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Income taxes
9 Months Ended
Sep. 30, 2018
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]  
Income taxes
Income taxes
We recorded income tax expense of $1.7 million and $3.3 million for the three months ended September 30, 2018 and September 30, 2017, respectively, which primarily consisted of tax expense on earnings from foreign operations. For the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, we recorded income tax expense of $3.0 million and $4.5 million, respectively, which primarily consisted of tax expense on earnings from foreign operations.
Our income tax benefit or expense is based on an annual effective tax rate forecast, including estimates and assumptions that could change during the year. The application of the accounting requirements for income taxes in interim periods, after consideration of our valuation allowance, causes a significant variation in the typical relationship between income tax expense/benefit and pretax accounting income/loss.
As of September 30, 2018, all of Century's U.S. and certain foreign deferred tax assets, net of deferred tax liabilities, continue to be subject to a valuation allowance. We continue to assess the impact of the recently enacted Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the “Act”) on our business and our consolidated financial statements through the measurement period allowed under Staff Accounting Bulletin ("SAB") 118. Adjustments to provisional amounts, if any, that are identified during the measurement period will be recorded in the reporting period in which the adjustment is determined. As of September 30, 2018, our accounting for the following element has not been finalized. However, we are able to reasonably estimate certain effects and, therefore, recorded provisional adjustments as follows:
Deemed Repatriation Transition Tax: The deemed repatriation transition tax (the “Transition Tax”) is a tax on certain previously untaxed accumulated and current earnings and profits ("E&P") of our foreign subsidiaries. We were able to reasonably estimate the Transition Tax and recorded no provisional Transition Tax obligation for the year ended December 31, 2017. On the basis of revised E&P computations that were calculated during the reporting period, we recognized an additional measurement-period adjustment of $0.9 million to the Transition Tax obligation, a refundable Alternative Minimum Tax Credit of $0.8 million, resulting in an immaterial net adjustment to income tax expense during the period. However, we are continuing to gather additional information to more precisely compute the amount of the Transition Tax, and our accounting for this item has not been finalized. We expect to finalize our accounting within the prescribed measurement period.