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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549
FORM 10-Q
☒ QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d)
OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the quarterly period ended March 31, 2023
OR
☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d)
OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the transition period from _______ to _______.
Commission file number 001-34474
Century Aluminum Company
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware | 13-3070826
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) | (IRS Employer Identification No.)
One South Wacker Drive | 60606
Suite 1000 | (Zip Code)
Chicago |
Illinois |
(Address of principal executive offices) |

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (312) 696-3101
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class: | Trading Symbol(s) | Name of each exchange on which registered:
Common Stock, $0.01 par value per share | CENX | Nasdaq Stock Market LLC
|  | (Nasdaq Global Select Market)

The registrant had 92,323,978 shares of common stock outstanding at May 8, 2023.
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. ☒ Yes ☐ No
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). ☒ Yes ☐ No
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer or a smaller reporting company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer”, “smaller reporting company” and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):

Large accelerated filer | ☐ | Accelerated filer | ☒
Non-accelerated filer | ☐ | Smaller reporting company | ☐
|  | Emerging growth company | ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).
☐ Yes ☒ No

TABLE OF CONTENTS
| Page
PART I - FINANCIAL INFORMATION |
Item 1. Financial Statements | 4
Condensed Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements | 9
Note 1. General | 9
Note 2. Curtailment of Operations - Hawesville | 9
Note 3. Related Party Transactions | 9
Note 4. Revenue | 10
Note 5. Fair Value Measurements | 11
Note 6. (Loss) Earnings per Share | 13
Note 7. Shareholders' Equity | 14
Note 8. Income Taxes | 15
Note 9. Inventories | 15
Note 10. Debt | 16
Note 11. Commitments and Contingencies | 18
Note 12. Components of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss | 21
Note 13. Components of Net Periodic Benefit Cost | 23
Note 14. Derivatives | 23
Note 15. Subsequent Events | 24
Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 27
Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk | 36
Item 4. Controls and Procedures | 39
PART II - OTHER INFORMATION |
Item 1. Legal Proceedings | 40
Item 1A. Risk Factors | 40
Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds | 41
Item 5. Other Information | 42
Item 6. Exhibits | 43
SIGNATURES | 44

3

PART I – FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Item 1. Financial Statements

CENTURY ALUMINUM COMPANY
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS
(in millions, except per share amounts)
(Unaudited)
| Three months ended March 31, |
| 2023 |  | 2022 |
NET SALES: |  |  |  |
Related parties | $ | 412.2 |  |  | $ | 433.1 |  |
Other customers | 140.2 |  |  | 320.5 |  |
Total net sales | 552.4 |  |  | 753.6 |  |
Cost of goods sold | 504.3 |  |  | 660.4 |  |
Gross profit | 48.1 |  |  | 93.2 |  |
Selling, general and administrative expenses | 13.4 |  |  | 11.7 |  |
Other operating expense - net | 7.2 |  |  | 0.2 |  |
Operating income | 27.5 |  |  | 81.3 |  |
Interest expense | (8.7) |  |  | (7.3) |  |
Interest income | 0.3 |  | 0.1 |  |
Net loss on forward and derivative contracts | (57.6) |  |  | (56.7) |  |
Other (expense) income - net | (0.3) |  |  | 2.0 |  |
(Loss) income before income taxes | (38.8) |  |  | 19.4 |  |
Income tax benefit (expense) | 0.2 |  |  | (1.7) |  |
Net (loss) income | $ | (38.6) |  |  | $ | 17.7 |  |
Less: net income allocated to participating securities | — |  |  | 1.1 |  |
Net (loss) income allocated to common stockholders | $ | (38.6) |  |  | $ | 16.6 |  |
(LOSS) INCOME PER COMMON SHARE: |  |  |  |
Basic | $ | (0.42) |  |  | $ | 0.18 |  |
Diluted | (0.42) |  |  | 0.18 |  |
WEIGHTED AVERAGE COMMON SHARES OUTSTANDING: |  |  |  |
Basic | 92.3 |  |  | 91.2 |  |
Diluted | 92.3 |  |  | 97.1 |  |

See condensed notes to consolidated financial statements
4

CENTURY ALUMINUM COMPANY
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE (LOSS) INCOME
(in millions)
(Unaudited)
| Three months ended March 31, |
| 2023 |  | 2022 |
Comprehensive (loss) income: |  |  |  |
Net (loss) income | $ | (38.6) |  |  | $ | 17.7 |  |
Other comprehensive (loss) income before income tax effect: |  |  |  |
Net (loss) income on foreign currency cash flow hedges reclassified as income | (0.1) |  |  | 0.0 |  |
Defined benefit plans and other postretirement benefits: |  |  |  |
Amortization of prior service benefit during the period | (0.0) |  |  | (0.4) |  |
Amortization of net gain during the period | 1.2 |  |  | 1.1 |  |
Other comprehensive income before income tax effect | 1.1 |  |  | 0.7 |  |
Income tax effect | 0.0 |  |  | (0.1) |  |
Other comprehensive income | 1.1 |  |  | 0.6 |  |
Total comprehensive (loss) income | $ | (37.5) |  |  | $ | 18.3 |  |

See condensed notes to consolidated financial statements
5

CENTURY ALUMINUM COMPANY
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(in millions)
(Unaudited)
| March 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
ASSETS |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 30.4 |  |  | $ | 54.3 |
Restricted cash | 1.2 |  |  | 1.2 |
Accounts receivable - net | 47.8 |  |  | 66.9 |
Due from affiliates | 16.5 |  |  | 4.8 |
Inventories | 434.8 |  |  | 398.8 |
Derivative assets | 51.3 |  |  | 127.3 |
Prepaid and other current assets | 22.6 |  |  | 24.5 |
Total current assets | 604.6 |  |  | 677.8 |
Property, plant and equipment - net | 743.2 |  |  | 744.4 |
Other assets | 51.3 |  |  | 49.8 |
TOTAL | $ | 1,399.1 |  |  | $ | 1,472.0 |
LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY |  |  |
LIABILITIES: |  |  |
Accounts payable, trade | $ | 149.2 |  |  | $ | 167.3 |
Due to affiliates | 22.6 |  |  | 17.0 |
Accrued and other current liabilities | 53.6 |  |  | 60.7 |
Derivative liabilities | 5.4 |  |  | 9.7 |
Accrued employee benefits costs | 9.9 |  |  | 9.9 |
Iceland Term Facility | 12.3 |  |  | 13.3 |
U.S. revolving credit facility | 63.1 |  |  | 90.0 |
Iceland revolving credit facility | 45.0 |  |  | 35.0 |
Industrial revenue bonds | 7.8 |  |  | 7.8 |
Total current liabilities | 368.9 |  |  | 410.7 |
Senior notes payable | 246.8 |  |  | 246.6 |
Convertible senior notes payable | 84.5 |  |  | 84.4 |
Grundartangi casthouse debt facility | 59.3 |  |  | 49.4 |
Iceland term facility, net of current portion | — |  |  | 1.2 |
Accrued pension benefits costs - less current portion | 41.8 |  |  | 44.5 |
Accrued postretirement benefits costs - less current portion | 67.2 |  |  | 67.6 |
Other liabilities | 37.1 |  |  | 36.0 |
Leases - right of use liabilities | 21.5 |  |  | 20.9 |
Due to affiliates - less current portion | 5.9 |  |  | 8.3 |
Deferred taxes | 103.7 |  |  | 103.1 |
Total noncurrent liabilities | 667.8 |  |  | 662.0 |
COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES (NOTE 11) |  |  |
SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY: |  |  |
Preferred stock (Note 7) | 0.0 |  |  | 0.0 |
Common stock (Note 7) | 1.0 |  |  | 1.0 |
Additional paid-in capital | 2,540.2 |  |  | 2,539.6 |
Treasury stock, at cost | (86.3) |  |  | (86.3) |
Accumulated other comprehensive loss | (92.9) |  |  | (94.0) |
Accumulated deficit | (1,999.6) |  |  | (1,961.0) |
Total shareholders’ equity | 362.4 |  |  | 399.3 |
TOTAL | $ | 1,399.1 |  |  | $ | 1,472.0 |

See condensed notes to consolidated financial statements
6

CENTURY ALUMINUM COMPANY
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(in millions)
(Unaudited)
| Three months ended March 31,
| 2023 |  | 2022
CASH FLOWS FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES: |  |  |
Net (loss) income | $ | (38.6) |  |  | $ | 17.7 |
Adjustments to reconcile net (loss) income to net cash (used in) provided by operating activities: |  |  |
Unrealized loss on derivative instruments | 64.4 |  |  | 35.5 |
Lower of cost or NRV inventory adjustment | 5.1 |  |  | — |
Depreciation and amortization | 15.9 |  |  | 19.4 |
Deferred tax (benefit) provision | (1.5) |  |  | 1.3 |
Other non-cash items - net | (0.5) |  |  | (1.7) |
Change in operating assets and liabilities: |  |  |
Accounts receivable - net | 19.1 |  |  | (47.1) |
Due from affiliates | (11.7) |  |  | (10.3) |
Inventories | (41.1) |  |  | (0.9) |
Prepaid and other current assets | 1.8 |  |  | (4.2) |
Accounts payable, trade | (17.4) |  |  | 31.6 |
Due to affiliates | 10.4 |  |  | (1.2) |
Accrued and other current liabilities | (8.7) |  |  | 1.6 |
Other - net | 2.6 |  |  | (4.3) |
Net cash (used in) provided by operating activities | (0.2) |  |  | 37.4 |
CASH FLOWS FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES: |  |  |
Purchase of property, plant and equipment | (14.3) |  |  | (26.0) |
Proceeds from sales of property, plant and equipment | — |  |  | 0.0
Net cash used in investing activities | (14.3) |  |  | (26.0) |
CASH FLOWS FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES: |  |  |
Borrowings under revolving credit facilities | 192.4 |  |  | 264.1 |
Repayments under revolving credit facilities | (209.4) |  |  | (307.4) |
Debt issuance costs | — |  |  | (0.6) |
Repayment of Iceland Term Facility | (2.4) |  |  | — |
Borrowings under Grundartangi casthouse debt facility | 10.0 |  |  | 40.0 |
Net cash used in financing activities | (9.4) |  |  | (3.9) |
CHANGE IN CASH, CASH EQUIVALENTS AND RESTRICTED CASH | (23.9) |  |  | 7.5 |
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, beginning of period | 55.5 |  |  | 40.7 |
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, end of period | $ | 31.6 |  |  | $ | 48.2 |
Supplemental Cash Flow Information: |  |  |
Cash paid for: |  |  |
Interest | $ | 4.0 |  |  | $ | 1.2 |
Taxes, net of refunds | (0.4) |  |  | 0.5
Non-cash investing activities: |  |  |
Capital expenditures | 3.9 |  |  | 4.2 |
Capitalized interest | 1.0 |  |  | 1.0 |

See condensed notes to consolidated financial statements
7

CENTURY ALUMINUM COMPANY
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY
(in millions, except share data)
(Unaudited)
|  | Preferred stock |  | Common stock |  | Additional paid-in capital |  | Treasury stock, at cost |  | Accumulated other comprehensive loss |  | Accumulated deficit |  | Total shareholders’ equity
|  | Shares |  | Amount |  | Shares |  | Amount |  |  |  |  |
Three months ended March 31, 2023 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance, December 31, 2022 |  | 53,854 |  |  | $ | 0.0 |  |  | 92,323,978 |  |  | $ | 1.0 |  |  | $ | 2,539.6 |  |  | $ | (86.3) |  |  | $ | (94.0) |  |  | $ | (1,961.0) |  |  | $ | 399.3 |
Net income (loss) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (38.6) |  |  | (38.6) |
Other comprehensive income |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1.1 |  |  | — |  |  | 1.1 |
Share-based compensation |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 0.6 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 0.6 |
Balance, March 31, 2023 |  | 53,854 |  |  | $ | 0.0 |  |  | 92,323,978 |  |  | $ | 1.0 |  |  | $ | 2,540.2 |  |  | $ | (86.3) |  |  | $ | (92.9) |  |  | $ | (1,999.6) |  |  | $ | 362.4 |
Three months ended March 31, 2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance, December 31, 2021 |  | 58,542 |  |  | $ | 0.0 |  |  | 91,231,611 |  |  | $ | 1.0 |  |  | $ | 2,535.5 |  |  | $ | (86.3) |  |  | $ | (82.3) |  |  | $ | (1,946.9) |  |  | $ | 421.0 |
Net income (loss) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 17.7 |  |  | 17.7 |
Other comprehensive income |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 0.6 |  |  | — |  |  | 0.6 |
Share-based compensation |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 0.5 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 0.5 |
Balance, March 31, 2022 |  | 58,542 |  |  | $ | 0.0 |  |  | 91,231,611 |  |  | $ | 1.0 |  |  | $ | 2,536.0 |  |  | $ | (86.3) |  |  | $ | (81.7) |  |  | $ | (1,929.2) |  |  | $ | 439.8 |

8

CENTURY ALUMINUM COMPANY
Condensed Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
Three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022
(amounts in millions, except share and per share amounts)
(Unaudited)
1.General
The accompanying unaudited interim consolidated financial statements of Century Aluminum Company should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2022. In management’s opinion, the unaudited interim consolidated financial statements reflect all adjustments, which are of a normal and recurring nature, that are necessary for a fair presentation of financial results for the interim periods presented. Operating results for the first three months of 2023 are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for the year ending December 31, 2023. Throughout this Form 10-Q, and unless expressly stated otherwise or as the context otherwise requires, "Century Aluminum," "Century," the "Company," "we," "us," "our" and "ours" refer to Century Aluminum Company and its consolidated subsidiaries.
2.Curtailment of Operations - Hawesville
In August 2022, we fully curtailed production at the Hawesville facility and expect to continue to maintain the plant with the intention of restarting operations when market conditions permit, including energy prices returning to more normalized levels and aluminum prices maintaining levels that can support the on-going costs and capital expenditures necessary to restart and operate the plant.
In the first quarter of 2023, we incurred curtailment charges of approximately $7.0 million, including $5.4 million related to excess capacity charges, partially offset by $0.7 million of income related to scrap and materials sales, which are reported in Other operating expense - net, in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.
3.Related Party Transactions
The significant related party transactions occurring during the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 are described below. We believe all of our transactions with related parties are at prices that approximate market.
Glencore Ownership
As of March 31, 2023, Glencore plc and its affiliates (together "Glencore") beneficially owned 42.9% of Century’s outstanding common stock (46.1% o n a fully-diluted basis assuming the conversion of all of the Series A Convertible Preferred Stock) and all of our outstanding Series A Convertible Preferred Stock. See Note 7. Shareholders' Equity for a description of our outstanding Series A Convertible Preferred Stock. Century and Glencore enter into various transactions from time to time such as the purchase and sale of primary aluminum, purchase and sale of alumina and other raw materials, tolling agreements as well as forward financial contracts and borrowing and other debt transactions.
Sales to Glencore
For the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, we derived approximately 75% and 57% of our consolidated net sales from Glencore, respectively.
Glencore purchases aluminum produced at our U.S. smelters at prices based on the LME plus the Midwest regional delivery premium plus any additional market-based product premiums. Glencore purchases aluminum produced at our Grundartangi, Iceland smelter at prices primarily based on the LME plus the European Duty Paid premium plus any additional market-based product premiums.
We have entered into agreements with Glencore pursuant to which we sell certain amounts of alumina at market-based prices. For the three months ended March 31, 2023, we recorded $21.0 million of revenue related to alumina sales to Glencore. There were no alumina sales to Glencore during the three months ended March 31, 2022.
9

CENTURY ALUMINUM COMPANY
Condensed Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (continued)
(amounts in millions, except share and per share amounts)
(Unaudited)
Purchases from Glencore
We purchase a portion of our alumina and certain other raw material requirements from Glencore. Alumina purchases from Glencore during the three months ended March 31, 2023 were priced based on published alumina and aluminum indices as well as fixed prices.
Financial Contracts with Glencore
We have certain financial contracts with Glencore. See Note 14. Derivatives regarding these forward financial sales contracts.
Vlissingen Facility Agreement
On December 9, 2022, Vlissingen entered into a Facility Agreement with Glencore International AG pursuant to which Vlissingen may borrow from time to time up to $90 million (the "Vlissingen Facility Agreement") in one or more loans at a fixed interest rate equal to 8.75% per annum and payable on December 2, 2024. See Note 10. Deb t for additional information. Borrowings under the Vlissingen Facility Agreement are expected to be used for general corporate and working capital purposes of Century and its subsidiaries.
Summary
A summary of the aforementioned significant related party transactions is as follows:

|  | Three months ended March 31, |  |  |  |
|  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net sales to Glencore |  | $ | 412.2 |  |  | $ | 433.1 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Purchases from Glencore(1) |  | 76.1 |  |  | 54.5 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

(1) Includes settlements of financial contract positions.
4.Revenue
We disaggregate our revenue by geographical region as follows:

Net Sales |  | Three months ended March 31, |  |
|  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  |  |  |
United States |  | $ | 342.3 |  |  | $ | 506.1 |  |  |  |  |
Iceland |  | 210.1 |  |  | 247.5 |  |  |  |  |
Total |  | $ | 552.4 |  |  | $ | 753.6 |  |  |  |  |

10

CENTURY ALUMINUM COMPANY
Condensed Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (continued)
(amounts in millions, except share and per share amounts)
(Unaudited)
5.Fair Value Measurements
We measure certain of our assets and liabilities at fair value. Fair value represents the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date.
In general, reporting entities should apply valuation techniques to measure fair value that maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs. Observable inputs are developed using market data and reflect assumptions that market participants would use when pricing the asset or liability. Unobservable inputs are developed using the best information available about the assumptions that market participants would use when pricing the asset or liability.
The fair value hierarchy provides transparency regarding the inputs we use to measure fair value. We categorize each fair value measurement in its entirety into the following three levels, based on the lowest level input that is significant to the entire measurement:
•Level 1 Inputs - quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that the reporting entity can access at the measurement date.
•Level 2 Inputs - inputs other than quoted prices included within Level 1 that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly.
•Level 3 Inputs - unobservable inputs for the asset or liability.

Recurring Fair Value Measurements |  | As of March 31, 2023
|  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Total
ASSETS: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash equivalents |  | $ | 7.2 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 7.2 |
Trust assets(1) |  | 1.5 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1.5 |
Derivative instruments |  | — |  |  | 52.6 |  |  | — |  |  | 52.6 |
TOTAL |  | $ | 8.7 |  |  | $ | 52.6 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 61.3 |
LIABILITIES: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Derivative instruments |  | — |  |  | (19.3) |  |  | — |  |  | (19.3) |
TOTAL |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (19.3) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (19.3) |

Recurring Fair Value Measurements |  | As of December 31, 2022
|  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Total
ASSETS: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash equivalents |  | $ | 5.6 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 5.6 |
Trust assets(1) |  | 0.1 |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 0.1
Derivative instruments |  | — |  |  | 127.3 |  |  | 1.8 |  |  | 129.1 |
TOTAL |  | $ | 5.7 |  |  | $ | 127.3 |  |  | $ | 1.8 |  |  | $ | 134.8 |
LIABILITIES: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Derivative instruments |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 26.4 |  |  | $ | 4.6 |  |  | $ | 31.0 |
TOTAL |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 26.4 |  |  | $ | 4.6 |  |  | $ | 31.0 |

(1) Trust assets are currently invested in money market funds. These trust assets are held to fund the non-qualified supplemental executive pension benefit obligations for certain of our officers.
The following section describes the valuation techniques and inputs for fair value measurements categorized within Level 2 or Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy:
11

CENTURY ALUMINUM COMPANY
Condensed Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (continued)
(amounts in millions, except share and per share amounts)
(Unaudited)

Level 2 Fair Value Measurements:
Asset / Liability |  | Valuation Techniques |  | Inputs
LME forward financial sales contracts |  | Discounted cash flows |  | Quoted LME forward market
Midwest Premium ("MWP") forward financial sales contracts |  | Discounted cash flows |  | Quoted MWP forward market
Fixed for floating swaps |  | Discounted cash flows |  | Quoted LME forward market, quoted MWP forward market
Nord Pool power price swaps |  | Discounted cash flows |  | Quoted Nord Pool forward market
Indiana Hub power price swaps |  | Discounted cash flows |  | Quoted Indiana Hub forward market
FX swaps |  | Discounted cash flows |  | Euro/USD forward exchange rate
Casthouse currency hedges |  | Discounted cash flows |  | Euro/USD forward exchange rate; ISK/USD forward exchange rate

When valuing Level 3 assets and liabilities, we use certain significant unobservable inputs. Management incorporates various inputs and assumptions including forward commodity prices, commodity price volatility and macroeconomic conditions, including interest rates and discount rates. Our estimates of significant unobservable inputs are ultimately based on our estimates of risks that market participants would consider when valuing our assets and liabilities.
The following table presents the inputs for recurring fair value measurements categorized within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy, along with information regarding significant unobservable inputs used to value Level 3 assets and liabilities:

Recurring Level 3 Fair Value Measurements: |  | As of March 31, 2023 |  | As of December 31, 2022
Asset / Liability |  | Valuation Technique |  | Observable Inputs |  | Significant Unobservable Input |  | Fair Value |  | Value/Range of Unobservable Input |  | Fair Value |  | Value/Range of Unobservable Input
LME forward financial sales contracts |  | Discounted cash flows |  | Quoted LME forward market |  | Discount rate net(1) |  | $ | — |  |  | 8.58% |  | $ | (2.8) |  |  | 8.58%

(1) Represents risk adjusted discount rate.
12

CENTURY ALUMINUM COMPANY
Condensed Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (continued)
(amounts in millions, except share and per share amounts)
(Unaudited)
The following table presents the fair value reconciliation of Level 3 assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis.

For the three months ended March 31, 2023 |  |  | Level 3 Assets |  | Level 3 Liabilities
|  | LME forward financial sales contracts |  |  |  | LME forward financial sales contracts |  |  |  |
Balance as of December 31, 2022 |  |  | $ | 1.8 |  |  |  |  | $ | (4.6) |  |  |  |  |
Transfers out of Level 3(1) |  |  | (1.8) |  |  |  |  | 4.6 |  |  |  |  |
Balance as of March 31, 2023 |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  |
Change in unrealized gains (losses)(2) |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  |

(1) Transfers out of Level 3 due to period of time remaining in derivative contract.
(2) Gains and losses are presented in the Consolidated Statement of Operations within the line item "Net loss on forward and derivative contracts."

|  | Level 3 Assets |  | Level 3 Liabilities
For the three months ended March 31, 2022 |  | Nord Pool Swaps |  | LME forward financial sales contracts |  | FX Swaps
Balance as of December 31, 2021 |  | $ | 0.2 |  |  | $ | (5.1) |  |  | $ | (0.2) |
Total realized/unrealized loss |  |  |  |  |  |
Included in net income (loss)(1) |  | — |  |  | (9.1) |  |  | — |
Transfers into Level 3(2) |  | — |  |  | (2.5) |  |  | — |
Transfers out of Level 3(3) |  | (0.2) |  |  | (0.0) |  | 0.2 |
Balance as of March 31, 2022 |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (16.7) |  |  | $ | — |
Change in unrealized gains (losses)(1) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (9.1) |  |  | $ | — |

(1) Gains and losses are presented in the Consolidated Statement of Operations within the line item "Net loss on forward and derivative contracts."
(2) Transfers into Level 3 due to contracts with applied discount rate entered into during the three months ended March 31, 2022.
(3) Transfers out of Level 3 due to period of time remaining in derivative contract.
6. (Loss) Earnings Per Share
Basic (loss) earnings per share ("EPS") amounts are calculated by dividing net (loss) income allocated to common stockholders by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Diluted EPS amounts assume the issuance of common stock for all potentially dilutive securities.
The following table shows the basic and diluted (loss) earnings per share:
13

CENTURY ALUMINUM COMPANY
Condensed Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (continued)
(amounts in millions, except share and per share amounts)
(Unaudited)

| For the three months ended March 31,
| 2023 |  | 2022
| Net Loss |  | Shares (in millions) |  | Per Share |  | Net Income |  | Shares (in millions) |  | Per Share
Net (loss) income | $ | (38.6) |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 17.7 |  |  |  |  |
Less: net income allocated to participating securities | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1.1 |  |  |  |  |
Basic EPS: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net (loss) income allocated to common stockholders | $ | (38.6) |  |  | 92.3 |  |  | $ | (0.42) |  |  | $ | 16.6 |  |  | 91.2 |  |  | $ | 0.18 |
Effect of Dilutive Securities(1): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Share-based compensation | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 1.1 |  |  |
Convertible senior notes | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 0.7 |  |  | 4.8 |  |  |
Diluted EPS: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net (loss) income allocated to common stockholders with assumed conversion | $ | (38.6) |  |  | 92.3 |  |  | $ | (0.42) |  |  | $ | 17.3 |  |  | 97.1 |  |  | $ | 0.18 |

|  |  | Three months ended March 31, |  |
Securities excluded from the calculation of diluted EPS (in millions)(1): |  |  |  |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  |  |  |
Share-based compensation - TVPSU |  |  |  |  | 0.6 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |
Share-based compensation - PSU |  |  |  |  | 0.3 |  |  | 0.7 |  |  |  |  |
Convertible preferred shares |  |  |  |  | 5.4 |  |  | 5.9 |  |  |  |  |
Convertible notes |  |  |  |  | 4.6 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |

(1) In periods when we report a net loss, all share-based compensation awards, convertible preferred shares and convertible senior notes are excluded from the calculation of diluted weighted average shares outstanding because of their anti-dilutive effect on earnings (loss) per share.
7. Shareholders’ Equity
Common Stock
As of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, we had 195,000,000 shares of common stock, $0.01 par value per share, authorized under our Restated Certificate of Incorporation, of which 99,510,499 shares were issued and 92,323,978 shares were outstanding.
The rights, preferences and privileges of holders of our common stock are subject to, and may be adversely affected by, the rights of the holders of shares of any series of our preferred stock which are currently outstanding, including our Series A Convertible Preferred Stock, or which we may designate and issue in the future.
Preferred Stock
As of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, we had 5,000,000 shares of preferred stock, $0.01 cent par value per share, authorized under our Restated Certificate of Incorporation. Our Board of Directors may issue preferred stock in one or more series and determine for each series the dividend rights, conversion rights, voting rights, redemption rights, liquidating preferences, sinking fund terms and the number of shares constituting that series, as well as the designation thereof. Depending upon the terms of preferred stock established by our Board of Directors, any or all of the preferred stock could have preference over the common stock with respect to dividends and other distributions and upon the liquidation of Century. In addition, issuance of any shares of preferred stock with voting powers may dilute the voting power of the outstanding common stock.
Series A Convertible Preferred Stock
14

CENTURY ALUMINUM COMPANY
Condensed Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (continued)
(amounts in millions, except share and per share amounts)
(Unaudited)
Shares Authorized and Outstanding. In 2008, we issued 160,000 shares of our Series A Convertible Preferred Stock. Glencore holds all of the issued and outstanding Series A Convertible Preferred Stock. At March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, 53,854 shares were outstanding.
The issuance of common stock under our stock incentive programs, debt exchange transactions and any stock offering that excludes Glencore participation triggers anti-dilution provisions of the preferred stock agreement and results in the automatic conversion of Series A Convertible Preferred Stock shares into shares of common stock. The conversion of preferred to common shares is 100 shares of common stock for each share of preferred stock. Our Series A Convertible Preferred Stock has a par value of $0.01 per share.
There were no preferred stock conversions during the three months ended March 31, 2023 and March 31, 2022.

Stock Repurchase Program
In 2011, our Board of Directors authorized a $60.0 million common stock repurchase program and during the first quarter of 2015, our Board of Directors increased the size of the program by $70.0 million. Under the program, Century is authorized to repurchase up to $130.0 million of our outstanding shares of common stock, from time to time, on the open market at prevailing market prices, in block trades or otherwise. The timing and amount of any shares repurchased will be determined by our management based on its evaluation of market conditions, the trading price of our common stock and other factors. The stock repurchase program may be suspended or discontinued at any time.
Shares of common stock repurchased are recorded at cost as treasury stock and result in a reduction of shareholders’ equity in the consolidated balance sheets. From time to time, treasury shares may be reissued as contributions to our employee benefit plans and for the conversion of convertible preferred stock. When shares are reissued, we use an average cost method for determining cost. The difference between the cost of the shares and the reissuance price is added to or deducted from additional paid-in capital.
We have repurchased 7,186,521 shares of common stock under the program for an aggregate purchase price of $86.3 million. We have made no repurchases since April 2015 and have approximately $43.7 million remaining under the repurchase program authorization as of March 31, 2023.
8. Income Taxes
For the three months ended March 31, 2023 and March 31, 2022, we recorded an income tax benefit of $0.2 million and an income tax expense of $1.7 million, respectively. The change is primarily due to tax impacts from foreign operations in each period.
Our income tax benefit or expense is based on an annual effective tax rate forecast, including estimates and assumptions that could change during the year. The application of the accounting requirements for income taxes in interim periods, after consideration of our valuation allowance on domestic losses, causes a significant variation in the typical relationship between income tax expense/benefit and pre-tax accounting income/loss as reported on the consolidated statement of operations.
As of March 31, 2023, all of Century's U.S. and certain foreign deferred tax assets, net of deferred tax liabilities, continue to be subject to a valuation allowance.
The Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 ("IRA") was signed into law on August 16, 2022, and the CHIPS and Science Act of 2022 was signed into law on August 9, 2022. These laws implement new tax provisions, primarily a 15% corporate alternative minimum tax and a nondeductible 1% excise tax on the fair market value of stock repurchased by publicly traded corporations. As of March 31, 2023, these provisions, which were effective January 1, 2023, have not had any material impact on the financial statements. The IRA provides several tax incentives to promote clean energy and the production of critical minerals in the U.S. We are continuing to evaluate potential tax benefits available under the acts as additional guidance is issued.
9. Inventories
Inventories consist of the following:
15

| March 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
Raw materials | $ | 98.8 |  |  | $ | 64.9 |
Work-in-process | 47.8 |  |  | 46.0 |
Finished goods | 43.4 |  |  | 58.0 |
Operating and other supplies | 244.8 |  |  | 229.9 |
Total inventories | $ | 434.8 |  |  | $ | 398.8 |

Inventories are stated at the lower of cost or Net Realizable Value ("NRV") using the first-in, first-out or the weighted average cost method.
10. Debt

| March 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
Debt classified as current liabilities: |  |  |
Hancock County industrial revenue bonds ("IRBs") due April 1, 2028, interest payable quarterly (variable interest rates (not to exceed 12%))(1) | $ | 7.8 |  |  | $ | 7.8 |
U.S. Revolving Credit Facility(2) | 63.1 |  |  | 90.0 |
Iceland Revolving Credit Facility(3) | 45.0 |  |  | 35.0 |
Iceland Term Facility(5) | 12.3 |  |  | 13.3
Debt classified as non-current liabilities: |  |  |
Grundartangi casthouse facility, net of financing fees of $0.6 million at March 31, 2023(4) | 59.3 |  |  | 49.4 |
Iceland Term Facility, net of financing fees of $0.00 million and current portion at March 31, 2023(5) | — |  |  | 1.2 |
7.5% senior secured notes due April 1, 2028, net of financing fees of $3.2 million at March 31, 2023, interest payable semiannually | 246.8 |  |  | 246.6 |
2.75% convertible senior notes due May 1, 2028, net of financing fees of $1.8 million at March 31, 2023, interest payable semiannually | 84.5 |  |  | 84.4 |
Total | $ | 518.8 |  |  | $ | 527.7 |

(1) The IRBs are classified as current liabilities because they are remarketed weekly and could be required to be repaid upon demand if there is a failed remarketing. The interest rate at March 31, 2023 was 4.11%.
(2) We incur interest at a base rate plus applicable margin as defined within the agreement. The interest rate at March 31, 2023 was 8.75%.
(3) We incur interest at base rate plus applicable margin as defined within the agreement. The interest rate at March 31, 2023 wa s 7.66%.
(4) We incur interest at a base rate plus applicable margin as defined within the agreement. The interest rate at March 31, 2023 was 8.08%.
(5) We incur interest at a rate equal to 3.2% plus EUR EURIBOR 1 month as published by the European Money Market Institute as defined within the agreement. The interest rate at March 31, 2023 was 5.77%.
7.5% Senior Secured Notes due 2028
In April 2021, we issued $250.0 million in aggregate principal amount of 7.5% senior secured notes due April 1, 2028 (the "2028 Notes"). We received proceeds of $245.2 million, after payment of certain financing fees and related expenses. The 2028 Notes bear interest semi-annually in arrears on April 1 and October 1 of each year, which began on October 1, 2021, at a rate of 7.5% per annum in cash. The 2028 Notes are senior secured obligations of Century, ranking equally in right of payment with all existing and future senior indebtedness of Century, but effectively senior to unsecured debt to the extent of the value of collateral.
As of March 31, 2023, the total estimated fair value of the 2028 Notes was $237.8 million. Although we use quoted market prices for identical debt instruments, the markets on which they trade are not considered to be active and are therefore considered Level 2 fair value measurements.
Convertible Notes due 2028
16

CENTURY ALUMINUM COMPANY
Condensed Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (continued)
(amounts in millions, except share and per share amounts)
(Unaudited)
In April 2021, we completed a private offering of $86.3 million aggregate principal amount of convertible senior notes due May 1, 2028 unless earlier converted, repurchased, or redeemed (the "Convertible Notes"). The Convertible Notes were issued at a price of 100% of their aggregate principal amount. We received proce eds of $83.7 million, a fter payment of certain financing fees and related expenses. The Convertible Notes bear interest semi-annually in arrears on May 1 and November 1 of each year, which began on November 1, 2021, at a rate of 2.75% per annum in cash.
The initial conversion rate for the Convertible Notes is 53.3547 shares of the Company's common stock per $1,000 principal amount of Convertible Notes, which is equivalent to an initial conversion price of approximately $18.74 per share of the Company's common stock. The conversion rate and conversion price are subject to customary adjustments under certain circumstances in accordance with the terms of the indenture. As of March 31, 2023, the conversion rate remains unchanged.
The Convertible Notes are the Company’s senior unsecured obligations and rank senior in right of payment to any of the Company’s indebtedness that is expressly subordinated in right of payment to the Convertible Notes; equal in right of payment to any of the Company’s unsecured indebtedness that is not so subordinated; effectively junior in right of payment to any of the Company’s senior secured indebtedness to the extent of the value of the assets securing such indebtedness; and structurally junior to all indebtedness and other liabilities (including trade payables) of the Company’s subsidiaries.
As of March 31, 2023, the if-converted value of the Convertible Notes does not exceed the outstanding principal amount.
As of March 31, 2023, the total estimated fair value of the Convertible Notes was $70.7 million. Although we use quoted market prices for identical debt instruments, the markets on which they trade are not considered to be active and are therefore considered Level 2 fair value measurements.
U.S. Revolving Credit Facility
We and certain of our direct and indirect domestic subsidiaries have a senior secured revolving credit facility with a syndicate of lenders (as amended from time to time, the "U.S. revolving credit facility"). On June 14, 2022 we amended our U.S. revolving credit facility, increasing our borrowing capacity to $250.0 million in the aggregate, including up to $150.0 million under a letter of credit sub-facility. The U.S. revolving credit facility matures on June 14, 2027.
Any letters of credit issued and outstanding under the U.S. revolving credit facility reduce our borrowing availability on a dollar-for-dollar basis. At March 31, 2023, there were $63.1 million in outstanding borrowings and $41.1 million of outstanding letters of credit issued under our U.S. revolving credit facility. Principal payments, if any, are due upon maturity of the U.S. revolving credit facility and may be prepaid without penalty.

Status of our U.S. revolving credit facility: | March 31, 2023
Credit facility maximum amount | $ | 250.0 |
Borrowing availability | 169.8 |
Outstanding letters of credit issued | 41.1 |
Outstanding borrowings | 63.1 |
Borrowing availability, net of outstanding letters of credit and borrowings | 65.6 |

Iceland Revolving Credit Facility
Our wholly-owned subsidiary, Nordural Grundartangi ehf ("Grundartangi"), has entered into a $80.0 million revolving credit facility agreement with Landsbankinn hf., dated November 2013, as amended (the "Iceland revolving credit facility"). On September 28, 2022, we further amended the Iceland revolving credit facility and increased the facility amount to $100.0 million in the aggregate. Under the terms of the Iceland revolving credit facility, when Grundartangi borrows funds it will designate a repayment date, which may be any date prior to the maturity of the Iceland revolving credit facility. At March 31, 2023, there were $45.0 million in outstanding borrowings under our Iceland revolving credit facility. The Iceland revolving credit facility has a term through November 2024.
17

CENTURY ALUMINUM COMPANY
Condensed Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (continued)
(amounts in millions, except share and per share amounts)
(Unaudited)

Status of our Iceland revolving credit facility: | March 31, 2023
Credit facility maximum amount | $ | 100.0 |
Borrowing availability | 100.0 |
Outstanding letters of credit issued | — |
Outstanding borrowings | 45.0 |
Borrowing availability, net of borrowings | 55.0 |

Grundartangi Casthouse Facility
Our wholly-owned subsidiary, Grundartangi, has entered into an eight-year Term Facility Agreement with Arion Bank hf, dated November 2021, as amended (the "Casthouse Facility") to provide for borrowings up to $130.0 million associated with construction of the new billet casthouse at Grundartangi (the"casthouse project"). Under the Casthouse Facility, repayments of principal amounts will be made in equal quarterly installments equal to 1.739% of the principal amount, the first payment occurring in July 2024, with the remaining 60% of the principal amount to be paid no later than the termination date in December 2029. As of March 31, 2023, there were $60.0 million in outstanding borrowings under the Casthouse Facility.
Iceland Term Facility
Our wholly-owned subsidiary, Grundartangi, has entered into a Term Facility Agreement with Arion Bank hf, dated September 2022, (the "Iceland Term Facility") to provide for borrowings up to €13.6 million. Repayments of principal amounts are made in equal monthly installments, the first payment occurring in February 2023, with the remainder of the principal amount to be paid no later than the termination date in January 2024. Borrowings under the Iceland Term Facility bear interest at a rate equal to 3.2% plus EUR EURIBOR 1 month as published at any time by the European Money Markets Institute. As of March 31, 2023, there were €11.3 million ($12.3 million, based on the prevailing exchange rate on March 31, 2023) in outstanding borrowings under the Iceland Term Facility.
Vlissingen Facility Agreement
On December 9, 2022, Vlissingen entered into a Facility Agreement with Glencore International AG pursuant to which Vlissingen may borrow from time to time up to $90 million (the "Vlissingen Facility Agreement") in one or more loans payable on December 2, 2024, the maturity date of the Vlissingen Facility Agreement. As of March 31, 2023, there were no outstanding borrowings under the Vlissingen Facility Agreement.
Surety Bond Facility
As part of our normal business operations, we are required to provide surety bonds or issue letters of credit in certain states in which we do business as collateral for certain workers' compensation obligations. In June 2022, we entered into a surety bond facility with an insurance company to provide such bonds when applicable. As of March 31, 2023, we had issued surety bonds totaling $6.6 million. As we had previously guaranteed our workers' compensation obligations through issuance of letters of credit against our revolving credit facility, the surety bond issuance increases credit facility availability.
11.Commitments and Contingencies
We have pending against us or may be subject to various lawsuits, claims and proceedings related primarily to employment, commercial, stockholder, environmental, safety and health matters and are involved in other matters that may give rise to contingent liabilities. While the results of such matters and claims cannot be predicted with certainty, we believe that the ultimate outcome of any such matters and claims will not have a material adverse impact on our financial condition, results of operations or liquidity. However, because of the nature and inherent uncertainties of litigation and estimating liabilities, should the resolution or outcome of these actions be unfavorable, our business, financial condition, results of operations and liquidity could be materially and adversely affected.
In evaluating whether to accrue for losses associated with legal or environmental contingencies, it is our policy to take into consideration factors such as the facts and circumstances asserted, our historical experience with contingencies of a similar nature, the likelihood of our prevailing and the severity of any potential loss. For some matters, no accrual is established because we have assessed our risk of loss to be remote. Where the risk of loss is probable and the amount of the loss can be reasonably estimated, we record an accrual, either on an individual basis or with respect to a group of matters involving similar claims, based on the factors set forth above. While we regularly review the status of, and our estimates of potential liability
18

CENTURY ALUMINUM COMPANY
Condensed Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (continued)
(amounts in millions, except share and per share amounts)
(Unaudited)
associated with, contingencies to determine the adequacy of any associated accruals and related disclosures, the ultimate amount of loss may differ from our estimates.
Legal Contingencies
Ravenswood Retiree Medical Benefits
In November 2009, Century Aluminum of West Virginia ("CAWV") filed a class action complaint for declaratory judgment against the United Steel, Paper and Forestry, Rubber, Manufacturing, Energy, Allied Industrial and Service Workers International Union ("USW"), the USW’s local and certain CAWV retirees, individually and as class representatives ("CAWV Retirees"), seeking a declaration of CAWV’s rights to modify/terminate retiree medical benefits. Later in November 2009, the USW and representatives of a retiree class filed a separate suit against CAWV, Century Aluminum Company, Century Aluminum Master Welfare Benefit Plan, and various John Does with respect to the foregoing. On August 18, 2017, the District Court for the Southern District of West Virginia approved a settlement agreement in respect of these actions, pursuant to which agreement, CAWV agreed to make payments into a trust for the benefit of the CAWV Retirees in the aggregate amount of $23.0 million over the course of ten years. Upon approval of the settlement, we paid $5.0 million to the aforementioned trust in September 2017 and recognized a gain of $5.5 million to arrive at the then-net present value of $12.5 million. CAWV has agreed to pay the remaining amounts under the settlement agreement in annual increments of $2.0 million for nine years. As of March 31, 2023, $2.0 million was recorded in other current liabilities and $4.9 million was recorded in other liabilities.
PBGC Settlement
In 2013, we entered into a settlement agreement with the Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation (the "PBGC") regarding an alleged "cessation of operations" at our Ravenswood f acility (the "PBGC Settlement Agreement"). Pursuant to the terms of the PBGC Settlement Agreement, we agreed to make additional contributions (above any minimum required contributions) to our defined benefit pension plans totaling approximately $17.4 million. Under certain circumstances, in periods of lower primary aluminum prices relative to our cost of operations, we were able to defer one or more of these payments, provided that we provide the PBGC with acceptable security for such deferred payments. We d id not make any contributions for the three month periods ended March 31, 2023, or 2022. We historically elected to defer certain payments under the PBGC Settlement Agreement and provided the PBGC with the appropri ate security. In October 2021, we amended the PBGC Settlement Agreement (the "Amended PBGC Settlement Agreement") such that we removed the deferral mechanism and agreed to contribute approximately $2.4 million per year to our defined benefit pension plans for a total of approximately $9.6 million, over the next four years beginning on November 30, 2022 and ending on November 30, 2025, subject to acceleration if certain terms and conditions are met in such amendment. As of March 31, 2023, we made contributions of $2.4 million related to the Amended PBGC Settlement Agreement.
19

CENTURY ALUMINUM COMPANY
Condensed Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (continued)
(amounts in millions, except share and per share amounts)
(Unaudited)
Power Commitments and Contingencies
Hawesville
Hawesville has a power supply arrangement with Kenergy and EDF Trading North America, LLC (“EDF") which provides market-based power to the Hawesville smelter. Under this arrangement, the power companies purchase power on the open market and pass it through to Hawesville at Midcontinent Independent System Operator ("MISO") pricing plus transmission and other costs. The power supply arrangement with Kenergy has an effective term through December 2023. The arrangement with EDF to act as our market participant with MISO has an effective term through May 2023. On April 26, 2022 EDF gave notice that it would no longer serve as the MISO Market Participant for Hawesville. The notice terminated EDF’s contract, effective May 31, 2023, to purchase power from MISO for resale to Kenergy, which then resells the power to Hawesville.
In connection with the temporary curtailment of production at Hawesville, energy use at the smelter has been significantly reduced. However, such reduction in energy use does not reduce Hawesville’s capacity payment obligation to MISO which extends through May 2023. Century currently expects to act as its own MISO Market Participant (through an indirect, wholly-owned subsidiary) after May 31, 2023.
Sebree
Sebree has a power supply arrangement with Kenergy and EDF which provides market-based power to the Sebree smelter. Similar to the arrangement at Hawesville, the power companies purchase power on the open market and pass it through to Sebree at MISO pricing plus transmission and other costs. The power supply arrangement with Kenergy has an effective term through December 2023. The arrangement with EDF to act as our market participant with MISO has an effective term through May 2023. On April 26, 2022 EDF gave notice that it would no longer serve as the MISO Market Participant for Sebree. The notice terminated EDF’s contract, effective May 31, 2023, to purchase power from MISO for resale to Kenergy, which then resells the power to Sebree. Century currently expects to act as its own MISO Market Participant (through an indirect, wholly-owned subsidiary) after May 31, 2023.
Mt. Holly
Century Aluminum of South Carolina, Inc. has a power supply agreement with Santee Cooper that has an effective term from April 1, 2021 through December 2023. Under this power supply agreement, 100% of Mt. Holly’s electrical power requirements are supplied from Santee Cooper’s generation at cost of service based rates. The contract provides sufficient energy to allow Mt. Holly to produce at 75% of full production capacity.
Grundartangi
Grundartangi has power purchase agreements for approximately 545 MW with HS Orka hf ("HS"), Landsvirkjun and Orkuveita Reykjavikur ("OR") to provide power to its Grundartangi smelter. These power purchase agreements expire on various dates from 2026 through 2036 (subject to extension). The power purchase agreements with HS and OR provide power at LME-based variable rates for the duration of these agreements. In July 2021, Grundartangi reached an agreement with Landsvirkjun for an extension of its existing 161 MW power contract that would have expired in December 2023. Under the terms of the extension, Landsvirkjun will continue to supply power to Grundartangi from January 1, 2024 through December 31, 2026 and will increase the existing contract from 161 MW to 182 MW over time to provide the necessary flexibility to support the most recent capacity creep requirements and future growth opportunities for value-added products at the Grundartangi plant, including the Grundartangi casthouse project. In September 2022, this agreement was amended to provide for 42 MW at a fixed price and 119 MW at rates linked to Nord Pool plus transmission through 2023 and beginning January 1, 2024 through December 31, 2026, this agreement allows for fixed rates plus a small variable rate portion of the full 182 MW. Grundartangi also has a 25 MW power purchase agreement with Landsvirkjun at LME-based variable rates.
Other Commitments and Contingencies
Labor Commitments
The bargaining unit employees at our Grundartangi, Vlissingen, Hawesville and Sebree facilities are represented by labor unions, representing approximately 58% of our total workforce.
Approximately 87% of Grundartangi’s work force is represented by five labor unions, governed by a labor agreement that establishes wages and work rules for covered employees. This agreement is effective through December 31, 2024.
20

CENTURY ALUMINUM COMPANY
Condensed Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (continued)
(amounts in millions, except share and per share amounts)
(Unaudited)
100% of Vlissingen's work force is represented by the Federation for the Metal and Electrical Industry ("FME"), a Netherlands' employers' organization for companies in the metal, electronics, electrical engineering and plastic sectors. The FME negotiates working conditions with trade unions on behalf of its members, which, when agreed upon, are then applicable to all employees of Vlissingen. The current labor agreement is effective through May 31, 2024.
Approximately 42% of our U.S. based work force is represented by USW through separately negotiated labor agreements for each facility. The labor agreement for Hawesville employees is effective through April 1, 2026. Upon announcement of the temporary curtailment, Hawesville and the USW local union entered into effects bargaining. An agreement was reached on July 19, 2022, covering the curtailment period. Century Sebree's labor agreement with the USW for its employees is effective through October 28, 2023. Mt. Holly employees are not represented by a labor union.
Contingent obligations
We have a contingent obligation in connection with the "unwind" of a contractual arrangement between CAKY, Big Rivers Electric Corporation ("Big Rivers") and a third party and the execution of a long-term cost-based power contract with Kenergy, a member of a cooperative of Big Rivers, in July 2009. This contingent obligation consists of the aggregate payments made to Big Rivers by the third party on CAKY’s behalf in excess of the agreed upon base amount under the long-term cost-based power contract with Kenergy. As of March 31, 2023, the principal and accrued interest for the contingent obligation was $29.8 million, which was fully offset by a derivative asset. We may be required to make installment payments for the contingent obligation in the future. These payments are contingent based on the LME price of primary aluminum and the level of Hawesville’s operations. As of March 31, 2023, the LME forward market prices do not exceed the threshold for payment. In addition, based on the current level of Hawesville's operations, including the temporary curtailment, we believe that we will not be required to make payments on the contingent obligation during the term of the agreement, which expires in 2028. There can be no assurance that circumstances will not change thus accelerating the timing of such payments.
12.Components of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss

Components of AOCL: | March 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
Defined benefit plan liabilities | $ | (96.8) |  |  | $ | (98.0) |
Unrealized gain (loss) on financial instruments | 1.7 |  |  | 1.7 |
Other comprehensive loss before income tax effect | (95.1) |  |  | (96.3) |
Income tax effect(1) | 2.2 |  |  | 2.3 |
Accumulated other comprehensive loss | $ | (92.9) |  |  | $ | (94.0) |

(1) The allocation of the income tax effect to the components of other comprehensive loss is as follows:

| March 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
Defined benefit plan liabilities | $ | 2.6 |  |  | $ | 2.6 |
Unrealized loss on financial instruments | (0.3) |  |  | (0.3) |

21

CENTURY ALUMINUM COMPANY
Condensed Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (continued)
(amounts in millions, except share and per share amounts)
(Unaudited)
The following table summarizes the changes in the accumulated balances for each component of AOCL:

| Defined benefit plan and other postretirement liabilities |  | Unrealized gain (loss) on financial instruments |  | Total, net of tax
Balance, January 1, 2023 | $ | (95.6) |  |  | $ | 1.6 |  |  | $ | (94.0) |
Net amount reclassified to net income (loss) | 1.2 |  |  | (0.1) |  |  | 1.1 |
Balance, March 31, 2023 | $ | (94.4) |  |  | $ | 1.5 |  |  | $ | (92.9) |
Balance, January 1, 2022 | $ | (84.0) |  |  | $ | 1.7 |  |  | $ | (82.3) |
Net amount reclassified to net income (loss) | 0.6 |  |  | 0.0 |  |  | 0.6 |
Balance, March 31, 2022 | $ | (83.4) |  |  | $ | 1.7 |  |  | $ | (81.7) |

Reclassifications out of AOCL were included in the consolidated statements of operations as follows:

|  |  |  | Three months ended March 31, |  |  |  |
AOCL Components |  | Location |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Defined benefit plan and other postretirement liabilities |  | Cost of goods sold |  | $ | 0.8 |  |  | $ | 0.4 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Selling, general and administrative expenses |  | 0.2 |  |  | 0.1 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Other operating expense - net |  | 0.2 |  |  | 0.2 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Income tax effect |  | — |  |  | (0.1) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Net of tax |  | $ | 1.2 |  |  | $ | 0.6 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Unrealized loss on financial instruments |  | Cost of goods sold |  | $ | (0.1) |  |  | $ | 0.0 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Income tax effect |  | 0.0 |  |  | 0.0 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Net of tax |  | $ | (0.1) |  |  | $ | 0.0 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

22

CENTURY ALUMINUM COMPANY
Condensed Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (continued)
(amounts in millions, except share and per share amounts)
(Unaudited)
13. Components of Net Periodic Benefit Cost

| Pension Benefits
| Three months ended March 31, |  |  |  |
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Service cost | $ | 1.1 |  |  | $ | 1.1 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest cost | 2.6 |  |  | 2.5 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Expected return on plan assets | (5.9) |  |  | (5.8) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Amortization of prior service costs | 0.0 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Amortization of net loss | 0.9 |  |  | 0.7 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net periodic benefit cost (income) | $ | (1.3) |  |  | $ | (1.5) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

| Other Postretirement Benefits
| Three months ended March 31, |  |  |  |
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Service cost | $ | 0.0 |  |  | $ | 0.1 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest cost | 0.7 |  |  | 0.7 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Amortization of prior service cost | 0.0 |  |  | (0.5) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Amortization of net loss | 0.3 |  |  | 0.5 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net periodic benefit cost (income) | $ | 1.0 |  |  | $ | 0.8 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

14. Derivatives
As of March 31, 2023, we had an open position of 70,464 tonnes related to LME forward financial sales contracts to fix the forward LME aluminum price. These contracts are expected to settle monthly through December 2024. We have also entered into financial contracts with various counterparties to offset fixed price sales arrangements with certain of our customers ("fixed for floating swaps") to remain exposed to the LME and MWP aluminum prices. As of March 31, 2023, we had 2,878 tonnes related to fixed for floating swaps that will settle monthly through November 2023.
We have entered into financial contracts to hedge a portion of Grundartangi's exposure to the Nord Pool power market (“Nord Pool power price swaps”). All of the Nord Pool power price swaps are expected to cash settle monthly through December 2023. The Nord Pool power price swaps are settled in Euros, therefore we have entered into financial contracts to hedge the risk of fluctuations associated with the Euro ("FX swaps"). As of March 31, 2023, we had an open position related to the FX swaps of €24.5 million that will settle monthly through December 2023.
During the third quarter of 2022, we entered certain floating Nord Pool financial contracts to unwind a portion of our fixed contract position as a result of the recent power agreement amendment, making us predominantly hedged against Nord Pool power price fluctuations during 2023. As of March 31, 2023, we had an open net position of 745,908 MWh related to the Nord Pool power price swaps.
We have entered into financial contracts to fix a portion of our exposure to the Indiana Hub power market at our Kentucky plants ("Indiana Hub power price swaps"). As of March 31, 2023, we had an open position of 132,000 MWh. The Indiana Hub power price swaps are expected to settle monthly through December 2023.
We have entered into forward contracts to hedge the risk of fluctuations associated with the Icelandic Krona (ISK) and Euro for contracts related to the construction of the Grundartangi casthouse denominated in these currencies ("casthouse currency hedges"). As of March 31, 2023, we had an open position related to the ISK casthouse swaps of kr4,346.7 million that will settle monthly through July 2023. As of March 31, 2023, we had an open position related to the Euro casthouse swaps of €7.6 million that will settle monthly through February 2024.
Our agreements with derivative counterparties contain certain provisions requiring collateral to be posted in the event the market value of our position exceeds the margin threshold limit of our master agreement with the counterparty. As of March 31,
23

CENTURY ALUMINUM COMPANY
Condensed Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (continued)
(amounts in millions, except share and per share amounts)
(Unaudited)
2023 and December 31, 2022, the Company had not recorded restricted cash as collateral related to open derivative contracts under the master arrangements with our counterparties.
The following tables sets forth the Company's derivative assets and liabilities that were accounted for at fair value and not designated as cash flow hedges as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively:

| Asset Fair Value
| March 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
Commodity contracts(1) | $ | 52.5 |  |  | $ | 129.1 |
Foreign exchange contracts(2) | 0.1 |  |  | — |
Total | $ | 52.6 |  |  | $ | 129.1 |

| Liability Fair Value
| March 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
Commodity contracts(1) | $ | 15.1 |  |  | $ | 23.7 |
Foreign exchange contracts(2) | 4.2 |  |  | 7.3 |
Total | $ | 19.3 |  |  | $ | 31.0 |

(1) Commodity contracts reflect our outstanding LME forward financial sales contracts, MWP forward financial sales contracts, fixed for floating swaps, Nord Pool power price swaps, and Indiana Hub power price swaps. At March 31, 2023, $7.1 million of Due to affiliates, and $5.9 million of Due to affiliates - less current portion were related to commodity contracts with Glencore. At December 31, 2022, $11.9 million of Due to affiliates, and $8.3 million of Due to affiliates - less current portion were related to commodity contract liabilities with Glencore.
(2) Foreign exchange contracts reflect our outstanding FX swaps and the casthouse currency hedges.
The following table summarizes the net loss on forward and derivative contracts:

| Three months ended March 31, |  |
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  |  |  |
Commodity contracts(1) | $ | (59.1) |  |  | $ | (56.0) |  |  |  |  |
Foreign exchange contracts | 1.6 |  |  | (1.0) |  |  |  |  |
Total | $ | (57.5) |  |  | $ | (57.0) |  |  |  |  |

(1) For the three months ended March 31, 2023, $14.9 million of the net loss was with Glencore, and for the three months ended March 31, 2022, $58.9 million of the net loss was with Glencore.
15. Subsequent Events
On May 2, 2023, our newly-formed, wholly-owned subsidiary, Century Aluminum Jamaica Holdings, Inc., a Delaware corporation ("Century Jamaica"), purchased for $1.00 a 55% interest in Jamalco, an unincorporated joint venture engaged in bauxite mining and alumina production in Jamaica. The remaining 45% interest in Jamalco is owned by Clarendon Alumina Production Limited ("CAP"), which in turn is owned by the Government of Jamaica.
24

FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
This quarterly report includes "forward-looking statements" within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995, which are subject to the "safe harbor" created by section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the "Exchange Act"), as amended. Forward-looking statements are statements about future events and are based on our current expectations. These forward-looking statements may be identified by the words “believe,” “expect,” “hope,” “target,” “anticipate,” “intend,” “plan,” “seek,” “estimate,” “potential,” “project,” “scheduled,” “forecast” or words of similar meaning, or future or conditional verbs such as “will,” “would,” “should,” “could,” “might,” or “may.”
Forward-looking statements in this quarterly report and in our other reports filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the "SEC"), for example, may include, but are not limited to, statements regarding:
•Our assessment of global and local financial and economic conditions;
•Our assessment of the alum inum market and aluminum prices (including premiums);
•Our assessment of alumina pricing, the outlook on when energy prices, both in the United States and Europe, may return to more normalized levels, costs associated with our other key raw materials and supply and availability of those key raw materials, including power (and related natural gas and coal), and the likelihood and extent of any power curtailments;
•Our assessment of power prices and availability for our U.S. and European operations;
•The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and governmental guidance and regulations aimed at addressing the pandemic, including any possible impact on our b usiness, operations, financial condition, results of operation, global supply chains or workforce;
•The impact of the war in Ukraine, including any sanctions and export controls targeting Russia and businesses tied to Russia and to sanctioned entities and individuals, including any possible impact on our business, operations, financial condition, results of operations, and global supply chains;
•The future financial and operating performance of the Company and its subsidiaries;
•Our ability to successfully manage market risk and to control or reduce costs;
•Our plans and expectations with respect to future operations of the Company and its subsidiaries, including any plans and expectations to curtail or restart production, including the expected impact of any such actions on our future financial and operating performance;
•Our plans and expectations with regards to future operations of our Mt. Holly smelter, including our expectations as to the restart of curtailed production at Mt. Holly including the timing, costs and benefits associated with restarting curtailed production;
•Our plans with regards to future operations of our Hawesville smelter, including our expectations as to the timing, costs and benefits associated with restarting curtailed production;
•Our plans and expectations with regards to the Grundartangi casthouse project, including our expectations as to the timing, costs and benefits associated with the Grundartangi casthouse project;
•Our plans and expectations with respect to the acquisition of a 55% interest in Jamalco, including our expectations as to the costs and benefits associated with this transaction;
•Our ability to successfully obtain and/or retain competitive power arrangements for our operations;
•The impact of Section 232 relief, including tariffs or other trade remedies, the extent to which any such remedies may be changed, including through exclusions or exemptions, and the duration of any trade remedy;
•The impact of any new or changed law, regulation, including, without limitation, sanctions or other similar remedies or restrictions;
•Our anticipated tax liabilities, benefits or refunds including the realization of U.S. and certain foreign deferred tax assets and liabilities;
•Our ability to access existing or future financing arrangements and the terms of any such future financing arrangements;
•Our ability to repay or refinance debt in the future;
•Our ability to recover losses from our insurance;
•Our assessment and estimates of our pension and other postretirement liabilities, legal and environmental liabilities and other contingent liabilities;
•Our assessment of any future tax audits or insurance claims and their respective outcomes;
•Negotiations with current labor unions or future representation by a union of our employees;
•Our assessment of any information technology-related risks, including the risk from cyberattacks or other data security breaches, including the cybersecurity incident that occurred on February 16, 2022; and
•Our future business objectives, plans, strategies and initiatives, including our competitive position and prospects.
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Where we express an expectation or belief as to future events or results, such expectation or belief is expressed in good faith and believed to have a reasonable basis. However, our forward-looking statements are based on current expectations and assumptions that are subject to risks and uncertainties which may cause actual results to differ materially from future results expressed, projected or implied by those forward-looking statements. Important factors that could cause actual results and events to differ from those described in such forward-looking statements can be found in the risk factors and forward-looking statements cautionary language contained in our Annual Report on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q and in other filings made with the SEC. Although we have attempted to identify those material factors that could cause actual results or events to differ from those described in such forward-looking statements, there may be other factors that could cause actual results or events to differ from those anticipated, estimated or intended. Many of these factors are beyond our ability to control or predict. Given these uncertainties, the reader is cautioned not to place undue reliance on our forward-looking statements. We undertake no obligation to update or revise publicly any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events, or otherwise.
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Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.
This Management’s Discussion and Analysis (“MD&A”) provides information that management believes is relevant to an assessment and understanding of the consolidated financial condition and results of operations of Century Aluminum Company and should be read in conjunction with the accompanying consolidated financial statements and related notes thereto. This MD&A contains “forward-looking statements” - See “Forward-Looking Statements” above.
Overview
We are a global producer of primary aluminum with aluminum reduction facilities, or "smelters," in the United States and Iceland. The key determinants of our results of operations and cash flows from operations are as follows:
•the price of primary aluminum, which is based on the London Metal Exchange ("LME") and other exchanges, plus any regional premiums and value-added product premiums;
•the cost of goods sold, the principal components of which are electrical power, alumina, carbon products and labor, which in aggregate represent more than 87% of our cost of goods sold; and
•our production volume and product mix.
Recent Developments
Hawesville temporary curtailment
In August 2022 we fully curtailed production at the Hawesville facility and expect to continue to maintain the plant with the intention of restarting operations when market conditions permit, including energy prices returning to more normalized levels and aluminum prices maintaining levels that can support the on-going costs and capital expenditures necessary to restart and operate the plant.
In the first quarter of 2023, we incurred curtailment charges of approximately $7.0 million, including $5.4 million related to excess capacity charges, partially offset by $0.7 million of income related to scrap and materials sales, which are reported in Other operating expense - net, in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.
Acquisition of 55% interest in Jamalco
On May 2, 2023, the Company's wholly-owned subsidiary, Century Aluminum Jamaica Holdings, Inc., acquired for $1.00 a 55% interest in Jamalco, an unincorporated joint venture with Clarendon Alumina Production Limited ("CAP"), which is owned by the Government of Jamaica. Jamalco is engaged in bauxite mining and alumina refining in Jamaica. The Company's newly acquired, wholly-owned subsidiary, General Alumina Jamaica Limited, is the manager of the Jamalco joint venture. Jamalco has alumina production capacity of approximately 1.4 million tons. Jamalco's operations will be consolidated with Century Aluminum Company in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States ("U.S. GAAP"), with CAP's interest in Jamalco reflected as noncontrolling interest. We anticipate making additional investments in Jamalco to fund Century's proportionate share of capital expenditures.
Pricing of aluminum
The overall price of primary aluminum consists of three components: (i) the base commodity price, which is based on quoted prices on the LME and other exchanges; plus (ii) any regional premium (e.g., the Midwest premium for metal sold in the United States ("MWP") and the European Duty Paid premium for metal sold into Europe ("EDPP")); plus (iii) any value-added product premium. Each of these price components has its own drivers and variability.
The price of aluminum is influenced by a number of factors, including global supply-demand balance, inventory levels, speculative activities by market participants, production activities by competitors and political and economic conditions, as well as production costs in major production regions. These factors can be highly variable and difficult to predict which can lead to significant volatility in the aluminum price. Increases or decreases in primary aluminum prices result in increases and decreases in our revenues (assuming all other factors are unchanged). From time to time, we may seek to manage our exposure to fluctuations in the LME price of primary aluminum and/or associated regional premiums through financial instruments designed to protect our downside price risk exposure. Information regarding financial contracts is included in Note 14. Derivatives and risks affiliated with such financial contracts are disclosed specifically in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022.
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We saw declines in the pricing of aluminum through the first quarter of 2023, when compared to the aluminum prices that were increasing throughout 2021 and peaked during the first quarter of 2022. The average LME price for primary aluminum was $2,399 per tonne in the first quarter of 2023 compared to $3,267 per tonne in 2022, and $2,475 per tonne in 2021. The quarterly average MWP price was $618 per tonne for the first quarter of 2023, compared to $794 per tonne in 2022, and $581 per tonne in 2021. The quarterly average EDPP price was $302 per tonne for the first quarter of 2023, compared to $489 per tonne in 2022, and $272 per tonne in 2021.
Results of Operations
The following discussion for the three months ended March 31, 2023 reflects no change in production capacities, other than the curtailment of the Hawesville smelter, at our operating facilities.
Our net sales are impacted primarily by the LME price for aluminum, regional and value-added premiums, and the volume and product mix of aluminum we ship during the period. In general, our results reflect the LME and regional premium pricing on an approximately one to three month lag basis reflecting contractual terms with our customers.
Electrical power, alumina, carbon products and labor are the principal components of our cost of goods sold. Power costs can be volatile as a result of a number of factors beyond our control. See “Item 1A. Risk Factors - Increases in energy costs may adversely affect our business, financial position, results of operations and liquidity” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022. Power costs at our Kentucky plants are impacted by capacity demand charges, which are determined based on available power generating capacity in MISO, from which we purchase energy. The price of such capacity is set by auction annually in April. Our expected capacity demand costs for power are approximately $11.5 million per quarter through May 31, 2023 (notwithstanding the curtailment at Hawesville), in addition to the market price of power used. The price of capacity per quarter after June 1, 2023 is expected to be announced during the second quarter.
The increase in energy costs had adversely affected our business in 2022, and resulted in the curtailment of our Hawesville facility as described above. So far in 2023, energy prices in the U.S. have reverted to historical levels, while Europe remains elevated. In Europe, increased energy prices affect both our Grundartangi operations (a portion of our power is linked to the Nord Pool power market) and our Vlissingen facility in the Netherlands, which utilizes natural gas to produce anodes used in our Grundartangi operations. The energy market in Europe has historically been dependent upon imported natural gas from Russia, and the significant reduction in Russian gas supply to Europe creates uncertainty with respect to the price and availability of natural gas, which could adversely affect operations at Vlissingen, and in turn operations at Grundartangi, if we are not able to source an alternative supply of anodes.
In general, our results reflect the market cost of alumina on an approximately three-month lag reflecting the terms of our alumina contracts and inventory levels.

| Quarter ended |  | Three months ended |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Sequential |  | Year-to-date |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| March 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022 |  | March 31, 2023 |  | March 31, 2022 |  |  |  |
| (in millions, except per share data)
NET SALES: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Related parties | $ | 412.2 |  |  | $ | 349.6 |  |  | $ | 412.2 |  |  | $ | 433.1 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Other customers | 140.2 |  |  | 180.3 |  |  | 140.2 |  |  | 320.5 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total net sales | 552.4 |  |  | 529.9 |  |  | 552.4 |  |  | 753.6 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Gross profit | 48.1 |  |  | (19.4) |  |  | 48.1 |  |  | 93.2 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net (loss) income | (38.6) |  |  | (113.5) |  |  | (38.6) |  |  | 17.7 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
(LOSS) INCOME PER COMMON SHARE: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic | $ | (0.42) |  |  | $ | (1.24) |  |  | $ | (0.42) |  |  | $ | 0.18 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Diluted | (0.42) |  |  | (1.24) |  |  | (0.42) |  |  | 0.18 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

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SHIPMENTS - PRIMARY ALUMINUM(1)
| United States |  | Iceland |  | Total
| Tonnes |  | Sales $ (in millions) |  | Tonnes |  | Sales $ (in millions) |  | Tonnes |  | Sales $ (in millions)
2023 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
1 st Quarter | 102,430 |  |  | $ | 317.6 |  |  | 78,735 |  |  | $ | 210.1 |  |  | 181,165 |  |  | $ | 527.7 |
2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
4 th Quarter | 89,906 |  |  | $ | 270.5 |  |  | 79,565 |  |  | $ | 235.7 |  |  | 169,471 |  |  | $ | 506.2 |
1 st Quarter | 134,953 |  |  | $ | 494.8 |  |  | 76,458 |  |  | $ | 247.5 |  |  | 211,411 |  |  | $ | 742.3 |

(1) Excludes scrap aluminum sales, purchased aluminum and alumina sales.
Net sales

| Quarter ended |  | Three months ended |
| Sequential |  | Year-to-date |
(in millions) | March 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022 |  | March 31, 2023 |  | March 31, 2022 |
Net sales | $ | 552.4 |  |  | $ | 529.9 |  |  | $ | 552.4 |  |  | $ | 753.6 |  |

Net sales (excluding scrap aluminum, purchased aluminum and alumina sales) increased by $23.2 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023, compared to the three months ended December 31, 2022, primarily driven by favorable volume and sales mix of $20.7 million and favorable LME and premium price realizations of $3.5 million.
Net sales (excluding scrap aluminum, purchased aluminum and alumina sales) decreased by $211.8 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023, compared to the three months ended March 31, 2022, primarily driven by unfavorable volume and sales mix of $122.6 million, which was driven by the curtailment of our Hawesville smelter, and unfavorable LME and premium price realizations of $89.1 million
Gross profit

| Quarter ended |  | Three months ended
| Sequential |  | Year-to-date
(in millions) | March 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022 |  | March 31, 2023 |  | March 31, 2022
Gross profit (loss) | $ | 48.1 |  |  | $ | (19.4) |  |  | $ | 48.1 |  |  | $ | 93.2 |

Gross profit increased by $67.5 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023, compared to the three months ended December 31, 2022, primarily driven by favorable power price realization of $38.6 million, favorable raw material price realization of $20.5 million, and favorable metal price realization of $3.5 million, offset partially by unfavorable volume and sales mix of $8.6 million.
Gross profit decreased by $45.1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023 compared to the three months ended March 31, 2022, primarily driven by unfavorable metal price realization of $89.1 million and unfavorable volume and sales mix of $51.5 million, driven by curtailment of our Hawesville smelter. The change is partially offset by lower operating costs of $38.4 million, favorable power price realization of $36.9 million, and favorable raw material price realization of $10.8 million.
Selling, general and administrative expenses

| Quarter ended |  | Three months ended
| Sequential |  | Year-to-date
(in millions) | March 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022 |  | March 31, 2023 |  | March 31, 2022
Selling, general and administrative expenses | $ | 13.4 |  |  | $ | 11.3 |  |  | $ | 13.4 |  |  | $ | 11.7 |

Selling, general and administrative expenses increased by $2.1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023, compared to the three months ended December 31, 2022, primarily driven by share-based compensation costs as a result of quarter over quarter changes in the Company's stock price and incentive payout during the quarter.
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Selling, general and administrative expenses increased by $1.7 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023, compared to the three months ended March 31, 2022, primarily driven by incentive payout compared to 2022.
Net loss on forward and derivative contracts

| Quarter ended |  | Three months ended
| Sequential |  | Year-to-date
(in millions) | March 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022 |  | March 31, 2023 |  | March 31, 2022
Net loss on forward and derivative contracts | $ | (57.6) |  |  | $ | (90.6) |  |  | $ | (57.6) |  |  | $ | (56.7) |

Net loss on forward and derivative contracts improved by $33.0 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023, compared to the three months ended December 31, 2022, primarily driven by decreased losses on LME and Nord Pool forward contracts, attributable to fluctuations in forward pricing and volume of contracts, and decreased losses from MWP derivative contracts, which fully settled in December 2022.
Net loss on forward and derivative contracts increased by $0.9 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023 compared to the three months ended March 31, 2022 primarily driven by increased losses on Nord Pool derivative contracts due to Nord Pool power forward price decreases, offset by improved LME forward prices and decreased losses from MWP derivative contracts, which fully settled in December 2022.
Income tax benefit (expense)

| Quarter ended |  | Three months ended
| Sequential |  | Year-to-date
(in millions) | March 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022 |  | March 31, 2023 |  | March 31, 2022
Income tax benefit (expense) | $ | 0.2 |  |  | $ | 17.2 |  |  | $ | 0.2 |  |  | $ | (1.7) |

Income tax benefit changed by $17.0 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023, compared to the three months ended December 31, 2022, primarily driven by net income from our consolidated U.S. results, which was attributable to favorable sales volume and pricing.
Income tax changed from to a benefit of $0.2 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023, compared to expense of $1.7 million for the three months ended March 31, 2022, primarily driven by net losses from our foreign operations, attributable to unfavorable price realization and volume mix. See Note 8. Income Taxes to the consolidated financial statements included herein for additional information.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
Liquidity
Our principal sources of liquidity are available cash and cash flows from operations. We also have access to our existing U.S. and Iceland revolving credit facilities (collectively, the "revolving credit facilities") and have raised capital in the past through public equity and debt markets. Our principal uses of cash include the funding of operating costs (including post-retirement benefits), debt service requirements, capital expenditures, investments in our growth activities and in related businesses, working capital and other general corporate requirements.
We believe that cash provided from operations and financing activities will be adequate to cover our operations and business needs over the next twelve months. As of March 31, 2023, we had cash and cash equivalents of approximately $30.4 million and unused availability under our revolving credit facilities of $210.6 million (including $90.0 million under the Vlissingen Facility Agreement referred to below) resulting in a total liquidity position of approximately $241.0 million.
Available Cash
Our available cash and cash equivalents balance at March 31, 2023 was $30.4 million compared to $54.3 million at December 31, 2022.
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Sources and Uses of Cash
Our statements of cash flows are summarized below:

| Three months ended March 31,
| 2023 |  | 2022
| (in millions)
Net cash (used in) provided by operating activities | $ | (0.2) |  |  | $ | 37.4 |
Net cash used in investing activities | (14.3) |  |  | (26.0) |
Net cash used in financing activities | (9.4) |  |  | (3.9) |
Change in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash | $ | (23.9) |  |  | $ | 7.5 |

The change from net cash provided by operating activities during the three months ended March 31, 2022 to net cash used in operating activities during the three months ended March 31, 2023 was primarily driven by net loss during the quarter attributable to lower shipments compared to 2022 attributable to the curtailment of our Hawesville smelter, pricing decreases, and timing of payables, partially offset by timing of receivables payment in 2023 compared to 2022.
The decrease in net cash used in investing activities was primarily due to reduced spending on capital projects during the three months ended March 31, 2023, driven by the completion of the Mt. Holly restart project in 2022 and partially offset by spending on the Grundartangi casthouse project.
The change in net cash used in financing activities was primarily due to a reduction in borrowings under the Grundartangi casthouse debt facility and net repayment on our revolving credit facilities compared to 2022.
Availability Under Our Credit Facilities
Our U.S. revolving credit facility, dated May 2018 (as amended, the "U.S. revolving credit facility"), previously provided for borrowings of up to $220.0 million, including up to $110.0 million under a letter of credit sub-facility. In June 2022, we entered into a Fourth Amendment to our existing $220.0 million U.S. revolving credit facility, increasing the maximum capacity from $220.0 million to $250.0 million, including up to $150.0 million under a letter of credit sub-facility. The U.S. revolving credit facility matures in June 2027. Any letters of credit issued and outstanding under the U.S. revolving credit facility reduce our borrowing availability on a dollar-for-dollar basis.
We have also entered into, through our wholly-owned subsidiary Nordural Grundartangi ehf ("Grundartangi"), a $50.0 million revolving credit facility, dated November 2013, as amended (the "Iceland revolving credit facility"). On February 4, 2022, we amended the Iceland revolving credit facility and increased the facility amount to $80.0 million in the aggregate. On September 28, 2022, we further amended the Iceland revolving credit facility and increased the facility amount to $100.0 million in the aggregate. The Iceland revolving credit facility matures in November 2024.
The availability of funds under our credit facilities is limited by a specified borrowing base consisting of certain accounts receivable, inventory and qualified cash deposits which meet the lenders' eligibility criteria. Increases in the price of aluminum and/or restarts of previously curtailed operations, for example, increase our borrowing base by increasing our accounts receivable and inventory balances; decreases in the price of aluminum and/or curtailments of production capacity would decrease our borrowing base by reducing our accounts receivable and inventory balances. As of March 31, 2023, our U.S. revolving credit facility had a borrowing base of $169.8 million, $63.1 million in borrowings and $41.1 million in letters of credit outstanding with total availability of $65.6 million. Of the outstanding letters of credit, $27.9 million are related to our power commitments and $13.3 million are primarily for the purpose of securing certain debt and workers’ compensation commitments. As of March 31, 2023, our Iceland revolving credit facility had a borrowing base of $100.0 million and $45.0 million in outstanding borrowings, with total availability of $55.0 million.
As of March 31, 2023, our credit facilities (including the Vlissingen Facility Agreement referred to below) had $210.6 million of net availability after consideration of our outstanding borrowings and letters of credit. We may borrow and make repayments under our credit facilities in the ordinary course based on a number of factors, including the timing of payments from our customers and payments to our suppliers.
Our credit facilities contain customary covenants, including restrictions on mergers and acquisitions, indebtedness, affiliate transactions, liens, dividends and distributions, dispositions of collateral, investments and prepayments of indebtedness,
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including in the U.S. revolving credit facility, a springing financial covenant that requires us to maintain a fixed charge coverage ratio of at least 1.0 to 1.0 as of any date of determination on which availability under the U.S. revolving credit facility is less than or equal to $25.0 million, or 10% of the borrowing base, but not less than $17.85 million. We intend to maintain availability to comply with these levels any time we would not meet the ratio, which could limit our ability to access the full amount of our availability under our U.S revolving credit facility. Our Iceland revolving credit facility contains a covenant that requires Grundartangi to maintain a minimum equity ratio. As of March 31, 2023, we were in compliance with all such covenants or maintained availability above such covenant triggers.
Grundartangi Casthouse Facility
On November 2, 2021, Grundartangi entered into an eight-year Term Facility Agreement with Arion Bank hf, to provide for borrowings up to $130.0 million in connection with the casthouse project at Grundartangi (the "Casthouse Facility"). Under the Casthouse Facility, repayments of principal amounts will be made in equal quarterly installments equal to 1.739% of the principal amount, the first payment occurring in July 2024, with the remaining 60% of the principal amount to be paid no later than the termination date. The Casthouse Facility will mature in December 2029. The Casthouse Facility bears interest at a rate equal to USD LIBOR 3 month plus an applicable margin. As of March 31, 2023 there were $60.0 million in borrowings outstanding under the Casthouse Facility.
The Casthouse Facility also contains customary covenants, including restrictions on mergers and acquisitions, indebtedness, preservation of assets, and dispositions of assets and contains a covenant that requires Grundartangi to maintain a minimum equity ratio. As of March 31, 2023, we were in compliance with all such covenants.
Senior Notes and Convertible Senior Notes
In April 2021, we issued $250.0 million principal of senior secured notes that will mature on April 1, 2028 (the "2028 Notes"), unless earlier refinanced in accordance with their terms. Interest on the 2028 Notes is payable semi-annually on April 1 and October 1 of each year, at a rate of 7.5% per year. The indenture governing the 2028 Notes contains customary covenants which may limit our ability, and the ability of certain of our subsidiaries, to: (i) incur additional debt; (ii) incur additional liens; (iii) pay dividends or make distributions in respect of capital stock; (iv) purchase or redeem capital stock; (v) make investments or certain other restricted payments; (vi) sell assets; (vii) issue or sell stock of certain subsidiaries; (viii) enter into transactions with shareholders or affiliates; and (ix) effect a consolidation or merger.
In April 2021, we issued $86.3 million in aggregate principal amount of Convertible Notes (the "Convertible Notes"), that will mature on May 1, 2028, unless earlier converted, repurchased or redeemed. The principal included the full exercise of the option by the initial purchasers of the Convertible Notes to purchase $11.3 million of additional principal amount. The Convertible Notes bear interest semi-annually in arrears on May 1 and November 1 of each year, at a rate of 2.75% per annum in cash.
Iceland Term Facility
Our wholly-owned subsidiary, Grundartangi, entered into a Term Facility Agreement with Arion Bank hf, dated September 2022, (the "Iceland Term Facility") to provide for borrowings up to €13.6 million. Under the Iceland Term Facility, repayments of principal amounts will be made in equal monthly installments, the first payment occurring in February 2023, with the remainder of the principal amount to be paid no later than the termination date in January 2024. Borrowings under the Iceland Term Facility bear interest at a rate equal to 3.2% plus EUR EURIBOR 1 month as published at any time by the European Money Markets Institute. As of March 31, 2023, there were €11.3 million ($12.3 million, based on the prevailing exchange rate on March 31, 2023) in outstanding borrowings under the Iceland Term Facility.
Vlissingen Facility Agreement
On December 9, 2022, Vlissingen entered into a Facility Agreement with Glencore International AG pursuant to which Vlissingen may borrow from time to time up to $90 million in one or more loans at a fixed interest rate equal to 8.75% per annum and payable on December 2, 2024 (the Vlissingen Facility Agreement"). The obligations under the Vlissingen Facility Agreement are secured by liens on the ground lease on which Vlissingen's facilities are located. Vlissingen's moveable assets, financial assets, receivables and other assets, and Vlissingen's shares. The Vlissingen Facility Agreement contains customary covenants, including with respect to mergers, guarantees and preservation and dispositions of assets. The availability period for borrowings under the Vlissingen Facility Agreement ends December 2, 2024. Amounts drawn, if any, under the Vlissingen Facility Agreement are expected to be used for general corporate and working capital purposes of Century and its subsidiaries. As of March 31, 2023, there were no outstanding borrowings under the Vlissingen Facility Agreement.
Supplemental Guarantor Financial Information
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The Company has filed a Registration Statement on Form S-3 (the "Universal Shelf Registration Statement") with the SEC pursuant to which the Company may, from time to time, offer an indeterminate amount of securities, which may include securities that are guaranteed by certain of the Company's subsidiaries. As of March 31, 2023, we have not issued any debt securities pursuant to the Universal Shelf Registration Statement. However, any securities that we may issue in the future may limit our ability, and the ability of certain of our subsidiaries, to pay dividends or make distributions in respect of capital stock.
"Guarantor Subsidiaries" refers to all of our material domestic subsidiaries except for Nordural US LLC, Century Aluminum Development LLC and Century Aluminum of West Virginia, Inc. The Guarantor Subsidiaries are 100% owned by Century. All guarantees will be full and unconditional; all guarantees will be joint and several. Our foreign subsidiaries, together with Nordural US LLC, Century Aluminum Development LLC and Century Aluminum of West Virginia, Inc., are collectively referred to as the "Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries." We allocate corporate expenses or income to our subsidiaries and charge interest on certain intercompany balances.
The following summarized financial information of both the Company and the Guarantor Subsidiaries ("Guarantors") is presented on a combined basis. Intercompany balances and transactions between the Company and the Guarantors have been eliminated and the summarized financial information does not reflect investments of the Company or the Guarantors in the Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries ("Non-Guarantors"). The Company’s or Guarantors’ amounts due from, amounts due to, and transactions with the Non-Guarantors are disclosed below:

| March 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
Current assets | $ | 305.3 |  |  | $ | 305.7 |
Non-current assets | 668.8 |  | 704.5
Current liabilities | 255.2 |  | 309.6
Non-current liabilities | 483.0 |  | 487.1

| Three months ended March 31, 2023 |
Net sales | $ | 342.3 |  |
Gross profit (loss) | 44.6 |  |
Income (loss) before income taxes | 21.0 |  |
Net income (loss) | (38.6) |  |

As of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, an intercompany receivable due to the Company and Guarantors from the Non-Guarantors totaled $11.4 million and $18.2 million, respectively, and an intercompany non-current loan due to the Company from the Non-Guarantors totaled $435.4 million and $466.3 million, respectively.
Contingent Commitments
We have a contingent obligation in connection with the "unwind" of a contractual arrangement between Century Aluminum of Kentucky ("CAKY"), Big Rivers Electric Corporation and a third party and the execution in July 2009 of a long-term cost-based power contract with Kenergy, a member of a cooperative of Big Rivers. This contingent obligation consists of the aggregate payments made to Big Rivers by the third party on CAKY’s behalf in excess of the agreed upon base amount under the long-term cost-based power contract with Kenergy. As of March 31, 2023, the principal and accrued interest for the contingent obligation was $29.8 million, which was fully offset by a derivative asset. We may be required to make installment payments for the contingent obligation in the future. These payments are contingent based on the LME price of primary aluminum and the level of Hawesville’s operations. As of March 31, 2023, based on the LME forward market prices and our expected level of Hawesville operations, we believe that we will not be required to make payments on the contingent obligation during the term of the agreement, which expires in 2028. There can be no assurance that circumstances will not change thus accelerating the timing of such payments.
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Employee Benefit Plan Contributions
In 2013, we entered into a settlement agreement with the Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation (the "PBGC") regarding an alleged "cessation of operations" at our Ravenswood facility (the "PBGC Settlement Agreement"). Pursuant to the terms of the PBGC Settlement Agreement, we agreed to make additional contributions (above any minimum required contributions) to our defined benefit pension plans totaling approximately $17.4 million. Under certain circumstances, in periods of lower primary aluminum prices relative to our cost of operations, we were able to defer one or more of these payments, provided that we provide the PBGC with acceptable security for such deferred payments. We did not make any contributions for the three months ended March 31, 2023, and 2022. We historically elected to defer certain payments under the PBGC Settlement Agreement and provided the PBGC with the appropriate security. In October 2021, we amended the PBGC Settlement Agreement (the "Amended PBGC Settlement Agreement") such that we removed the deferral mechanism and agreed to contribute approximately $2.4 million per year to our defined benefit pension plans for a total of approximately $9.6 million, over four years beginning on November 30, 2022 and ending on November 30, 2025, subject to acceleration if certain terms and conditions are met in such amendment. As of March 31, 2023, we made contributions of $2.4 million related to the Amended PBGC Settlement Agreement.
Section 232 Aluminum Tariff
On March 23, 2018, the U.S. implemented a 10% tariff on imported primary aluminum products into the U.S. These tariffs are intended to protect U.S. national security and incentivize the restart of primary aluminum production in the U.S., reducing reliance on imports and ensuring that domestic producers, like Century, can supply all the aluminum necessary for critical industries and national defense. In addition to primary aluminum products, the tariffs also cover certain other semi-finished products. All imports that directly compete with our products are covered by the tariff, with the exception of imports from Australia, Canada and Mexico. Additionally, primary aluminum imports from Argentina are allowed up to an annual quota limit of 169,000 metric tonnes, the first 18,000 metric tonnes of imports from the European Union and the first 900 metric tonnes of imports from the United Kingdom are also allowed duty free. Imports that receive a product exclusion from the Department of Commerce may also enter the US duty free. In July 2022, the International Trade Commission (ITC) initiated a review of the Section 301 and 232 duties as required by law every four years.
On March 15, 2023, the ITC submitted a report to the United States Congress entitled, 'Economic Impact of Section 232 and 301 Tariffs on U.S. Industries,' in which the ITC found that the tariffs increased the production of domestic aluminum while causing prices to increase by less than two percent. Accordingly, we do not believe there will be any material changes to the current tariffs in the near future.
Other Items
On January 17, 2023, our wholly owned subsidiary, Mt. Holly Commerce Park LLC, entered into a binding agreement, subject to ordinary course conditions, to sell approximately 133 acres of land for approximately $28.5 million. We previously formed the commerce park, located near our Mt. Holly smelter, to develop excess land at the site and to assist the county with bringing additional business and commerce to the area.
During 2021, we initiated efforts to restart the curtailed capacity at our Mt. Holly facility. The project was completed during the second quarter of 2022, resulting in total production of 75% of Mt. Holly’s full capacity.
During 2021, we announced plans for construction of a new billet casthouse at Grundartangi. The Grundartangi casthouse project began in late 2021 and is expected to continue through the second half of 2023. The Grundartangi casthouse project will be fully funded through the Casthouse Facility. The project is progressing and is expected to ship first billets out of the casthouse in the first quarter of 2024, subject to market conditions.
In 2011, our Board of Directors authorized a $60.0 million common stock repurchase program and during the first quarter of 2015, our Board of Directors increased the size of the program by $70.0 million. Under the program, Century is authorized to repurchase up to $130.0 million of our outstanding shares of common stock, from time to time, on the open market at prevailing market prices, in block trades or otherwise The timing and amount of any shares repurchased will be determined by our management based on its evaluation of market conditions, the trading price of our common stock and other factors. We made no repurchases during the years ended 2020, 2021, and 2022. As of March 31, 2023, we had $43.7 million remaining under the repurchase program authorization. The repurchase program may be expanded, suspended or discontinued by our Board, in its sole discretion, at any time.
In November 2009, Century Aluminum of West Virginia, Inc. ("CAWV") filed a class action complaint for declaratory judgment against the United Steel, Paper and Forestry, Rubber, Manufacturing, Energy, Allied Industrial and Service Workers International Union ("USW"), the USW’s local and certain CAWV retirees, individually and as class representatives ("CAWV
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Retirees"), seeking a declaration of CAWV’s rights to modify/terminate retiree medical benefits. Later in November 2009, the USW and representatives of a retiree class filed a separate suit against CAWV, Century Aluminum Company, Century Aluminum Master Welfare Benefit Plan, and various John Does with respect to the foregoing. On August 18, 2017, the District Court for the Southern District of West Virginia approved a settlement agreement in respect of these actions, pursuant to which, CAWV agreed to make payments into a trust for the benefit of the CAWV Retirees in the aggregate amount of $23.0 million over the course of ten years. Upon approval of the settlement, we paid $5.0 million to the aforementioned trust in September 2017 and agreed to pay the remaining amounts under the settlement agreement in annual increments of $2.0 million for nine years. At March 31, 2023, we had $2.0 million in other current liabilities and $4.9 million in other liabilities related to this agreement.
We are a defendant in several actions relating to various aspects of our business. While it is impossible to predict the ultimate disposition of any litigation, we do not believe that any of these lawsuits, either individually or in the aggregate, will have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations or liquidity. See Note 11. Commitments and Contingencies to the consolidated financial statements included herein for additional information.
Capital Resources
We intend to finance our future capital expenditures from available cash, cash flows from operations and if necessary, borrowing under our existing revolving credit facilities. For major investment projects we would likely seek financing from various capital and loan markets and may potentially pursue the formation of strategic alliances. We may be unable, however, to issue additional debt or equity securities, or enter into other financing arrangements on attractive terms, or at all, due to a number of factors including a lack of demand, unfavorable pricing, poor economic conditions, unfavorable interest rates, or our financial condition or credit rating at the time. Future uncertainty in the U.S. and international markets and economies may adversely affect our liquidity, our ability to access the debt or capital markets and our financial condition.
Capital expenditures incurred for the three months ended March 31, 2023 were $2.8 million, excluding expenditures of $10.8 million associated with the Grundartangi casthouse project. We estimate our total capital spending in 2023, excluding the Grundartangi casthouse project and Jamalco acquisition, will be approximately $20 to $30 million, related to our ongoing investment and sustainability projects at our plants. We anticipate making additional investments in Jamalco to fund Century's proportionate share of capital expenditures.
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Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk
Commodity Price and Raw Material Costs Sensitivities
Aluminum is an internationally traded commodity, and its price is effectively determined on the LME plus any regional premium (e.g. the Midwest premium for aluminum sold in the United States and the European Duty Paid premium for metal sold into Europe) and any value-added product premiums. From time to time, we may manage our exposure to fluctuations in the LME price of primary aluminum and/or associated regional premiums through financial instruments designed to protect our downside price risk exposure. From time to time, we also enter into financial contracts to offset fixed price sales arrangements with certain of our customers (the "fixed for floating swaps").
We are also exposed to price risk for alumina which is one of the largest components of our cost of goods sold. Certain of the alumina we purchase is priced based on a published alumina index. As a result, our cost structure is exposed to market fluctuations and price volatility. Because we sell our products based principally on the LME price for primary aluminum, regional premiums and value-added product premiums, we are not able to directly pass on increased production costs to our customers. From time to time, we may manage our exposure to fluctuations in our alumina costs by purchasing certain of our alumina requirements under supply contracts with prices tied to the same indices as our aluminum sales contracts (the LME price of primary aluminum).
Market-Based Power Price Sensitivity
Market-Based Electrical Power Agreements
Hawesville and Sebree have market-based electrical power agreements pursuant to which EDF and Kenergy purchase electrical power on the open market and pass it through at MISO energy pricing, plus transmission and other costs incurred by them. See Note 11. Commitments and Contingencies to the consolidated financial statements included herein for additional information about these market-based power agreements.
Power is supplied to Grundartangi from hydroelectric and geothermal sources under long-term power purchase agreements. These power purchase agreements, which will expire on various dates from 2026 through 2036 (subject to extension), currently primarily provide power at LME-based variable rates. At this time, the price of approximately 20% of Grundartangi's power requirements is linked to the market price for power in the Nord Pool power market through the end of 2023, which is predominantly hedged.
From time to time, we may manage our exposure to fluctuations in the market price of power through financial instruments designed to protect our downside risk exposure.
Electrical Power Price Sensitivity
Given our market-based power supply agreements, we have electrical power price risk for our operations, whether due to fluctuations in the price of power available on the MISO or Nord Pool power markets or the price of natural gas. Power represents one of our largest operating costs, so changes in the price and/or availability of market power could significantly impact the profitability and viability of our operations. Transmission line outages, problems with grid stability or limitations on energy import capability could also increase power prices, disrupt production through pot instability or force a curtailment of all or part of the production at these facilities. In addition, indirect factors that lead to power cost increases, such as any increasing prices for natural gas or coal, fluctuations in or extremes in weather patterns or new or more stringent environmental regulations may severely impact our financial condition, results of operations and liquidity.
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The consumption shown in the table below reflects each operation at 100% production capacity and does not reflect production curtailments.
Electrical power price sensitivity by location:

| Hawesville |  | Sebree |  | Mt. Holly |  | Grundartangi |  | Total
Expected average load (in megawatts ("MW")) | 482 |  |  | 385 |  |  | 400 |  |  | 537 |  |  | 1,804 |
Quarterly estimated electrical power usage (in megawatt hours ("MWh")) | 1,055,580 |  |  | 843,150 |  |  | 876,000 |  |  | 1,176,030 |  |  | 3,950,760 |
Quarterly cost impact of an increase or decrease of $1 per MWh (in millions) | $ | 1.1 |  |  | $ | 0.8 |  |  | $ | 0.9 |  |  | $ | 1.2 |  |  | $ | 4.0 |
Annual expected electrical power usage (in MWh) | 4,222,320 |  |  | 3,372,600 |  |  | 3,504,000 |  |  | 4,704,120 |  |  | 15,803,040 |
Annual cost impact of an increase or decrease of $1 per MWh (in millions) | $ | 4.2 |  |  | $ | 3.4 |  |  | $ | 3.5 |  |  | $ | 4.7 |  |  | $ | 15.8 |

Foreign Currency
We are exposed to foreign currency risk due to fluctuations in the value of the U.S. dollar as compared to the Icelandic krona ("ISK"), the Euro, the Chinese renminbi and other currencies. Grundartangi’s labor costs, part of its maintenance costs and other local services are denominated in ISK and a portion of its anode costs are denominated in Euros and Chinese renminbi. We also have deposits denominated in ISK in Icelandic banks and our estimated payments of Icelandic income taxes and any associated refunds are denominated in ISK. Further, Vlissingen's labor costs, maintenance costs and other local services are denominated in Euros and our existing Nord Pool power price swaps described above are settled in Euros. As a result, an increase or decrease in the value of those currencies relative to the U.S. dollar would affect Grundartangi’s and Vlissingen's operating margins.
We may manage our foreign currency exposure by entering into foreign currency forward contracts or option contracts for forecasted transactions and projected cash flows for foreign currencies in future periods. We have entered into financial contracts to hedge the risk of fluctuations associated with the Euro under our Nord Pool power price swaps and risk of fluctuations associated with the ISK and Euro under our casthouse currency hedges.
Natural Economic Hedges
Any analysis of our exposure to the commodity price of aluminum should consider the impact of natural hedges provided by certain contracts that contain pricing indexed to the LME price for primary aluminum. Certain of our alumina contracts and a substantial portion of Grundartangi’s electrical power requirements are indexed to the LME price for primary aluminum and provide a natural hedge for a portion of our production.
Risk Management
Any metals, power, natural gas and foreign currency risk management activities are subject to the control and direction of senior management within guidelines established by Century’s Board of Directors. These activities are regularly reported to Century’s Board of Directors.
Fair Values and Sensitivity Analysis
The following tables present the fair value of our derivative assets and liabilities as of March 31, 2023 and the effect on the fair value of a hypothetical ten percent (10%) adverse change in the market prices in effect at March 31, 2023. Our risk management activities do not include any trading or speculative transactions.
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| Asset Fair Value |  | Fair Value with 10% Adverse Price Change
Commodity contracts(1) | $ | 52.5 |  |  | $ | 38.0 |
Foreign exchange contracts(2) | 0.1 |  |  | 0.7 |
Total | $ | 52.6 |  |  | $ | 38.7 |

| Liability Fair Value |  | Fair Value with 10% Adverse Price Change
Commodity contracts(1) | $ | 15.1 |  |  | $ | 27.0 |
Foreign exchange contracts(2) | 4.2 |  |  | 10.2 |
Total | $ | 19.3 |  |  | $ | 37.2 |

(1) Commodity contracts reflect our outstanding LME forward financial sales contracts, fixed for floating swaps, Nord Pool power price swaps and Indiana Hub power price swaps.
(2) Foreign exchange contracts reflect our outstanding FX swaps and the casthouse currency hedges.
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Item 4. Controls and Procedures
a. Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
As of March 31, 2023, we carried out an evaluation, under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer, of the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures. Based upon that evaluation, our management, including the Chief Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer, concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of March 31, 2023.
b. Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting
During the three months ended March 31, 2023, there were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting that materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
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PART II – OTHER INFORMATION
Item 1. Legal Proceedings
We are a party from time to time in various legal actions arising in the normal course of business, the outcomes of which, in the opinion of management, neither individually nor in the aggregate are likely to result in a material adverse effect on our financial position, results of operations or liquidity. For information regarding material legal proceedings pending against us at March 31, 2023, refer to Note 11. Commitments and Contingencies to the consolidated financial statements included herein.
Item 1A. Risk Factors
The following is an update to the risk factors set forth in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022. Other than the following update, there have been no material changes to the risk factors previously disclosed under the heading “Risk Factors” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022. You should carefully consider the risk factors set forth below and those contained in our Annual Report on Form 10-K, our Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q and our other filings made with the Securities and Exchange Commission. You should be aware that these risk factors and other information may not describe every risk facing our Company. Additional risks and uncertainties not currently known to us or that we currently deem to be immaterial also may materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and/or operating results.
Jamalco’s operations are complex and we may experience substantial risks, delays and/or disruptions in connection with integration activities, a failure of which may result in a material adverse effect on Jamalco’s and Century’s business, financial condition and results of operations.
The acquisition of a 55% interest in Jamalco will substantially expand the scope and size of our business by adding Jamalco’s bauxite mining and alumina refining operations to our existing primary aluminum production Operating bauxite mining and alumina refining assets may require different operating strategies and managerial expertise than our current operations, and these operations are subject to additional and/or different regulatory requirements. See “- We may be unable to obtain, maintain, or renew permits or approvals necessary for Jamalco’s operations, which could materially adversely affect our business” below.
The integration of Jamalco’s operations may place strain on our administrative and operational infrastructure and the Jamalco business may not perform as expected following the acquisition. Our senior management’s attention may be diverted from the management of daily operations to the integration of Jamalco’s business operations and the assets acquired in the acquisition. Our ability to manage our business and growth will require us to apply our operational, financial and management controls, reporting systems and procedures to the Jamalco business. We may also encounter risks, costs and expenses associated with undisclosed or unanticipated liabilities, and use more cash and other financial resources on integration and implementation activities than we anticipate. We may not be able to successfully integrate Jamalco’s operations into our existing operations, assimilate and retain key employees, successfully manage this new line of business or realize the expected economic benefits of the Jamalco acquisition, which may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. See “Risk Factors – Risks Related to Acquisitions - Acquisitions could disrupt our operations and harm our operating results” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022.
Jamalco is operated as a joint venture, which may pose unique risks to its operations.
Joint ventures inherently involve unique and special risks as joint venture partners may have divergent strategies to operate the joint venture's business and operations, and partners may take (or fail to take) certain actions and positions, or experience difficulties, that may negatively impact the joint venture’s business and operating results. While Century is the operating partner at Jamalco, our joint venture partner retains substantial shareholder rights that could impact Jamalco’s business, such as approval of annual budgets, major capital investments, and expansion into additional areas of business. In addition, due to the structure of the Jamalco joint venture, each partner may from time to time be required to fund capital contributions necessary for Jamalco’s business. If Century and its joint venture partner were to have material disagreements about the operation of Jamalco’s business or fail to make required capital contributions when required, it could have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
We may be unable to obtain, maintain, or renew permits or approvals necessary for Jamalco’s operations, which could materially adversely affect our business.
Jamalco’s operations are subject to extensive permitting and approval requirements. These include permits and approvals issued by Jamaican government agencies and regulatory bodies. The permitting and approval rules are complex, are often subject to interpretations by regulators, which may change over time. Changing regulatory requirements could make our ability
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to comply with the applicable requirements more difficult, inhibit or delay our ability to timely obtain the necessary approvals, if at all, result in approvals being conditioned in a manner that may restrict Jamalco’s ability to efficiently and economically conduct its operations or preclude the continuation of certain ongoing operations. Failure to obtain, maintain, or renew permits or approvals, or permitting or approval delays, restrictions, or conditions could increase Jamalco’s costs and affect our ability to conduct our operations, potentially having a materially adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds
None.
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Item 5. Other Information
Disclosure Pursuant to Section 219 of the Iran Threat Reduction and Syria Human Rights Act
Section 219 of the Iran Threat Reduction and Syria Human Rights Act of 2012 (“ITRA”), effective August 10, 2012, added a new subsection (r) to Section 13 of the Exchange Act, which requires issuers that file periodic reports with the SEC to disclose in their annual and quarterly reports whether, during the reporting period, they or any of their “affiliates” (as defined in Rule 12b-2 under the Exchange Act) have knowingly engaged in specified activities or transactions relating to Iran, including activities not prohibited by U.S. law and conducted outside the U.S. by non- U.S. affiliates in compliance with applicable laws. Issuers must also file a notice with the SEC if any disclosable activity under ITRA has been included in an annual or quarterly report.
Because the SEC defines the term “affiliate” broadly, our largest stockholder may be considered an affiliate of the Company despite the fact that the Company has no control over its largest stockholder’s actions or the actions of its affiliates. As such, pursuant to Section 13(r)(1)(D)(iii) of the Exchange Act, the Company hereby discloses the following information provided by our largest stockholder regarding transactions or dealings with entities controlled by the Government of Iran (“the GOI”):
During the quarter ended March 31, 2023, non-U.S. affiliates of the largest stockholder of the Company (“the non-U.S. Stockholder Affiliates”) entered into sales contracts for agricultural products with, or for delivery to or from Iranian entities wholly or majority owned by the GOI. The non-U.S. Stockholder Affiliates performed their obligations under the contracts in compliance with applicable sanction laws and, where required, with the necessary prior approvals by the relevant governmental authorities.
The gross revenue of the non-U.S. Stockholder Affiliates related to the contracts did not exceed the value of USD $0 million for the quarter ended March 31, 2023.
The non-U.S. Stockholder Affiliates do not allocate net profit on a country-by-country or activity-by-activity basis, but estimate that the net profit attributable to the contracts would not exceed a small fraction of the gross revenue from such contracts. It is not possible to determine accurately the precise net profit attributable to such contracts.
The contracts disclosed above do not violate applicable sanctions laws administered by the U.S. Department of the Treasury, Office of Foreign Assets Control, and are not the subject of any enforcement action under Iran sanction laws.
The non-U.S. Stockholder Affiliates expect to continue to engage in similar activities in the future in compliance with applicable economic sanctions and in conformity with U.S. secondary sanctions.
The Company and its global subsidiaries had no transactions or activities requiring disclosure under ITRA, nor were we involved in the transactions described in this section. As of the date of this report, the Company is not aware of any other activity, transaction or dealing by it or any of its affiliates during the quarter ended March 31, 2023, that requires disclosure in this report under Section 13(r) of the Exchange Act.
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Item 6. Exhibits

Exhibit Number | Description of Exhibit | Incorporated by Reference | Filed Herewith
Form | File No. | Filing Date
31.1 | Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a) Certification of the Chief Executive Officer |  |  |  | X
31.2 | Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a) Certification of the Principal Financial Officer |  |  |  | X
32.1 | Section 1350 Certification (pursuant to Sarbanes-Oxley Section 906) by Chief Executive Officer |  |  |  | X
32.2 | Section 1350 Certification (pursuant to Sarbanes-Oxley Section 906) by Principal Financial Officer |  |  |  | X
101.INS | XBRL Instance Document - the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document |  |  |  |
101.SCH | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema |  |  |  | X
101.CAL | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase |  |  |  | X
101.DEF | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase |  |  |  | X
101.LAB | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase |  |  |  | X
101.PRE | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase |  |  |  | X
104 | Cover Page Interactive Data File (embedded within the Inline XBRL document) |  |  |  |

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SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

|  |  |  | Century Aluminum Company
Date: | May 9, 2023 |  | By: | /s/ GERALD C. BIALEK
|  |  |  | Gerald C. Bialek
|  |  |  | Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer)

Date: | May 9, 2023 |  | By: | /s/ ROBERT HOFFMAN
|  |  |  | Robert Hoffman
|  |  |  | Vice President and Chief Accounting Officer (Principal Accounting Officer)

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