10-Q 1 awr-20180930x10q.htm 10-Q
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SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
FORM 10-Q
(Mark One)

x | Quarterly report pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934

for the quarterly period ended September 30, 2018
or

¨ | Transition report pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934

for the transition period from to

Commission file number 001-14431
American States Water Company
(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in Its Charter)

California |  | 95-4676679
(State or Other Jurisdiction of Incorporation or Organization) |  | (IRS Employer Identification No.)
630 E. Foothill Blvd, San Dimas, CA |  | 91773-1212
(Address of Principal Executive Offices) |  | (Zip Code)

(909) 394-3600
(Registrant’s Telephone Number, Including Area Code)
Not Applicable
(Former Name, Former Address and Former Fiscal Year, if Changed Since Last Report)
Commission file number 001-12008
Golden State Water Company
(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in Its Charter)

California |  | 95-1243678
(State or Other Jurisdiction of Incorporation or Organization) |  | (IRS Employer Identification No.)
630 E. Foothill Blvd, San Dimas, CA |  | 91773-1212
(Address of Principal Executive Offices) |  | (Zip Code)

(909) 394-3600
(Registrant’s Telephone Number, Including Area Code)
Not Applicable
(Former Name, Former Address and Former Fiscal Year, if Changed Since Last Report)
Indicate by check mark whether Registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that Registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.

American States Water Company |  | Yes x No ¨
Golden State Water Company |  | Yes x No ¨

Indicate by check mark whether Registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or such shorter period that the Registrant was required to submit and post such files).

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American States Water Company |  | Yes x No ¨
Golden State Water Company |  | Yes x No ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company. See definition of “large accelerated filer”, “accelerated filer” and smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):
American States Water Company

Large accelerated filer x |  | Accelerated filer ¨ |  | Non-accelerated filer ¨ |  | Smaller reporting company ¨

Golden State Water Company

Large accelerated filer ¨ |  | Accelerated filer ¨ |  | Non-accelerated filer x |  | Smaller reporting company ¨

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.¨
Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act)

American States Water Company |  | Yes ¨ Nox
Golden State Water Company |  | Yes ¨ Nox

As of November 2, 2018, the number of Common Shares outstanding of American States Water Company was 36,745,039 shares. As of November 2, 2018, all of the 146 outstanding Common Shares of Golden State Water Company were owned by American States Water Company. Golden State Water Company meets the conditions set forth in General Instruction (H)(1)(a) and (b) of Form 10-Q and is therefore filing this Form, in part, with the reduced disclosure format for Golden State Water Company.

AMERICAN STATES WATER COMPANY
and
GOLDEN STATE WATER COMPANY
FORM 10-Q
INDEX

Part I | Financial Information |
Item 1: | Financial Statements | 1
| Consolidated Balance Sheets of American States Water Company as of September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 | 5
| Consolidated Statements of Income of American States Water Company for the Three Months Ended September 30, 2018 and 2017 | 7
| Consolidated Statements of Income of American States Water Company for the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018 and 2017 | 8
| Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows of American States Water Company for the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018 and 2017 | 9
| Balance Sheets of Golden State Water Company as of September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 | 10
| Statements of Income of Golden State Water Company for the Three Months Ended September 30, 2018 and 2017 | 12
| Statements of Income of Golden State Water Company for the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018 and 2017 | 13
| Statements of Cash Flows of Golden State Water Company for the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018 and 2017 | 14
| Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | 15
Item 2: | Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 28
Item 3: | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk | 53
Item 4: | Controls and Procedures | 53
Part II | Other Information |
Item 1: | Legal Proceedings | 54
Item 1A: | Risk Factors | 54
Item 2: | Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds | 54
Item 3: | Defaults Upon Senior Securities | 54
Item 4: | Mine Safety Disclosure | 54
Item 5: | Other Information | 54
Item 6: | Exhibits | 54
| Signatures | 58

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PART I
Item 1. Financial Statements
General
The basic financial statements included herein have been prepared by Registrant, without audit, pursuant to the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission.
Certain information and footnote disclosures normally included in financial statements prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America have been condensed or omitted pursuant to such rules and regulations. In the opinion of management, all adjustments consisting of normal recurring items and estimates necessary for a fair statement of results for the interim period have been made.
It is suggested that these financial statements be read in conjunction with the financial statements and notes thereto in the latest Annual Report on Form 10-K of American States Water Company and its wholly owned subsidiary, Golden State Water Company.
Filing Format
American States Water Company (“AWR”) is the parent company of Golden State Water Company (“GSWC”) and American States Utility Services, Inc. and its subsidiaries ("ASUS").
This quarterly report on Form 10-Q is a combined report being filed by two separate Registrants: AWR and GSWC. For more information, please see Note 1 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements and the heading entitled "General" in "Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations." References in this report to “Registrant” are to AWR and GSWC collectively, unless otherwise specified. GSWC makes no representations as to the information contained in this report other than with respect to itself.
Forward-Looking Information
This Form 10-Q and the documents incorporated herein contain forward-looking statements intended to qualify for the “safe harbor” from liability established by the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Forward-looking statements are based on current estimates, expectations and projections about future events and assumptions regarding these events and include statements regarding management’s goals, beliefs, plans or current expectations, taking into account the information currently available to management. Forward-looking statements are not statements of historical facts. For example, when we use words such as “anticipate,” “believe,” “plan,” “estimate,” “expect,” “intend,” “may” and other words that convey uncertainty of future events or outcomes, we are making forward-looking statements. We are not able to predict all the factors that may affect future results. We caution you that any forward-looking statements made by us are not guarantees of future performance and the actual results may differ materially from those in our forward-looking statements. Some of the factors that could cause future results to differ materially from those expressed or implied by our forward-looking statements or from historical results, include, but are not limited to:

• | the outcome of pending and future regulatory, legislative or other proceedings, investigations or audits, including decisions in GSWC's general rate cases and the results of independent audits of GSWC's construction contracting procurement practices or other independent audits of our costs;

• | changes in the policies and procedures of the California Public Utilities Commission ("CPUC");

• | timeliness of CPUC action on GSWC rates;

• | availability of GSWC's water supplies, which may be adversely affected by increases in the frequency and duration of droughts, changes in weather patterns, contamination, and court decisions or other governmental actions restricting the use of water from the Colorado River, the California State Water Project, and/or pumping of groundwater;

• | liabilities of GSWC associated with the inherent risks of damage to private property and injuries to employees and the public if our or their property should come into contact with electrical current or equipment, including through downed power lines or equipment malfunctions;

• | wildfires, which may become more common as a result of climate change in GSWC's electric division's service territory, as well as court decisions and regulatory actions that may affect our ability to recover the costs associated with such events or the defense or payment of resulting claims;

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• | the breakdown or failure of equipment at GSWC's electric division that can cause fires and unplanned electric outages, and whether GSWC will be subject to investigations, penalties, liabilities to customers or other third parties or other costs in connection with such events;

• | the impact of storms, high winds, earthquakes, floods, mudslides, drought, wildfires and similar natural disasters, or acts of terrorism or vandalism, that affect customer demand, that damage or disrupt facilities, operations or information technology systems owned by us, our customers or third parties on whom we rely or that damage the property of our customers or other third parties or cause bodily injury resulting in liabilities that we may be unable to recover from insurance, other third parties and/or the U.S. government or that the CPUC or the courts do not permit us to recover from ratepayers;

• | the impact on water utility operations during high fire threat conditions as a result of the Public Safety Power Shutdown (PSPS) program authorized by the CPUC and implemented by California regulated electric companies, including Southern California Edison and Pacific Gas and Electric, which serve GSWC facilities throughout the state;

• | increases in the cost of obtaining insurance or in uninsured losses that may not be recovered in rates, or under our contracts with the U.S. government, including increases due to difficulties in obtaining insurance for certain risks, such as wildfires and earthquakes in California;

• | increases in costs to reduce the risks associated with the increasing frequency of severe weather, including to improve the resiliency and reliability of our water production and delivery facilities and systems, and our electric transmission and distribution lines;

• | increases in service disruptions if severe weather becomes more frequent as predicted by some scientists who study climate change;

• | our ability to efficiently manage GSWC capital expenditures and operating and maintenance expenses within CPUC authorized levels and timely recover our costs through rates;

• | the impact of opposition to GSWC rate increases on our ability to recover our costs through rates, including costs associated with construction and costs associated with damages to our property and that of others and injuries to persons arising out of more extreme weather events;

• | the impact of opposition by GSWC customers to conservation rate design, including more stringent water-use restrictions if drought in California persists due to climate change, as well as potential future restrictions on water use mandated in California, which decreases adopted usage and increases customer rates;

• | the impact of condemnation actions on future GSWC revenues and other aspects of our business if we do not receive adequate compensation for the assets taken, or recovery of all charges associated with the condemnation of such assets, as well as the impact on future revenues if we are no longer entitled to any portion of the revenues generated from such assets;

• | our ability to forecast the costs of maintaining GSWC’s aging water and electric infrastructure;

• | our ability to recover increases in permitting costs and costs associated with negotiating and complying with the terms of our franchise agreements with cities and counties and other demands made upon us by the cities and counties in which GSWC operates;

• | changes in accounting valuations and estimates, including changes resulting from our assessment of anticipated recovery of GSWC's regulatory assets, settlement of liabilities and revenues subject to refund or regulatory disallowances and the timing of such recovery, and the amounts set aside for uncollectible accounts receivable, inventory obsolescence, pension and post-retirement liabilities, taxes and uninsured losses and claims, including general liability and workers' compensation claims;

• | changes in environmental laws, health and safety laws and water and recycled water quality requirements and increases in costs associated with complying with these laws and requirements, including costs associated with GSWC's upgrading and building new water treatment plants, GSWC's disposing of residuals from our water treatment plants, handling and storing hazardous chemicals, upgrading electrical equipment to make it more resistant to extreme weather events, removal of vegetation near power lines, compliance monitoring activities and GSWC's securing alternative water supplies when necessary;

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• | our ability to obtain adequate, reliable and cost-effective supplies of chemicals, electricity, fuel, water and other raw materials that are needed for our water and wastewater operations;

• | our ability to attract, retain, train, motivate, develop and transition key employees;

• | our ability to recover the costs associated with any contamination of GSWC’s groundwater supplies from parties responsible for the contamination or through the ratemaking process, and the time and expense incurred by us in obtaining recovery of such costs;

• | adequacy of GSWC's electric division's power supplies and the extent to which we can manage and respond to the volatility of electricity and natural gas prices;

• | GSWC's electric division's ability to comply with the CPUC’s renewable energy procurement requirements;

• | changes in GSWC's long-term customer demand due to changes in customer usage patterns as a result of conservation efforts, regulatory changes affecting demand such as mandatory restrictions on water use, new landscaping or irrigation requirements, recycling of water by customers or purchase of recycled water supplied by other parties, unanticipated population growth or decline, changes in climate conditions, general economic and financial market conditions and cost increases, which may impact our long-term operating revenues if we are unable to secure rate increases in an amount sufficient to offset reduced demand;

• | changes in accounting treatment for regulated utilities;

• | effects of changes in or interpretations of tax laws, rates or policies;

• | changes in estimates used in ASUS’s cost-to-cost method for revenue recognition of certain construction activities;

• | termination, in whole or in part, of one or more of ASUS's military utility privatization contracts to provide water and/or wastewater services at military bases for the convenience of the U.S. government or for default;

• | suspension or debarment of ASUS for a period of time from contracting with the government due to violations of laws or regulations in connection with military utility privatization activities;

• | delays by the U.S. government in making timely payments to ASUS for water and/or wastewater services or construction activities at military bases because of fiscal uncertainties over the funding of the U.S. government or otherwise;

• | delays in ASUS obtaining economic price or equitable adjustments to our prices on one or more of our contracts to provide water and/or wastewater services at military bases;

• | disallowance of costs on any of ASUS's contracts to provide water and/or wastewater services at military bases because of audits, cost reviews or investigations by contracting agencies;

• | inaccurate assumptions used by ASUS in preparing bids in our contracted services business;

• | failure of wastewater systems that ASUS operates on military bases resulting in untreated wastewater or contaminants spilling into nearby properties, streams or rivers, the likelihood of which could increase from climate-change induced flooding and rainfall events;

• | failure to comply with the terms of our military privatization contracts;

• | failure of any of our subcontractors to perform services for ASUS in accordance with the terms of our military privatization contracts;

• | competition for new military privatization contracts;

• | issues with the implementation, maintenance or upgrading of our information technology systems;

• | general economic conditions which may impact our ability to recover infrastructure investments and operating costs from customers;

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• | explosions, fires, accidents, mechanical breakdowns, the disruption of information technology and telecommunication systems, human error and similar events that may occur while operating and maintaining water and electric systems in California or operating and maintaining water and wastewater systems on military bases under varying geographic conditions;

• | potential costs, lost revenues, or other consequences resulting from misappropriation of assets or sensitive information, corruption of data, or operational disruption due to a cyber-attack or other cyber incident;

• | restrictive covenants in our debt instruments or changes to our credit ratings on current or future debt that may increase our financing costs or affect our ability to borrow or make payments on our debt; and

• | our ability to access capital markets and other sources of credit in a timely manner on acceptable terms.

Please consider our forward-looking statements in light of these risks (which are more fully disclosed in our 2017 Annual Report on Form 10-K) as you read this Form 10-Q. We qualify all our forward-looking statements by these cautionary statements.
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AMERICAN STATES WATER COMPANY
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
ASSETS
(Unaudited)

(in thousands) |  | September 30, 2018 |  | December 31, 2017
Property, Plant and Equipment |  |  |  |  |  |
Regulated utility plant, at cost |  | $ | 1,795,500 |  |  | $ | 1,722,421 |
Non-utility property, at cost |  | 23,759 |  |  | 15,941 |
Total |  | 1,819,259 |  |  | 1,738,362 |
Less - Accumulated depreciation |  | (556,344 | ) |  | (533,370 | )
Net property, plant and equipment |  | 1,262,915 |  |  | 1,204,992 |
Other Property and Investments |  |  |  |  |  |
Goodwill |  | 1,116 |  |  | 1,116 |
Other property and investments |  | 26,386 |  |  | 24,070 |
Total other property and investments |  | 27,502 |  |  | 25,186 |
Current Assets |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | 1,976 |  |  | 214 |
Accounts receivable — customers (less allowance for doubtful accounts of $844 in 2018 and $806 in 2017) |  | 29,915 |  |  | 26,127 |
Unbilled receivable |  | 25,215 |  |  | 26,411 |
Receivable from the U.S. government |  | 21,095 |  |  | 3,725 |
Other accounts receivable (less allowance for doubtful accounts of $59 in 2018 and $235 in 2017) |  | 2,411 |  |  | 8,251 |
Income taxes receivable |  | 730 |  |  | 4,737 |
Materials and supplies, at average cost |  | 5,622 |  |  | 4,795 |
Regulatory assets — current |  | 22,130 |  |  | 34,220 |
Prepayments and other current assets |  | 6,915 |  |  | 5,596 |
Contract assets (Note 2) |  | 18,889 |  |  | — |
Costs and estimated earnings in excess of billings on contracts (Note 2) |  | — |  |  | 41,387 |
Total current assets |  | 134,898 |  |  | 155,463 |
Regulatory and Other Assets |  |  |  |  |  |
Receivable from the U.S. government (Note 2) |  | 33,873 |  |  | — |
Contract assets (Note 2) |  | 154 |  |  | — |
Costs and estimated earnings in excess of billings on contracts (Note 2) |  | — |  |  | 25,426 |
Other |  | 5,700 |  |  | 5,667 |
Total regulatory and other assets |  | 39,727 |  |  | 31,093 |
Total Assets |  | $ | 1,465,042 |  |  | $ | 1,416,734 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
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AMERICAN STATES WATER COMPANY
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
CAPITALIZATION AND LIABILITIES
(Unaudited)

(in thousands) |  | September 30, 2018 |  | December 31, 2017
Capitalization |  |  |  |  |  |
Common shares, no par value |  |  |  |
Authorized: 60,000,000 shares |  |  |  |
Outstanding: 36,745,039 shares in 2018 and 36,680,794 shares in 2017 |  | $ | 253,251 |  |  | $ | 250,124 |
Earnings reinvested in the business |  | 300,910 |  |  | 279,821 |
Total common shareholders’ equity |  | 554,161 |  |  | 529,945 |
Long-term debt |  | 281,010 |  |  | 321,039 |
Total capitalization |  | 835,171 |  |  | 850,984 |
Current Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |
Notes payable to bank |  | — |  |  | 59,000 |
Long-term debt — current |  | 40,320 |  |  | 324 |
Accounts payable |  | 50,448 |  |  | 50,978 |
Income taxes payable |  | 1,049 |  |  | 225 |
Accrued other taxes |  | 10,311 |  |  | 7,344 |
Accrued employee expenses |  | 11,633 |  |  | 12,969 |
Accrued interest |  | 6,560 |  |  | 3,861 |
Unrealized loss on derivative contracts |  | 1,143 |  |  | 2,941 |
Contract liabilities (Note 2) |  | 8,942 |  |  | 3,911 |
Other |  | 12,780 |  |  | 15,109 |
Total current liabilities |  | 143,186 |  |  | 156,662 |
Other Credits |  |  |  |  |  |
Notes payable to bank |  | 70,000 |  |  | — |
Advances for construction |  | 67,467 |  |  | 67,465 |
Contributions in aid of construction — net |  | 123,686 |  |  | 123,602 |
Deferred income taxes |  | 114,925 |  |  | 115,703 |
Regulatory liabilities |  | 43,766 |  |  | 32,178 |
Unamortized investment tax credits |  | 1,384 |  |  | 1,436 |
Accrued pension and other postretirement benefits |  | 54,239 |  |  | 57,695 |
Other |  | 11,218 |  |  | 11,009 |
Total other credits |  | 486,685 |  |  | 409,088 |
Commitments and Contingencies (Note 9) |  |  |  |  |  |
Total Capitalization and Liabilities |  | $ | 1,465,042 |  |  | $ | 1,416,734 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
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AMERICAN STATES WATER COMPANY
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME
FOR THE THREE MONTHS
ENDED SEPTEMBER 30, 2018 AND 2017
(Unaudited)

|  | Three Months Ended September 30,
(in thousands, except per share amounts) |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Operating Revenues |  |  |  |  |  |
Water |  | $ | 87,689 |  |  | $ | 91,919 |
Electric |  | 7,875 |  |  | 7,994 |
Contracted services |  | 28,618 |  |  | 24,505 |
Total operating revenues |  | 124,182 |  |  | 124,418 |
Operating Expenses |  |  |  |  |  |
Water purchased |  | 21,842 |  |  | 20,576 |
Power purchased for pumping |  | 3,217 |  |  | 2,913 |
Groundwater production assessment |  | 5,961 |  |  | 5,870 |
Power purchased for resale |  | 2,647 |  |  | 2,439 |
Supply cost balancing accounts |  | (5,212 | ) |  | (4,621 | )
Other operation |  | 8,355 |  |  | 7,657 |
Administrative and general |  | 21,570 |  |  | 21,823 |
Depreciation and amortization |  | 10,118 |  |  | 9,854 |
Maintenance |  | 3,422 |  |  | 3,222 |
Property and other taxes |  | 4,692 |  |  | 4,475 |
ASUS construction |  | 13,620 |  |  | 11,693 |
Gain on sale of assets |  | (25 | ) |  | (17 | )
Total operating expenses |  | 90,207 |  |  | 85,884 |
Operating Income |  | 33,975 |  |  | 38,534 |
Other Income and Expenses |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest expense |  | (5,948 | ) |  | (5,775 | )
Interest income |  | 641 |  |  | 321 |
Other, net |  | 1,223 |  |  | 434 |
Total other income and expenses, net |  | (4,084 | ) |  | (5,020 | )
Income before income tax expense |  | 29,891 |  |  | 33,514 |
Income tax expense |  | 6,939 |  |  | 12,508 |
Net Income |  | $ | 22,952 |  |  | $ | 21,006 |
Weighted Average Number of Common Shares Outstanding |  | 36,737 |  |  | 36,659 |
Basic Earnings Per Common Share |  | $ | 0.62 |  |  | $ | 0.57 |
Weighted Average Number of Diluted Shares |  | 36,950 |  |  | 36,856 |
Fully Diluted Earnings Per Common Share |  | $ | 0.62 |  |  | $ | 0.57 |
Dividends Declared Per Common Share |  | $ | 0.275 |  |  | $ | 0.255 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
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AMERICAN STATES WATER COMPANY
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME
FOR THE NINE MONTHS
ENDED SEPTEMBER 30, 2018 AND 2017
(Unaudited)

|  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
(in thousands, except per share amounts) |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Operating Revenues |  |  |  |  |  |
Water |  | $ | 228,834 |  |  | $ | 239,057 |
Electric |  | 25,548 |  |  | 26,108 |
Contracted services |  | 71,429 |  |  | 71,258 |
Total operating revenues |  | 325,811 |  |  | 336,423 |
Operating Expenses |  |  |  |  |  |
Water purchased |  | 52,057 |  |  | 50,619 |
Power purchased for pumping |  | 7,141 |  |  | 6,667 |
Groundwater production assessment |  | 15,146 |  |  | 14,176 |
Power purchased for resale |  | 8,439 |  |  | 7,847 |
Supply cost balancing accounts |  | (11,110 | ) |  | (11,663 | )
Other operation |  | 24,125 |  |  | 21,989 |
Administrative and general |  | 62,076 |  |  | 62,519 |
Depreciation and amortization |  | 29,794 |  |  | 29,184 |
Maintenance |  | 10,921 |  |  | 10,292 |
Property and other taxes |  | 13,863 |  |  | 13,386 |
ASUS construction |  | 35,168 |  |  | 34,589 |
Gain on sale of assets |  | (43 | ) |  | (8,318 | )
Total operating expenses |  | 247,577 |  |  | 231,287 |
Operating Income |  | 78,234 |  |  | 105,136 |
Other Income and Expenses |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest expense |  | (17,919 | ) |  | (17,606 | )
Interest income |  | 1,813 |  |  | 1,200 |
Other, net |  | 1,844 |  |  | 1,439 |
Total other income and expenses, net |  | (14,262 | ) |  | (14,967 | )
Income before income tax expense |  | 63,972 |  |  | 90,169 |
Income tax expense |  | 13,890 |  |  | 33,670 |
Net Income |  | $ | 50,082 |  |  | $ | 56,499 |
Weighted Average Number of Common Shares Outstanding |  | 36,728 |  |  | 36,625 |
Basic Earnings Per Common Share |  | $ | 1.36 |  |  | $ | 1.53 |
Weighted Average Number of Diluted Shares |  | 36,935 |  |  | 36,813 |
Fully Diluted Earnings Per Common Share |  | $ | 1.35 |  |  | $ | 1.53 |
Dividends Declared Per Common Share |  | $ | 0.785 |  |  | $ | 0.739 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
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AMERICAN STATES WATER COMPANY
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
FOR THE NINE MONTHS ENDED SEPTEMBER 30, 2018 AND 2017
(Unaudited)

|  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
(in thousands) |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Cash Flows From Operating Activities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income |  | $ | 50,082 |  |  | $ | 56,499 |
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Depreciation and amortization |  | 29,973 |  |  | 29,365 |
Provision for doubtful accounts |  | 588 |  |  | 720 |
Deferred income taxes and investment tax credits |  | (2,732 | ) |  | 9,004 |
Stock-based compensation expense |  | 3,648 |  |  | 2,303 |
Gain on sale of assets |  | (43 | ) |  | (8,318 | )
Other — net |  | (566 | ) |  | (802 | )
Changes in assets and liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Accounts receivable — customers |  | (4,385 | ) |  | (10,683 | )
Unbilled receivable |  | 1,196 |  |  | (1,442 | )
Other accounts receivable |  | 5,849 |  |  | (1,951 | )
Receivables from the U.S. government |  | (14,818 | ) |  | 1,355 |
Materials and supplies |  | (827 | ) |  | (1,083 | )
Prepayments and other assets |  | (1,319 | ) |  | (1,401 | )
Contract assets |  | 11,345 |  |  | — |
Costs and estimated earnings in excess of billings on contracts |  | — |  |  | 7,576 |
Regulatory assets |  | 22,945 |  |  | 10,344 |
Accounts payable |  | (2,108 | ) |  | 5,337 |
Income taxes receivable/payable |  | 4,831 |  |  | 23,657 |
Contract liabilities / Billings in excess of costs and estimated earnings on contracts |  | 5,031 |  |  | 203 |
Accrued pension and other post-retirement benefits |  | (2,305 | ) |  | (2,285 | )
Other liabilities |  | 2,020 |  |  | 1,831 |
Net cash provided |  | 108,405 |  |  | 120,229 |
Cash Flows From Investing Activities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Capital expenditures |  | (87,328 | ) |  | (77,896 | )
Proceeds from sale of assets |  | 63 |  |  | 34,324 |
Other investing activities |  | (1,492 | ) |  | (1,299 | )
Net cash used |  | (88,757 | ) |  | (44,871 | )
Cash Flows From Financing Activities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Proceeds from stock option exercises |  | 348 |  |  | 884 |
Receipt of advances for and contributions in aid of construction |  | 4,363 |  |  | 6,132 |
Refunds on advances for construction |  | (3,223 | ) |  | (3,477 | )
Retirement or repayments of long-term debt |  | (326 | ) |  | (320 | )
Net change in notes payable to banks |  | 11,000 |  |  | (44,000 | )
Dividends paid |  | (28,831 | ) |  | (27,064 | )
Other financing activities |  | (1,217 | ) |  | (1,288 | )
Net cash used |  | (17,886 | ) |  | (69,133 | )
Net increase in cash and cash equivalents |  | 1,762 |  |  | 6,225 |
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of period |  | 214 |  |  | 436 |
Cash and cash equivalents, end of period |  | $ | 1,976 |  |  | $ | 6,661 |
Non-cash transactions: |  |  |  |
Accrued payables for investment in utility plant |  | $ | 21,703 |  |  | $ | 21,978 |
Property installed by developers and conveyed |  | $ | 1,968 |  |  | $ | 1,796 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
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GOLDEN STATE WATER COMPANY
BALANCE SHEETS
ASSETS
(Unaudited)

(in thousands) |  | September 30, 2018 |  | December 31, 2017
Utility Plant |  |  |  |  |  |
Utility plant, at cost |  | $ | 1,795,500 |  |  | $ | 1,722,421 |
Less - Accumulated depreciation |  | (546,310 | ) |  | (524,481 | )
Net utility plant |  | 1,249,190 |  |  | 1,197,940 |
Other Property and Investments |  | 24,290 |  |  | 21,956 |
Current Assets |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | 153 |  |  | 214 |
Accounts receivable-customers (less allowance for doubtful accounts of $844 in 2018 and $806 in 2017) |  | 29,915 |  |  | 26,127 |
Unbilled receivable |  | 19,987 |  |  | 18,852 |
Other accounts receivable (less allowance for doubtful accounts of $59 in 2018 and 2017) |  | 1,350 |  |  | 6,105 |
Income taxes receivable from Parent |  | 1,559 |  |  | 6,590 |
Materials and supplies, at average cost |  | 4,674 |  |  | 4,046 |
Regulatory assets — current |  | 22,130 |  |  | 34,220 |
Prepayments and other current assets |  | 5,796 |  |  | 5,090 |
Total current assets |  | 85,564 |  |  | 101,244 |
Regulatory and Other Assets |  |  |  |  |  |
Other |  | 5,685 |  |  | 5,683 |
Total regulatory and other assets |  | 5,685 |  |  | 5,683 |
Total Assets |  | $ | 1,364,729 |  |  | $ | 1,326,823 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.
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GOLDEN STATE WATER COMPANY
BALANCE SHEETS
CAPITALIZATION AND LIABILITIES
(Unaudited)

(in thousands) |  | September 30, 2018 |  | December 31, 2017
Capitalization |  |  |  |  |  |
Common Shares, no par value: |  |  |  |
Authorized: 1,000 shares |  |  |  |
Outstanding: 146 shares in 2018 and 2017 |  | $ | 244,716 |  |  | $ | 242,181 |
Earnings reinvested in the business |  | 243,660 |  |  | 232,193 |
Total common shareholder’s equity |  | 488,376 |  |  | 474,374 |
Long-term debt |  | 281,010 |  |  | 321,039 |
Total capitalization |  | 769,386 |  |  | 795,413 |
Current Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |
Intercompany payable |  | 50,475 |  |  | 34,836 |
Long-term debt — current |  | 40,320 |  |  | 324 |
Accounts payable |  | 44,798 |  |  | 42,497 |
Accrued other taxes |  | 10,197 |  |  | 7,108 |
Accrued employee expenses |  | 10,046 |  |  | 11,338 |
Accrued interest |  | 6,298 |  |  | 3,585 |
Unrealized loss on derivative contracts |  | 1,143 |  |  | 2,941 |
Other |  | 11,469 |  |  | 14,705 |
Total current liabilities |  | 174,746 |  |  | 117,334 |
Other Credits |  |  |  |  |  |
Advances for construction |  | 67,467 |  |  | 67,465 |
Contributions in aid of construction — net |  | 123,686 |  |  | 123,602 |
Deferred income taxes |  | 118,935 |  |  | 120,780 |
Regulatory liabilities |  | 43,766 |  |  | 32,178 |
Unamortized investment tax credits |  | 1,384 |  |  | 1,436 |
Accrued pension and other postretirement benefits |  | 54,239 |  |  | 57,695 |
Other |  | 11,120 |  |  | 10,920 |
Total other credits |  | 420,597 |  |  | 414,076 |
Commitments and Contingencies (Note 9) |  |  |  |  |  |
Total Capitalization and Liabilities |  | $ | 1,364,729 |  |  | $ | 1,326,823 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.
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GOLDEN STATE WATER COMPANY
STATEMENTS OF INCOME
FOR THE THREE MONTHS
ENDED SEPTEMBER 30, 2018 AND 2017
(Unaudited)

|  | Three Months Ended September 30,
(in thousands) |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Operating Revenues |  |  |  |
Water |  | $ | 87,689 |  |  | $ | 91,919 |
Electric |  | 7,875 |  |  | 7,994 |
Total operating revenues |  | 95,564 |  |  | 99,913 |
Operating Expenses |  |  |  |
Water purchased |  | 21,842 |  |  | 20,576 |
Power purchased for pumping |  | 3,217 |  |  | 2,913 |
Groundwater production assessment |  | 5,961 |  |  | 5,870 |
Power purchased for resale |  | 2,647 |  |  | 2,439 |
Supply cost balancing accounts |  | (5,212 | ) |  | (4,621 | )
Other operation |  | 6,570 |  |  | 6,493 |
Administrative and general |  | 16,367 |  |  | 16,929 |
Depreciation and amortization |  | 9,623 |  |  | 9,509 |
Maintenance |  | 2,709 |  |  | 2,692 |
Property and other taxes |  | 4,300 |  |  | 4,144 |
Gain on sale of assets |  | — |  |  | (17 | )
Total operating expenses |  | 68,024 |  |  | 66,927 |
Operating Income |  | 27,540 |  |  | 32,986 |
Other Income and Expenses |  |  |  |
Interest expense |  | (5,781 | ) |  | (5,638 | )
Interest income |  | 451 |  |  | 318 |
Other, net |  | 1,123 |  |  | 483 |
Total other income and expenses, net |  | (4,207 | ) |  | (4,837 | )
Income before income tax expense |  | 23,333 |  |  | 28,149 |
Income tax expense |  | 5,414 |  |  | 10,813 |
Net Income |  | $ | 17,919 |  |  | $ | 17,336 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
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GOLDEN STATE WATER COMPANY
STATEMENTS OF INCOME
FOR THE NINE MONTHS
ENDED SEPTEMBER 30, 2018 AND 2017
(Unaudited)

|  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
(in thousands) |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Operating Revenues |  |  |  |  |  |
Water |  | $ | 228,834 |  |  | $ | 239,057 |
Electric |  | 25,548 |  |  | 26,108 |
Total operating revenues |  | 254,382 |  |  | 265,165 |
Operating Expenses |  |  |  |  |  |
Water purchased |  | 52,057 |  |  | 50,619 |
Power purchased for pumping |  | 7,141 |  |  | 6,667 |
Groundwater production assessment |  | 15,146 |  |  | 14,176 |
Power purchased for resale |  | 8,439 |  |  | 7,847 |
Supply cost balancing accounts |  | (11,110 | ) |  | (11,663 | )
Other operation |  | 19,423 |  |  | 18,142 |
Administrative and general |  | 46,693 |  |  | 48,285 |
Depreciation and amortization |  | 28,387 |  |  | 28,341 |
Maintenance |  | 9,034 |  |  | 8,662 |
Property and other taxes |  | 12,690 |  |  | 12,316 |
Gain on sale of assets |  | — |  |  | (8,318 | )
Total operating expenses |  | 187,900 |  |  | 175,074 |
Operating Income |  | 66,482 |  |  | 90,091 |
Other Income and Expenses |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest expense |  | (17,397 | ) |  | (17,170 | )
Interest income |  | 1,288 |  |  | 1,175 |
Other, net |  | 1,827 |  |  | 1,587 |
Total other income and expenses, net |  | (14,282 | ) |  | (14,408 | )
Income before income tax expense |  | 52,200 |  |  | 75,683 |
Income tax expense |  | 11,743 |  |  | 29,235 |
Net Income |  | $ | 40,457 |  |  | $ | 46,448 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
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GOLDEN STATE WATER COMPANY
STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
FOR THE NINE MONTHS ENDED SEPTEMBER 30, 2018 AND 2017
(Unaudited)

|  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
(in thousands) |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Cash Flows From Operating Activities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income |  | $ | 40,457 |  |  | $ | 46,448 |
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Depreciation and amortization |  | 28,566 |  |  | 28,522 |
Provision for doubtful accounts |  | 597 |  |  | 563 |
Deferred income taxes and investment tax credits |  | (3,797 | ) |  | 9,139 |
Stock-based compensation expense |  | 3,264 |  |  | 1,970 |
Gain on sale of assets |  | — |  |  | (8,318 | )
Other — net |  | (543 | ) |  | (866 | )
Changes in assets and liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Accounts receivable — customers |  | (4,385 | ) |  | (10,683 | )
Unbilled receivable |  | (1,135 | ) |  | (3,138 | )
Other accounts receivable |  | 4,755 |  |  | (1,658 | )
Materials and supplies |  | (628 | ) |  | (891 | )
Prepayments and other assets |  | (708 | ) |  | (976 | )
Regulatory assets |  | 22,945 |  |  | 10,344 |
Accounts payable |  | 726 |  |  | 5,999 |
Intercompany receivable/payable |  | (361 | ) |  | (623 | )
Income taxes receivable/payable from/to Parent |  | 5,031 |  |  | 22,992 |
Accrued pension and other post-retirement benefits |  | (2,305 | ) |  | (2,285 | )
Other liabilities |  | 1,283 |  |  | 1,905 |
Net cash provided |  | 93,762 |  |  | 98,444 |
Cash Flows From Investing Activities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Capital expenditures |  | (79,240 | ) |  | (76,373 | )
Proceeds from sale of assets |  | — |  |  | 34,324 |
Other investing activities |  | (1,492 | ) |  | (1,299 | )
Net cash used |  | (80,732 | ) |  | (43,348 | )
Cash Flows From Financing Activities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Receipt of advances for and contributions in aid of construction |  | 4,363 |  |  | 6,132 |
Refunds on advances for construction |  | (3,223 | ) |  | (3,477 | )
Retirement or repayments of long-term debt |  | (326 | ) |  | (320 | )
Net change in intercompany borrowings |  | 16,000 |  |  | (32,000 | )
Dividends paid |  | (28,850 | ) |  | (18,300 | )
Other financing activities |  | (1,055 | ) |  | (1,086 | )
Net cash used |  | (13,091 | ) |  | (49,051 | )
Net increase in cash and cash equivalents |  | (61 | ) |  | 6,045 |
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of period |  | 214 |  |  | 209 |
Cash and cash equivalents, end of period |  | $ | 153 |  |  | $ | 6,254 |
Non-cash transactions: |  |  |  |
Accrued payables for investment in utility plant |  | $ | 21,703 |  |  | $ | 21,975 |
Property installed by developers and conveyed |  | $ | 1,968 |  |  | $ | 1,796 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.
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AMERICAN STATES WATER COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES
AND
GOLDEN STATE WATER COMPANY
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Unaudited)
Note 1 — Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Nature of Operations: American States Water Company (“AWR”) is the parent company of Golden State Water Company (“GSWC”) and American States Utility Services, Inc. (“ASUS”) (and its subsidiaries, Fort Bliss Water Services Company (“FBWS”), Terrapin Utility Services, Inc. (“TUS”), Old Dominion Utility Services, Inc. (“ODUS”), Palmetto State Utility Services, Inc. (“PSUS”), Old North Utility Services, Inc. (“ONUS”), Emerald Coast Utility Services, Inc. ("ECUS"), and Fort Riley Utility Services, Inc. ("FRUS")). The subsidiaries of ASUS are collectively referred to as the “Military Utility Privatization Subsidiaries.”
GSWC is a public utility engaged principally in the purchase, production, distribution and sale of water in California serving approximately 260,000 customers. GSWC also distributes electricity in several San Bernardino County mountain communities in California serving approximately 24,000 customers through its Bear Valley Electric Service (“BVES”) division. The California Public Utilities Commission (“CPUC”) regulates GSWC’s water and electric businesses in matters including properties, rates, services, facilities and transactions by GSWC with its affiliates.
ASUS, through its wholly owned subsidiaries, operates, maintains and performs construction activities (including renewal and replacement capital work) on water and/or wastewater systems at various U.S. military bases pursuant to 50-year firm fixed-price contracts. These contracts are subject to economic price adjustments and modifications for changes in circumstances, changes in laws and regulations and additions to the contract value for new construction of facilities at the military bases. In September 2017, ASUS was awarded a new 50-year contract by the U.S. government to operate, maintain, and provide construction management services for the water distribution and wastewater collection and treatment facilities at Fort Riley, a United States Army installation located in Kansas. The contract over the 50-year period is subject to annual economic price adjustments. ASUS began operations at Fort Riley in July 2018.
There is no direct regulatory oversight by the CPUC over AWR or the operations, rates or services provided by ASUS or any of its wholly owned subsidiaries.
Basis of Presentation: The consolidated financial statements and notes thereto are presented in a combined report filed by two separate Registrants: AWR and GSWC. References in this report to “Registrant” are to AWR and GSWC, collectively, unless otherwise specified.
AWR owns all of the outstanding Common Shares of GSWC and ASUS. ASUS owns all of the outstanding Common Shares of the Military Utility Privatization Subsidiaries. The consolidated financial statements of AWR include the accounts of AWR and its subsidiaries, all of which are wholly owned. These financial statements are prepared in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. Intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated in the AWR consolidated financial statements.
The consolidated financial statements included herein have been prepared by Registrant, without audit, pursuant to the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”). The December 31, 2017 condensed consolidated balance sheet data was derived from audited financial statements, but does not include all disclosures required by generally accepted accounting principles ("GAAP") in the United States of America. The preparation of the consolidated financial statements requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements, and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. In the opinion of management, all adjustments consisting of normal, recurring items and estimates necessary for a fair statement of the results for the interim periods have been made. It is suggested that these consolidated financial statements be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and the notes thereto included in the Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017 filed with the SEC.
GSWC's Related Party Transactions: GSWC and ASUS provide and/or receive various support services to and from their parent, AWR, and among themselves. GSWC also allocates certain corporate office administrative and general costs to its affiliate, ASUS, using allocation factors approved by the CPUC. GSWC allocated corporate office administrative and general costs to ASUS of approximately $1.2 million and $1.0 million during the three months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively, and approximately $3.2 million and $3.0 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively.
AWR has a $150.0 million syndicated credit facility, which was renewed in May 2018. As of September 30, 2018, AWR had $70.0 million outstanding under this facility. All amounts borrowed by AWR under the renewed facility are contractually due
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in May 2023 pursuant to the new terms and are generally priced off a spread to LIBOR. AWR borrows under this facility and provides funds to its subsidiaries, GSWC and ASUS, in support of their operations. The interest charged to GSWC and ASUS is sufficient to cover AWR’s interest expense under the credit facility. Amounts owed to AWR by GSWC, including for allocated expenses, are included in GSWC's intercompany payable under "Current Liabilities" as of September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017.
GSWC Long-Term Debt: In March of 2019, $40 million of GSWC's 6.70% senior note will mature. This note has been included in "Current Liabilities" in Registrant's balance sheets as of September 30, 2018. GSWC intends to issue additional common shares to AWR, borrow under its intercompany borrowing arrangement with AWR and/or issue additional long-term debt to fund the repayment of this note as well as to maintain normal operations and to meet its capital and other financing requirements.
Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements: In May 2014, the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") issued Accounting Standard Update ("ASU") 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606). Under this guidance, an entity recognizes revenue when it transfers goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects what the entity expects in exchange for the goods or services. Registrant adopted this guidance under the modified retrospective approach beginning January 1, 2018. The adoption of this guidance did not have a material impact on Registrant's measurement or timing of revenue recognition but required additional disclosures (see Note 2).
In March 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-07, Compensation-Retirement Benefits (Topic 715): Improving the Presentation of Net Periodic Pension Cost and Net Periodic Postretirement Benefit Cost, which changes the financial statement presentation for the costs of defined benefit pension plans and other retirement benefits. Prior to this guidance, the components of net benefit cost for retirement plans (such as service cost, interest cost, expected return on assets, and the amortization of prior service costs and actuarial gains and losses) were aggregated as operating costs for financial statement presentation purposes. Under the new guidance, the service cost component continues to be presented as operating costs, while all other components of net benefit cost are presented outside of operating income. The new guidance also limits any capitalization of net periodic benefits cost to the service cost component. Registrant adopted the new guidance beginning January 1, 2018, which did not have a material impact on its financial statements. Registrant used its prior year's disclosure of its pension and other employee benefit plans as an estimation for applying the retrospective presentation requirements of this guidance. The components of net periodic benefits cost, other than the service cost component, have been included in the line item “Other, net” in Registrant's income statements (see Note 8).
In November of 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-18, Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230) - Restricted Cash. The guidance requires restricted cash to be combined with cash and cash equivalents when reconciling the beginning and end of period cash balances in the statement of cash flows. The adoption of this new guidance in 2018 did not have an impact on Registrant's cash flow statements. In August 2016, the FASB also issued ASU 2016-15, Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230) Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments, which is intended to reduce diversity in practice in how certain transactions are classified in the statement of cash flows. The adoption of this new guidance in 2018 did not have an impact on Registrant's cash flow statements.
In February 2016, the FASB issued a new lease accounting standard, Leases (ASC 842). Under the new standard, lessees will recognize a right-of-use asset and a lease liability for virtually all leases (other than leases that meet the definition of a short-term lease). For income statement purposes, leases will be classified as either operating or finance. Operating leases will result in straight-line expense while finance leases will result in a front-loaded expense pattern. The standard is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2018. Registrant is assessing whether to elect the practical expedients available under this standard. Registrant will apply the new lease standard as of January 1, 2019 and recognize a cumulative-effect adjustment (if any) to the opening balance of retained earnings. Any periods presented prior to January 1, 2019 will not be adjusted to conform to the new lease standard. Registrant continues to assess the impact of this standard to its financial statements.
In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-15—Intangibles—Goodwill and Other—Internal-Use Software (Subtopic 350-40): Customer’s Accounting for Implementation Costs Incurred in a Cloud Computing Arrangement That Is a Service Contract. Under this standard, entities that enter into cloud computing service arrangements will apply existing internal-use software guidance to determine which implementation costs are eligible for capitalization. Under that guidance, implementation costs are capitalized or expensed depending on the nature of the costs and the project stage during which they are incurred. The new guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2020. Early adoption is permitted. Registrant is currently evaluating the impact of adopting this guidance.
In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-14—Compensation—Retirement Benefits—Defined Benefit Plans—General (Subtopic 715-20): Disclosure Framework—Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Defined Benefit Plans. This update removes disclosures to pension plans and other postretirement benefit plans that no longer are considered cost beneficial, clarifies the specific disclosure requirements and adds disclosure requirements deemed relevant. The amendments in this ASU are effective for fiscal years ending after December 15, 2020 and will be applied on a retrospective basis to all periods presented.
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Note 2 — Revenues from Contracts with Customers
Most of Registrant's revenues are accounted for under the revenue recognition accounting standard, "Revenue from Contracts with Customers - (Topic 606)." The adoption of this accounting standard effective January 1, 2018 did not have a material impact on Registrant's measurement or timing of revenue recognition.
GSWC provides water and electric utility services to customers as specified by the CPUC. The transaction prices for water and electric revenues are based on tariff rates authorized by the CPUC, which include both quantity-based and flat charges. Tariff revenues represent the adopted revenue requirement authorized by the CPUC intended to provide GSWC with an opportunity to recover its costs and earn a reasonable return on its net capital investment. The annual revenue requirements are comprised of operation and maintenance costs, administrative and general costs, depreciation and taxes in amounts authorized by the CPUC and a return on rate base consistent with the capital structure authorized by the CPUC.
Water and electric revenues are recognized over time as customers simultaneously receive and use the utility services provided. Water and electric revenues include amounts billed to customers on a cyclical basis, nearly all of which are based on meter readings for services provided. Customer bills also include surcharges for cost-recovery activities, which represent CPUC-authorized balancing and memorandum accounts that allow for the recovery of previously incurred operating costs. Revenues from these surcharges result in no impact to earnings as they are offset by corresponding increases in operating expenses to reflect the recovery of the associated costs. Customer payment terms are approximately 20 business days from the billing date. Unbilled revenues are amounts estimated to be billed for usage since the last meter-reading date to the end of the accounting period. Historical customer usage forms the basis for estimating unbilled revenue.
GSWC bills certain sales and use taxes levied by state or local governments to its customers. Included in these sales and use taxes are franchise fees, which GSWC pays to various municipalities and counties (based on their ordinances) in order to use public rights of way for utility purposes. GSWC bills these franchise fees to its customers based on a CPUC-authorized rate for each ratemaking area as applicable. These franchise fees, which are required to be paid regardless of GSWC’s ability to collect them from its customers, are accounted for on a gross basis. GSWC’s franchise fees billed to customers and recorded as operating revenue were approximately $1.0 million for each of the three months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, and $2.8 million for each of the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017. When GSWC acts as an agent, and a tax is not required to be remitted if it is not collected from customers, the tax is accounted for on a net basis.
GSWC revenues tracked under the Water Revenue Adjustment Mechanism (“WRAM”) regulatory accounts for its water segment, and the Base Revenue Requirement Adjustment Mechanism ("BRRAM") regulatory account for its electric segment, are alternative revenue programs accounted for under Accounting Standards Codification ("ASC") Topic 980, Regulated Operations.
For ASUS, performance obligations consist of (i) performing ongoing operation and maintenance of the water and/or wastewater systems and treatment plants for each military base served, and (ii) performing construction activities (including renewal and replacement capital work) on each military base served. The transaction price for each performance obligation is either delineated in, or initially derived from, the applicable 50-year contract and/or any subsequent contract modifications. Depending on the state in which operations are conducted, the Military Utility Privatization Subsidiaries are also subject to certain state non-income tax assessments, which are accounted for on a gross basis and have been immaterial to date.
The ongoing performance of operation and maintenance of the water and/or wastewater systems and treatment plants is viewed as a single performance obligation for each 50-year contract with the U.S. government. Registrant recognizes revenue for operations and maintenance fees monthly using the "right to invoice" practical expedient under ASC Topic 606. ASUS has a right to consideration from the U.S. government in an amount that corresponds directly to the value to the U.S. government of ASUS’s performance completed to date. The contractual operations and maintenance fees are firm-fixed, and the level of effort or resources expended in the performance of the operations-and-maintenance-fees performance obligation is largely consistent over the 50-year term. Therefore, Registrant has determined that the monthly amounts invoiced for operations and maintenance performance are a fair reflection of the value transferred to the U.S. government. Invoices to the U.S. government for operations and maintenance service, as well as construction activities, are due upon receipt.
ASUS's construction activities consist of various projects to be performed. Each of these projects' transaction prices is delineated either in the 50-year contract or through a specific contract modification for each construction project, which includes the transaction price for that project. Each construction project is viewed as a separate, single performance obligation. Therefore, it is generally not necessary to allocate a construction transaction price to more than one construction performance obligation. Revenues for construction activities are recognized over time, with progress toward completion measured based on the input method using costs incurred relative to the total estimated costs (cost-to-cost method). Due to the nature of these construction projects, Registrant has determined the cost-to-cost input measurement to be the best method to measure progress towards satisfying its construction contract performance obligations, as compared to using an output measurement such as units produced. Changes in job performance, job site conditions, change orders and/or estimated profitability may result in revisions to costs and income for ASUS, and are recognized in the period in which any such revisions are determined. Pre-contract costs for ASUS,
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which consist of design and engineering labor costs, are deferred if recovery is probable, and are expensed as incurred if recovery is not probable. Deferred pre-contract costs have been immaterial to date.
Contracted services revenues recognized during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 from performance obligations satisfied in previous periods were not material.
Although GSWC has a diversified base of residential, commercial, industrial and other customers, revenues derived from residential and commercial customers account for approximately 90% of total water revenues, and 90% of total electric revenues. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, disaggregated revenues from contracts with customers by segment are as follows:

(dollar in thousands) |  | Three Months Ended September 30, 2018 |  | Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018
Water: |  |  |  |
Tariff-based revenues |  | $ | 87,204 |  |  | $ | 223,230 |
CPUC-approved surcharges (cost-recovery activities) |  | 937 |  |  | 2,458 |
Other |  | 486 |  |  | 1,381 |
Water revenues from contracts with customers |  | 88,627 |  |  | 227,069 |
WRAM under-collection (alternative revenue program) |  | (938 | ) |  | 1,765 |
Total water revenues |  | 87,689 |  |  | 228,834 |
Electric: |  |  |  |
Tariff-based revenues |  | 8,207 |  |  | 26,021 |
CPUC-approved surcharges (cost-recovery activities) |  | 62 |  |  | 172 |
Electric revenues from contracts with customers |  | 8,269 |  |  | 26,193 |
BRRAM over-collection (alternative revenue program) |  | (394 | ) |  | (645 | )
Total electric revenues |  | 7,875 |  |  | 25,548 |
Contracted services: |  |  |  |
Water |  | 16,909 |  |  | 44,134 |
Wastewater |  | 11,709 |  |  | 27,295 |
Contracted services revenues from contracts with customers |  | 28,618 |  |  | 71,429 |
Total revenues |  | $ | 124,182 |  |  | $ | 325,811 |

The opening and closing balances of the receivable from the U.S. government, contract assets and contract liabilities from contracts with customers, which related entirely to ASUS, are as follows:

(dollar in thousands) |  | September 30, 2018 |  | January 1, 2018
Receivable from the U.S. government |  | $ | 54,968 |  |  | $ | 40,150 |
Contract assets |  | $ | 19,043 |  |  | $ | 30,388 |
Contract liabilities |  | $ | 8,942 |  |  | $ | 3,911 |

As a result of the adoption of ASC Topic 606, amounts previously reported under "Costs and estimated earnings in excess of billings on contracts" are now reflected as either "Receivable from U.S. government" or "Contract assets," depending on whether receipt of these amounts is conditional on something other than the passage of time. Amounts previously reported under "Billings in excess of costs and estimated earnings on contracts" are now reflected as "Contract liabilities."
Contract Assets - Contract assets are those of ASUS and consist of unbilled revenues recognized from work-in-progress construction projects where the right to payment is conditional on something other than the passage of time. The classification of this asset as current or noncurrent is based on the timing of when ASUS expects to bill these amounts.
Contract Liabilities - Contract liabilities are those of ASUS and consist of billings in excess of revenue recognized. The classification of this liability as current or noncurrent is based on the timing of when ASUS expects to recognize revenue.
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Revenue for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 that were included in contract liabilities at the beginning of the period were $3.4 million and $3.7 million, respectively.
As of September 30, 2018, Registrant's aggregate remaining performance obligations, all of which are for the contracted services segment, was $3.2 billion. Registrant expects to recognize revenue on these remaining performance obligations over the remaining terms of each of the 50-year contracts, which range from 36 to 50 years. Each of the contracts with the U.S. government is subject to termination, in whole or in part, prior to the end of its 50-year term for the convenience of the U.S. government.
Note 3 — Regulatory Matters
In accordance with accounting principles for rate-regulated enterprises, Registrant records regulatory assets, which represent probable future recovery of costs from customers through the ratemaking process, and regulatory liabilities, which represent probable future refunds that are to be credited to customers through the ratemaking process. At September 30, 2018, Registrant had approximately $59.6 million of regulatory liabilities, net of regulatory assets not accruing carrying costs. Of this amount, (i) $81.9 million of regulatory liabilities are excess deferred income taxes arising from the lower federal income tax rate due to the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act ("Tax Act") enacted in December 2017 that are expected to be refunded to customers, (ii) $15.8 million of regulatory liabilities are from flowed-through deferred income taxes, (iii) $33.5 million of regulatory assets relates to the underfunded position in Registrant's pension and other post-retirement obligations (not including the two-way pension balancing accounts), and (iv) $1.1 million of regulatory assets relates to a memorandum account authorized by the CPUC to track unrealized gains and losses on BVES's purchase power contracts over the term of the contracts.
Regulatory assets represent costs incurred by GSWC for which it has received or expects to receive rate recovery in the future. In determining the probability of costs being recognized in other periods, GSWC considers regulatory rules and decisions, past practices, and other facts and circumstances that would indicate if recovery is probable. If the CPUC determines that a portion of GSWC’s assets are not recoverable in customer rates, GSWC must determine if it has suffered an asset impairment requiring it to write down the asset's value. Regulatory assets are offset against regulatory liabilities within each ratemaking area. Amounts expected to be collected or refunded in the next 12 months have been classified as current assets and current liabilities by ratemaking area. Regulatory assets, less regulatory liabilities, included in the consolidated balance sheets are as follows:

(dollars in thousands) |  | September 30, 2018 |  | December 31, 2017
GSWC |  |  |  |
Water Revenue Adjustment Mechanism, net of Modified Cost Balancing Account |  | $ | 24,264 |  |  | $ | 29,556 |
Costs deferred for future recovery on Aerojet case |  | 9,809 |  |  | 10,656 |
Pensions and other post-retirement obligations (Note 8) |  | 31,066 |  |  | 33,019 |
Derivative unrealized loss (Note 5) |  | 1,143 |  |  | 2,941 |
Low income rate assistance balancing accounts |  | 3,660 |  |  | 5,972 |
General rate case memorandum accounts |  | 6,798 |  |  | 10,522 |
Other regulatory assets |  | 15,506 |  |  | 14,875 |
Excess deferred income taxes (Note 7) |  | (81,912 | ) |  | (83,231 | )
Flow-through taxes, net (Note 7) |  | (15,816 | ) |  | (17,716 | )
Tax Cuts and Jobs Act ("Tax Act") memorandum accounts |  | (8,274 | ) |  | — |
Various refunds to customers |  | (7,880 | ) |  | (4,552 | )
Total |  | $ | (21,636 | ) |  | $ | 2,042 |

Regulatory matters are discussed in detail in the consolidated financial statements and the notes thereto included in the Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017 filed with the SEC. The discussion below focuses on significant matters and developments since December 31, 2017.
Alternative-Revenue Programs:
GSWC records the difference between what it bills its water customers and that which is authorized by the CPUC using the Water Revenue Adjustment Mechanism (“WRAM”) and Modified Cost Balancing Account (“MCBA”) accounts approved by the CPUC. The over- or under-collection of the WRAM is aggregated with the MCBA over- or under-collection for the corresponding ratemaking area and bears interest at the current 90-day commercial paper rate.
As required by the accounting guidance for alternative revenue programs, GSWC is required to collect its WRAM balances, net of its MCBA, within 24 months following the year in which an under-collection is recorded in order to recognize such amounts as revenue. The recovery periods for the majority of GSWC's WRAM/MCBA balances are primarily within 12 to 24 months. GSWC has implemented surcharges to recover its WRAM/MCBA balances as of December 31, 2017. For the three months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, surcharges (net of surcredits) of approximately $7.7 million and $11.4 million,
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respectively, were billed to customers to recover previously incurred under-collections in the WRAM/MCBA accounts. For the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, surcharges (net of surcredits) of approximately $17.5 million and $24.8 million, respectively, were billed to customers. During the nine months ended September 30, 2018, GSWC recorded additional net under-collections in the WRAM/MCBA accounts of $12.2 million mainly due to higher than adopted supply costs. As of September 30, 2018, GSWC had an aggregated regulatory asset of $24.3 million, which is comprised of a $3.4 million under-collection in the WRAM accounts and a $20.9 million under-collection in the MCBA accounts.
Other Regulatory Matters:
Tax Cuts and Jobs Act ("Tax Act"):
On December 22, 2017, the Tax Act was signed into federal law. The provisions of this major tax reform were generally effective January 1, 2018. The most significant provisions of the Tax Act impacting GSWC are the reduction of the federal corporate income tax rate from 35% to 21% and the elimination of bonus depreciation for regulated utilities. Pursuant to a CPUC directive, the 2018 impact of the Tax Act on the water segment’s adopted revenue requirement is being captured in a memorandum account effective January 1, 2018. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, approximately $944,000 and $7.4 million, respectively, of reduced water-revenue requirements were tracked and recorded as a regulatory liability, which were largely offset by decreases in income tax expense. In March 2018, GSWC filed updated testimony revising the revenue requirements to reflect the impacts of the Tax Act in its pending water general rate case that will set new rates for the years 2019 - 2021. On July 1, 2018, new lower water rates, which incorporate the new federal income tax rate, were implemented for all water ratemaking areas.
The CPUC also ordered GSWC to update its pending electric general rate case filing, which will determine new electric rates for the years 2018 - 2021, to reflect the lower federal corporate income tax rate. As a result, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, GSWC reduced electric revenues by approximately $125,000 and $848,000, respectively, and recorded a corresponding regulatory liability that will be satisfied as part of implementing overall new rates from the general rate case retroactive to January 1, 2018.
Reductions in the water and electric revenue requirements resulting from the impacts of the Tax Act are largely offset by decreases in GSWC's income tax expense, resulting in no material impact to earnings (see Note 7).
Cost of Capital Proceeding:
In March 2018, the CPUC issued a final decision in the cost of capital proceeding for GSWC and three other water utilities for the years 2018 - 2020. Among other things, the final decision adopted for GSWC's water segment a return on equity of 8.90%, with a return on rate base of 7.91%. The previously authorized return on equity for GSWC’s water segment was 9.43%, with a return on rate base of 8.34%. Including the effects of the Tax Act, the lower return on equity and rate base are expected to decrease GSWC’s annual adopted revenue requirement beginning in 2018 by approximately $3.6 million. In April 2018, GSWC implemented new water rates to incorporate the cost of capital decision. For the nine months ended September 30, 2018, GSWC recorded a regulatory liability with a corresponding decrease in water revenues of approximately $955,000 representing the revenue difference between the old and new cost of capital rates through April 2018.
Pending General Rate Case Filings:
In July 2017, GSWC filed a general rate case application with the CPUC for all of GSWC’s water regions and the general office. This general rate case will determine new water rates for the years 2019 - 2021. On August 15, 2018, GSWC and the CPUC’s Public Advocates Office ("CalPA"), formerly the Office of Ratepayer Advocates, filed a joint motion to adopt a settlement agreement between GSWC and CalPA in connection with this general rate case. If approved by the CPUC, this settlement agreement will resolve all of the issues in the general rate case. GSWC and CalPA informed the assigned Administrative Law Judge ("ALJ”) that hearings would not be needed in light of the settlement agreement. Subsequently, the ALJ issued a ruling requesting additional information on a number of items in the general rate case. GSWC has provided the additional information requested by the ALJ and believes it has satisfied all of the questions raised. Both the ALJ’s request and GSWC’s response are public information. At this time, GSWC is awaiting a proposed decision by the ALJ, which is expected during the fourth quarter of 2018, with a final decision by the CPUC expected by the first quarter of 2019. When approved, the new rates will become effective January 1, 2019.
In May 2017, GSWC filed its electric general rate case application with the CPUC to determine new electric rates for the years 2018 through 2021. GSWC and CalPA have reached a tentative settlement, which resolves all revenue requirement issues in this general rate case. A settlement conference with all parties in the rate case is scheduled for November 2018. Among other things, the tentative settlement incorporates a previous stipulation in the case, which authorizes a new return on equity for GSWC's electric segment of 9.60%. GSWC’s prior authorized return on equity for its electric segment was 9.95%. The stipulation also included a capital structure and debt cost similar to those approved by the CPUC in March 2018 in connection with GSWC's water segment cost of capital proceeding, as discussed above. Because of the delay in finalizing the electric general rate case, year-to-date 2018 billed electric revenues have been based on 2017 adopted rates, pending a final decision by the CPUC in this rate case application. When a final decision is approved, the new electric rates will be retroactive to January 1, 2018.
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Note 4 — Earnings per Share/Capital Stock
In accordance with the accounting guidance for participating securities and earnings per share (“EPS”), Registrant uses the “two-class” method of computing EPS. The “two-class” method is an earnings allocation formula that determines EPS for each class of common stock and participating security. AWR has participating securities related to restricted stock units that earn dividend equivalents on an equal basis with AWR’s Common Shares that have been issued under AWR's stock incentive plans for employees and the non-employee directors stock plans. In applying the “two-class” method, undistributed earnings are allocated to both common shares and participating securities.
The following is a reconciliation of Registrant’s net income and weighted average Common Shares outstanding used for calculating basic net income per share:

Basic: |  | For The Three Months Ended September 30, |  | For The Nine Months Ended September 30,
(in thousands, except per share amounts) |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Net income |  | $ | 22,952 |  |  | $ | 21,006 |  |  | 50,082 |  |  | 56,499 |
Less: (a) Distributed earnings to common shareholders |  | 10,102 |  |  | 9,349 |  |  | 28,831 |  |  | 27,064 |
Distributed earnings to participating securities |  | 54 |  |  | 50 |  |  | 151 |  |  | 139 |
Undistributed earnings |  | 12,796 |  |  | 11,607 |  |  | 21,100 |  |  | 29,296 |
(b) Undistributed earnings allocated to common shareholders |  | 12,727 |  |  | 11,546 |  |  | 20,991 |  |  | 29,147 |
Undistributed earnings allocated to participating securities |  | 69 |  |  | 61 |  |  | 109 |  |  | 149 |
Total income available to common shareholders, basic (a) + (b) |  | $ | 22,829 |  |  | $ | 20,895 |  |  | $ | 49,822 |  |  | $ | 56,211 |
Weighted average Common Shares outstanding, basic |  | 36,737 |  |  | 36,659 |  |  | 36,728 |  |  | 36,625 |
Basic earnings per Common Share |  | $ | 0.62 |  |  | $ | 0.57 |  |  | $ | 1.36 |  |  | $ | 1.53 |

Diluted EPS is based upon the weighted average number of Common Shares, including both outstanding shares and shares potentially issuable in connection with stock options and restricted stock units granted under AWR’s stock incentive plans for employees and the non-employee directors stock plans, and net income. At September 30, 2018 and 2017, there were 47,792 and 70,702 options outstanding, respectively, under these plans. At September 30, 2018 and 2017, there were also 198,613 and 195,457 restricted stock units outstanding, respectively, including performance shares awarded to officers of the Registrant.
The following is a reconciliation of Registrant’s net income and weighted average Common Shares outstanding for calculating diluted net income per share:

Diluted: |  | For The Three Months Ended September 30, |  | For The Nine Months Ended September 30,
(in thousands, except per share amounts) |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Common shareholders earnings, basic |  | $ | 22,829 |  |  | $ | 20,895 |  |  | $ | 49,822 |  |  | $ | 56,211 |
Undistributed earnings for dilutive stock-based awards |  | 69 |  |  | 61 |  |  | 109 |  |  | 149 |
Total common shareholders earnings, diluted |  | $ | 22,898 |  |  | $ | 20,956 |  |  | $ | 49,931 |  |  | $ | 56,360 |
Weighted average common shares outstanding, basic |  | 36,737 |  |  | 36,659 |  |  | 36,728 |  |  | 36,625 |
Stock-based compensation (1) |  | 213 |  |  | 197 |  |  | 207 |  |  | 188 |
Weighted average common shares outstanding, diluted |  | 36,950 |  |  | 36,856 |  |  | 36,935 |  |  | 36,813 |
Diluted earnings per Common Share |  | $ | 0.62 |  |  | $ | 0.57 |  |  | $ | 1.35 |  |  | $ | 1.53 |

(1) In applying the treasury stock method of reflecting the dilutive effect of outstanding stock-based compensation in the calculation of diluted EPS, 47,792 and 70,702 stock options at September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively, were deemed to be outstanding in accordance with the accounting guidance on earnings per share. All of the 198,613 and 195,457 restricted stock units at September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively, were included in the calculation of diluted EPS for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017.
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No stock options outstanding at September 30, 2018 had an exercise price greater than the average market price of AWR’s Common Shares for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018. There were no stock options outstanding at September 30, 2018 or 2017 that were anti-dilutive.
During the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, AWR issued 64,245 and 107,815 Common Shares, for approximately $348,000 and $884,000, respectively, under Registrant’s Common Share Purchase and Dividend Reinvestment Plan, the 401(k) Plan, the 2000 and 2008 Stock Incentive Plans and the 2003 and 2013 Non-Employee Directors Stock Plans.
During the three months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, AWR paid quarterly dividends of approximately $10.1 million, or $0.275 per share, and $9.3 million, or $0.255 per share, respectively. During the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, AWR paid quarterly dividends to shareholders of approximately $28.8 million, or $0.785 per share, and $27.1 million, or $0.739 per share, respectively.
Note 5 — Derivative Instruments
Derivative financial instruments are used to manage exposure to commodity price risk. Commodity price risk represents the potential impact that can be caused by a change in the market value of a commodity. BVES purchases power under long-term contracts at a fixed cost depending on the amount of power and the period during which the power is purchased under such contracts. In December 2014, the CPUC approved an application that allowed BVES to immediately execute new long-term purchased power contracts with energy providers. BVES began taking power under these long-term contracts effective January 1, 2015 at a fixed cost over three-and five-year terms depending on the amount of power and the period during which the power is purchased under the contracts.
BVES's long-term contracts are subject to the accounting guidance for derivatives and require mark-to-market derivative accounting. Among other things, the CPUC also authorized GSWC to establish a regulatory asset and liability memorandum account to offset the mark-to-market entries required by the accounting guidance. Accordingly, all unrealized gains and losses generated from the purchased power contracts are deferred monthly into a non-interest bearing regulatory memorandum account that tracks the changes in fair value of the derivatives throughout the term of the contracts. As a result, these unrealized gains and losses do not impact GSWC’s earnings. As of September 30, 2018, there was a $1.1 million unrealized loss in the memorandum account for the purchased power contracts as a result of the drop in energy prices. The notional volume of derivatives remaining under these long-term contracts as of September 30, 2018 was approximately 123,000 megawatt hours.
The accounting guidance for fair value measurements applies to all financial assets and financial liabilities that are measured and reported on a fair value basis. Under the accounting guidance, GSWC makes fair value measurements that are classified and disclosed in one of the following three categories:
Level 1: Unadjusted quoted prices in active markets that are accessible at the measurement date for identical, unrestricted assets or liabilities;
Level 2: Quoted prices in markets that are not active or inputs which are observable, either directly or indirectly, for substantially the full term of the asset or liability; or
Level 3: Prices or valuation techniques that require inputs that are both significant to the fair value measurement and unobservable (i.e., supported by little or no market activity).
To value the contracts, Registrant applies the Black-76 model, utilizing various inputs that include quoted market prices for energy over the duration of the contracts. The market prices used to determine the fair value for these derivative instruments were estimated based on independent sources such as broker quotes and publications that are not observable in or corroborated by the market. Registrant received one broker quote to determine the fair value of its derivative instruments. When such inputs have a significant impact on the measurement of fair value, the instruments are categorized as Level 3. Accordingly, the valuation of the derivatives on Registrant’s purchased power contract has been classified as Level 3 for all periods presented.
The following table presents changes in the fair value of GSWC’s Level 3 derivatives for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017:

|  | For The Three Months Ended September 30, |  | For The Nine Months Ended September 30,
(dollars in thousands) |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Fair value at beginning of the period |  | $ | (1,710 | ) |  | $ | (4,493 | ) |  | $ | (2,941 | ) |  | $ | (4,901 | )
Unrealized gain on purchased power contracts |  | 567 |  |  | 656 |  |  | 1,798 |  |  | 1,064 |
Fair value at end of the period |  | $ | (1,143 | ) |  | $ | (3,837 | ) |  | $ | (1,143 | ) |  | $ | (3,837 | )

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Note 6 — Fair Value of Financial Instruments
For cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, accounts payable and short-term debt, the carrying amount is assumed to approximate fair value due to the short-term nature of the amounts.
Investments held in a Rabbi Trust for the supplemental executive retirement plan ("SERP") are measured at fair value and totaled $17.8 million as of September 30, 2018. All equity investments in the Rabbi Trust are Level 1 investments in mutual funds. The investments held in the Rabbi Trust are included in Other Property and Investments on Registrant's balance sheets.
The table below estimates the fair value of long-term debt held by GSWC. The fair values as of September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 were determined using rates for similar financial instruments of the same duration utilizing Level 2 methods and assumptions. The interest rates used for the September 30, 2018 valuation increased as compared to December 31, 2017, decreasing the fair value of long-term debt as of September 30, 2018. Changes in the assumptions will produce different results.

|  | September 30, 2018 |  | December 31, 2017
(dollars in thousands) |  | Carrying Amount |  | Fair Value |  | Carrying Amount |  | Fair Value
Financial liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Long-term debt—GSWC (1) |  | $ | 324,978 |  |  | $ | 389,438 |  |  | $ | 325,265 |  |  | $ | 424,042 |

___________________
(1) Excludes debt issuance costs and redemption premiums.
Note 7 — Income Taxes
On December 22, 2017, the Tax Act was signed into federal law. The provisions of this major tax reform were generally effective January 1, 2018. Among its significant provisions, the Tax Act reduced the federal corporate income tax rate from 35% to 21% and eliminated bonus depreciation for regulated utilities. AWR's effective tax rate (“ETR”) was 23.2% and 37.3% for the three months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively, and was 21.7% and 37.3% for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively. GSWC's ETR was 23.2% and 38.4% for the three months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively, and was 22.5% and 38.6% for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Both decreases were due primarily to the reduction in the federal corporate income tax rate.
AWR's ETR differed from the new federal statutory rate primarily as a result of the differences between GSWC's ETR and the new federal statutory rate. These differences resulted primarily from: (i) state taxes, (ii) permanent differences including the excess tax benefits from share-based payments, which were reflected in the income statements and resulted in a reduction to income tax expense during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, (iii) differences between book and taxable income that are treated as flow-through adjustments in accordance with regulatory requirements (principally from plant, rate-case, and compensation expenses), and (iv) commencement of the amortization of the excess deferred income tax liability brought about by the lower federal corporate income tax rate. There were no material updates to the excess deferred income tax liability balance during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 in accordance with Staff Accounting Bulletin 118.
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Note 8 — Employee Benefit Plans
The components of net periodic benefit costs, before allocation to the overhead pool, for Registrant’s pension plan, postretirement plan and the supplemental executive retirement plan ("SERP") for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017 are as follows:

|  | For The Three Months Ended September 30,
|  | Pension Benefits |  | Other Postretirement Benefits |  | SERP
(dollars in thousands) |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Components of Net Periodic Benefits Cost: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Service cost |  | $ | 1,335 |  |  | $ | 1,250 |  |  | $ | 48 |  |  | $ | 53 |  |  | $ | 274 |  |  | $ | 232 |
Interest cost |  | 1,912 |  |  | 1,976 |  |  | 75 |  |  | 73 |  |  | 222 |  |  | 223 |
Expected return on plan assets |  | (2,793 | ) |  | (2,428 | ) |  | (123 | ) |  | (107 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |
Amortization of prior service cost (benefit) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3 |
Amortization of actuarial (gain) loss |  | 314 |  |  | 231 |  |  | (212 | ) |  | (242 | ) |  | 262 |  |  | 194 |
Net periodic pension cost under accounting standards |  | 768 |  |  | 1,029 |  |  | (212 | ) |  | (223 | ) |  | 758 |  |  | 652 |
Regulatory adjustment — deferred |  | — |  |  | 266 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total expense recognized, before surcharges and allocation to overhead pool |  | $ | 768 |  |  | $ | 1,295 |  |  | $ | (212 | ) |  | $ | (223 | ) |  | $ | 758 |  |  | $ | 652 |

|  | For The Nine Months Ended September 30,
|  | Pension Benefits |  | Other Postretirement Benefits |  | SERP
(dollars in thousands) |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Components of Net Periodic Benefits Cost: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Service cost |  | $ | 4,005 |  |  | $ | 3,750 |  |  | $ | 162 |  |  | $ | 171 |  |  | $ | 822 |  |  | $ | 696 |
Interest cost |  | 5,736 |  |  | 5,928 |  |  | 219 |  |  | 243 |  |  | 666 |  |  | 669 |
Expected return on plan assets |  | (8,379 | ) |  | (7,278 | ) |  | (369 | ) |  | (351 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |
Amortization of prior service cost (benefit) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 9 |
Amortization of actuarial (gain) loss |  | 942 |  |  | 693 |  |  | (576 | ) |  | (582 | ) |  | 786 |  |  | 582 |
Net periodic pension cost under accounting standards |  | 2,304 |  |  | 3,093 |  |  | (564 | ) |  | (519 | ) |  | 2,274 |  |  | 1,956 |
Regulatory adjustment — deferred |  | — |  |  | 791 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total expense recognized, before surcharges and allocation to overhead pool |  | $ | 2,304 |  |  | $ | 3,884 |  |  | $ | (564 | ) |  | $ | (519 | ) |  | $ | 2,274 |  |  | $ | 1,956 |

In accordance with new accounting guidance (Note 1), effective January 1, 2018, Registrant changed the financial statement presentation for the costs of its defined benefit pension plans and other retirement benefits. The components of net periodic benefits cost, other than the service cost component, have been included in the line item “Other, net” in Registrant's income statements. Prior period amounts have been reclassified on the income statements to conform to the current-period presentation.
During the nine months ended September 30, 2018, Registrant contributed $6.0 million to its pension plan.
Regulatory Adjustment:
As authorized by the CPUC in the most recent water and electric general rate case decisions, GSWC utilizes two-way balancing accounts for its water and electric regions and the general office to track differences between the forecasted annual pension expenses in rates, or expected to be in rates, and the actual annual expense recorded by GSWC in accordance with the accounting guidance for pension costs. As of September 30, 2018, GSWC had a $2.5 million over-collection in the two-way pension balancing accounts included as part of the pension regulatory asset (Note 3).
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Note 9 — Contingencies and Gain on Sale of Assets
Condemnation of Properties:
The laws of the State of California provide for the acquisition of public utility property by governmental agencies through their power of eminent domain, also known as condemnation, where doing so is necessary and in the public interest. In addition, these laws provide that the owner of utility property (i) may contest whether the condemnation is necessary and in the public interest, and (ii) is entitled to receive the fair market value of its property if the property is ultimately taken.
Ojai Water System and Gain on Sale of Assets:
Pursuant to a settlement agreement, on June 8, 2017, Casitas Municipal Water District (“Casitas”) acquired the operating assets of GSWC’s 2,900-connection Ojai water system by eminent domain for $34.3 million in cash, including payments for customer receivables and regulatory assets. As a result of this transaction, GSWC recorded a pretax gain of $8.3 million on the sale of the Ojai water system during the second quarter of 2017. The terms of the settlement agreement resolved the eminent domain action and dismissed all claims against GSWC brought by Casitas and another third party.
Environmental Clean-Up and Remediation:
GSWC has been involved in environmental remediation and cleanup at a plant site that contained an underground storage tank that had been used to store gasoline for its vehicles. The tank was removed from the ground in July 1990 along with the dispenser and ancillary piping. Since then, GSWC has been involved in various remediation activities at the site. Analyses indicate that off-site monitoring wells may be necessary to document the effectiveness of remediation.
As of September 30, 2018, the total spent to clean-up and remediate GSWC’s plant facility was approximately $5.4 million, of which $1.5 million has been paid by the State of California Underground Storage Tank Fund. Amounts paid by GSWC have been included in rate base and approved by the CPUC for recovery. As of September 30, 2018, GSWC has a regulatory asset and an accrued liability for the estimated additional cost of $1.3 million to complete the cleanup at the site. The estimate includes costs for two years of continued activities of groundwater cleanup and monitoring, future soil treatment and site-closure-related activities. The ultimate cost may vary as there are many unknowns in remediation of underground gasoline spills and this is an estimate based on currently available information. Management believes it is probable that the estimated additional costs will be approved in rate base by the CPUC.
Other Litigation:
Registrant is also subject to other ordinary routine litigation incidental to its business, some of which may include claims for compensatory and punitive damages. Management believes that rate recovery, proper insurance coverage and reserves are in place to insure against, among other things, property, general liability, employment, and workers’ compensation claims incurred in the ordinary course of business. Insurance coverage may not cover certain claims involving punitive damages. However, Registrant does not believe the outcome from any pending suits or administrative proceedings will have a material effect on Registrant's consolidated results of operations, financial position or cash flows.
Note 10 — Business Segments
AWR has three reportable segments, water, electric and contracted services, whereas GSWC has two segments, water and electric. On a stand-alone basis, AWR has no material assets other than its investments in its subsidiaries.
All activities of GSWC, a rate-regulated utility, are located within California. Activities of ASUS and its subsidiaries are conducted in California, Florida, Georgia, Kansas, Maryland, New Mexico, North Carolina, South Carolina, Texas and Virginia. Each of ASUS’s wholly owned subsidiaries is regulated, if applicable, by the state in which the subsidiary primarily conducts water and/or wastewater operations. Fees charged for operations and maintenance and renewal and replacement services are based upon the terms of the contracts with the U.S. government which have been filed, as appropriate, with the commissions in the states in which ASUS’s subsidiaries are incorporated.
The tables below set forth information relating to GSWC’s operating segments, ASUS and its subsidiaries and other matters. Total assets by segment are not presented below, as certain of Registrant’s assets are not tracked by segment. The utility plant amounts are net of respective accumulated provisions for depreciation. Capital additions reflect capital expenditures paid in cash, and exclude U.S. government- and third-party contractor-funded capital expenditures for ASUS and property installed by developers and conveyed to GSWC.
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|  | As Of And For The Three Months Ended September 30, 2018
|  | GSWC |  |  |  | AWR |  | Consolidated
(dollars in thousands) |  | Water |  | Electric |  | ASUS |  | Parent |  | AWR
Operating revenues |  | $ | 87,689 |  |  | $ | 7,875 |  |  | $ | 28,618 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 124,182 |
Operating income (loss) |  | 26,710 |  |  | 830 |  |  | 6,437 |  |  | (2 | ) |  | 33,975 |
Interest expense, net |  | 5,039 |  |  | 291 |  |  | (118 | ) |  | 95 |  |  | 5,307 |
Utility plant |  | 1,187,786 |  |  | 61,404 |  |  | 13,725 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,262,915 |
Depreciation and amortization expense (1) |  | 9,058 |  |  | 565 |  |  | 495 |  |  | — |  |  | 10,118 |
Income tax expense (benefit) |  | 5,247 |  |  | 167 |  |  | 1,606 |  |  | (81 | ) |  | 6,939 |
Capital additions |  | 24,590 |  |  | 1,140 |  |  | 2,816 |  |  | — |  |  | 28,546 |

|  | As Of And For The Three Months Ended September 30, 2017
|  | GSWC |  |  |  | AWR |  | Consolidated
(dollars in thousands) |  | Water |  | Electric |  | ASUS |  | Parent |  | AWR
Operating revenues |  | $ | 91,919 |  |  | $ | 7,994 |  |  | $ | 24,505 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 124,418 |
Operating income (loss) (2) |  | 31,408 |  |  | 1,578 |  |  | 5,551 |  |  | (3 | ) |  | 38,534 |
Interest expense, net |  | 4,974 |  |  | 346 |  |  | 58 |  |  | 76 |  |  | 5,454 |
Utility plant |  | 1,117,674 |  |  | 57,669 |  |  | 6,273 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,181,616 |
Depreciation and amortization expense (1) |  | 8,972 |  |  | 537 |  |  | 345 |  |  | — |  |  | 9,854 |
Income tax expense (benefit) |  | 10,544 |  |  | 269 |  |  | 1,944 |  |  | (249 | ) |  | 12,508 |
Capital additions |  | 30,536 |  |  | 559 |  |  | 905 |  |  | — |  |  | 32,000 |

|  | As Of And For The Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018
|  | GSWC |  |  |  | AWR |  | Consolidated
(dollars in thousands) |  | Water |  | Electric |  | ASUS |  | Parent |  | AWR
Operating revenues |  | $ | 228,834 |  |  | $ | 25,548 |  |  | $ | 71,429 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 325,811 |
Operating income (loss) |  | 62,012 |  |  | 4,470 |  |  | 11,759 |  |  | (7 | ) |  | 78,234 |
Interest expense, net |  | 15,095 |  |  | 1,014 |  |  | (255 | ) |  | 252 |  |  | 16,106 |
Utility plant |  | 1,187,786 |  |  | 61,404 |  |  | 13,725 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,262,915 |
Depreciation and amortization expense (1) |  | 26,693 |  |  | 1,694 |  |  | 1,407 |  |  | — |  |  | 29,794 |
Income tax expense (benefit) |  | 10,805 |  |  | 938 |  |  | 2,865 |  |  | (718 | ) |  | 13,890 |
Capital additions |  | 75,976 |  |  | 3,264 |  |  | 8,088 |  |  | — |  |  | 87,328 |

|  | As Of And For The Nine Months Ended September 30, 2017
|  | GSWC |  |  |  | AWR |  | Consolidated
(dollars in thousands) |  | Water |  | Electric |  | ASUS |  | Parent |  | AWR
Operating revenues |  | $ | 239,057 |  |  | $ | 26,108 |  |  | $ | 71,258 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 336,423 |
Operating income (loss) (2) |  | 84,200 |  |  | 5,891 |  |  | 15,055 |  |  | (10 | ) |  | 105,136 |
Interest expense, net |  | 14,924 |  |  | 1,071 |  |  | 214 |  |  | 197 |  |  | 16,406 |
Utility plant |  | 1,117,674 |  |  | 57,669 |  |  | 6,273 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,181,616 |
Depreciation and amortization expense (1) |  | 26,731 |  |  | 1,610 |  |  | 843 |  |  | — |  |  | 29,184 |
Income tax expense (benefit) |  | 27,739 |  |  | 1,496 |  |  | 5,152 |  |  | (717 | ) |  | 33,670 |
Capital additions |  | 74,113 |  |  | 2,260 |  |  | 1,523 |  |  | — |  |  | 77,896 |

(1) Depreciation computed on GSWC’s transportation equipment is recorded in other operating expenses and totaled $58,000 and $61,000 for the three months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively, and $179,000 and $181,000 for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively.
(2) Adjusted to conform to current-year presentation pursuant to the adoption of ASU 2017-07, Compensation-Retirement Benefits (Topic 715): Improving the Presentation of Net Periodic Pension Cost and Net Periodic Postretirement Benefit Cost.
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The following table reconciles total utility plant (a key figure for ratemaking) to total consolidated assets (in thousands):

|  | September 30,
|  | 2018 |  | 2017
Net property, plant and equipment |  | $ | 1,262,915 |  |  | $ | 1,181,616 |
Other assets |  | 202,127 |  |  | 304,870 |
Total consolidated assets |  | $ | 1,465,042 |  |  | $ | 1,486,486 |

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Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
General
The following discussion and analysis provides information on AWR’s consolidated operations and assets, and where necessary, includes specific references to AWR’s individual segments and/or its subsidiaries: GSWC and ASUS and its subsidiaries. Included in the following analysis is a discussion of water and electric gross margins. Water and electric gross margins are computed by subtracting total supply costs from total revenues. Registrant uses these gross margins as important measures in evaluating its operating results. Registrant believes these measures are useful internal benchmarks in evaluating the performance of GSWC.
The discussions and tables included in the following analysis also present Registrant’s operations in terms of earnings per share by business segment. Registrant believes that the disclosure of earnings per share by business segment provides investors with clarity surrounding the performance of its different services. Registrant reviews these measurements regularly and compares them to historical periods and to its operating budget. However, these measures, which are not presented in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America ("GAAP"), may not be comparable to similarly titled measures used by other entities and should not be considered as an alternative to operating income or earnings per share, which are determined in accordance with GAAP. A reconciliation of water and electric gross margins to the most directly comparable GAAP measures is included in the table under the section titled “Operating Expenses: Supply Costs.” Reconciliations to AWR’s diluted earnings per share are included in the discussions under the sections titled “Summary of Third Quarter Results by Segment” and “Summary of Year-to-Date Results by Segment.”
Overview
Factors that may affect our financial performance are summarized under Forward-Looking Information.
Tax Cuts and Jobs Act ("Tax Act"):
On December 22, 2017, the Tax Act was signed into federal law. The provisions of this major tax reform were generally effective January 1, 2018. The most significant provisions of the Tax Act impacting GSWC are the reduction of the federal corporate income tax rate from 35% to 21% and the elimination of bonus depreciation for regulated utilities. As a result, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, the water-revenue requirement was reduced by approximately $4.2 million and $10.7 million, respectively, as a result of the Tax Act, which was largely offset by a decrease in income tax expense, resulting in no material impact to earnings. The CPUC also ordered GSWC to update its pending electric general rate case filing, which will determine new electric rates for the years 2018 - 2021, to reflect the lower federal corporate income tax rate. As a result, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, GSWC reduced electric revenues by approximately $125,000 and $848,000, respectively, which were also largely offset by a corresponding decrease in income tax expense, resulting in no material impact to earnings.
In addition to lowering customer rates, GSWC expects the Tax Act to reduce property-related deferred tax liabilities. Property-related deferred tax liabilities reduce GSWC's rate base. As new plant is placed in service, the lower federal corporate tax rate will result in lower deferred tax liabilities. As a result of the lower federal tax rate and elimination of bonus depreciation by the Tax Act, GSWC expects that its rate base and earnings will increase for the same level of expected capital expenditures. This increase is expected to be partially offset by higher financing costs arising from a greater need to fund capital expenditures through the issuance of debt and/or equity due to lower cash flows from operating activities.
During the second and third quarter of 2018, the U.S. government issued contract modifications for the majority of ASUS's 50-year contracts addressing the impacts of the Tax Act. The modifications did not result in a material impact to ASUS's results during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018.
Water and Electric Segments:
Pending General Rate Case ("GRC") Filings:
Water Segment GRC:
In July 2017, GSWC filed a general rate case application for all its water regions and the general office. This general rate case will determine new water rates for the years 2019 through 2021. On August 15, 2018, GSWC and the CPUC’s Public Advocates Office ("CalPA"), formerly the Office of Ratepayer Advocates, filed a joint motion to adopt a settlement agreement between GSWC and the CalPA in connection with this general rate case. If approved by the CPUC, this settlement resolves all the issues in the general rate case application and authorizes GSWC to invest approximately $334.5 million in capital infrastructure over the three-year rate cycle. The $334.5 million of infrastructure investment, as settled, includes $20.4 million of capital projects to be filed for revenue recovery through advice letters when those projects are completed.
Excluding the advice letter project revenues, the water gross margin for 2019 in the settlement filing is expected to increase by approximately $6.0 million as compared to the 2018 adopted water gross margin. The 2019 water revenue
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requirement, as settled, has been reduced for a decrease of approximately $7.0 million in depreciation expense compared to the adopted 2018 depreciation expense due to a reduction in the overall composite depreciation rates based on a revised study filed in the general rate case. The decrease in depreciation expense lowers the water gross margin, and is offset by a corresponding decrease in depreciation expense, resulting in no impact to net earnings. In addition, the 2019 water revenue requirement, as settled, includes a decrease of approximately $2.2 million for excess deferred tax refunds as a result of the Tax Act, which has a corresponding decrease in income tax expense and also results in no impact to earnings. Had depreciation expense, as settled, remained the same as the 2018 adopted amount and there was no excess deferred tax refund that lowered the 2019 revenue requirement, the water gross margin for 2019 would have increased by approximately $15.2 million. The settlement as filed also allows for potential additional water revenue increases in 2020 and 2021 of approximately $10.0 million and $12.0 million, respectively, subject to the results of an earnings test and changes to the forecasted inflationary index values.
GSWC and CalPA informed the assigned Administrative Law Judge ("ALJ”) that hearings would not be needed in light of the settlement agreement. Subsequently, the ALJ issued a ruling requesting additional information on a number of items in the general rate case. GSWC has provided the additional information requested by the ALJ and believes it has satisfied all of the questions raised. Both the ALJ’s request and GSWC’s response are public information. At this time, GSWC is awaiting a proposed decision by the ALJ, which is expected during the fourth quarter of 2018, with a final decision by the CPUC expected by the first quarter of 2019. When approved, the new rates will become effective January 1, 2019.
Electric Segment GRC:
In May 2017, GSWC filed its electric general rate case application with the CPUC to determine new electric rates for the years 2018 through 2021. GSWC and CalPA have reached a tentative settlement, which resolves all revenue requirement issues in this general rate case. A settlement conference with all parties in the rate case is scheduled for November 2018. Among other things, the tentative settlement incorporates a previous stipulation in the case, which authorizes a new return on equity for GSWC's electric segment of 9.60%. GSWC’s prior authorized return on equity for its electric segment was 9.95%. The stipulation also included a capital structure and debt cost similar to those approved by the CPUC in March 2018 in connection with GSWC's water segment cost of capital proceeding, as discussed below. Because of the delay in finalizing the electric general rate case, year-to-date 2018 billed electric revenues have been based on 2017 adopted rates, pending a final decision by the CPUC in this rate case application. When a final decision is approved, the new electric rates will be retroactive to January 1, 2018.
Cost of Capital Proceeding for GSWC's Water Segment:
In March 2018, the CPUC issued a final decision in the cost of capital proceeding for GSWC and three other investor-owned water utilities that serve California. Among other things, the final decision adopts for GSWC (i) a return on equity of 8.90%, (ii) a cost of debt of 6.6%, (iii) a capital structure with 57% equity and 43% debt, (iv) a return on rate base of 7.91%, and (v) the continuation of the water cost of capital adjustment mechanism. GSWC’s prior authorized return on equity and equity ratio for its water segment were 9.43% and 55%, respectively, with a return on rate base of 8.34%. The newly authorized return on rate base of 7.91% reflects a true-up of GSWC’s embedded debt cost from 6.99% to 6.6%. The reduced debt costs contributed approximately 18 basis points to the 43-basis-point drop in the authorized return on rate base. The effects of the Tax Act discussed below and the lower return on rate base beginning in 2018 is expected to decrease GSWC’s 2018 adopted annual revenue requirement by approximately $3.6 million, or $0.07 per share.
Contracted Services Segment:
Fort Riley:
On July 1, 2018, ASUS assumed the operation, maintenance and construction management of the water distribution and wastewater collection and treatment facilities at Fort Riley, a United States Army installation located in Kansas, after completing a transition period. The contract was awarded by the U.S. government in September 2017 with an initial value of $601 million over a 50-year period, subject to adjustments for the actual inventory level to be managed and the lower federal corporate income tax rate effective January 1, 2018. The 50-year contract will also be subject to annual economic price adjustments.
Eglin Air Force Base (“Eglin AFB”):
On June 15, 2017, ASUS assumed operations of the water and wastewater systems at Eglin AFB in Florida after completing a transition period and a detailed joint inventory study. The value of the 50-year contract is approximately $702.4 million. The contract is subject to annual economic price adjustments.
With the addition of Fort Riley and Eglin AFB, ASUS serves 11 military bases in the United Sates, including four of the largest military installations: Fort Bragg, Fort Bliss, Eglin AFB and Fort Riley.
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Summary of Third Quarter Results by Segment
The table below sets forth the third quarter diluted earnings per share by business segment:

|  | Diluted Earnings per Share
|  | Three Months Ended |  |
|  | 9/30/2018 |  | 9/30/2017 |  | CHANGE
Water |  | $ | 0.47 |  |  | $ | 0.44 |  |  | $ | 0.03 |
Electric |  | 0.02 |  |  | 0.03 |  |  | (0.01 | )
Contracted services |  | 0.13 |  |  | 0.10 |  |  | 0.03 |
Consolidated diluted earnings per share, as reported |  | $ | 0.62 |  |  | $ | 0.57 |  |  | $ | 0.05 |

Water Segment:
Diluted earnings per share for the three months ended September 30, 2018 at the water segment increased by $0.03 per share as compared to the same period in 2017. Excluding the effects of the Tax Act and billed surcharges to recover previously incurred costs, both of which have no material impact to earnings, the following items affected the comparability between the two periods:

• | An overall increase in the water gross margin, which increased net earnings by approximately $0.02 per share, was due primarily to third-year rate increases approved by the CPUC effective January 1, 2018. This increase was partially offset by the revenue impact from a lower authorized return on rate base approved in the cost of capital decision issued by the CPUC in March 2018, which was effective in 2018. The lower authorized return decreased the water gross margin during the three months ended September 30, 2018 by approximately $0.02 per share.

• | An overall increase in operating expenses (other than supply costs), which decreased earnings by approximately $0.02 per share, was due primarily to higher employee-related benefits, depreciation expense and property taxes.

• | A lower effective income tax rate (excluding the effects of the Tax Act), which increased earnings by approximately $0.03 per share, was due primarily to differences between book and taxable income that are treated as flow-through adjustments in accordance with regulatory requirements (primarily related to plant, rate case and compensation-related items). Flow-through adjustments increase or decrease tax expense in one period, with an offsetting decrease or increase in another period.

Electric Segment:
For the three months ended September 30, 2018, diluted earnings from the electric segment were $0.02 per share as compared to $0.03 per share for the same period in 2017. The decrease in earnings was largely due to an increase in operating expenses without an increase in customer rates due to delays in finalizing the pending electric general rate case. GSWC filed its electric general rate case in May 2017 for new rates in the years 2018 - 2021. Because of the delay, year-to-date 2018 billed revenues have been based on 2017 adopted rates, pending a final CPUC decision on the electric general rate case. When approved, the new rates will be retroactive to January 1, 2018.
Contracted Services Segment:
For the three months ended September 30, 2018, diluted earnings per share from the contracted services segment increased by $0.03 per share as compared to the same period in 2017 due, in large part, to the commencement of operations at Eglin AFB in June 2017 and at Fort Riley in July 2018, which resulted in an overall increase in contracted services revenue. This increase was partially offset by increases in operating expenses, largely related to the commencement of operations at Fort Riley in July 2018.
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Summary of Year-to-Date Results by Segment
The table below sets forth the year-to-date diluted earnings per share by business segment:

|  | Diluted Earnings per Share
|  | Nine Months Ended |  |
|  | 9/30/2018 |  | 9/30/2017 |  | CHANGE
Water, excluding one-time gain on sale of Ojai water system |  | $ | 1.02 |  |  | $ | 1.04 |  |  | $ | (0.02 | )
Electric |  | 0.08 |  |  | 0.09 |  |  | (0.01 | )
Contracted services |  | 0.24 |  |  | 0.26 |  |  | (0.02 | )
AWR (parent) |  | 0.01 |  |  | 0.01 |  |  | — |
Consolidated diluted earnings per share, adjusted |  | 1.35 |  |  | 1.40 |  |  | (0.05 | )
Gain on sale of Ojai water system |  | — |  |  | 0.13 |  |  | (0.13 | )
Consolidated diluted earnings per share, as reported |  | $ | 1.35 |  |  | $ | 1.53 |  |  | $ | (0.18 | )

Water Segment:
Included in earnings for the first nine months of 2017 was the recognition of a pretax gain of $8.3 million, or $0.13 per share, on the sale of GSWC's Ojai water system in June of 2017, with no similar gain in 2018. In June 2017, GSWC sold its Ojai water system pursuant to a settlement agreement, which resolved an eminent domain action. Also included in earnings for the first nine months of 2017 was the recovery of incremental drought-related items approved by the CPUC in February 2017 resulting in an increase to pretax earnings of $1.5 million, or $0.02 per share in 2017, which did not recur in 2018. Approximately $1.2 million was reflected as a reduction to other operation expenses and approximately $260,000 was reflected as additional revenue. Excluding the effects of both items, diluted earnings per share from the water segment for each of the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017 were $1.02 per share. The following items (excluding the effects of the Tax Act and surcharges, which have no material impact to earnings) affected the comparability between the two periods:

• | An increase in the water gross margin, which increased net earnings by approximately $0.02 per share. This increase was due to the third-year rate increases effective January 1, 2018, partially offset by the revenue impact from the lower authorized return on rate base in the cost of capital proceeding approved by the CPUC and effective in 2018, as well as the cessation of the Ojai operations in June of 2017. The lower return on rate base beginning in 2018 is expected to decrease GSWC’s 2018 adopted annual revenue requirement by approximately $3.6 million, or about $0.07 per share. Before reflecting the effects of the new cost of capital and the Tax Act, third-year rate increases are expected to add approximately $4.5 million to the 2018 full year adopted water gross margin, net of the cessation of the Ojai water system.

• | An overall increase in operating expenses (excluding supply costs), which lowered net earnings by approximately $0.03 per share resulting primarily from higher employee-related benefits, maintenance, depreciation and property taxes as compared to the same period in 2017.

• | An increase in interest expense (net of interest and other income), which lowered net earnings at the water segment by approximately $0.02 per share, due primarily to (i) higher short-term borrowings to fund operations and a portion of GSWC’s capital expenditures, (ii) lower gains recorded on investments held to fund a retirement benefit plan resulting from recent market conditions, as compared to the same period in 2017, and (iii) amounts collected and recorded in 2017 from developers on certain outstanding balances, with no similar collections in 2018.

• | A lower effective income tax rate (excluding the effects of the Tax Act), increasing earnings by approximately $0.03 per share resulting primarily from differences between book and taxable income that are treated as flow-through adjustments in accordance with regulatory requirements (primarily related to plant, rate case and compensation-related items).

Electric Segment:
For the nine months ended September 30, 2018, diluted earnings from the electric segment were $0.08 per share as compared to $0.09 per share for the same period in 2017. The decrease in earnings was due to an increase in operating expenses without increases in customer rates. As previously discussed, year-to-date 2018 billed revenues have been based on 2017 adopted rates, pending a final CPUC decision on the electric general rate case, which will be retroactive to January 1, 2018.
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Contracted Services Segment:
For the nine months ended September 30, 2018, diluted earnings per share from the contracted services segment were $0.24 per share as compared to $0.26 per share for the same period in 2017. Included in the results for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 were retroactive revenues resulting from the approval of the third price redetermination at Fort Bragg, which totaled approximately $1.0 million, or $0.02 per share, related to periods prior to 2017. Excluding this retroactive amount, diluted earnings per share from the contracted services segment were $0.24 per share for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017. There were increases in management fee revenues generated from Eglin AFB and Fort Riley upon the commencement of the operation of their water and wastewater systems by ASUS in June 2017 and July 2018, respectively. These increases were largely offset by a decrease in overall construction revenue and increases in operating expenses, including operating costs incurred at Eglin AFB and Fort Riley upon commencement of their operations.
The following discussion and analysis for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017 provides information on AWR’s consolidated operations and assets and, where necessary, includes specific references to AWR’s individual segments and subsidiaries: GSWC and ASUS and its subsidiaries.
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Consolidated Results of Operations — Three Months Ended September 30, 2018 and 2017 (amounts in thousands, except per share amounts):

|  | Three Months Ended September 30, 2018 |  | Three Months Ended September 30, 2017 |  | $ CHANGE |  | % CHANGE
OPERATING REVENUES |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Water |  | $ | 87,689 |  |  | $ | 91,919 |  |  | $ | (4,230 | ) |  | (4.6 | )%
Electric |  | 7,875 |  |  | 7,994 |  |  | (119 | ) |  | (1.5 | )%
Contracted services |  | 28,618 |  |  | 24,505 |  |  | 4,113 |  |  | 16.8 | %
Total operating revenues |  | 124,182 |  |  | 124,418 |  |  | (236 | ) |  | (0.2 | )%
OPERATING EXPENSES |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Water purchased |  | 21,842 |  |  | 20,576 |  |  | 1,266 |  |  | 6.2 | %
Power purchased for pumping |  | 3,217 |  |  | 2,913 |  |  | 304 |  |  | 10.4 | %
Groundwater production assessment |  | 5,961 |  |  | 5,870 |  |  | 91 |  |  | 1.6 | %
Power purchased for resale |  | 2,647 |  |  | 2,439 |  |  | 208 |  |  | 8.5 | %
Supply cost balancing accounts |  | (5,212 | ) |  | (4,621 | ) |  | (591 | ) |  | 12.8 | %
Other operation |  | 8,355 |  |  | 7,657 |  |  | 698 |  |  | 9.1 | %
Administrative and general |  | 21,570 |  |  | 21,823 |  |  | (253 | ) |  | (1.2 | )%
Depreciation and amortization |  | 10,118 |  |  | 9,854 |  |  | 264 |  |  | 2.7 | %
Maintenance |  | 3,422 |  |  | 3,222 |  |  | 200 |  |  | 6.2 | %
Property and other taxes |  | 4,692 |  |  | 4,475 |  |  | 217 |  |  | 4.8 | %
ASUS construction |  | 13,620 |  |  | 11,693 |  |  | 1,927 |  |  | 16.5 | %
Gain on sale of assets |  | (25 | ) |  | (17 | ) |  | (8 | ) |  | 47.1 | %
Total operating expenses |  | 90,207 |  |  | 85,884 |  |  | 4,323 |  |  | 5.0 | %
OPERATING INCOME |  | 33,975 |  |  | 38,534 |  |  | (4,559 | ) |  | (11.8 | )%
OTHER INCOME AND EXPENSES |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest expense |  | (5,948 | ) |  | (5,775 | ) |  | (173 | ) |  | 3.0 | %
Interest income |  | 641 |  |  | 321 |  |  | 320 |  |  | 99.7 | %
Other, net |  | 1,223 |  |  | 434 |  |  | 789 |  |  | 181.8 | %
|  | (4,084 | ) |  | (5,020 | ) |  | 936 |  |  | (18.6 | )%
INCOME BEFORE INCOME TAX EXPENSE |  | 29,891 |  |  | 33,514 |  |  | (3,623 | ) |  | (10.8 | )%
Income tax expense |  | 6,939 |  |  | 12,508 |  |  | (5,569 | ) |  | (44.5 | )%
NET INCOME |  | $ | 22,952 |  |  | $ | 21,006 |  |  | $ | 1,946 |  |  | 9.3 | %
Basic earnings per Common Share |  | $ | 0.62 |  |  | $ | 0.57 |  |  | $ | 0.05 |  |  | 8.8 | %
Fully diluted earnings per Common Share |  | $ | 0.62 |  |  | $ | 0.57 |  |  | $ | 0.05 |  |  | 8.8 | %

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Operating Revenues:
General
GSWC relies upon approvals by the CPUC of rate increases to recover operating expenses and to provide for a return on invested and borrowed capital used to fund utility plant for GSWC. Registrant relies on economic price and equitable adjustments by the U.S. government in order to recover operating expenses and provide a profit margin for ASUS. Current operating revenues and earnings can be negatively impacted if the Military Privatization Subsidiaries do not receive adequate rate relief or adjustments in a timely manner. ASUS’s earnings are also impacted by the level of additional construction projects at the Military Utility Privatization Subsidiaries, which may or may not continue at current levels in future periods.
Water
For the three months ended September 30, 2018, revenues from water operations decreased $4.2 million to $87.7 million as compared to the same period in 2017. This decrease was primarily due to: (i) downward adjustments to water revenue which were largely offset by lower income tax expense, thus no material impact to earnings, as a result of the Tax Act which reduced the federal corporate income tax rate, (ii) a lower authorized rate of return approved by the CPUC in the March 2018 final decision on the water cost of capital application, and (iii) decreases related to the expiration of various surcharges that were in place to recover previously incurred costs. These surcharge revenues were offset by a corresponding decrease in operating expenses (primarily administrative and general), resulting in no impact to earnings. These decreases in water revenue were partially offset by CPUC-approved third-year rate increases effective January 1, 2018.
Billed water consumption for the third quarter of 2018 increased by approximately 2% as compared to the same period in 2017. In general, changes in consumption do not have a significant impact on recorded revenues due to the CPUC-approved Water Revenue Adjustment Mechanism ("WRAM") accounts in place at all but one small rate-making area. However, under the accounting guidance for alternative revenue programs such as the WRAM, significant decreases in consumption may impact the timing of when revenues are recorded. GSWC records the difference between what it bills its water customers and that which is authorized by the CPUC in the WRAM accounts as regulatory assets or liabilities.
Electric
For the three months ended September 30, 2018, revenues from electric operations decreased slightly to $7.9 million as compared to $8.0 million for the same period in 2017 resulting primarily from downward adjustments to electric revenue to offset lower income tax expense, thus having no material impact to earnings, as a result of the Tax Act. Excluding the effects of the Tax Act, electric revenue remained relatively flat due to the delay in finalizing the electric general rate case. GSWC filed its electric general rate case in May 2017 for new rates in the years 2018 - 2021. Because of the delay, year-to-date 2018 billed revenues have been based on 2017 adopted rates, pending a final CPUC decision on the electric general rate case. When approved, the new rates will be retroactive to January 1, 2018.
Billed electric usage increased 1% during the three months ended September 30, 2018 as compared to the three months ended September 30, 2017. Due to the CPUC-approved Base Revenue Requirement Adjustment Mechanism, which adjusts certain revenues to adopted levels authorized by the CPUC, changes in usage do not have a significant impact on earnings.
Contracted Services
Revenues from contracted services are composed of construction revenues (including renewal and replacements) and management fees for operating and maintaining the water and/or wastewater systems and treatment plants at various military bases. For the three months ended September 30, 2018, revenues from contracted services increased $4.1 million to $28.6 million as compared to $24.5 million for the same period in 2017 due largely to the commencement of operations at Eglin AFB in June 2017 and at Fort Riley in July 2018, which resulted in increases in construction revenue. There was also an increase in management fee revenue due to the commencement of operations at Fort Riley.
ASUS subsidiaries continue to enter into U.S. government-awarded contract modifications and agreements with third-party prime contractors for new construction projects at the Military Utility Privatization Subsidiaries. During 2018, ASUS has been awarded approximately $23 million in new construction projects, some of which have been or are expected to be completed during 2018, and the remainder in 2019. Earnings and cash flows from modifications to the original 50-year contracts with the U.S. government and agreements with third-party prime contractors for additional construction projects may or may not continue in future periods.
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Operating Expenses:
Supply Costs
Supply costs for the water segment consist of purchased water, purchased power for pumping, groundwater production assessments and changes in the water supply cost balancing accounts. Supply costs for the electric segment consist of purchased power for resale, the cost of natural gas used by BVES’s generating unit, the cost of renewable energy credits and changes in the electric supply cost balancing account. Water and electric gross margins are computed by subtracting total supply costs from total revenues. Registrant uses these gross margins and related percentages as an important measure in evaluating its operating results. Registrant believes these measures are useful internal benchmarks in evaluating the utility business performance within its water and electric segments. Registrant reviews these measurements regularly and compares them to historical periods and to its operating budget. However, these measures, which are not presented in accordance with GAAP, may not be comparable to similarly titled measures used by other entities and should not be considered as an alternative to operating income, which is determined in accordance with GAAP.
Total supply costs comprise the largest segment of total operating expenses. Supply costs accounted for approximately 31.5% and 31.6% of total operating expenses for the three months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively.
The table below provides the amount of increases (decreases) and percent changes in water and electric revenues, supply costs and gross margin during the three months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017 (dollar amounts in thousands). As previously discussed, water and electric revenues for the three months ended September 30, 2018 were adjusted downward by $4.2 million and $125,000, respectively, to reflect the effects of the Tax Act, but had no significant impact to earnings due to a corresponding decrease in water and electric income tax expense. Furthermore, there was a decrease in surcharges of $2.0 million recorded in water revenues to recover previously incurred costs, which also did not impact water earnings. Surcharges to recover previously incurred costs are recorded to revenues when billed to customers and are offset by a corresponding amount in operating expenses (primarily administrative and general), resulting in no impact to earnings.

|  | Three Months Ended September 30, 2018 |  | Three Months Ended September 30, 2017 |  | $ CHANGE |  | % CHANGE
WATER OPERATING REVENUES (1) |  | $ | 87,689 |  |  | $ | 91,919 |  |  | $ | (4,230 | ) |  | (4.6 | )%
WATER SUPPLY COSTS: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Water purchased (1) |  | $ | 21,842 |  |  | $ | 20,576 |  |  | $ | 1,266 |  |  | 6.2 | %
Power purchased for pumping (1) |  | 3,217 |  |  | 2,913 |  |  | 304 |  |  | 10.4 | %
Groundwater production assessment (1) |  | 5,961 |  |  | 5,870 |  |  | 91 |  |  | 1.6 | %
Water supply cost balancing accounts (1) |  | (5,639 | ) |  | (5,245 | ) |  | (394 | ) |  | 7.5 | %
TOTAL WATER SUPPLY COSTS |  | $ | 25,381 |  |  | $ | 24,114 |  |  | $ | 1,267 |  |  | 5.3 | %
WATER GROSS MARGIN (2) |  | $ | 62,308 |  |  | $ | 67,805 |  |  | $ | (5,497 | ) |  | (8.1 | )%
ELECTRIC OPERATING REVENUES (1) |  | $ | 7,875 |  |  | $ | 7,994 |  |  | $ | (119 | ) |  | (1.5 | )%
ELECTRIC SUPPLY COSTS: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Power purchased for resale (1) |  | $ | 2,647 |  |  | $ | 2,439 |  |  | $ | 208 |  |  | 8.5 | %
Electric supply cost balancing accounts (1) |  | 427 |  |  | 624 |  |  | (197 | ) |  | (31.6 | )%
TOTAL ELECTRIC SUPPLY COSTS |  | $ | 3,074 |  |  | $ | 3,063 |  |  | $ | 11 |  |  | 0.4 | %
ELECTRIC GROSS MARGIN (2) |  | $ | 4,801 |  |  | $ | 4,931 |  |  | $ | (130 | ) |  | (2.6 | )%

(1) As reported on AWR’s Consolidated Statements of Income, except for supply cost balancing accounts. The sum of water and electric supply cost balancing accounts in the table above are shown on AWR’s Consolidated Statements of Income and totaled $(5,212,000) and $(4,621,000) for the three months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Revenues include surcharges to recover previously incurred costs, which increases both revenues and operating expenses by corresponding amounts, thus having no net earnings impact.
(2) Water and electric gross margins do not include any depreciation and amortization, maintenance, administrative and general, property or other taxes or other operation expenses.
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Two of the principal factors affecting water supply costs are the amount of water produced and the source of the water. Generally, the variable cost of producing water from wells is less than the cost of water purchased from wholesale suppliers. Under the CPUC-approved Modified Cost Balancing Account ("MCBA"), GSWC tracks adopted and actual expense levels for purchased water, power purchased for pumping and pump taxes. GSWC records the variances (which include the effects of changes in both rate and volume) between adopted and actual purchased water, purchased power and pump tax expenses. GSWC recovers from or refunds to customers the amount of such variances. GSWC tracks these variances individually for each water ratemaking area.
The overall actual percentages of purchased water for each of the three months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017 were 43%, as compared to the adopted percentage of approximately 30% for each of the three months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017. The higher actual percentages of purchased water as compared to the adopted percentages resulted from an increase in purchase water costs due to several wells being out of service.
Purchased water costs for the three months ended September 30, 2018 increased to $21.8 million as compared to $20.6 million for the same period in 2017 primarily due to an increase in customer usage, as well as an increase in wholesale water costs as compared to the three months ended September 30, 2017.
Power purchased for pumping for the three months ended September 30, 2018 increased to $3.2 million as compared to $2.9 million for the same period in 2017 primarily due to an increase in customer usage.
The under-collection in the water supply cost balancing account increased $394,000 during the three months ended September 30, 2018 as compared to the same period in 2017 due to the higher supply mix percentage of purchased water versus pumped water.
For the three months ended September 30, 2018, the cost of power purchased for resale to BVES's customers increased to $2.6 million, as compared to $2.4 million for the three months ended September 30, 2017, due to an increase in the average price per megawatt-hour (“MWh”). The average price per MWh, including fixed costs, increased from $73.81 for the three months ended September 30, 2017 to $81.95 for the same period in 2018.
Other Operation
The primary components of other operation expenses for GSWC include payroll, materials and supplies, chemicals and water treatment costs and outside service costs of operating the regulated water systems, including the costs associated with water transmission and distribution, pumping, water quality, meter reading, billing and operations of district offices. Registrant’s contracted services operations incur many of the same types of expenses as well. For the three months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, other operation expenses by business segment consisted of the following (dollar amounts in thousands):

|  | Three Months Ended September 30, 2018 |  | Three Months Ended September 30, 2017 |  | $ CHANGE |  | % CHANGE
Water Services |  | $ | 5,820 |  |  | $ | 5,817 |  |  | $ | 3 |  |  | 0.1 | %
Electric Services |  | 750 |  |  | 676 |  |  | 74 |  |  | 10.9 | %
Contracted Services |  | 1,785 |  |  | 1,164 |  |  | 621 |  |  | 53.4 | %
Total other operation |  | $ | 8,355 |  |  | $ | 7,657 |  |  | $ | 698 |  |  | 9.1 | %

For the three months ended September 30, 2018, other operation expenses for the contracted services segment increased largely due to the commencement of operations at Fort Riley on July 1, 2018, as well as increases in labor costs incurred at the other ASUS subsidiaries.
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Administrative and General
Administrative and general expenses include payroll related to administrative and general functions, employee-related benefits, insurance expenses, outside legal and consulting fees, regulatory utility commission expenses, expenses associated with being a public company and general corporate expenses charged to expense accounts. For the three months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, administrative and general expenses by business segment, including AWR (parent), consisted of the following (dollar amounts in thousands):

|  | Three Months Ended September 30, 2018 |  | Three Months Ended September 30, 2017 |  | $ CHANGE |  | % CHANGE
Water Services |  | $ | 14,268 |  |  | $ | 15,223 |  |  | $ | (955 | ) |  | (6.3 | )%
Electric Services |  | 2,099 |  |  | 1,706 |  |  | 393 |  |  | 23.0 | %
Contracted Services |  | 5,201 |  |  | 4,891 |  |  | 310 |  |  | 6.3 | %
AWR (parent) |  | 2 |  |  | 3 |  |  | (1 | ) |  | (33.3 | )%
Total administrative and general |  | $ | 21,570 |  |  | $ | 21,823 |  |  | $ | (253 | ) |  | (1.2 | )%

During the three months ended September 30, 2018, administrative and general expenses for the water segment decreased $955,000 due, in large part, to lower surcharges billed for the recovery of administrative and general costs as compared to the same period in 2017. The decrease in revenues and water gross margin from these surcharges is offset by a corresponding decrease in operating expenses (primarily administrative and general) resulting in no impact to earnings. Excluding surcharges, administrative and general expenses for the water segment increased $888,000 due primarily to higher employee-related expenses, partially offset by lower legal and other outside services costs.
For the three months ended September 30, 2018, administrative and general expenses for the electric segment increased by $393,000 due to higher regulatory costs incurred in connection with the pending electric general rate case, as well as higher legal and other outside services costs.
For the three months ended September 30, 2018, administrative and general expenses for contracted services increased by $310,000 due primarily to an increase in labor and other employee-related benefits incurred for Fort Riley.
Depreciation and Amortization
For the three months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, depreciation and amortization by business segment consisted of the following (dollar amounts in thousands):

|  | Three Months Ended September 30, 2018 |  | Three Months Ended September 30, 2017 |  | $ CHANGE |  | % CHANGE
Water Services |  | $ | 9,058 |  |  | $ | 8,972 |  |  | $ | 86 |  |  | 1.0 | %
Electric Services |  | 565 |  |  | 537 |  |  | 28 |  |  | 5.2 | %
Contracted Services |  | 495 |  |  | 345 |  |  | 150 |  |  | 43.5 | %
Total depreciation and amortization |  | $ | 10,118 |  |  | $ | 9,854 |  |  | $ | 264 |  |  | 2.7 | %

Depreciation expense overall increased by $264,000 during the three months ended September 30, 2018, due largely to an increase in fixed assets at the contracted services segment.
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Maintenance
For the three months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, maintenance expense by business segment consisted of the following (dollar amounts in thousands):

|  | Three Months Ended September 30, 2018 |  | Three Months Ended September 30, 2017 |  | $ CHANGE |  | % CHANGE
Water Services |  | $ | 2,421 |  |  | $ | 2,513 |  |  | $ | (92 | ) |  | (3.7 | )%
Electric Services |  | 288 |  |  | 179 |  |  | 109 |  |  | 60.9 | %
Contracted Services |  | 713 |  |  | 530 |  |  | 183 |  |  | 34.5 | %
Total maintenance |  | $ | 3,422 |  |  | $ | 3,222 |  |  | $ | 200 |  |  | 6.2 | %

Maintenance expense increased for the three months ended September 30, 2018 due to tree trimming and unplanned maintenance costs incurred at the electric segment, as well as maintenance costs incurred at Fort Riley for the contracted services segment.
Property and Other Taxes
For the three months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, property and other taxes by business segment consisted of the following (dollar amounts in thousands):

|  | Three Months Ended September 30, 2018 |  | Three Months Ended September 30, 2017 |  | $ CHANGE |  | % CHANGE
Water Services |  | $ | 4,033 |  |  | $ | 3,887 |  |  | $ | 146 |  |  | 3.8 | %
Electric Services |  | 267 |  |  | 257 |  |  | 10 |  |  | 3.9 | %
Contracted Services |  | 392 |  |  | 331 |  |  | 61 |  |  | 18.4 | %
Total property and other taxes |  | $ | 4,692 |  |  | $ | 4,475 |  |  | $ | 217 |  |  | 4.8 | %

Property and other taxes increased overall by $217,000 during the three months ended September 30, 2018 due primarily to capital additions and the associated higher assessed property values.
ASUS Construction
For the three months ended September 30, 2018, construction expenses for contracted services were $13.6 million, increasing $1.9 million compared to the same period in 2017, largely due to construction activity related to Eglin AFB and Fort Riley.
Interest Expense
For the three months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, interest expense by business segment, including AWR (parent) consisted of the following (dollar amounts in thousands):

|  | Three Months Ended September 30, 2018 |  | Three Months Ended September 30, 2017 |  | $ CHANGE |  | % CHANGE
Water Services |  | $ | 5,472 |  |  | $ | 5,290 |  |  | $ | 182 |  |  | 3.4 | %
Electric Services |  | 309 |  |  | 348 |  |  | (39 | ) |  | (11.2 | )%
Contracted Services |  | 73 |  |  | 62 |  |  | 11 |  |  | 17.7 | %
AWR (parent) |  | 94 |  |  | 75 |  |  | 19 |  |  | 25.3 | %
Total interest expense |  | $ | 5,948 |  |  | $ | 5,775 |  |  | $ | 173 |  |  | 3.0 | %

The increase in interest expense is due to higher borrowings on the revolving credit facility as compared to the third quarter of 2017. Registrant expects to continue borrowing on its revolving credit facility to fund operations and a portion of its capital expenditures. In addition, GSWC has a $40 million note which matures in March 2019. Registrant expects to borrow on its revolving credit facility and/or issue additional long-term debt to fund the repayment of this note by March 2019.
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Interest Income
For the three months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, interest income by business segment, including AWR (parent), consisted of the following (dollar amounts in thousands):

|  | Three Months Ended September 30, 2018 |  | Three Months Ended September 30, 2017 |  | $ CHANGE |  | % CHANGE
Water Services |  | $ | 433 |  |  | $ | 316 |  |  | $ | 117 |  |  | 37.0 | %
Electric Services |  | 18 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 16 |  |  | * |
Contracted Services |  | 191 |  |  | 4 |  |  | 187 |  |  | * |
AWR (parent) |  | (1 | ) |  | (1 | ) |  | — |  |  | — | %
Total interest income |  | $ | 641 |  |  | $ | 321 |  |  | $ | 320 |  |  | 99.7 | %

* not meaningful
The increase in interest income for the water segment is due, in part, to the receipt of a quarterly interest payment related to a settlement agreement entered into during the fourth quarter of 2017. The increase in interest income for contracted services during the three months ended September 30, 2018, was due to Registrant's adoption of ASC Topic 606 (Revenues from Contracts with Customers) on January 1, 2018 using the modified retrospective approach. As a result of this adoption, certain funds received by the contracted services segment from the U.S. government during the three months ended September 30, 2018 have been recorded to interest income. Prior to the adoption of ASC Topic 606, these funds were recorded as revenues.
Other income, net
For the three months ended September 30, 2018, other income increased by $789,000 due, in part, to higher gains recorded on investments as compared to the same period in 2017. In addition, there was a decrease in the non-service cost components of net periodic benefit costs related to Registrant's defined benefit pension plans and other retirement benefits as compared to the same period in 2017. However, as a result of GSWC's pension balancing account authorized by the CPUC, changes in net periodic benefit costs are mostly offset by corresponding changes in revenues, having no material impact to earnings.
Income Tax Expense
For the three months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, income tax expense by business segment, including AWR (parent), consisted of the following (dollar amounts in thousands):

|  | Three Months Ended September 30, 2018 |  | Three Months Ended September 30, 2017 |  | $ CHANGE |  | % CHANGE
Water Services |  | $ | 5,247 |  |  | $ | 10,544 |  |  | $ | (5,297 | ) |  | (50.2 | )%
Electric Services |  | 167 |  |  | 269 |  |  | (102 | ) |  | (37.9 | )%
Contracted Services |  | 1,606 |  |  | 1,944 |  |  | (338 | ) |  | (17.4 | )%
AWR (parent) |  | (81 | ) |  | (249 | ) |  | 168 |  |  | (67.5 | )%
Total income tax expense |  | $ | 6,939 |  |  | $ | 12,508 |  |  | $ | (5,569 | ) |  | (44.5 | )%

Consolidated income tax expense for the three months ended September 30, 2018 decreased by $5.6 million due primarily to a decrease in pretax income as well as a lower federal corporate income tax rate as a result of the Tax Act. AWR's consolidated effective income tax rate ("ETR") was 23.2% for the three months ended September 30, 2018 as compared to 37.3% for the three months ended September 30, 2017. GSWC's ETR decreased to 23.2% for the three months ended September 30, 2018 as compared to 38.4% applicable to the three months ended September 30, 2017.
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Consolidated Results of Operations — Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018 and 2017 (amounts in thousands, except per share amounts):

|  | Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018 |  | Nine Months Ended September 30, 2017 |  | $ CHANGE |  | % CHANGE
OPERATING REVENUES |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Water |  | $ | 228,834 |  |  | $ | 239,057 |  |  | $ | (10,223 | ) |  | (4.3 | )%
Electric |  | 25,548 |  |  | 26,108 |  |  | (560 | ) |  | (2.1 | )%
Contracted services |  | 71,429 |  |  | 71,258 |  |  | 171 |  |  | 0.2 | %
Total operating revenues |  | 325,811 |  |  | 336,423 |  |  | (10,612 | ) |  | (3.2 | )%
OPERATING EXPENSES |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Water purchased |  | 52,057 |  |  | 50,619 |  |  | 1,438 |  |  | 2.8 | %
Power purchased for pumping |  | 7,141 |  |  | 6,667 |  |  | 474 |  |  | 7.1 | %
Groundwater production assessment |  | 15,146 |  |  | 14,176 |  |  | 970 |  |  | 6.8 | %
Power purchased for resale |  | 8,439 |  |  | 7,847 |  |  | 592 |  |  | 7.5 | %
Supply cost balancing accounts |  | (11,110 | ) |  | (11,663 | ) |  | 553 |  |  | (4.7 | )%
Other operation |  | 24,125 |  |  | 21,989 |  |  | 2,136 |  |  | 9.7 | %
Administrative and general |  | 62,076 |  |  | 62,519 |  |  | (443 | ) |  | (0.7 | )%
Depreciation and amortization |  | 29,794 |  |  | 29,184 |  |  | 610 |  |  | 2.1 | %
Maintenance |  | 10,921 |  |  | 10,292 |  |  | 629 |  |  | 6.1 | %
Property and other taxes |  | 13,863 |  |  | 13,386 |  |  | 477 |  |  | 3.6 | %
ASUS construction |  | 35,168 |  |  | 34,589 |  |  | 579 |  |  | 1.7 | %
Gain on sale of assets |  | (43 | ) |  | (8,318 | ) |  | 8,275 |  |  | (99.5 | )%
Total operating expenses |  | 247,577 |  |  | 231,287 |  |  | 16,290 |  |  | 7.0 | %
OPERATING INCOME |  | 78,234 |  |  | 105,136 |  |  | (26,902 | ) |  | (25.6 | )%
OTHER INCOME AND EXPENSES |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest expense |  | (17,919 | ) |  | (17,606 | ) |  | (313 | ) |  | 1.8 | %
Interest income |  | 1,813 |  |  | 1,200 |  |  | 613 |  |  | 51.1 | %
Other, net |  | 1,844 |  |  | 1,439 |  |  | 405 |  |  | 28.1 | %
|  | (14,262 | ) |  | (14,967 | ) |  | 705 |  |  | (4.7 | )%
INCOME BEFORE INCOME TAX EXPENSE |  | 63,972 |  |  | 90,169 |  |  | (26,197 | ) |  | (29.1 | )%
Income tax expense |  | 13,890 |  |  | 33,670 |  |  | (19,780 | ) |  | (58.7 | )%
NET INCOME |  | $ | 50,082 |  |  | $ | 56,499 |  |  | $ | (6,417 | ) |  | (11.4 | )%
Basic earnings per Common Share |  | $ | 1.36 |  |  | $ | 1.53 |  |  | $ | (0.17 | ) |  | (11.1 | )%
Fully diluted earnings per Common Share |  | $ | 1.35 |  |  | $ | 1.53 |  |  | $ | (0.18 | ) |  | (11.8 | )%

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Operating Revenues:
Water
For the nine months ended September 30, 2018, revenues from water operations decreased $10.2 million to $228.8 million as compared to the same period in 2017. This decrease was primarily due to: (i) downward adjustments to water revenue which were largely offset by lower income tax expense, thus no material impact to earnings, as a result of the Tax Act which reduced the federal corporate income tax rate, (ii) the cessation of Ojai operations as a result of the sale of that water system in June 2017 under an eminent domain action, (iii) a lower authorized rate of return approved by the CPUC in March 2018, and (iv) the expiration of certain surcharges to recover previously incurred costs that were implemented in 2017. These decreases were partially offset by CPUC-approved third-year rate increases effective January 1, 2018.
Billed water consumption for the first nine months of 2018 increased approximately 6% as compared to the same period in 2017. Changes in consumption generally do not have a significant impact on revenues due to the WRAM.
Electric
For the nine months ended September 30, 2018, revenues from electric operations were $25.5 million as compared to $26.1 million for the same period in 2017 resulting primarily from downward adjustments to electric revenue to offset lower income tax expense, thus having no material impact to earnings, as a result of the Tax Act. Excluding the effects of the Tax Act, electric revenue remained relatively flat due to the delay in finalizing the electric general rate case. GSWC filed its electric general rate case in May 2017 for new rates in the years 2018 - 2021. Because of the delay, year-to-date 2018 billed revenues have been based on 2017 adopted rates, pending a final CPUC decision on the electric general rate case. When approved, the new rates will be retroactive to January 1, 2018.
Billed electric usage decreased by approximately 1% during the nine months ended September 30, 2018 as compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2017. Due to the CPUC-approved Base Revenue Requirement Adjustment Mechanism, which adjusts certain revenues to adopted levels authorized by the CPUC, changes in usage do not have a significant impact on earnings.
Contracted Services
For the nine months ended September 30, 2018, revenues from contracted services increased slightly to $71.4 million as compared to $71.3 million for the same period in 2017. In June of 2017, the U.S. government approved the third price redetermination for Fort Bragg resulting in an increase in management fees, including approximately $1.0 million related to periods prior to 2017. There were no similar retroactive revenues recorded in 2018. There were increases in management fees during the nine months ended September 30, 2018 due to the successful resolution of various price adjustments during 2017 and 2018, as well as revenues generated from the commencement of operations at Eglin AFB in June 2017 and at Fort Riley in July 2018. These increases were offset by decreases in overall construction revenue at the other military bases compared to the same period in 2017.
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Operating Expenses:
Supply Costs
Total supply costs comprise the largest segment of total operating expenses. Supply costs accounted for approximately 28.9% and 29.2% of total operating expenses for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively. The table below provides the amount of increases (decreases) and percent changes in water and electric revenues, supply costs and gross margin during the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017 (dollar amounts in thousands). As previously discussed, water and electric revenues for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 were adjusted downward by $10.7 million and $848,000, respectively, to reflect the effects of the Tax Act, but had no significant impact to earnings due to a corresponding decrease in water and electric income tax expense. Furthermore, there was a decrease in surcharges of $3.1 million recorded in water revenues to recover previously incurred costs, which also did not impact water earnings. Surcharges to recover previously incurred costs are recorded to revenues when billed to customers and are offset by a corresponding amount in operating expenses (primarily administrative and general), resulting in no impact to earnings.

|  | Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018 |  | Nine Months Ended September 30, 2017 |  | $ CHANGE |  | % CHANGE
WATER OPERATING REVENUES (1) |  | $ | 228,834 |  |  | $ | 239,057 |  |  | $ | (10,223 | ) |  | (4.3 | )%
WATER SUPPLY COSTS: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Water purchased (1) |  | $ | 52,057 |  |  | $ | 50,619 |  |  | $ | 1,438 |  |  | 2.8 | %
Power purchased for pumping (1) |  | 7,141 |  |  | 6,667 |  |  | 474 |  |  | 7.1 | %
Groundwater production assessment (1) |  | 15,146 |  |  | 14,176 |  |  | 970 |  |  | 6.8 | %
Water supply cost balancing accounts (1) |  | (12,478 | ) |  | (13,785 | ) |  | 1,307 |  |  | (9.5 | )%
TOTAL WATER SUPPLY COSTS |  | $ | 61,866 |  |  | $ | 57,677 |  |  | $ | 4,189 |  |  | 7.3 | %
WATER GROSS MARGIN (2) |  | $ | 166,968 |  |  | $ | 181,380 |  |  | $ | (14,412 | ) |  | (7.9 | )%
ELECTRIC OPERATING REVENUES (1) |  | $ | 25,548 |  |  | $ | 26,108 |  |  | $ | (560 | ) |  | (2.1 | )%
ELECTRIC SUPPLY COSTS: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Power purchased for resale (1) |  | $ | 8,439 |  |  | $ | 7,847 |  |  | $ | 592 |  |  | 7.5 | %
Electric supply cost balancing accounts (1) |  | 1,368 |  |  | 2,122 |  |  | (754 | ) |  | (35.5 | )%
TOTAL ELECTRIC SUPPLY COSTS |  | $ | 9,807 |  |  | $ | 9,969 |  |  | $ | (162 | ) |  | (1.6 | )%
ELECTRIC GROSS MARGIN (2) |  | $ | 15,741 |  |  | $ | 16,139 |  |  | $ | (398 | ) |  | (2.5 | )%

(1) As reported on AWR’s Consolidated Statements of Income, except for supply cost balancing accounts. The sum of water and electric supply cost balancing accounts in the table above are shown on AWR’s Consolidated Statements of Income and totaled $(11,110,000) and $(11,663,000) for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Revenues include surcharges to recover previously incurred costs, which increases both revenues and operating expenses by corresponding amounts, thus having no net earnings impact.
(2) Water and electric gross margins do not include any depreciation and amortization, maintenance, administrative and general, property or other taxes or other operation expenses.
The overall actual percentages of purchased water for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017 were 41% and 43%, respectively, as compared to the adopted percentage of approximately 29% for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017. The higher actual percentages of purchased water as compared to adopted percentages resulted primarily from several wells being out of service.
Purchased water costs for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 increased to $52.1 million as compared to $50.6 million for the same period in 2017 primarily due to an increase in wholesale water costs as well as an increase in customer usage.
For the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, groundwater production assessments increased $1.0 million due to an increase in the amount of water pumped, as well as an increase in pump tax rates for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 as compared to the same period in 2017.
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The under-collection in the water supply cost balancing account increased $1.3 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2018 as compared to the same period in 2017 mainly due to the higher actual percentages of purchased water as compared to adopted percentages that resulted primarily from several wells being out of service.
For the nine months ended September 30, 2018, the cost of power purchased for resale to BVES's customers increased by $592,000 to $8.4 million as compared to $7.8 million for the same period in 2017 due primarily to an increase in the average price per megawatt-hour (“MWh”). The average price per MWh, including fixed costs, increased from $74.17 for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 to $80.14 for the same period in 2018. The over-collection in the electric supply cost balancing account decreased by $754,000 due primarily to this increase in the weighted average price per MWh.
Other Operation
For the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, other operation expenses by business segment consisted of the following (dollar amounts in thousands):

|  | Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018 |  | Nine Months Ended September 30, 2017 |  | $ CHANGE |  | % CHANGE
Water Services |  | $ | 17,307 |  |  | $ | 16,100 |  |  | $ | 1,207 |  |  | 7.5 | %
Electric Services |  | 2,116 |  |  | 2,042 |  |  | 74 |  |  | 3.6 | %
Contracted Services |  | 4,702 |  |  | 3,847 |  |  | 855 |  |  | 22.2 | %
Total other operation |  | $ | 24,125 |  |  | $ | 21,989 |  |  | $ | 2,136 |  |  | 9.7 | %

For the nine months ended September 30, 2018, total other operation expenses for the water segment increased overall by $1.2 million as compared to the same period in 2017 due to the CPUC's approval for recovery of $1.2 million in incremental drought-related costs, which was recorded as a regulatory asset with a corresponding decrease in other operation expenses during the first quarter of 2017. There was no similar reduction recorded in 2018.
For the nine months ended September 30, 2018, other operation expenses for the contracted services segment increased by $855,000 due primarily to the commencement of operations at Fort Riley.
Administrative and General
For the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, administrative and general expenses by business segment, including AWR (parent), consisted of the following (dollar amounts in thousands):

|  | Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018 |  | Nine Months Ended September 30, 2017 |  | $ CHANGE |  | % CHANGE
Water Services |  | $ | 40,833 |  |  | $ | 43,037 |  |  | $ | (2,204 | ) |  | (5.1 | )%
Electric Services |  | 5,860 |  |  | 5,248 |  |  | 612 |  |  | 11.7 | %
Contracted Services |  | 15,376 |  |  | 14,226 |  |  | 1,150 |  |  | 8.1 | %
AWR (parent) |  | 7 |  |  | 8 |  |  | (1 | ) |  | (12.5 | )%
Total administrative and general |  | $ | 62,076 |  |  | $ | 62,519 |  |  | $ | (443 | ) |  | (0.7 | )%

For the nine months ended September 30, 2018, administrative and general expenses at the water segment decreased due, in large part, to lower surcharges billed for recovery of various administrative and general costs previously incurred, as compared to the first nine months of 2017. As previously discussed, surcharges are recorded in revenue with a corresponding and offsetting amount recorded to administrative and general expenses, having no impact on earnings. Excluding surcharges, administrative and general expenses for the water segment increased $1.4 million due primarily to higher employee-related expenses, partially offset by lower legal and other outside services costs.
For the nine months ended September 30, 2018, administrative and general expenses for the electric segment increased by $612,000 due to higher regulatory costs in connection with the pending electric general rate case, as well as higher legal and other outside services costs.
For the nine months ended September 30, 2018, administrative and general expenses for contracted services increased by $1.2 million as compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2017 due primarily to higher expenses for Eglin AFB and Fort Riley, which ASUS began operating on June 15, 2017 and July 1, 2018, respectively.
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Depreciation and Amortization
For the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, depreciation and amortization by business segment consisted of the following (dollar amounts in thousands):

|  | Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018 |  | Nine Months Ended September 30, 2017 |  | $ CHANGE |  | % CHANGE
Water Services |  | $ | 26,693 |  |  | $ | 26,731 |  |  | $ | (38 | ) |  | (0.1 | )%
Electric Services |  | 1,694 |  |  | 1,610 |  |  | 84 |  |  | 5.2 | %
Contracted Services |  | 1,407 |  |  | 843 |  |  | 564 |  |  | 66.9 | %
Total depreciation and amortization |  | $ | 29,794 |  |  | $ | 29,184 |  |  | $ | 610 |  |  | 2.1 | %

For the nine months ended September 30, 2018, depreciation and amortization expense for water services overall decreased due to plant retirements that occurred during the fourth quarter of 2017, which further reduced depreciation expense for the first nine months of 2018 as compared to the same period last year. These decreases were partially offset by plant additions.
The increase in depreciation for the contracted services segment was due to vehicle and other equipment additions to fixed assets during the nine months ended September 30, 2018 partly associated with the commencement of operations at Eglin AFB and Fort Riley.
Maintenance
For the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, maintenance expense by business segment consisted of the following (dollar amounts in thousands):

|  | Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018 |  | Nine Months Ended September 30, 2017 |  | $ CHANGE |  | % CHANGE
Water Services |  | $ | 8,236 |  |  | $ | 8,111 |  |  | $ | 125 |  |  | 1.5 | %
Electric Services |  | 798 |  |  | 551 |  |  | 247 |  |  | 44.8 | %
Contracted Services |  | 1,887 |  |  | 1,630 |  |  | 257 |  |  | 15.8 | %
Total maintenance |  | $ | 10,921 |  |  | $ | 10,292 |  |  | $ | 629 |  |  | 6.1 | %

Maintenance expense for the electric segment increased by $247,000 due to an increase in tree trimming and unplanned maintenance. Maintenance expense for contracted services increased largely due to maintenance costs incurred at Eglin AFB and Fort Riley, which ASUS began operating on June 15, 2017 and July 1, 2018, respectively
Property and Other Taxes
For the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, property and other taxes by business segment consisted of the following (dollar amounts in thousands):

|  | Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018 |  | Nine Months Ended September 30, 2017 |  | $ CHANGE |  | % CHANGE
Water Services |  | $ | 11,889 |  |  | $ | 11,517 |  |  | $ | 372 |  |  | 3.2 | %
Electric Services |  | 801 |  |  | 799 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 0.3 | %
Contracted Services |  | 1,173 |  |  | 1,070 |  |  | 103 |  |  | 9.6 | %
Total property and other taxes |  | $ | 13,863 |  |  | $ | 13,386 |  |  | $ | 477 |  |  | 3.6 | %

Property and other taxes increased overall by $477,000 during the nine months ended September 30, 2018 due primarily to capital additions and the associated higher assessed property values.
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ASUS Construction
For the nine months ended September 30, 2018, construction expenses for contracted services were $35.2 million, increasing $579,000 compared to the same period in 2017 due, in part, to additional costs incurred in certain locations where ASUS experienced more difficult site conditions as compared to the same period in 2017.
Gain on Sale of Assets
In June 2017, GSWC completed the sale of its Ojai water system for $34.3 million resulting in a pretax gain of $8.3 million recorded during the nine months ended September 30, 2017.
Interest Expense
For the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, interest expense by business segment, including AWR (parent) consisted of the following (dollar amounts in thousands):

|  | Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018 |  | Nine Months Ended September 30, 2017 |  | $ CHANGE |  | % CHANGE
Water Services |  | $ | 16,352 |  |  | $ | 16,092 |  |  | $ | 260 |  |  | 1.6 | %
Electric Services |  | 1,045 |  |  | 1,078 |  |  | (33 | ) |  | (3.1 | )%
Contracted Services |  | 271 |  |  | 228 |  |  | 43 |  |  | 18.9 | %
AWR (parent) |  | 251 |  |  | 208 |  |  | 43 |  |  | 20.7 | %
Total interest expense |  | $ | 17,919 |  |  | $ | 17,606 |  |  | $ | 313 |  |  | 1.8 | %

For the nine months ended September 30, 2018, interest expense increased $313,000 due largely to higher borrowings on the revolving credit facility as compared to the first nine months of 2017. Registrant expects to continue borrowing on its revolving credit facility to fund operations and a portion of its capital expenditures. In addition, GSWC has a $40 million note which matures in March 2019. Registrant expects to borrow on its revolving credit facility and/or issue additional long-term debt to fund the repayment of this note by March 2019.
Interest Income
For the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, interest income by business segment, including AWR (parent), consisted of the following (dollar amounts in thousands):

|  | Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018 |  | Nine Months Ended September 30, 2017 |  | $ CHANGE |  | % CHANGE
Water Services |  | $ | 1,257 |  |  | $ | 1,168 |  |  | $ | 89 |  |  | 7.6 | %
Electric Services |  | 31 |  |  | 7 |  |  | 24 |  |  | * |
Contracted Services |  | 526 |  |  | 14 |  |  | 512 |  |  | * |
AWR (parent) |  | (1 | ) |  | 11 |  |  | (12 | ) |  | * |
Total interest income |  | $ | 1,813 |  |  | $ | 1,200 |  |  | $ | 613 |  |  | 51.1 | %

* not meaningful
The increase in interest income for contracted services during the nine months ended September 30, 2018, was due to Registrant's adoption of ASC Topic 606 (Revenues from Contracts with Customers) on January 1, 2018 using the modified retrospective approach. As a result of this adoption, certain funds received by the contracted services segment from the U.S. government during the nine months ended September 30, 2018 have been recorded to interest income. Prior to the adoption of ASC Topic 606, these funds were recorded as revenues.
Other, net
For the nine months ended September 30, 2018, other income increased by $405,000 largely due to a decrease in the non-service cost components of net periodic benefit costs related to Registrant's defined benefit pension plans and other retirement benefits. However, as a result of GSWC's pension balancing account authorized by the CPUC, changes in net periodic benefit costs are mostly offset by corresponding changes in revenues, having no material impact to earnings. Excluding this change, other income decreased due to (i) lower gains recorded on investments as compared to the same period in 2017 and (ii) amounts collected and recorded in 2017 from developers on certain outstanding balances, with no similar collections in 2018.
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Income Tax Expense
For the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, income tax expense by business segment, including AWR (parent), consisted of the following (dollar amounts in thousands):

|  | Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018 |  | Nine Months Ended September 30, 2017 |  | $ CHANGE |  | % CHANGE
Water Services |  | $ | 10,805 |  |  | $ | 27,739 |  |  | $ | (16,934 | ) |  | (61.0 | )%
Electric Services |  | 938 |  |  | 1,496 |  |  | (558 | ) |  | (37.3 | )%
Contracted Services |  | 2,865 |  |  | 5,152 |  |  | (2,287 | ) |  | (44.4 | )%
AWR (parent) |  | (718 | ) |  | (717 | ) |  | (1 | ) |  | 0.1 | %
Total income tax expense |  | $ | 13,890 |  |  | $ | 33,670 |  |  | $ | (19,780 | ) |  | (58.7 | )%

Consolidated income tax expense for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 decreased by approximately $19.8 million due primarily to a lower federal corporate income tax rate as a result of the Tax Act, as well as a decrease in pretax income, which resulted, in large part, from the cessation of operations from GSWC's Ojai water system and related pretax gain recognized on the sale of the system in June 2017. AWR's consolidated ETR decreased to 21.7% for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 as compared to 37.3% for the nine months ended September 30, 2017. GSWC's ETR decreased to 22.5% for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 as compared to 38.6% for the nine months ended September 30, 2017. Both decreases were due primarily to the reduction in the federal corporate income tax rate from 35% to 21%.
Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
Critical accounting policies and estimates are those that are important to the portrayal of AWR’s financial condition, results of operations and cash flows, and require the most difficult, subjective or complex judgments of AWR’s management. The need to make estimates about the effect of items that are uncertain is what makes these judgments difficult, subjective and/or complex. Management makes subjective judgments about the accounting and regulatory treatment of many items. These judgments are based on AWR’s historical experience, terms of existing contracts, AWR’s observance of trends in the industry, and information available from other outside sources, as appropriate. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions.
The critical accounting policies used in the preparation of the Registrant’s financial statements that it believes affect the more significant judgments and estimates used in the preparation of its consolidated financial statements presented in this report are described in “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” included in Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017. There have been no material changes to Registrant’s critical accounting policies.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
AWR
Registrant’s regulated business is capital intensive and requires considerable capital resources. A portion of these capital resources is provided by internally generated cash flows from operations. AWR anticipates that interest expense will increase due to the need for additional external capital to fund its construction program and increases in market interest rates. AWR believes that costs associated with capital used to fund construction at GSWC will continue to be recovered through water and electric rates charged to customers. AWR funds its operating expenses and pays dividends on its outstanding Common Shares primarily through dividends from its wholly owned subsidiaries. The ability of GSWC to pay dividends to AWR is restricted by California law. Under these restrictions, approximately $243.7 million was available on September 30, 2018 to pay dividends to AWR.
When necessary, Registrant obtains funds from external sources in the capital markets and through bank borrowings. Access to external financing on reasonable terms depends on the credit ratings of AWR and GSWC and current business conditions, including that of the water utility industry in general as well as conditions in the debt or equity capital markets. AWR also has access to a $150.0 million revolving credit facility, which was renewed in May 2018. As of September 30, 2018, there were $70.0 million in borrowings outstanding under this facility and $940,000 of letters of credit outstanding. These amounts are contractually due in May 2023 under the terms of the renewed credit facility and are generally priced off a spread to LIBOR. As of September 30, 2018, AWR had $79.1 million available to borrow under the credit facility. AWR also has the option to increase the borrowing capacity of the credit facility by an additional $50 million, if needed.
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AWR borrows under this facility and provides funds to its subsidiaries, GSWC and ASUS, in support of their operations. The interest charged to GSWC and ASUS is sufficient to cover AWR’s interest expense under the credit facility. Amounts owed to AWR by GSWC, including for allocated expenses, are included in GSWC's intercompany payable under "Current Liabilities". In March of 2019, $40 million of GSWC's 6.70% senior note will mature. GSWC intends to borrow under its intercompany borrowing arrangement with AWR and/or issue additional long-term debt to fund the repayment of this note.
In April 2018, Standard and Poor’s Global Ratings (“S&P”) affirmed an A+ credit rating with a stable outlook on both AWR and GSWC. S&P’s debt ratings range from AAA (highest possible) to D (obligation is in default). In December 2017, Moody's Investors Service ("Moody's") affirmed its A2 rating with a revised rating outlook from stable to positive for GSWC. Securities ratings are not recommendations to buy, sell or hold a security and are subject to change or withdrawal at any time by the rating agencies. Registrant believes that AWR’s sound capital structure and strong credit ratings, combined with its financial discipline, will enable AWR to access the debt and equity markets. However, unpredictable financial market conditions in the future may limit its access or impact the timing of when to access the market, in which case, Registrant may choose to temporarily reduce its capital spending. During the nine months ended September 30, 2018, GSWC incurred $79.2 million in company-funded capital expenditures.
AWR intends to continue paying quarterly cash dividends on or about March 1, June 1, September 1 and December 1, subject to earnings and financial conditions, regulatory requirements and such other factors as the Board of Directors may deem relevant. Registrant has paid common dividends for over 80 consecutive years. On October 30, 2018, AWR's Board of Directors approved a fourth quarter dividend of $0.275 per share on AWR's Common Shares. Dividends on the Common Shares are payable on December 3, 2018 to shareholders of record at the close of business on November 15, 2018. AWR's current policy is to achieve a five-year compound annual growth rate in the dividend of more than 6% over the long term.
Registrant's current liabilities may at times exceed its current assets. Management believes that internally generated funds along with AWR's ability to access the debt and equity markets as well as borrowings from its credit facility, are adequate to provide sufficient capital to maintain normal operations and to meet its capital and financing requirements, including repayment of the $40 million note, which matures in March 2019.
Cash Flows from Operating Activities:
Cash flows from operating activities have generally provided sufficient cash to fund operating requirements, including a portion of construction expenditures at GSWC, construction expenses at ASUS, and pay dividends. Registrant’s future cash flows from operating activities are expected to be affected by a number of factors, including utility regulation; changes in tax law and deferred taxes; maintenance expenses; inflation; compliance with environmental, health and safety standards; production costs; customer growth; per customer usage of water and electricity; weather and seasonality; conservation efforts; compliance with local governmental requirements, including mandatory restrictions on water use; and required cash contributions to pension and post-retirement plans. Future cash flows from contracted services subsidiaries will depend on new business activities, existing operations, the construction of new and/or replacement infrastructure at military bases, timely economic price and equitable adjustment of prices and timely collection of payments from the U.S. government and other prime contractors operating at the military bases.
The lower federal tax rate and the elimination of bonus depreciation brought about by the Tax Act are expected to reduce Registrant's cash flows from operating activities, and result in higher financing costs arising from an increased need to raise debt and/or equity.
ASUS funds its operating expenses primarily through internal operating sources, which include U.S. government funding under 50-year contracts for operations and maintenance costs and construction activities, as well as investments by, or loans from, AWR. ASUS, in turn, provides funding to its subsidiaries. ASUS's subsidiaries may also from time to time provide funding to ASUS or its subsidiaries.
Cash flows from operating activities are primarily generated by net income, adjusted for non-cash expenses such as depreciation and amortization and deferred income taxes. During the nine months ended September 30, 2017, it was also adjusted for the gain on the sale of GSWC's Ojai water system. Cash generated by operations varies during the year. Net cash provided by operating activities of Registrant was $108.4 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 as compared to $120.2 million for the same period in 2017. The decrease in cash from operating activities was due primarily to: (i) significant differences in the timing of income tax payments made and refunds received between the two periods, and (ii) a decrease resulting from the timing of billing of and cash receipts for construction work at military bases during the nine months ended September 30, 2018. The billings (and cash receipts) for construction work generally occur at completion of the work or in accordance with a billing schedule contractually agreed to with the U.S. government and/or other prime contractors. Thus, cash flow from construction-related activities may fluctuate from period to period with such fluctuations representing timing
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differences of when the work is being performed and when the cash is received for payment of the work. These decreases in cash from operating activities were partially offset by an overall increase in cash collected or over-collected from customers related to GSWC’s regulatory accounts. The timing of cash receipts and disbursements related to other working capital items also affected the changes in net cash provided by operating activities.
Cash Flows from Investing Activities:
Net cash used in investing activities was $88.8 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 as compared to $44.9 million for the same period in 2017. In addition to an increase in cash used for capital expenditures in 2018, during the nine months ended September 30, 2017, there were the proceeds received in 2017 for the sale of GSWC's Ojai water system, which generated $34.3 million in cash.
Registrant invests capital to provide essential services to its regulated customer base, while working with its regulators to have the opportunity to earn a fair rate of return on investment. Registrant’s infrastructure investment plan consists of both infrastructure renewal programs, where infrastructure is replaced, as needed, and major capital investment projects, where new water treatment, supply and delivery facilities are constructed. GSWC may also be required from time to time to relocate existing infrastructure in order to accommodate local infrastructure improvement projects. Projected capital expenditures and other investments are subject to periodic review and revision.
Cash Flows from Financing Activities:
Registrant’s financing activities include primarily: (i) the sale proceeds from the issuance of Common Shares and stock option exercises and the repurchase of Common Shares; (ii) the issuance and repayment of long-term debt and notes payable to banks, and (iii) the payment of dividends on Common Shares. In order to finance new infrastructure, Registrant also receives customer advances (net of refunds) for, and contributions in aid of construction. Short-term borrowings are used to fund capital expenditures until long-term financing is arranged.
Net cash used in financing activities was $17.9 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 as compared to $69.1 million used for the same period in 2017. This decrease in cash used for financing activities was due to an increase in short-term borrowings from Registrant's revolving credit facility during the nine months ended September 30, 2018. During the nine months ended September 30, 2017, the cash proceeds from the Ojai sale, as well as cash generated from operating activities, were used to pay down short-term borrowings.
GSWC
GSWC funds its operating expenses, payments on its debt, and dividends on its outstanding common shares and a portion of its construction expenditures through internal sources. Internal sources of cash flow are provided primarily by retention of a portion of earnings from operating activities. Internal cash generation is influenced by factors such as weather patterns, conservation efforts, environmental regulation, litigation, changes in tax law and deferred taxes, changes in supply costs and regulatory decisions affecting GSWC’s ability to recover these supply costs, timing of rate relief, increases in maintenance expenses and capital expenditures, surcharges authorized by the CPUC to enable GSWC to recover expenses previously incurred from customers and CPUC requirements to refund amounts previously charged to customers.
GSWC may, at times, utilize external sources, including equity investments and short-term borrowings from AWR, and long-term debt to help fund a portion of its construction expenditures. In addition, GSWC receives advances and contributions from customers, homebuilders and real estate developers to fund construction necessary to extend service to new areas. Advances for construction are generally refundable at a rate of 2.5% in equal annual installments over 40 years. Amounts which are no longer subject to refund are reclassified to contributions in aid of construction. Utility plant funded by advances and contributions is excluded from rate base. Generally, GSWC amortizes contributions in aid of construction at the same composite rate of depreciation for the related property.
As is often the case with public utilities, GSWC’s current liabilities may at times exceed its current assets. Management believes that internally generated funds along with the proceeds from the issuance of long-term debt, GSWC's borrowings from its intercompany arrangement with AWR, and the ability to issue common shares to AWR, will be adequate to provide sufficient capital to enable GSWC to maintain normal operations and to meet its capital and financing requirements.
Cash Flows from Operating Activities:
Net cash provided by operating activities was $93.8 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 as compared to $98.4 million for the same period in 2017. This decrease was primarily due to significant differences in the timing of income tax payments made and refunds received between the two periods, partially offset by an overall increase in cash collected or over-collected from customers related to GSWC’s regulatory accounts. The timing of cash receipts and disbursements related to other working capital items also affected the change in net cash provided by operating activities.
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Cash Flows from Investing Activities:
Net cash used in investing activities was $80.7 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 as compared to $43.3 million for the same period in 2017. Included in the activity for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 were $34.3 million in cash proceeds received from the sale of GSWC's Ojai water system. For the nine months ended September 30, 2018, cash used for capital expenditures was $79.2 million. During 2018, GSWC's company-funded capital expenditures are estimated to be approximately $110 - $120 million.
Cash Flows from Financing Activities:
Net cash used in financing activities was $13.1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 as compared to $49.1 million used for the same period in 2017. This decrease was due, in large part, to an increase in intercompany borrowings from AWR during the nine months ended September 30, 2018, as compared to the same period in 2017. During the nine months ended September 30, 2017, the cash proceeds received from the sale of the Ojai system, as well as cash generated from operating activities, were used to pay down intercompany borrowings. This decrease in cash used in financing activities was partially offset by the timing of dividend payments made to AWR. During the first nine months of 2017, GSWC made one quarterly dividend payment of $18.3 million to AWR. During the nine months ended September 30, 2018, GSWC paid three quarterly dividends totaling $28.9 million to AWR.
Contractual Obligations and Other Commitments
Registrant has various contractual obligations, which are recorded as liabilities in the consolidated financial statements. Other items, such as certain purchase commitments and operating leases are not recognized as liabilities in the consolidated financial statements, but are required to be disclosed.
In addition to contractual maturities, Registrant has certain debt instruments that contain an annual sinking fund or other principal payments. Registrant believes that it will be able to refinance debt instruments at their maturity through public issuance, or private placement, of debt or equity. Annual payments to service debt are generally made from cash flows from operations.
See “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Contractual Obligations, Commitments and Off Balance Sheet Arrangements” section of the Registrant’s Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017 for a detailed discussion of contractual obligations and other commitments. In March of 2019, $40 million of GSWC's 6.70% note will mature, which has been included in "Current Liabilities" as of September 30, 2018. GSWC intends to borrow under its intercompany borrowing arrangement with AWR and/or issue additional long-term debt to fund the repayment of this note.
Contracted Services
Under the terms of the current and future utility privatization contracts with the U.S. government, each contract's price is subject to an economic price adjustment (“EPA”) on an annual basis. In the event that ASUS (i) is managing more assets at specific military bases than were included in the U.S. government’s request for proposal, (ii) is managing assets that are in substandard condition as compared to what was disclosed in the request for proposal, (iii) prudently incurs costs not contemplated under the terms of the utility privatization contract, and/or (iv) becomes subject to new regulatory requirements, such as more stringent water-quality standards, ASUS is permitted to file, and has filed, requests for equitable adjustment (“REA”). The timely filing for and receipt of EPAs and/or REAs continues to be critical in order for the Military Utility Privatization Subsidiaries to recover increasing costs of operating and maintaining, and renewing and replacing the water and/or wastewater systems at the military bases it serves.
Under the Budget Control Act of 2011 (the “2011 Act”), substantial automatic spending cuts, known as "sequestration," have impacted the expected levels of Department of Defense budgeting. The Military Utility Privatization Subsidiaries have not experienced any earnings impact to their existing operations and maintenance and renewal and replacement services, as utility privatization contracts are an "excepted service" within the 2011 Act. While the ongoing effects of sequestration have been mitigated through the passage of a continuing resolution for the fiscal year 2018 Department of Defense budget, similar issues may arise as part of fiscal uncertainty and/or future debt-ceiling limits imposed by Congress. However, any future impact on ASUS and its operations through the Military Utility Privatization Subsidiaries will likely be limited to (a) the timing of funding to pay for services rendered, (b) delays in the processing of EPAs and/or REAs, (c) the timing of the issuance of contract modifications for new construction work not already funded by the U.S. government, and/or (d) delays in the solicitation for and/or awarding of new contracts under the Department of Defense utility privatization program.
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At times, the Defense Contract Audit Agency and/or the Defense Contract Management Agency may, at the request of a contracting officer, perform audits/reviews of contractors for compliance with certain government guidance and regulations, such as the Federal Acquisition Regulations and Defense Federal Acquisition Regulation Supplements. Certain audit/review findings, such as system deficiencies for government-contract-business-system requirements, may result in delays in the timing of resolution of filings submitted to and/or the ability to file new proposals with the U.S. government.
On July 1, 2018, ASUS assumed the operation, maintenance and construction management of the water distribution, wastewater collection and treatment facilities at Fort Riley, a United States Army installation located in Kansas, after completing a transition period. The contract was awarded by the U.S. government on September 29, 2017 with an initial value of $601 million over the 50-year period, subject to adjustments for the actual inventory level to be managed and the lower federal corporate income tax rate effective January 1, 2018 resulting from the Tax Act. The 50-year contract will also be subject to annual economic price adjustments.
Regulatory Matters
Pending General Rate Case Filings:
Water Segment:
In July 2017, GSWC filed a general rate case application for all its water regions and the general office. This general rate case will determine new water rates for the years 2019 through 2021. On August 15, 2018, GSWC and the CPUC’s Public Advocates Office ("CalPA"), formerly the Office of Ratepayer Advocates, filed a joint motion to adopt a settlement agreement between GSWC and the CalPA in connection with this general rate case. If approved by the CPUC, this settlement resolves all the issues in the general rate case application and authorizes GSWC to invest approximately $334.5 million in capital infrastructure over the three-year rate cycle. The $334.5 million of infrastructure investment, as settled, includes $20.4 million of capital projects to be filed for revenue recovery through advice letters when those projects are completed.
Excluding the advice letter project revenues, the water gross margin for 2019 in the settlement filing is expected to increase by approximately $6.0 million as compared to the 2018 adopted water gross margin. The 2019 water revenue requirement, as settled, has been reduced for a decrease of approximately $7.0 million in depreciation expense compared to the adopted 2018 depreciation expense due to a reduction in the overall composite depreciation rates based on a revised study filed in the general rate case. The decrease in depreciation expense lowers the water gross margin, and is offset by a corresponding decrease in depreciation expense, resulting in no impact to net earnings. In addition, the 2019 water revenue requirement, as settled, includes a decrease of approximately $2.2 million for excess deferred tax refunds as a result of the Tax Act, which has a corresponding decrease in income tax expense and also results in no impact to earnings. Had depreciation expense, as settled, remained the same as the 2018 adopted amount and there was no excess deferred tax refund that lowered the 2019 revenue requirement, the water gross margin for 2019 would have increased by approximately $15.2 million. The settlement as filed also allows for potential additional water revenue increases in 2020 and 2021 of approximately $10.0 million and $12.0 million, respectively, subject to the results of an earnings test and changes to the forecasted inflationary index values.
GSWC and CalPA informed the assigned Administrative Law Judge ("ALJ”) that hearings would not be needed in light of the settlement agreement. Subsequently, the ALJ issued a ruling requesting additional information on a number of items in the general rate case. GSWC has provided the additional information requested by the ALJ and believes it has satisfied all of the questions raised. Both the ALJ’s request and GSWC’s response are public information. At this time, GSWC is awaiting a proposed decision by the ALJ, which is expected during the fourth quarter of 2018, with a final decision by the CPUC expected by the first quarter of 2019. When approved, the new rates will become effective January 1, 2019.
Electric Segment:
In May 2017, GSWC filed its electric general rate case application with the CPUC to determine new electric rates for the years 2018 through 2021. GSWC and CalPA have reached a tentative settlement, which resolves all revenue requirement issues in this general rate case. A settlement conference with all parties in the rate case is scheduled for November 2018. Among other things, the tentative settlement incorporates a previous stipulation in the case, which authorizes a new return on equity for GSWC's electric segment of 9.60%. GSWC’s prior authorized return on equity for its electric segment was 9.95%. The stipulation also included a capital structure and debt cost similar to those approved by the CPUC in March 2018 in connection with GSWC's water segment cost of capital proceeding, as discussed below. Because of the delay in finalizing the electric general rate case, year-to-date 2018 billed electric revenues have been based on 2017 adopted rates, pending a final decision by the CPUC in this rate case application. When a final decision is approved, the new electric rates will be retroactive to January 1, 2018.
Cost of Capital Proceeding for Water Regions:
In April 2017, GSWC filed its water cost of capital application with the CPUC. In March 2018, the CPUC issued a final decision in the cost of capital proceeding for GSWC and three other investor-owned water utilities that serve California. Among other things, the final decision adopts for GSWC (i) an ROE of 8.90%, (ii) a capital structure with 57% equity and 43% debt,
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(iii) a return on rate base of 7.91%, and (iv) the continuation of the water cost of capital adjustment mechanism. GSWC’s prior authorized ROE for its water segment was 9.43% with a return on rate base of 8.34%. The newly authorized return on rate base of 7.91% also reflects a true-up of GSWC’s embedded debt cost from 6.99% to 6.6%. The reduced debt costs contributed approximately 18 basis points to the 43-basis-point drop in the authorized return on rate base. Including the effects of the Tax Act, the lower return on rate base beginning in 2018 is expected to decrease GSWC’s 2018 adopted annual revenue requirement by approximately $3.6 million.
Other Regulatory Matters:
See “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Regulatory Matters” section of the Registrant’s Form 10-K for the year-ended December 31, 2017 for a detailed discussion of other regulatory matters.
Environmental Matters
GSWC is required to comply with the safe drinking water standards established by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (“US EPA”) and the Division of Drinking Water ("DDW"), under the State Water Resources Control Board (“SWRCB”). The US EPA regulates contaminants that may have adverse health effects that are known or likely to occur at levels of public health concern, and the regulation of which will provide a meaningful opportunity for health risk reduction. The DDW, acting on behalf of the US EPA, administers the US EPA’s program in California. Similar state agencies administer these rules in the other states in which Registrant operates.
GSWC currently tests its water supplies and water systems according to, among other things, requirements listed in the Federal Safe Drinking Water Act (“SDWA”). In compliance with the SDWA and to assure a safe drinking water supply to its customers, GSWC has incurred operating costs for testing to determine the levels, if any, of the constituents in its sources of supply and additional expense to treat contaminants in order to meet federal and state maximum contaminant level standards and consumer demands. GSWC expects to incur additional capital costs as well as increased operating costs to maintain or improve the quality of water delivered to its customers in light of anticipated stress on water resources associated with watershed and aquifer pollution, as well as to meet future water quality standards. The CPUC ratemaking process provides GSWC with the opportunity to recover prudently incurred capital and operating costs in future filings associated with achieving water quality standards. Management believes that such incurred and expected future costs will be authorized for recovery by the CPUC.
Drinking Water Notifications Levels:
In July 2018, the DDW issued drinking water notification levels for certain fluorinated organic chemicals used to make certain fabrics and other materials, and used in various industrial processes. These chemicals are referred to as perfluoroalkyl substances (e.g., PFOA and PFOS). Notification levels are non-regulatory, health-based advisory levels established for contaminants in drinking water for which maximum contaminant levels have not been established. The US EPA has also established health advisory levels for these compounds. Notification to consumers is required when the advisory levels or notification levels are exceeded. GSWC currently does not have water sources exceeding the advisory or notification levels.
Lead Testing in Schools:
In January 2017, the DDW required all water utilities to test the schools in their service area for lead in their on-site drinking water if requested by the school’s officials. Legislation was passed in October 2017 making such testing mandatory for any school site with a building constructed before January 1, 2010. Monitoring by the utility must be completed before July 1, 2019. GSWC has completed lead sampling at approximately 42 percent of the schools in its service areas as of September 2018, and will continue to work with the remaining schools in its service areas in an effort to meet the July 1, 2019 deadline. Management cannot predict if all schools will cooperate and complete the testing, and as a result cannot predict complete compliance with this regulation by the deadline.
See “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Environmental Matters” section of the Registrant’s Form 10-K for the year-ended December 31, 2017 for a discussion of environmental matters applicable to GSWC and ASUS and its subsidiaries.
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Water Supply
See “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—California Drought” section of the Registrant’s Form 10-K for the year-ended December 31, 2017 for a discussion of water supply issues. The discussion below focuses on significant matters and changes since December 31, 2017.
California Water Use Standards:
In April 2017, the Governor of California ended the drought state of emergency in most of California in response to significantly improved water supply conditions resulting from substantial rainfall and snowpack in late 2016 and early 2017. In April 2017, the SWRCB and related state agencies released a plan to establish a framework for long-term water use efficiency standards. The plan includes continued bans on wasteful practices and outlines the SWRCB’s vision for continued implementation of the Governor’s executive order on water conservation. In May 2018, the Governor signed into law two pieces of legislation to implement the plan, establishing new permanent water use targets, beginning in 2022. The legislation also includes reporting requirements and enforcement provisions, requiring compliance at the utility level. The overall framework includes water use limits based on the following: (i) a standard for indoor water use that reduces over time, dropping to 50 gallons per capita per day, or lower, by 2030; (ii) a standard for outdoor residential water use based on local climate conditions and amount of landscape, and (iii) a standard for water loss due to system leaks. Included in the provisions are penalties for non-compliance with the stated water use targets, with increased penalties during drought years. More specific details on these regulations will be developed by the SWRCB and the California Department of Water Resources ("DWR") prior to compliance in 2022. Management cannot predict at this time its ability to comply with the new laws, or the CPUC’s treatment of any incremental costs incurred in compliance. The legislation also adds provisions to the existing Urban Water Management Plan regulations, and requires urban water suppliers to conduct annual drought risk assessments and submit reports to the DWR.
California's recent period of drought resulted in reduced recharge to the state's groundwater basins. GSWC utilizes groundwater from numerous groundwater basins throughout the state. Several of these basins, especially smaller basins, experienced lower groundwater levels because of the drought. Several of GSWC's service areas rely on groundwater as their only source of supply. Given the critical nature of the groundwater levels in California’s Central Coast area, GSWC implemented mandatory water restrictions in certain service areas, in accordance with CPUC procedures. In the event of water supply shortages beyond the locally available supply, GSWC would need to transport additional water from other areas, increasing the cost of water supply.
Precipitation during December 2017 and to date in 2018 has been below average for much of California and may indicate less than normal rainfall for 2018. If dry conditions persist through the remainder of 2018, areas served by these smaller basins may experience further mandatory conservation measures in the future.
As of October 30, 2018, the U.S. Drought Monitor estimated approximately 3 percent of California in the rank of “Extreme Drought,” approximately 19 percent in the rank of “Severe Drought,” and approximately 48 percent in the rank of “Moderate Drought.” If dry conditions persist, the SWRCB or other regulatory agencies may impose emergency drought actions.
Metropolitan Water District/ State Water Project:
GSWC purchases a portion of its water supply from the Metropolitan Water District of Southern California ("MWD") member agencies. Water supplies available to the MWD through the State Water Project ("SWP") vary from year to year based on several factors. Every year, the DWR establishes the SWP allocation for water deliveries to state water contractors. DWR generally establishes a percentage allocation of delivery requests based on several factors, including weather patterns, snow-pack levels, reservoir levels and biological diversion restrictions. The SWP is a major source of water for the MWD. In May 2018, the SWP allocation was set at 35 percent of requested orders.
New Accounting Pronouncements
Registrant is subject to newly issued requirements as well as changes in existing requirements issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board. Differences in financial reporting between periods for GSWC could occur unless and until the CPUC approves such changes for conformity through regulatory proceedings. See Note 1 of Unaudited Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
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Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk
Registrant is exposed to certain market risks, including fluctuations in interest rates, commodity price risk primarily relating to changes in the market price of electricity at BVES and other economic conditions. Market risk is the potential loss arising from adverse changes in prevailing market rates and prices.
The quantitative and qualitative disclosures about market risk are discussed in Item 7A-Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk, contained in Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017.
Item 4. Controls and Procedures
(a) Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
As required by Rule 13a-15(b) under the Securities and Exchange Act of 1934 (the “Exchange Act”), we have carried out an evaluation, under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our Chief Executive Officer (“CEO”) and our Chief Financial Officer (“CFO”), of the effectiveness, as of the end of the fiscal quarter covered by this report, of the design and operation of our “disclosure controls and procedures” as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) promulgated by the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) under the Exchange Act. Based upon that evaluation, the CEO and the CFO concluded that disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of such fiscal quarter, were adequate and effective to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms and that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our CEO and CFO, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.
(b) Changes in Internal Controls over Financial Reporting
There has been no change in our internal control over financial reporting during the quarter ended September 30, 2018, that has materially affected or is reasonably likely to materially affect our internal control over financial reporting.
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PART II
Item 1. Legal Proceedings
Registrant is subject to ordinary routine litigation incidental to its business, some of which may include claims for compensatory and punitive damages. Other than those disclosed in this Form 10-Q and in Registrant’s Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017, no other legal proceedings that are believed to be material are pending. Management believes that rate recovery, proper insurance coverage and reserves are in place to insure against, among other things, property, general liability, employment, and workers’ compensation claims incurred in the ordinary course of business. Insurance coverage may not cover certain claims involving punitive damages.
Item 1A. Risk Factors
There have been no significant changes in the risk factors disclosed in our 2017 Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds
The shareholders of AWR have approved the material features of all equity compensation plans under which AWR directly issues equity securities. The following table provides information about repurchases of Common Shares by AWR during the third quarter of 2018:

Period |  | Total Number of Shares Purchased |  | Average Price Paid per Share |  | Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs (1) |  | Maximum Number of Shares That May Yet Be Purchased under the Plans or Programs (3)
July 1 – 31, 2018 |  | 12,738 |  |  | $ | 60.05 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
August 1 – 31, 2018 |  | 16,000 |  |  | $ | 59.80 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
September 1 – 30, 2018 |  | 43,795 |  |  | $ | 59.38 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total |  | 72,533 |  | (2) | $ | 59.59 |  |  | — |  |  |

(1) None of the common shares were purchased pursuant to any publicly announced stock repurchase program.
(2) Of this amount, 67,225 Common Shares were acquired on the open market for employees pursuant to the Company's 401(k) plan and the remainder were acquired on the open market for participants in the Common Share Purchase and Dividend Reinvestment Plan.
(3) Neither the 401(k) plan nor the Common Share Purchase and Dividend Reinvestment Plan contain a maximum number of common shares that may be purchased in the open market.
Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities
None
Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosure
Not applicable
Item 5. Other Information
(a) On October 30, 2018, AWR's Board of Directors approved a fourth quarter dividend of $0.275 per share on AWR's Common Shares. Dividends on the Common Shares are payable on December 3, 2018 to shareholders of record at the close of business on November 15, 2018.
(b) There have been no material changes during the third quarter of 2018 to the procedures by which shareholders may nominate persons to the Board of Directors of AWR.
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Item 6. Exhibits
(a) The following documents are filed as Exhibits to this report:

3.1 |  | By-Laws of American States Water Company incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of Registrant's Form 10-Q, filed August 6, 2012 (File No. 1-14431)
3.2 |  | By-laws of Golden State Water Company incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 of Registrant's Form 8-K filed May 13, 2011 (File No. 1-14431)
3.3 |  | Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation of American States Water Company, as amended, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of Registrant's Form 8-K filed June 19, 2013
3.4 |  | Restated Articles of Incorporation of Golden State Water Company, as amended, incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of Registrant's Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2005 (File No. 1-14431)
4.1 |  | Indenture, dated September 1, 1993 between Golden State Water Company and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A., as successor trustee, as supplemented, incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.01 of Golden State Water Company Form S-3 filed December 12, 2008 (File No. 333-156112)
4.2 |  | Note Purchase Agreement dated as of October 11, 2005 between Golden State Water Company and Co-Bank, ACB incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 of Registrant's Form 8-K filed October 13, 2005 (File No. 1-14431)
4.3 |  | Note Purchase Agreement dated as of March 10, 2009 between Golden State Water Company and Co-Bank, ACB, incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.16 to Registrant's Form 10-K filed on March 13, 2009 (File No. 1-14431)
4.4 |  | Indenture dated as of December 1, 1998 between American States Water Company and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A., as supplemented by the First Supplemental Indenture dated as of July 31, 2009 incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.1 of American States Water Company's Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2009 (File No. 1-14431)
10.1 |  | Second Sublease dated October 5, 1984 between Golden State Water Company and Three Valleys Municipal Water District incorporated herein by reference to Registrant's Registration Statement on Form S-2, Registration No. 33-5151
10.2 |  | Note Agreement dated as of May 15, 1991 between Golden State Water Company and Transamerica Occidental Life Insurance Company incorporated herein by reference to Registrant's Form 10-Q with respect to the quarter ended June 30, 1991 (File No. 1-14431)
10.3 |  | Schedule of omitted Note Agreements, dated May 15, 1991, between Golden State Water Company and Transamerica Annuity Life Insurance Company, and Golden State Water Company and First Colony Life Insurance Company incorporated herein by reference to Registrant's Form 10-Q with respect to the quarter ended June 30, 1991 (File No. 1-14431)
10.4 |  | Loan Agreement between California Pollution Control Financing Authority and Golden State Water Company, dated as of December 1, 1996 incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.7 of Registrant's Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 1998 (File No. 1-14431)
10.5 |  | Agreement for Financing Capital Improvement dated as of June 2, 1992 between Golden State Water Company and Three Valleys Municipal Water District incorporated herein by reference to Registrant's Form 10-K with respect to the year ended December 31, 1992 (File No. 1-14431)
10.6 |  | Water Supply Agreement dated as of June 1, 1994 between Golden State Water Company and Central Coast Water Authority incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.15 of Registrant's Form 10-K with respect to the year ended December 31, 1994 (File No. 1-14431)
10.7 |  | 2003 Non-Employee Directors Stock Purchase Plan, as amended, incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to Registrant's Form 8-K filed on May 20, 2015 (File No. 1-14431) (2)
10.8 |  | Dividend Reinvestment and Common Share Purchase Plan incorporated herein by reference to American States Water Company Registrant's Form S-3D filed November 12, 2008 (File No. 1-14431)
10.9 |  | Form of Amended and Restated Change in Control Agreement between American States Water Company or a subsidiary and certain executives incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to Registrant's Form 8-K filed on November 21, 2014 (File No. 1-14431) (2)
10.10 |  | Golden State Water Company Pension Restoration Plan, as amended, incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant's Form 8-K filed on May 21, 2009 (File No. 1-14431) (2)

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10.11 |  | Amended and Restated Credit Agreement between American States Water Company dated June 3, 2005 with Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., as Administrative Agent, as amended, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Registrant's Form 8-K filed May 25, 2018
10.12 |  | Form of Indemnification Agreement for executive officers incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.21 to Registrant's Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2006 (File No. 1-14431) (2)
10.13 |  | 2008 Stock Incentive Plan, as amended, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Registrant's Form 8-K filed March 25, 2016 (2)
10.14 |  | Form of Nonqualified Stock Option Agreement for officers and key employees for the 2008 Stock Incentive Plan incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to Registrant's Form 8-K filed November 21, 2014 (2)
10.15 |  | Policy Regarding the Recoupment of Certain Performance-Based Compensation Payments incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Registrant's Form 8-K filed on April 2, 2014 (2)
10.16 |  | Performance Incentive Plan incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant's Form 8-K filed on May 20, 2015 (File No. 1-14431) (2)
10.17 |  | Officer Relocation Policy incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.5 to the Registrant's Form 8-K filed on July 31, 2009 (2)
10.18 |  | Form of Non-Qualified Stock Option Award Agreement for officers and key employees under the 2008 Stock Incentive Plan for stock options granted after December 31, 2010 incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 of Registrant's Form 8-K filed on February 4, 2011 (File No. 1-14431) (2)
10.19 |  | Form of Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement for officers and key employees under the 2016 Stock Incentive Plan incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Registrant's Form 8-K filed on February 6, 2017 (File No. 1-14431) (2)
10.20 |  | Form of Indemnification Agreement for directors incorporated by reference herein to Exhibit 10.35 to the Registrant's Form 10-K for the period ended December 31, 2012 (1) (2)
10.21 |  | 2016 Short-Term Incentive Program incorporated by reference herein to Exhibit 10.3 to Registrant’s Form 8-K filed on March 25, 2016 (2)
10.22 |  | Form of 2016 Short-Term Incentive Award Agreement incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to the Registrant’s Form 8-K filed March 25, 2016 (2)
10.23 |  | 2016 Stock Incentive Plan incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Registrant’s Form 8-K filed on May 19, 2016 (2)
10.24 |  | 2013 Non-Employee Directors Plan incorporated by reference herein to Exhibit 10.2 to the Registrant's Form 8-K filed on March 25, 2016 (2)
10.25 |  | Form of Restricted Stock Unit Agreement for grants after December 31, 2014 under the 2008 Stock Incentive Plan incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Registrant’s Form 8-K filed November 21, 2014 (2)
10.26 |  | Form of 2015 Performance Award Agreement incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Registrant’s Form 8-K filed January 30, 2015 (2)
10.27 |  | 2015 Short-Term Incentive Program incorporated by reference herein to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant’s Form 8-K filed on March 27, 2015 (2)
10.28 |  | Form of 2015 Short-Term Incentive Award Agreement incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to Registrant's Form 8-K filed March 27, 2015 (2)
10.29 |  | Form of 2016 Performance Award Agreement incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of Registrant's Form 8-K filed January 29, 2016 (2)
10.30 |  | Form of 2017 Performance Award Agreement incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 of Registrant's Form 8-K filed on February 6, 2017 (2)
10.31 |  | 2017 Short-Term Incentive Program incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of Registrant's Form 8-K filed on March 31, 2017 (2)
10.32 |  | Form of Restricted Stock Award Agreement for officers with respect to time-vested restricted stock awards under the 2016 Stock Incentive Plan prior to January 1, 2018 incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of Form 8-K filed on February 6, 2017

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10.33 |  | Form of 2017 Short-Term Incentive Agreement incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 of Registrant's Form 8-K filed on March 31, 2017 (2)
10.34 |  | Form of Restricted Stock Award Agreement for officers with respect to time-vested restricted stock awards under the 2016 Stock Incentive Plan after December 31, 2017 incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of Form 8-K filed on November 3, 2017
10.35 |  | Form of 2018 Performance Award Agreement incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10-1 of Registrant’s Form 8-K filed February 2, 2018 (2)
10.36 |  | 2018 Short-Term Incentive Program incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of Registrant's Form 8-K filed on March 23, 2018 (2)
10.37 |  | Form of Award Agreement for the 2018 Short-Term Incentive Program incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 of Registrant's Form 8-K filed on March 23, 2018 (2)
31.1 |  | Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 for AWR (1)
31.1.1 |  | Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 for GSWC (1)
31.2 |  | Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 for AWR (1)
31.2.1 |  | Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 for GSWC (1)
32.1 |  | Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (3)
32.2 |  | Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (3)
101.INS |  | XBRL Instance Document (3)
101.SCH |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema (3)
101.CAL |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase (3)
101.DEF |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase (3)
101.LAB |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase (3)
101.PRE |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase (3)

(1) Filed concurrently herewith
(2) Management contract or compensatory arrangement
(3) Furnished concurrently herewith
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SIGNATURE
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized and as its principal financial officer.

|  |  | AMERICAN STATES WATER COMPANY (“AWR”):
|  | By: | /s/ EVA G. TANG
|  |  | Eva G. Tang
|  |  | Senior Vice President-Finance, Chief Financial
|  |  | Officer, Corporate Secretary and Treasurer
|  |  | GOLDEN STATE WATER COMPANY (“GSWC”):
|  | By: | /s/ EVA G. TANG
|  |  | Eva G. Tang
|  |  | Senior Vice President-Finance, Chief Financial
|  |  | Officer and Secretary
|  | Date: | November 5, 2018

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