFACTOR, INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY
(In thousands, except shares)
(Unaudited)

| Shares of Common Stock |  | Common Stock |  | Additional Paid-in Capital |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss |  | Accumulated Income |  | Total
| Three Months Ended March 29, 2025
Balances, December 28, 2024 | 77,114,633 |  |  | $ | 77 |  |  | $ | 837,586 |  |  | $ | (10,840) |  |  | $ | 120,945 |  |  | $ | 947,768 |
Issuance of common stock under the Employee Stock Purchase Plan | 197,051 |  |  | — |  |  | 6,576 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 6,576 |
Issuance of common stock pursuant to vesting of restricted stock units, net of stock withheld for tax | 93,981 |  |  | — |  |  | (2,132) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (2,132) |
Issuance of common stock pursuant to private placement | 334,971 |  |  | — |  |  | 15,000 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 15,000 |
Purchase and retirement of common stock through repurchase program | (665,000) |  |  | — |  |  | (22,207) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (22,207) |
Stock-based compensation | — |  |  | — |  |  | 9,665 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 9,665 |
Other comprehensive income | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4,803 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,803 |
Net income | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 6,401 |  |  | 6,401 |
Balances, March 29, 2025 | 77,075,636 |  |  | $ | 77 |  |  | $ | 844,488 |  |  | $ | (6,037) |  |  | $ | 127,346 |  |  | $ | 965,874 |

| Three Months Ended March 30, 2024
Balances, December 30, 2023 | 77,376,903 |  |  | $ | 77 |  |  | $ | 861,448 |  |  | $ | (4,052) |  |  | $ | 51,331 |  |  | $ | 908,804 |
Issuance of common stock under the Employee Stock Purchase Plan | 197,014 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,948 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4,948 |
Issuance of common stock pursuant to vesting of restricted stock units, net of stock withheld for tax | 78,957 |  |  | — |  |  | (1,840) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1,840) |
Purchase and retirement of common stock through repurchase program | (411,756) |  |  | — |  |  | (17,398) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (17,398) |
Stock-based compensation | — |  |  | — |  |  | 10,168 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 10,168 |
Other comprehensive loss | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (2,713) |  |  | — |  |  | (2,713) |
Net income | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 21,781 |  |  | 21,781 |
Balances, March 30, 2024 | 77,241,118 |  |  | $ | 77 |  |  | $ | 857,326 |  |  | $ | (6,765) |  |  | $ | 73,112 |  |  | $ | 923,750 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.
6

FORMFACTOR, INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(In thousands)
(Unaudited)

| Three Months Ended
| March 29, 2025 |  | March 30, 2024
Cash flows from operating activities: |  |  |
Net income | $ | 6,401 |  |  | $ | 21,781 |
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: |  |  |
Depreciation | 8,156 |  |  | 7,193 |
Amortization | 674 |  |  | 640 |
Reduction in the carrying amount of right-of-use assets | 1,803 |  |  | 1,415 |
Stock-based compensation expense | 9,796 |  |  | 10,405 |
Deferred income tax benefit | (691) |  |  | (1,293) |
Provision for excess and obsolete inventories | 2,879 |  |  | 3,146 |
Non-cash restructuring charges | 2,102 |  |  | — |
Gain on sale of business | — |  |  | (20,271) |
Other adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities | (1,024) |  |  | 176 |
Changes in assets and liabilities: |  |  |
Accounts receivable | 6,293 |  |  | 6,466 |
Inventories | (10,196) |  |  | (4,926) |
Prepaid expenses and other current assets | (3,794) |  |  | 1,224 |
Other assets | 469 |  |  | 17 |
Accounts payable | 10,535 |  |  | 4,948 |
Accrued liabilities | (7,926) |  |  | (1,963) |
Other liabilities | 712 |  |  | 1,085 |
Deferred revenues | (620) |  |  | 4,499 |
Operating lease liabilities | (2,030) |  |  | (1,530) |
Net cash provided by operating activities | 23,539 |  |  | 33,012 |
Cash flows from investing activities: |  |  |
Acquisition of property, plant and equipment | (18,584) |  |  | (13,436) |
Proceeds from sale of business | — |  |  | 21,275 |
Purchase of equity investment | (67,156) |  |  | — |
Purchases of marketable securities | (26,330) |  |  | (37,472) |
Proceeds from maturities and sales of marketable securities | 27,410 |  |  | 25,813 |
Net cash used in investing activities | (84,660) |  |  | (3,820) |
Cash flows from financing activities: |  |  |
Proceeds from issuances of common stock | 21,576 |  |  | 4,948 |
Purchase of common stock through stock repurchase program | (22,135) |  |  | (17,334) |
Tax withholdings related to net share settlements of equity awards | (2,132) |  |  | (1,840) |
Payments on term loan | (273) |  |  | (266) |
Net cash used in financing activities | (2,964) |  |  | (14,492) |
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash | 180 |  |  | (1,592) |
Net increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash | (63,905) |  |  | 13,108 |
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, beginning of year | 197,206 |  |  | 181,273 |
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, end of period | $ | 133,301 |  |  | $ | 194,381 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.
7

FORMFACTOR, INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(In thousands)
(Unaudited)

| Three Months Ended
| March 29, 2025 |  | March 30, 2024
Non-cash investing and financing activities: |  |  |
Decrease in accounts payable and accrued liabilities related to property, plant and equipment purchases | $ | 8,563 |  |  | $ | 2,567 |
Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information: |  |  |
Cash paid for income taxes, net | $ | 1,826 |  |  | $ | 1,423 |
Cash paid for interest | 92 |  |  | 100 |
Operating cash outflows from operating leases | 2,414 |  |  | 2,305 |
Reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash: |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 129,889 |  |  | $ | 186,296 |
Restricted cash, current | 967 |  |  | 5,865 |
Restricted cash | 2,445 |  |  | 2,220 |
Total cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash | $ | 133,301 |  |  | $ | 194,381 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.
8

FORMFACTOR, INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Unaudited)
Note 1 — Basis of Presentation and Significant Accounting Policies
Basis of Presentation
The accompanying condensed consolidated financial information of FormFactor, Inc. is unaudited and has been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”) and pursuant to the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”). However, such information reflects all adjustments, consisting only of normal recurring adjustments, which are, in the opinion of management, necessary for a fair presentation of the financial position, results of operations and cash flows for the interim periods. The condensed consolidated financial statements included herein should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and the notes thereto included in our 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on February 21, 2025. The results of operations for the interim periods presented are not necessarily indicative of the results to be expected for the full year.
Fiscal Year
We operate on a 52/53 week fiscal year, whereby the fiscal year ends on the last Saturday of December. Fiscal 2025 and 2024 each contain 52 weeks and the three months ended March 29, 2025 and March 30, 2024 each contained 13 weeks. Fiscal 2025 will end on December 27, 2025.
Significant Accounting Policies
Our significant accounting policies have not changed during the three months ended March 29, 2025 from those disclosed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 28, 2024, except for:
Equity Investment
On February 21, 2025, Frontier Investments Co., Ltd (“HoldCo”), a joint holding company in which we hold a 20% share of the equity and an affiliate of MBK Partners holds an 80% share of the equity, through HoldCo’s wholly-owned subsidiary, FM Holdings Co., Ltd., acquired 100% of the shares of FICT Limited (“FICT”) from Advantage Partners Inc. Our investment of $67.2 million, comprises the funding of our share of the purchase price of $59.6 million, subject to changes in foreign currency fluctuations, and acquisition costs of $7.5 million. Headquartered in Nagano, Japan, FICT is a provider of semiconductor test and high-performance computing industries with complex multi-layer organic substrates, printed circuit boards, and related leading-edge technologies and services.
This investment is accounted for as an equity method investment and recorded in Equity investment on our Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets.
We will report the results of our share of the investment with HoldCo on a one-quarter lag as their results are not expected to be available in time to be recorded in the concurrent period.
During the three months ended March 29, 2025, we engaged in transactions with FICT, a related party. These transactions were conducted in the normal course of business and at arm's length. The total amount of these transactions was not material to our financial statements.
New Accounting Pronouncements
ASU 2024-03
In November 2024, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (the “FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2024-03, “Income Statement - Reporting Comprehensive Income - Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40): Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses.” This ASU requires an entity to disclose the amounts of purchases of inventory, employee compensation, depreciation, and intangible asset amortization included in each relevant expense caption. It also requires an entity to include certain amounts that are already required to be disclosed under current GAAP in the same disclosure. Additionally, it requires an entity to disclose a qualitative description of the amounts remaining in relevant expense captions that are not separately disaggregated quantitatively, and to disclose the total amount of selling expenses and, in annual reporting periods, an entity’s definition of selling expenses. The amendments in the ASU are effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2026 and interim reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2027, with early adoption permitted. An entity may apply the amendments prospectively for reporting periods after the effective date or retrospectively to any or all prior periods presented in the financial statements. While this ASU will impact only our disclosures
9

and not our financial condition and results of operations, we are currently evaluating the effect the adoption of this ASU may have on our disclosures.
ASU 2023-09
In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, “Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures.” The ASU includes requirements that an entity disclose specific categories in the rate reconciliation and provide additional information for reconciling items that are greater than five percent of the amount computed by multiplying pretax income by the applicable statutory income tax rate. The standard also requires that entities disclose income before income taxes and provision for income taxes disaggregated between domestic and foreign. This ASU is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024, with early adoption permitted. An entity may apply the amendments outlined in this ASU prospectively by providing the revised disclosures for the current period and continuing to provide the pre-ASU disclosures for the prior periods, or may apply the amendments retrospectively by providing the revised disclosures for all periods presented. We will adopt this ASU retrospectively for the period ending December 27, 2025, and it will impact only our disclosures with no impacts to our financial condition and results of operations.
Note 2 — Concentration of Credit and Other Risks
Each of the following customers accounted for 10% or more of our revenues for the periods indicated:

| Three Months Ended |  |
| March 29, 2025 |  | March 30, 2024 |  |  |  |
SK hynix Inc. | 23.3 | % |  | 15.5 | % |  |  |  |
Intel Corporation | 12.0 | % |  | 15.7 | % |  |  |  |
Samsung Electronics Co., LTD. | * |  | 12.4 | % |  |  |  |
| 35.3 | % |  | 43.6 | % |  |  |  |

* Less than 10% of revenues.
At March 29, 2025 and December 28, 2024, three customers accounted for 16.5%, 15.8%, and 12.4% and one customer accounted for 22.0% of gross accounts receivable, respectively.
Note 3 — Inventories, net
Inventories are stated at the lower of cost (principally standard cost, which approximates actual cost on a first in, first out basis) or net realizable value.
Inventories, net, consisted of the following (in thousands):

| March 29, 2025 |  | December 28, 2024
Raw materials | $ | 46,873 |  |  | $ | 45,547 |
Work-in-progress | 42,526 |  |  | 38,366 |
Finished goods | 20,566 |  |  | 17,763 |
| $ | 109,965 |  |  | $ | 101,676 |

Note 4 — Divestiture
On February 7, 2024, we entered into a definitive agreement to sell our China operations to Grand Junction Semiconductor Pte. Ltd. (“Grand Junction”) for $25.0 million in cash, subject to customary purchase price adjustments, and establish an exclusive distribution and partnership agreement to continue sales and support of our products in the region. The following subsidiaries were included as part of the divestiture: Microprobe Hong Kong Limited, FormFactor Technology (Suzhou) Co. Ltd., Cascade Microtech Singapore Pte, Ltd, and FormFactor International (Shanghai) Trading Co., Ltd. These entities supported both the Probe Cards and Systems segments.
On February 26, 2024, we closed on the sale of the operations in China to Grand Junction and received total consideration of $21.4 million, net of cash transferred and transaction expenses, and after customary adjustments for indebtedness and changes in net working capital. The disposition of the China operations did not meet the criteria to be classified as a discontinued operation in our financial statements because the disposition did not represent a strategic shift that had, or will have, a major effect on our operations and financial results.
10

The following table summarizes the fair value of the sale proceeds received in connection with the divestiture (in thousands):

|  | February 26, 2024
Gross purchase price |  | $ | 25,000 |
Working capital adjustment |  | 159 |
Cash transferred to the buyer at closing |  | (2,743) |
Direct costs to sell |  | (986) |
Fair value of sale consideration, net |  | $ | 21,430 |

The carrying amount of net assets associated with the China operations was approximately $1.2 million. The major classes of assets and liabilities sold consisted of the following (in thousands):

|  | February 26, 2024
ASSETS |  |
Accounts receivable, net |  | $ | 1,174 |
Inventories, net |  | 3,729 |
Other current assets |  | 391 |
Total current assets |  | 5,294 |
Property, plant and equipment, net |  | 1,283 |
Goodwill |  | 1,117 |
Other assets |  | 3,029 |
Total assets |  | $ | 10,723 |
LIABILITIES |  |
Deferred revenue |  | $ | 3,739 |
Other current liabilities |  | 1,546 |
Other liabilities |  | 4,283 |
Total liabilities |  | $ | 9,568 |

As a result of the divestiture, we recognized a pre-tax gain of $20.3 million. We recorded income tax expense associated with the divestiture of approximately $3.3 million.
Note 5 — Goodwill and Intangible Assets
Goodwill by reportable segment was as follows (in thousands):

|  | Probe Cards |  | Systems |  | Total
Goodwill, as of December 30, 2023 |  | $ | 178,424 |  |  | $ | 22,666 |  |  | $ | 201,090 |
Reduction - China divestiture |  | (1,055) |  |  | (62) |  |  | (1,117) |
Foreign currency translation |  | — |  |  | (802) |  |  | (802) |
Goodwill, as of December 28, 2024 |  | 177,369 |  |  | 21,802 |  |  | 199,171 |
Foreign currency translation |  | — |  |  | 529 |  |  | 529 |
Goodwill, as of March 29, 2025 |  | $ | 177,369 |  |  | $ | 22,331 |  |  | $ | 199,700 |

We have not recorded goodwill impairments for the three months ended March 29, 2025.
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Intangible assets were as follows (in thousands):

|  | March 29, 2025 |  | December 28, 2024
Intangible Assets |  | Gross |  | Accumulated Amortization |  | Net |  | Gross |  | Accumulated Amortization |  | Net
Existing developed technologies |  | $ | 159,778 |  |  | $ | 150,531 |  |  | $ | 9,247 |  |  | $ | 159,360 |  |  | $ | 149,631 |  |  | $ | 9,729 |
Trade name |  | 7,784 |  |  | 7,759 |  |  | 25 |  |  | 7,736 |  |  | 7,700 |  |  | 36 |
Customer relationships |  | 47,956 |  |  | 47,547 |  |  | 409 |  |  | 47,831 |  |  | 47,241 |  |  | 590 |
|  | $ | 215,518 |  |  | $ | 205,837 |  |  | $ | 9,681 |  |  | $ | 214,927 |  |  | $ | 204,572 |  |  | $ | 10,355 |

Amortization expense was included in our Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income as follows (in thousands):

| Three Months Ended |  |
| March 29, 2025 |  | March 30, 2024 |  |  |  |
Cost of revenues | $ | 483 |  |  | $ | 449 |  |  |  |  |
Selling, general and administrative | 191 |  |  | 191 |  |  |  |  |
| $ | 674 |  |  | $ | 640 |  |  |  |  |

The estimated future amortization of definite-lived intangible assets, excluding in-process research and development, is as follows (in thousands):

Fiscal Year |  | Amount
Remainder of 2025 |  | $ | 1,790 |
2026 |  | 1,763 |
2027 |  | 1,741 |
2028 |  | 1,630 |
2029 |  | 1,630 |
Thereafter |  | 1,127 |
|  | $ | 9,681 |

Note 6 — Accrued Liabilities
Accrued liabilities consisted of the following (in thousands):

| March 29, 2025 |  | December 28, 2024
Accrued compensation and benefits | $ | 22,149 |  |  | $ | 26,077 |
Accrued warranty | 3,551 |  |  | 3,558 |
Accrued income and other taxes | 1,828 |  |  | 2,969 |
Accrued employee stock purchase plan contributions withheld | 2,205 |  |  | 6,034 |
Other accrued expenses | 5,176 |  |  | 5,104 |
| $ | 34,909 |  |  | $ | 43,742 |

Note 7 — Fair Value and Derivative Instruments
Whenever possible, the fair values of our financial assets and liabilities are determined using quoted market prices of identical securities or quoted market prices of similar securities from active markets. The three levels of inputs that may be used to measure fair value are as follows:
•Level 1 valuations are obtained from real-time quotes for transactions in active exchange markets involving identical securities;
•Level 2 valuations utilize significant observable inputs, such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities, quoted prices near the reporting date in markets that are less active, or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities; and
•Level 3 valuations utilize unobservable inputs to the valuation methodology and include our own data about assumptions market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability based on the best information available under the circumstances.
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We did not have any transfers of assets or liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis to or from Level 1, Level 2 or Level 3 during the three months ended March 29, 2025 or the year ended December 28, 2024.
The carrying values of Cash, Accounts receivable, net, Restricted cash, Prepaid expenses and other current assets, Accounts payable, and Accrued liabilities approximate fair value due to their short maturities.
No changes were made to our valuation techniques during the first three months of fiscal 2025.
Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis
Assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis were as follows (in thousands):

March 29, 2025 |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Total
Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash equivalents: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Money market funds |  | $ | 65,074 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 65,074 |
U.S. treasuries |  | 1,598 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,598 |
Commercial paper |  | — |  |  | 999 |  |  | — |  |  | 999 |
|  | 66,672 |  |  | 999 |  |  | — |  |  | 67,671 |
Marketable securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. treasuries |  | 66,517 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 66,517 |
U.S. agency securities |  | — |  |  | 15,180 |  |  | — |  |  | 15,180 |
Corporate bonds |  | — |  |  | 81,511 |  |  | — |  |  | 81,511 |
Commercial paper |  | — |  |  | 5,891 |  |  | — |  |  | 5,891 |
|  | 66,517 |  |  | 102,582 |  |  | — |  |  | 169,099 |
Foreign exchange derivative contracts |  | — |  |  | 280 |  |  | — |  |  | 280 |
Promissory note receivable |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,516 |  |  | 1,516 |
Interest rate swap derivative contracts |  | — |  |  | 1,740 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,740 |
Total assets |  | $ | 133,189 |  |  | $ | 105,601 |  |  | $ | 1,516 |  |  | $ | 240,306 |
Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Foreign exchange derivative contracts |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (42) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (42) |
Total liabilities |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (42) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (42) |

December 28, 2024 |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Total
Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash equivalents: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Money market funds |  | $ | 131,519 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 131,519 |
Marketable securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. treasuries |  | 71,252 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 71,252 |
U.S. agency securities |  | — |  |  | 13,869 |  |  | — |  |  | 13,869 |
Corporate bonds |  | — |  |  | 83,176 |  |  | — |  |  | 83,176 |
Commercial paper |  | — |  |  | 998 |  |  | — |  |  | 998 |
|  | 71,252 |  |  | 98,043 |  |  | — |  |  | 169,295 |
Promissory note receivable |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,512 |  |  | 1,512 |
Interest rate swap derivative contracts |  | — |  |  | 2,025 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,025 |
Total assets |  | $ | 202,771 |  |  | $ | 100,068 |  |  | $ | 1,512 |  |  | $ | 304,351 |
Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Foreign exchange derivative contracts |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (1,141) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (1,141) |
Total liabilities |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (1,141) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (1,141) |

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Cash Equivalents
The fair value of our cash equivalents is determined based on quoted market prices for similar or identical securities.
Marketable Securities
We classify our marketable securities as available-for-sale and value them utilizing a market approach. Our investments are priced by pricing vendors who provide observable inputs for their pricing without applying significant judgment. Broker pricing is used mainly when a quoted price is not available, the investment is not priced by our pricing vendors or when a broker price is more reflective of fair value. Our broker-priced investments are categorized as Level 2 investments because fair value is based on similar assets without applying significant judgments. In addition, all investments have a sufficient trading volume to demonstrate that the fair value is appropriate.
Unrealized gains and losses were immaterial and were recorded as a component of Accumulated other comprehensive loss in our Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets. We did not have any other-than-temporary unrealized gains or losses at either period end included in these financial statements.
Interest Rate Swap
The fair value of our interest rate swap contract is determined at the end of each reporting period based on valuation models that use interest rate yield curves as inputs. For accounting purposes, our interest rate swap contract qualifies for, and is designated as a cash flow hedge. The hedged risk is the interest rate exposure to changes in interest payments attributable to changes in our variable-rate interest over the interest rate swap term. The changes in cash flows of the interest rate swap are expected to exactly offset changes in cash flows of the variable-rate debt. Cash settlements, in the form of cash payments or cash receipts, are recognized as a component of interest expense. The cash flows associated with the interest rate swaps are reported in Net cash provided by operating activities in our Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows and the fair value of the interest rate swap contracts are recorded within Prepaid expenses and other current assets and Other assets in our Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets.
Foreign Exchange Derivative Contracts
We operate and sell our products in various global markets. As a result, we are exposed to changes in foreign currency exchange rates. We utilize foreign currency forward contracts to hedge against future movements in foreign exchange rates that affect certain existing foreign currency denominated assets and liabilities and forecasted foreign currency revenue and expense transactions. Under this program, our strategy is to have increases or decreases in our foreign currency exposures mitigated by gains or losses on the foreign currency forward contracts in order to mitigate the risks and volatility associated with foreign currency transaction gains or losses.
We do not use derivative financial instruments for speculative or trading purposes. For accounting purposes, certain of our foreign currency forward contracts are not designated as hedging instruments and, accordingly, we record the fair value of these contracts as of the end of our reporting period in our Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets with changes in fair value recorded within Other income, net in our Condensed Consolidated Statement of Income for both realized and unrealized gains and losses. Certain of our foreign currency forward contracts are designated as cash flow hedges, and, accordingly, we record the fair value of these contracts as of the end of our reporting period in our Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets with changes in fair value recorded as a component of Accumulated other comprehensive loss and reclassified into earnings in the same period in which the hedged transaction affects earnings, and in the same line item on the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income as the impact of the hedge transaction.
The fair value of our foreign exchange derivative contracts was determined based on current foreign currency exchange rates and forward points. All of our foreign exchange derivative contracts outstanding at March 29, 2025 will mature by the first quarter of fiscal 2026.
The following table provides information about our foreign currency forward contracts outstanding as of March 29, 2025 (in thousands):

Currency |  | Contract Position |  | Contract Amount (Local Currency) |  | Contract Amount (U.S. Dollars)
Euro |  | Buy |  | 31,412 |  |  | $ | 34,001 |
Japanese Yen |  | Sell |  | 1,236,544 |  |  | 8,265 |
Korean Won |  | Buy |  | 2,140,919 |  |  | 1,463 |
Taiwan Dollar |  | Sell |  | 117,600 |  |  | 3,549 |

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Our foreign currency contracts are classified within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy as they are valued using pricing models that utilize observable market inputs.
Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Non-Recurring Basis
We measure and report our non-financial assets such as Property, plant and equipment, Equity investment, Goodwill and Intangible assets at fair value on a non-recurring basis if we determine these assets to be impaired or in the period when we make a business acquisition. There were no assets or liabilities measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis during the three months ended March 29, 2025 or March 30, 2024.
Note 8 — Warranty
We offer warranties on certain products and record a liability for the estimated future costs associated with warranty claims at the time revenue is recognized. The warranty liability is based upon historical experience and our estimate of the level of future costs. While we engage in product quality programs and processes, our warranty obligation is affected by product failure rates, material usage and service delivery costs. We regularly monitor product returns for warranty and maintain a reserve for the related expenses based upon our historical experience and any specifically identified failures. As we sell new products to our customers, we must exercise considerable judgment in estimating the expected failure rates. This estimating process is based on historical experience of similar products, as well as various other assumptions that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances. We provide for the estimated cost of product warranties at the time revenue is recognized as a component of Cost of revenues in our Condensed Consolidated Statement of Income.
Changes in our warranty liability were as follows (in thousands):

| Three Months Ended
| March 29, 2025 |  | March 30, 2024
Balance at beginning of year | $ | 3,558 |  |  | $ | 3,177 |
Accruals | 1,668 |  |  | 2,729 |
Settlements | (1,675) |  |  | (2,238) |
Balance at end of period | $ | 3,551 |  |  | $ | 3,668 |

Note 9 — Property, Plant and Equipment, net
Property, plant and equipment, net consisted of the following (in thousands):

| March 29, 2025 |  | December 28, 2024
Land | $ | 17,124 |  |  | $ | 17,124 |
Building and building improvements | 46,484 |  |  | 46,578 |
Machinery and equipment | 316,614 |  |  | 307,201 |
Computer equipment and software | 48,241 |  |  | 47,344 |
Furniture and fixtures | 7,522 |  |  | 7,430 |
Leasehold improvements | 102,588 |  |  | 101,374 |
Sub-total | 538,573 |  |  | 527,051 |
Less: Accumulated depreciation and amortization | (387,142) |  |  | (379,968) |
Net property, plant and equipment | 151,431 |  |  | 147,083 |
Construction-in-progress | 56,886 |  |  | 63,147 |
Total | $ | 208,317 |  |  | $ | 210,230 |

Note 10 — Stockholders’ Equity and Stock-Based Compensation
Common Stock Repurchase Programs
On October 30, 2023, our Board of Directors authorized a two-year program to repurchase up to $75.0 million of outstanding common stock, with the primary purpose of offsetting potential dilution from issuance of common stock under our stock-based compensation programs. On March 29, 2025, our Board of Directors approved an increase to the repurchase program, authorizing the repurchase of an additional $1.6 million in shares of common stock. During fiscal 2024 we repurchased and retired 1,309,635 shares of common stock for $53.3 million. During the three months ended March 29, 2025, we repurchased
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and retired 665,000 shares of common stock for $22.1 million, utilizing the remaining shares available for repurchase under the program.
On April 24, 2025, our Board of Directors authorized a new two-year program to repurchase up to $75.0 million of outstanding common stock to offset potential dilution from issuance of common stock under our stock-based compensation programs.
Our policy related to repurchases of our common stock is to charge the excess of cost over par value to additional paid-in capital once the shares are retired. Share repurchases are subject to an excise tax enabled by the Inflation Reduction Act that is generally 1% of the fair market value of the shares repurchased at the time of the repurchase, net of the fair market value of certain new stock issuances during the same taxable year. Certain exceptions apply to the excise tax. The excise tax incurred is included in the cost of shares repurchased in the Condensed Consolidated Statement of Stockholders Equity, as applicable. All repurchases were made in compliance with Rule 10b-18 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.
Private Placement
On January 10, 2025, Advantest America, Inc., a Delaware corporation, acquired 334,971 shares of FormFactor's common stock in a private placement for $44.78 per share, representing the 5-day trailing volume-weighted average price prior to signing the related private placement agreement.
Restricted Stock Units
Restricted stock unit (“RSU”) activity under our equity incentive plan was as follows:

| Units |  | Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
RSUs at December 28, 2024 | 1,776,743 |  |  | $ | 39.07 |
Awards granted | 10,020 |  |  | 35.73 |
Awards vested | (152,278) |  |  | 34.90 |
Awards forfeited | (51,875) |  |  | 38.10 |
RSUs at March 29, 2025 | 1,582,610 |  |  | 39.68 |

Performance Restricted Stock Units
We may grant Performance RSUs (“PRSUs”) to certain executives, which vest based upon us achieving certain market performance criteria. There were no PRSUs granted during the three months ended March 29, 2025. PRSUs are included as part of the RSU activity above.
Employee Stock Purchase Plan
Information related to activity under our Employee Stock Purchase Plan (“ESPP”) was as follows:

|  | Three Months Ended
|  | March 29, 2025
Shares issued |  | 197,051 |
Weighted average per share purchase price |  | $ | 33.37 |
Weighted average per share discount from the fair value of our common stock on the date of issuance |  | $ | (6.69) |

Stock-Based Compensation
Stock-based compensation was included in our Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income as follows (in thousands):

| Three Months Ended |  |
| March 29, 2025 |  | March 30, 2024 |  |  |  |
Cost of revenues | $ | 2,005 |  |  | $ | 1,928 |  |  |  |  |
Research and development | 2,646 |  |  | 2,613 |  |  |  |  |
Selling, general and administrative | 5,145 |  |  | 5,864 |  |  |  |  |
Total stock-based compensation | $ | 9,796 |  |  | $ | 10,405 |  |  |  |  |

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Unrecognized Compensation Costs
At March 29, 2025, the unrecognized stock-based compensation was as follows (dollars in thousands):

| Unrecognized Expense |  | Average Expected Recognition Period in Years
Restricted stock units | $ | 35,134 |  |  | 1.76
Performance restricted stock units | 7,755 |  |  | 1.75
Employee stock purchase plan | 1,278 |  |  | 0.34
Total unrecognized stock-based compensation expense | $ | 44,167 |  |  | 1.72

Note 11 — Net Income per Share
The following table reconciles the shares used in calculating basic net income per share and diluted net income per share (in thousands):

| Three Months Ended |  |
| March 29, 2025 |  | March 30, 2024 |  |  |  |
Weighted-average shares used in computing basic net income per share | 77,345 |  |  | 77,452 |  |  |  |  |
Add potentially dilutive securities | 539 |  |  | 1,038 |  |  |  |  |
Weighted-average shares used in computing diluted net income per share | 77,884 |  |  | 78,490 |  |  |  |  |
Securities not included as they would have been antidilutive | 593 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |

Note 12 — Commitments and Contingencies
Leases
See Note 13, Leases.
Contractual Obligations and Commitments
Our contractual obligations and commitments have not materially changed as of March 29, 2025 from those disclosed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 28, 2024.
Legal Matters
From time to time, we are subject to legal proceedings and claims in the ordinary course of business, the outcomes of which cannot be estimated with certainty. Our ability to estimate the outcomes may change in the near term and the effect of any such change could have a material adverse effect on our financial position, results of operations or cash flows.
Note 13 — Leases
We lease real estate space under non-cancelable operating lease agreements for commercial and industrial space, as well as for a portion of our corporate headquarters located in Livermore, California. Our leases have remaining terms of one to nine years, and some leases include options to extend up to twenty years. We also have operating leases for automobiles with remaining lease terms of one year. We did not include any of our renewal options in our lease terms for calculating our lease liability as the renewal options allow us to maintain operational flexibility and we are not reasonably certain we will exercise these options at this time. The weighted-average remaining lease term for our operating leases was four years as of March 29, 2025 and the weighted-average discount rate was 4.7%.
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The components of lease expense were as follows (in thousands):

| Three Months Ended |  |
| March 29, 2025 |  | March 30, 2024 |  |  |  |
Lease expense: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Operating lease expense | $ | 2,151 |  |  | $ | 2,130 |  |  |  |  |
Short-term lease expense | 104 |  |  | 60 |  |  |  |  |
Variable lease expense | 780 |  |  | 810 |  |  |  |  |
| $ | 3,035 |  |  | $ | 3,000 |  |  |  |  |

Future minimum payments under our non-cancelable operating leases were as follows as of March 29, 2025 (in thousands):

Fiscal Year |  | Amount
Remainder of 2025 |  | $ | 6,834 |
2026 |  | 7,643 |
2027 |  | 7,212 |
2028 |  | 3,902 |
2029 |  | 241 |
Thereafter |  | 1,161 |
Total minimum lease payments |  | 26,993 |
Less: interest |  | (2,552) |
Present value of net minimum lease payments |  | 24,441 |
Less: current portion |  | (8,461) |
Total long-term operating lease liabilities |  | $ | 15,980 |

Note 14 — Revenue
Transaction price allocated to the remaining performance obligations: On March 29, 2025, we had $19.4 million of remaining performance obligations, which were comprised of deferred service contracts, extended warranty contracts, and contracts with overtime revenue recognition that are not yet delivered. We expect to recognize approximately 61.2% of our remaining performance obligations as revenue in the remainder of fiscal 2025, approximately 34.5% in fiscal 2026, and approximately 4.3% in fiscal 2027 and thereafter. The foregoing excludes the value of other remaining performance obligations as they have original durations of one year or less, and also excludes information about variable consideration allocated entirely to a wholly unsatisfied performance obligation.
Contract balances: The timing of revenue recognition may differ from the timing of invoicing to customers. Accounts receivable is recorded at the invoiced amount, net of an allowance for credit losses. A receivable is recognized in the period we deliver goods or provide services or when our right to consideration is unconditional. A contract asset is recorded when we have performed under the contract but our right to consideration is conditional on something other than the passage of time. Contract assets as of March 29, 2025 and December 28, 2024 were $7.5 million and $6.9 million, respectively, and are reported on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets as a component of Prepaid expenses and other current assets.
Contract liabilities include payments received and payments due in advance of performance under a contract and are satisfied as the associated revenue is recognized. Contract liabilities are reported on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets at the end of each reporting period as a component of Deferred revenue and Other liabilities. Contract liabilities as of March 29, 2025 and December 28, 2024 were $16.3 million and $16.9 million, respectively. During the three months ended March 29, 2025, we recognized $8.0 million of revenue that was included in contract liabilities as of December 28, 2024.
Costs to obtain a contract: We generally expense sales commissions when incurred as a component of Selling, general and administrative expense, as the amortization period is typically less than one year.
Revenue by category: Refer to Note 15, Operating Segments and Enterprise-Wide Information, for further details.
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Note 15 — Operating Segments and Enterprise-Wide Information
We operate in two reportable segments consisting of the Probe Cards segment and the Systems segment.
Our chief operating decision maker (“CODM”) is our President and Chief Executive Officer, who assesses the reportable segments' performance by using each reportable segment's net contribution to make decisions about allocating resources and assessing performance for the entire company. The CODM uses net contribution for each reportable segment predominantly in the annual budget and forecasting process, as well as consideration of budget-to-actual variances on a quarterly basis when making decisions for assessment of our performance and results of operations. Certain components of net contribution are utilized to determine executive compensation along with other measures.
The following table provides net contribution by reportable segment and includes a reconciliation to net income before income taxes (dollars in thousands):

| Three Months Ended
| March 29, 2025 |  | March 30, 2024
| Probe Cards |  | Systems |  | Corporate and Other |  | Total |  | Probe Cards |  | Systems |  | Corporate and Other |  | Total
Revenues | $ | 136,520 |  |  | $ | 34,836 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 171,356 |  |  | $ | 136,701 |  |  | $ | 32,024 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 168,725 |
Cost of revenues | 84,905 |  |  | 19,321 |  |  | (2,607) |  |  | 106,833 |  |  | 85,910 |  |  | 17,518 |  |  | (2,559) |  |  | 105,987 |
Gross profit | 51,615 |  |  | 15,515 |  |  | (2,607) |  |  | 64,523 |  |  | 50,791 |  |  | 14,506 |  |  | (2,559) |  |  | 62,738 |
Gross margin | 37.8 | % |  | 44.5 | % |  |  |  | 37.7 | % |  | 37.2 | % |  | 45.3 | % |  |  |  | 37.2 | %
Research and development | 21,056 |  |  | 3,968 |  |  | 2,776 |  |  | 27,800 |  |  | 20,848 |  |  | 5,166 |  |  | 2,613 |  |  | 28,627 |
Selling | 6,566 |  |  | 3,660 |  |  | 2,801 |  |  | 13,027 |  |  | 7,220 |  |  | 3,586 |  |  | 1,700 |  |  | 12,506 |
Marketing | 1,580 |  |  | 1,741 |  |  | 1,126 |  |  | 4,447 |  |  | 1,918 |  |  | 1,660 |  |  | 1,702 |  |  | 5,280 |
Net contribution | $ | 22,413 |  |  | $ | 6,146 |  |  | $ | (9,310) |  |  | 19,249 |  |  | $ | 20,805 |  |  | $ | 4,094 |  |  | $ | (8,574) |  |  | 16,325 |
General and administrative |  |  |  |  |  | 15,980 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 15,293 |
Gain on sale of business |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 20,271 |
Operating income |  |  |  |  |  | 3,269 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 21,303 |
Interest income |  |  |  |  |  | 3,416 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 3,258 |
Interest expense |  |  |  |  |  | (99) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (102) |
Other income, net |  |  |  |  |  | 890 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 520 |
Income before income taxes |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 7,476 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 24,979 |

Corporate and Other includes unallocated expenses relating to amortization of stock-based compensation expense, intangible assets, acquisition-related costs, including charges related to fixed assets stepped up to fair value, restructuring charges, and other costs, which are not used in evaluating the results of, or in allocating resources to, our reportable segments. Acquisition-related costs include transaction costs and any costs directly related to the acquisition and integration of acquired businesses.
Net contribution represents Operating income excluding general and administrative expenses and gains on sale of business, which are not used in evaluating the results of, or in allocating resources to, our reportable segments.
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Certain revenue category information by reportable segment was as follows (in thousands):

| Three Months Ended
| March 29, 2025 |  | March 30, 2024
| Probe Cards |  | Systems |  | Total |  | Probe Cards |  | Systems |  | Total
Market: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Foundry & Logic | $ | 85,272 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 85,272 |  |  | $ | 86,768 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 86,768 |
DRAM | 48,858 |  |  | — |  |  | 48,858 |  |  | 45,896 |  |  | — |  |  | 45,896 |
Flash | 2,390 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,390 |  |  | 4,037 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,037 |
Systems | — |  |  | 34,836 |  |  | 34,836 |  |  | — |  |  | 32,024 |  |  | 32,024 |
Total | $ | 136,520 |  |  | $ | 34,836 |  |  | $ | 171,356 |  |  | $ | 136,701 |  |  | $ | 32,024 |  |  | $ | 168,725 |
Timing of revenue recognition: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Products transferred at a point in time | $ | 134,721 |  |  | $ | 31,335 |  |  | $ | 166,056 |  |  | $ | 135,641 |  |  | $ | 28,784 |  |  | $ | 164,425 |
Products and services transferred over time | 1,799 |  |  | 3,501 |  |  | 5,300 |  |  | 1,060 |  |  | 3,240 |  |  | 4,300 |
Total | $ | 136,520 |  |  | $ | 34,836 |  |  | $ | 171,356 |  |  | $ | 136,701 |  |  | $ | 32,024 |  |  | $ | 168,725 |
Geographical region: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Taiwan | $ | 40,747 |  |  | $ | 4,615 |  |  | $ | 45,362 |  |  | $ | 27,179 |  |  | $ | 2,698 |  |  | $ | 29,877 |
South Korea | 42,209 |  |  | 962 |  |  | 43,171 |  |  | 50,672 |  |  | 45 |  |  | 50,717 |
United States | 27,784 |  |  | 12,541 |  |  | 40,325 |  |  | 35,596 |  |  | 10,170 |  |  | 45,766 |
China | 8,152 |  |  | 5,463 |  |  | 13,615 |  |  | 8,686 |  |  | 6,927 |  |  | 15,613 |
Japan | 5,179 |  |  | 5,140 |  |  | 10,319 |  |  | 4,347 |  |  | 4,195 |  |  | 8,542 |
Europe | 3,535 |  |  | 4,246 |  |  | 7,781 |  |  | 3,528 |  |  | 5,321 |  |  | 8,849 |
Singapore | 4,871 |  |  | 1,378 |  |  | 6,249 |  |  | 3,516 |  |  | 1,242 |  |  | 4,758 |
Malaysia | 2,552 |  |  | 48 |  |  | 2,600 |  |  | 1,608 |  |  | 255 |  |  | 1,863 |
Rest of World | 1,491 |  |  | 443 |  |  | 1,934 |  |  | 1,569 |  |  | 1,171 |  |  | 2,740 |
Total | $ | 136,520 |  |  | $ | 34,836 |  |  | $ | 171,356 |  |  | $ | 136,701 |  |  | $ | 32,024 |  |  | $ | 168,725 |

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
Cautionary Statement Regarding Forward-Looking Statements
This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and the Securities Act of 1933, which are subject to known and unknown risks and uncertainties. The forward-looking statements include statements concerning, among other things, our business strategy (including the influence of anticipated trends and developments in our business and the markets in which we operate), financial and operating results, gross margins, liquidity, operating expenses, products, projected costs and capital expenditure requirements, research and development programs, sales and marketing initiatives, competition and impact of accounting standards. In some cases, you can identify these statements by forward-looking words, such as “may,” “might,” “will,” “could,” “should,” “expect,” “plan,” “anticipate,” “believe,” “continue,” the negative or plural of these words and other comparable terminology.
The forward-looking statements are only predictions based on our current expectations and our projections about future events. All forward-looking statements included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q are based upon information available to us as of the filing date of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. You should not place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements. We have no obligation to update any of these statements. These forward-looking statements involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors that may cause our actual results, levels of activity, performance or achievements to differ materially from those expressed or implied by these statements, including risks related to general market trends, the benefits of acquisitions and investments, our supply chain, uncertainties related to public health-related crises, the interpretation and impacts of changes in export controls, tariffs and other trade barriers, military conflicts, political volatility and similar factors, our ability to execute our business strategy and other risks discussed in the section titled “Risk Factors” and elsewhere in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 28, 2024 and in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. You should carefully consider the numerous risks and uncertainties described under these sections.
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The following discussion and analysis should be read in conjunction with our condensed consolidated financial statements and the accompanying notes contained in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. Unless expressly stated or the context otherwise requires, the terms “we,” “our,” “us” and “FormFactor” refer to FormFactor, Inc. and its subsidiaries.
Overview
FormFactor, Inc., headquartered in Livermore, California, is a leading provider of essential test and measurement technologies along the full semiconductor product lifecycle — from characterization, modeling, reliability, and design de-bug, to qualification and production test. We provide a broad range of high-performance probe cards, analytical probes, probe stations, thermal systems, and cryogenic systems to both semiconductor companies and scientific institutions. Our products provide electrical and optical information from a variety of semiconductor and electro-optical devices and integrated circuits from early research, through development, to high-volume production. Customers use our products and services to accelerate profitability by optimizing device performance and advancing yield knowledge.
We operate in two reportable segments consisting of the Probe Cards segment and the Systems segment. Sales of our probe cards and analytical probes are included in the Probe Cards segment, while sales of our probe stations, thermal systems and cryogenic systems are included in the Systems segment.
We generated net income of $6.4 million in the first three months of fiscal 2025 as compared to $21.8 million in the first three months of fiscal 2024. The decline in net income is mainly attributable to the $20.3 million gain recognized during the first quarter of fiscal 2024 from the sale of our China operations that also established an exclusive distribution and partnership agreement to continue sales and support of our products to that region (the “China Transaction”).
Critical Accounting Estimates
Management’s Discussion and Analysis and Note 2, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, to the Consolidated Financial Statements in our 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K describe the significant accounting estimates and significant accounting policies used in preparation of the Consolidated Financial Statements. Actual results in these areas could differ from management’s estimates. During the three months ended March 29, 2025, there were no significant changes in our significant accounting policies or estimates from those reported in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 28, 2024 except for the addition of a policy related to Equity Investments.
Equity Investment
On February 21, 2025, Frontier Investments Co., Ltd (“HoldCo”), a joint holding company in which we hold a 20% share of the equity and an affiliate of MBK Partners holds an 80% share of the equity, through HoldCo’s wholly-owned subsidiary, FM Holdings Co., Ltd., acquired 100% of the shares of FICT Limited (“FICT”) from Advantage Partners Inc. Our investment of $67.2 million, comprises the funding of our share of the purchase price of $59.6 million, subject to changes in foreign currency fluctuations, and acquisition costs of $7.5 million. Headquartered in Nagano, Japan, FICT is a provider of semiconductor test and high-performance computing industries with complex multi-layer organic substrates, printed circuit boards, and related leading-edge technologies and services.
This investment is accounted for as an equity method investment and recorded in Equity investment on our Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets.
We will report our share of the earnings or losses of the HoldCo on a one-quarter lag as its results are not expected to be available in time to be recorded in the concurrent period.
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Results of Operations
The following table sets forth our operating results as a percentage of revenues for the periods indicated:

| Three Months Ended |  |
| March 29, 2025 |  | March 30, 2024 |  |  |  |
Revenues | 100.0 | % |  | 100.0 | % |  |  |  |
Cost of revenues | 62.3 |  |  | 62.8 |  |  |  |  |
Gross profit | 37.7 |  |  | 37.2 |  |  |  |  |
Operating expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Research and development | 16.2 |  |  | 17.0 |  |  |  |  |
Selling, general and administrative | 19.5 |  |  | 19.6 |  |  |  |  |
Total operating expenses | 35.7 |  |  | 36.6 |  |  |  |  |
Gain on sale of business | — |  |  | 12.0 |  |  |  |  |
Operating income | 2.0 |  |  | 12.6 |  |  |  |  |
Interest income, net | 1.9 |  |  | 1.9 |  |  |  |  |
Other income, net | 0.5 |  |  | 0.3 |  |  |  |  |
Income before income taxes | 4.4 |  |  | 14.8 |  |  |  |  |
Provision for income taxes | 0.6 |  |  | 1.9 |  |  |  |  |
Net income | 3.8 | % |  | 12.9 | % |  |  |  |

Revenues by Segment and Market

| Three Months Ended |  |
| March 29, 2025 |  | March 30, 2024 |  |  |  |
| (In thousands)
Probe Cards | $ | 136,520 |  |  | $ | 136,701 |  |  |  |  |
Systems | 34,836 |  |  | 32,024 |  |  |  |  |
| $ | 171,356 |  |  | $ | 168,725 |  |  |  |  |

| Three Months Ended
| March 29, 2025 |  | % of Revenues |  | March 30, 2024 |  | % of Revenues |  | $ Change |  | % Change
| (Dollars in thousands)
Probe Cards Markets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Foundry & Logic | $ | 85,272 |  |  | 49.8 | % |  | $ | 86,768 |  |  | 51.4 | % |  | $ | (1,496) |  |  | (1.7) | %
DRAM | 48,858 |  |  | 28.5 |  |  | 45,896 |  |  | 27.2 |  |  | 2,962 |  |  | 6.5 |
Flash | 2,390 |  |  | 1.4 |  |  | 4,037 |  |  | 2.4 |  |  | (1,647) |  |  | (40.8) |
Systems Market: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Systems | 34,836 |  |  | 20.3 |  |  | 32,024 |  |  | 19.0 |  |  | 2,812 |  |  | 8.8 |
Total revenues | $ | 171,356 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 168,725 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 2,631 |  |  | 1.6 | %

Foundry & Logic — The decrease in Foundry & Logic product revenue for the three months ended March 29, 2025, compared to the three months ended March 30, 2024, was driven by weaker probe-card demand for client PC and server microprocessor designs.
DRAM — The increase in DRAM product revenue for the three months ended March 29, 2025, compared to the three months ended March 30, 2024, was driven by increased demand for HBM designs utilized in generative artificial intelligence applications as well as increased demand for other non-HBM DRAM designs, particularly DDR5.
Flash — The decrease in Flash product revenue for the three months ended March 29, 2025, compared to the three months ended March 30, 2024, was driven by decreased customer production activity and demand for our products.
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Systems — The increase in Systems market revenue for the three months ended March 29, 2025, compared to the three months ended March 30, 2024, was driven by increased sales of probe stations, cryogenic systems, and thermal systems.
Revenues by Geographic Region

| Three Months Ended |  |
| March 29, 2025 |  | % of Revenues |  | March 30, 2024 |  | % of Revenues |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| (Dollars in thousands)
Taiwan | $ | 45,362 |  |  | 26.5 | % |  | $ | 29,877 |  |  | 17.7 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
South Korea | 43,171 |  |  | 25.2 |  |  | 50,717 |  |  | 30.1 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
United States | 40,325 |  |  | 23.5 |  |  | 45,766 |  |  | 27.1 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
China | 13,615 |  |  | 7.9 |  |  | 15,613 |  |  | 9.3 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Japan | 10,319 |  |  | 6.0 |  |  | 8,542 |  |  | 5.1 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Europe | 7,781 |  |  | 4.5 |  |  | 8,849 |  |  | 5.2 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Singapore | 6,249 |  |  | 3.6 |  |  | 4,758 |  |  | 2.8 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Malaysia | 2,600 |  |  | 1.5 |  |  | 1,863 |  |  | 1.1 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Rest of the world | 1,934 |  |  | 1.3 |  |  | 2,740 |  |  | 1.6 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total revenues | $ | 171,356 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 168,725 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

Geographic revenue information is based on the location to which we ship the product. For example, if a certain South Korean customer purchases through its U.S. subsidiary and requests the products to be shipped to an address in South Korea, this sale will be reflected in the revenue for South Korea rather than the U.S.
Changes in revenue by geographic region for the three months ended March 29, 2025, compared to the three months ended March 30, 2024, were primarily attributable to changes in customer demand, product sales mix, and impacts from trade restrictions.
Cost of Revenues and Gross Margins
Cost of revenues consists primarily of manufacturing materials, compensation and benefits, shipping and handling costs, manufacturing-related overhead (including equipment costs, related occupancy, and computer services), warranty costs, inventory adjustments (including write-downs for inventory obsolescence), and amortization of certain intangible assets. Our manufacturing operations rely on a limited number of suppliers to provide key components and materials for our products, some of which are a sole source. We order materials and supplies based on backlog and forecasted customer orders. Tooling and setup costs related to changing manufacturing lots at our suppliers are also included in the cost of revenues. We expense all warranty costs, inventory provisions and amortization of certain intangible assets as cost of revenues.
Our gross profit and gross margin were as follows (dollars in thousands):

| Three Months Ended
| March 29, 2025 |  | March 30, 2024 |  | $ Change |  | % Change
Gross profit | $ | 64,523 |  |  | $ | 62,738 |  |  | $ | 1,785 |  |  | 2.8 | %
Gross margin | 37.7 | % |  | 37.2 | % |  |  |  |

Our gross profit and gross margin by segment were as follows (dollars in thousands):

| Three Months Ended
| March 29, 2025 |  | March 30, 2024
| Probe Cards |  | Systems |  | Corporate and Other |  | Total |  | Probe Cards |  | Systems |  | Corporate and Other |  | Total
Gross profit | $ | 51,615 |  |  | $ | 15,515 |  |  | $ | (2,607) |  |  | $ | 64,523 |  |  | $ | 50,791 |  |  | $ | 14,506 |  |  | $ | (2,559) |  |  | $ | 62,738 |
Gross margin | 37.8 | % |  | 44.5 | % |  |  |  | 37.7 | % |  | 37.2 | % |  | 45.3 | % |  |  |  | 37.2 | %

Probe Cards — For the three months ended March 29, 2025, gross profit and gross margins increased compared to the three months ended March 30, 2024, primarily due to a more favorable product mix.
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Systems — For the three months ended March 29, 2025, gross profit increased while gross margins decreased compared to the three months ended March 30, 2024, primarily as a result of greater revenues with a more favorable absorption of costs on higher production volumes, more than offset by an increase in manufacturing spending.
Corporate and Other — Corporate and Other includes unallocated expenses relating to stock-based compensation expense, amortization of intangible assets and fixed asset fair value adjustments due to acquisitions, and restructuring charges, net, which are not used in evaluating the results of, or in allocating resources to, our reportable segments.
Overall — Gross profit and gross margins fluctuate with revenue levels, product mix, selling prices, factory loading, and material costs. For the three months ended March 29, 2025, compared to the three months ended March 30, 2024, gross profit and gross margins have increased primarily as a result of greater revenues with a more favorable absorption of costs on higher production volumes, a more favorable product mix, partially offset by an increase in manufacturing spending, as described above.
Cost of revenues included stock-based compensation expense as follows (in thousands):

| Three Months Ended |  |
| March 29, 2025 |  | March 30, 2024 |  |  |  |
Stock-based compensation | $ | 2,005 |  |  | $ | 1,928 |  |  |  |  |

Research and Development

| Three Months Ended
| March 29, 2025 |  | March 30, 2024 |  | $ Change |  | % Change
| (Dollars in thousands)
Research and development | $ | 27,800 |  |  | $ | 28,627 |  |  | $ | (827) |  |  | (2.9) | %
% of revenues | 16.2 | % |  | 17.0 | % |  |  |  |

Research and development expenses in the three months ended March 29, 2025 decreased compared to the corresponding period in the prior year primarily due to slightly lower project material costs and general operational costs on higher revenues.
A detail of the changes is as follows (in thousands):

|  | Three Months Ended March 29, 2025 compared to Three Months Ended March 30, 2024 |  |
Project material costs |  | $ | (674) |  |  |
General operational costs |  | (101) |  |  |
Employee compensation costs |  | (85) |  |  |
Stock-based compensation expense |  | 33 |  |  |
|  | $ | (827) |  |  |

Research and development included stock-based compensation expense as follows (in thousands):

| Three Months Ended |  |
| March 29, 2025 |  | March 30, 2024 |  |  |  |
Stock-based compensation expense | $ | 2,646 |  |  | $ | 2,613 |  |  |  |  |

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Selling, General and Administrative

| Three Months Ended
| March 29, 2025 |  | March 30, 2024 |  | $ Change |  | % Change
| (Dollars in thousands)
Selling, general and administrative | $ | 33,454 |  |  | $ | 33,079 |  |  | $ | 375 |  |  | 1.1 | %
% of revenues | 19.5 | % |  | 19.6 | % |  |  |  |

Selling, general and administrative expenses increased in total for the three months ended March 29, 2025 compared to the corresponding period in the prior year, but decreased slightly as a percent of revenues. The drivers of the increase for the three month period were increased restructuring charges from operating efficiency initiatives and increased commissions expense from increased revenues, partially offset by lower general operating expenses from decreased headcount, lower consulting fees from the China Transaction in the first quarter of fiscal 2024 and lower stock-based compensation expense.
A detail of the changes is as follows (in thousands):

|  | Three Months Ended March 29, 2025 compared to Three Months Ended March 30, 2024 |  |
Restructuring charges |  | $ | 2,677 |  |  |
General operating expenses |  | (1,069) |  |  |
Consulting fees |  | (958) |  |  |
Stock-based compensation expense |  | (719) |  |  |
Commission expenses |  | 524 |  |  |
Employee compensation costs |  | (80) |  |  |
|  | $ | 375 |  |  |

Selling, general and administrative included stock-based compensation expense as follows (in thousands):

| Three Months Ended |  |
| March 29, 2025 |  | March 30, 2024 |  |  |  |
Stock-based compensation expense | $ | 5,145 |  |  | $ | 5,864 |  |  |  |  |

Interest Income, Net

| Three Months Ended |  |
| March 29, 2025 |  | March 30, 2024 |  |  |  |
| (Dollars in thousands)
Interest Income | $ | 3,416 |  |  | $ | 3,258 |  |  |  |  |
Weighted average balance of cash and investments | $ | 349,664 |  |  | $ | 330,277 |  |  |  |  |
Weighted average yield on cash and investments | 4.47 | % |  | 4.54 | % |  |  |  |
Interest Expense | $ | 99 |  |  | $ | 102 |  |  |  |  |
Average debt outstanding | $ | 13,110 |  |  | $ | 14,188 |  |  |  |  |
Weighted average interest rate on debt | 2.75 | % |  | 2.75 | % |  |  |  |

Interest income is earned on our cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash and marketable securities. The increase in interest income for the three months ended March 29, 2025, compared with the corresponding period of the prior year, was attributable to higher invested balances.
Interest expense primarily includes interest on our term loan, interest rate swap derivative contracts, and term loan issuance costs amortization charges. The interest expense for the three months ended March 29, 2025 was effectively flat compared to the corresponding periods in the prior year. This stability is due to our interest rate swap, which fixes the interest rate on our long-term debt.
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Other Income, Net
Other income, net, primarily includes the effects of foreign currency and various other gains and losses. We partially mitigate our risks from currency movements by hedging certain balance sheet exposures, which minimizes the impacts during periods of foreign exchange volatility.
Provision for Income Taxes

| Three Months Ended |  |
| March 29, 2025 |  | March 30, 2024 |  |  |  |
| (In thousands, except percentages)
Provision for income taxes | $ | 1,075 |  |  | $ | 3,198 |  |  |  |  |
Effective tax rate | 14.4 | % |  | 12.8 | % |  |  |  |

Provision for income taxes reflects the tax provision on our operations in foreign and U.S. jurisdictions, offset by tax benefits from tax credits and the foreign-derived intangible income deduction. Our effective tax rate may vary from period to period based on changes in estimated taxable income or loss by jurisdiction, changes to the valuation allowance, changes to U.S. federal, state or foreign tax laws, changes in stock-based compensation expense/benefit, future expansion into areas with varying country, state, and local income tax rates, and deductibility of certain costs and expenses by jurisdiction. The increase in our effective tax rate for the three months ended March 29, 2025 compared to the corresponding period in the prior year was primarily driven by effective tax rate impacts the China Transaction had on the prior year.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
Capital Resources
Our working capital decreased to $427.2 million at March 29, 2025, compared to $473.8 million at December 28, 2024.
Cash and cash equivalents primarily consist of deposits held at banks and money market funds. Marketable securities primarily consist of corporate bonds, U.S. treasuries, U.S. agency securities, and commercial paper. We typically invest in highly rated securities with low probabilities of default. Our investment policy requires investments to be rated single A or better, and limits the types of acceptable investments, issuer concentration and duration of the investment.
Our cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities totaled approximately $299.0 million at March 29, 2025, compared to $360.0 million at December 28, 2024. Based on our historical results of operations, we expect that our cash, cash equivalents, and marketable securities on hand, and the cash we expect to generate from operations, will be sufficient to fund our short-term and long-term liquidity requirements primarily arising from: research and development, capital expenditures, working capital, outstanding commitments, and other liquidity requirements associated with existing operations. However, we cannot be certain that our cash, cash equivalents, and marketable securities on hand, and cash generated from operations, will be available in the future to fund all of our capital and operating requirements. In addition, any future strategic investments and significant acquisitions may require additional cash and capital resources. To the extent necessary, we may consider entering into short and long-term debt obligations, raising cash through a stock issuance, or obtaining new financing facilities, which may not be available on terms favorable to us. If we are unable to obtain sufficient cash or capital to meet our needs on a timely basis and on favorable terms, our business and operations could be materially and adversely affected.
If we are unsuccessful in maintaining or growing our revenues, maintaining or reducing our cost structure, or increasing our available cash through debt or equity financings, our cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities may decline.
We utilize a variety of tax planning and financing strategies to manage our worldwide cash and deploy funds to locations where needed. As part of these strategies, we indefinitely reinvest a portion of our foreign earnings. Should we require additional capital in the United States, we may elect to repatriate indefinitely-reinvested foreign funds or raise capital in the United States.
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Cash Flows
The following table sets forth our net cash flows from operating, investing and financing activities:

| Three Months Ended
| March 29, 2025 |  | March 30, 2024
| (In thousands)
Net cash provided by operating activities | $ | 23,539 |  |  | $ | 33,012 |
Net cash used in investing activities | $ | (84,660) |  |  | $ | (3,820) |
Net cash used in financing activities | $ | (2,964) |  |  | $ | (14,492) |

Operating Activities
Net cash provided by operating activities consists of net income for the period, adjusted for certain non-cash items and changes in certain operating assets and liabilities. Net cash provided by operating activities for the three months ended March 29, 2025 was attributable to net income of $6.4 million and net non-cash expenses of $23.7 million, partially offset by the increase in net working capital of $6.6 million. The cash used in net working capital mainly related to increased inventories of $10.2 million and lowered accrued liabilities of $7.9 million, partially offset by increased accounts payable of $10.5 million and decreased accounts receivable, net, of $6.3 million. The non-cash expenses consisted of depreciation, amortization, stock-based compensation, and the provision for excess and obsolete inventories.
Investing Activities
Net cash used in investing activities for the three months ended March 29, 2025 primarily related to $67.2 million used to acquire our equity investment in FICT and $18.6 million of property, plant and equipment purchases, partially offset by $1.1 million in net proceeds from the maturities and sales of marketable securities.
Financing Activities
Net cash used in financing activities for the three months ended March 29, 2025 primarily related to $22.1 million used to purchase common stock under our stock repurchase program, $2.1 million used to pay tax withholdings for net share settlements of employee stock awards, partially offset by $21.6 million received from issuances of common stock in a private placement and under our employee stock purchase plan.
Debt
On June 22, 2020, we entered into an $18.0 million 15-year credit facility loan agreement (the “Building Term Loan”). The proceeds of the Building Term Loan were used to purchase a building adjacent to our leased facilities in Livermore, California. On May 19, 2023, we amended the Building Term Loan, replacing the benchmark reference rate London Interbank Offered Rate (“LIBOR“) with the term Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”), with no change to the amount or timing of contractual cash flows.
The Building Term Loan bears interest at a rate equal to the applicable SOFR rate, plus 0.1145%, plus 1.75% per annum. Interest payments are payable in monthly installments over a fifteen-year period. The interest rate at March 29, 2025, before consideration of the interest rate swap discussed in the next paragraph, was 6.19%. As of March 29, 2025, the balance outstanding pursuant to the Building Term Loan was $13.1 million.
On March 17, 2020, we entered into an interest rate swap agreement to hedge the interest payment on the Building Term Loan for the notional amount of $18.0 million, and an amortization period that matches the debt. As future levels of LIBOR over the life of the loan are uncertain, we entered into this interest-rate swap agreement to hedge the exposure in interest rate risks associated with movement in LIBOR rates. This agreement was amended on May 19, 2023 to replace the benchmark reference rate LIBOR with SOFR to match the Building Term Loan agreement (as amended). After the amendment, the interest rate swap continues to convert our floating-rate interest into a fixed-rate at 2.75%. As of March 29, 2025, the notional amount of the loan that is subject to this interest rate swap is $13.1 million.
Stock Repurchase Programs
On October 30, 2023, our Board of Directors authorized a two-year program to repurchase up to $75.0 million of outstanding common stock, with the primary purpose of offsetting potential dilution from issuance of common stock under our stock-based compensation programs. On March 29, 2025, our Board of Directors approved an increase to the repurchase program, authorizing the repurchase of an additional $1.6 million shares. During fiscal 2024, we repurchased and retired 1,309,635 shares
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of common stock for $53.3 million. During the three months ended March 29, 2025, we repurchased and retired 665,000 shares of common stock for $22.1 million, utilizing the remaining shares available for repurchase under the program.
On April 24, 2025, our Board of Directors authorized an additional program to repurchase up to $75.0 million of outstanding common stock, also with the primary purpose of offsetting potential dilution from issuance of common stock under our stock-based compensation programs. The share repurchase program will expire on April 24, 2027.
Contractual Obligations and Commitments
The following table summarizes our significant contractual commitments to make future payments in cash under contractual obligations as of March 29, 2025:

| Payments Due In Fiscal Year
| Remainder 2025 |  | 2026 |  | 2027 |  | 2028 |  | 2029 |  | Thereafter |  | Total
Operating leases | $ | 6,834 |  |  | $ | 7,643 |  |  | $ | 7,212 |  |  | $ | 3,902 |  |  | $ | 241 |  |  | $ | 1,161 |  |  | $ | 26,993 |
Term loans - principal payments | 836 |  |  | 1,142 |  |  | 1,175 |  |  | 1,208 |  |  | 1,242 |  |  | 7,491 |  |  | 13,094 |
Term loans - interest payments (1) | 597 |  |  | 736 |  |  | 664 |  |  | 591 |  |  | 515 |  |  | 1,343 |  |  | 4,446 |
Total | $ | 8,267 |  |  | $ | 9,521 |  |  | $ | 9,051 |  |  | $ | 5,701 |  |  | $ | 1,998 |  |  | $ | 9,995 |  |  | $ | 44,533 |

(1) Represents our minimum interest payment commitments at 6.19% per annum, excluding the interest rate swap described in Debt, above.
The table above excludes our gross liability for unrecognized tax benefits and our deferred grant. The gross liability for unrecognized tax benefits was $52.1 million as of March 29, 2025. The timing of any payments which could result from these unrecognized tax benefits will depend upon a number of factors and, accordingly, the timing of payment cannot be estimated. The deferred grant was $18.0 million as of March 29, 2025, and consists of cash received from a California Competes Grant awarded from the California Governor's Office of Business and Economic Development. The timing of any potential repayments is dependent upon a number of factors, including the number of employees and capital investments within California over the 5-year term. Accordingly, the timing of any repayment cannot be estimated.
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
Historically, we have not participated in transactions that have generated relationships with unconsolidated entities or financial partnerships, such as entities often referred to as structured finance or special purpose entities, which would have been established for the purpose of facilitating off-balance sheet arrangements or other contractually narrow or limited purposes. As of March 29, 2025, we were not involved in any such off-balance sheet arrangements.
Recent Accounting Standards
For a description of a recent change in accounting standards, including the expected dates of adoption and estimated effects, if any, in our condensed consolidated financial statements, see Note 1, Basis of Presentation and Significant Accounting Policies, in Part I, Item 1 of this Form 10-Q.
Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk
For financial market risks related to changes in interest rates and foreign currency exchange rates, reference is made to Item 7A “Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk” contained in Part II of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 28, 2024. Our exposure to market risk has not changed materially since December 28, 2024.
Item 4. Controls and Procedures
Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
Based on our management’s evaluation (with the participation of our principal executive officer and principal financial officer), as of the end of the period covered by this report, our principal executive officer and principal financial officer have concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, (the “Exchange Act”)) are effective to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in reports that
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we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in Securities and Exchange Commission rules and forms and is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.
Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting
There have been no changes in our internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) that occurred during the period covered by this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
Limitations on the Effectiveness of Controls
Control systems, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the control systems’ objectives are being met. Further, the design of any control systems must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints, and the benefits of all controls must be considered relative to their costs. Because of the inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, within our company have been detected. These inherent limitations include the realities that judgments in decision making can be faulty and that breakdowns can occur because of a simple error or mistake. Control systems can also be circumvented by the individual acts of some persons, by collusion of two or more people, or by management override of the controls. The design of any system of controls is based, in part, on certain assumptions about the likelihood of future events, and there can be no assurance that any design will succeed in achieving its stated goals under all potential future conditions. Over time, controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions or deterioration in the degree of compliance with policies or procedures.
CEO and CFO Certifications
We have attached as exhibits to this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q the certifications of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, which are required in accordance with the Exchange Act. We recommend that this Item 4 be read in conjunction with the certifications for a more complete understanding of the subject matter presented.
PART II - OTHER INFORMATION
Item 1A. Risk Factors
There have been no material changes during the three months ended March 29, 2025 to the risk factors discussed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 28, 2024, apart from the risk factor described below. If any of the identified risks actually occur, our business, financial condition and results of operations could suffer. The trading price of our common stock could decline and you may lose all or part of your investment in our common stock. The risks and uncertainties described in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 28, 2024 are not the only ones we face. Additional risks that we currently do not know about or that we currently believe to be immaterial may also impair our business operations.
Increasingly restrictive export regulations and other trade barriers may materially harm our business.
Sales of our products to customers outside of the United States represent a significant part of our past and anticipated revenues. In recent months, markets have reacted adversely to geopolitical tensions, volatility and uncertainty in international trade policies, substantially stemming from the U.S. government’s implementation of rapidly evolving changes to trade policies, including new and expanded tariffs and changes in U.S. participation in multilateral trade agreements resulting in reciprocal tariffs, and other trade restrictions, having been imposed and modified, and selective tariff exemptions being granted, often suddenly and with little notice, impacting a broad range of raw materials and trade globally.
In reaction to U.S. trade regulations, governments and private businesses outside the United States may implement retaliatory controls and preferences for non-U.S. or local suppliers, which can increase our manufacturing and transaction costs, make our products less competitive, reduce demand for our products, limit our ability to sell to certain customers, limit our ability to procure components or raw materials, or impede or slow the movement of our goods across borders. These and other regulatory and policy changes, and the reactions of customers to such changes, in the United States and elsewhere, could materially and negatively affect our future sales and operating results.
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Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds
Recent sales of unregistered securities
On January 10, 2025, Advantest America, Inc., a Delaware corporation, acquired 334,971 shares of FormFactor's common stock in a private placement for $44.78 per share, representing the 5-day trailing volume-weighted average price prior to signing the related private placement agreement.
Repurchase of Common Stock
The following table summarizes our repurchases of outstanding common stock for the three months ended March 29, 2025:

Period (fiscal months) |  | Total Number of Shares Purchased |  | Average Price Paid per Share |  | Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs |  | Maximum Amount that May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs(1)(2)
December 29, 2024 - January 25, 2025 |  | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | — |  |  | $ | 20,530,755 |
January 26, 2025 - February 22, 2025 |  | 132,446 |  |  | 35.21 |  |  | 132,446 |  |  | 15,867,331 |
February 23, 2025 - March 29, 2025 |  | 532,554 |  |  | 32.81 |  |  | 532,554 |  |  | — |
|  | 665,000 |  |  | $ | 33.29 |  |  | 665,000 |  |  |

1 In October 2023, our Board of Directors authorized a program to repurchase up to $75.0 million of outstanding common stock to offset potential dilution from issuances of our common stock under our employee stock purchase plan and equity incentive plan. In March 2025, our Board of Directors approved an increase to the repurchase plan, authorizing the repurchase of an additional $1.6 million shares. As of March 29, 2025, this program was fully utilized.
2 Amounts exclude the 1% surcharge on stock repurchases under the Inflation Reduction Act’s excise tax. This excise tax is recorded in equity and excluded from the amount available under the repurchase program.
Item 5. Other Information
Rule 10b5-1 Trading Arrangements
During the quarter ended March 29, 2025, no director or officer of the Company adopted, modified, or terminated a “Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement” or a “non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement” as each term is defined in Item 408(a) of Regulation S-K.
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Item 6. Exhibits
The following exhibits are filed herewith and this list constitutes the exhibit index.

Exhibit |  |  |  | Incorporated by Reference |  | Filed
Number |  | Exhibit Description |  | Form |  | Date |  | Number |  | Herewith
31.01 |  | Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to 15 U.S.C. Section 7241, as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X
31.02 |  | Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to 15 U.S.C. Section 7241, as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X
32.01 |  | Certification of Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | *
101 |  | The following financial statements from the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 29, 2025, formatted in Inline XBRL: (i) Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets, (ii) Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income, (iii) Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income, (iv) Condensed Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity, (v) Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows, and (vi) Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements, tagged as blocks of text and including detailed tags |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X
101.INS |  | XBRL Instance Document |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X
101.SCH |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X
101.CAL |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X
101.DEF |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X
101.LAB |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X
101.PRE |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X
104 |  | The cover page from the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 29, 2025, formatted in Inline XBRL (included as Exhibit 101) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X

______________________________________
* This exhibit shall not be deemed “filed” for purposes of Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 or otherwise subject to the liabilities of that section, nor shall it be deemed incorporated by reference in any filing under the Securities Act of 1933 or the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, whether made before or after the date hereof and irrespective of any general incorporation language in any filings.
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SIGNATURE
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

|  | FormFactor, Inc.
Date: | May 6, 2025 | By: | /s/ SHAI SHAHAR
|  |  | Shai Shahar
|  |  | Chief Financial Officer
|  |  | (Duly Authorized Officer, Principal Financial Officer, and Principal Accounting Officer)

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