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Share-based Compensation
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2023
Share-Based Payment Arrangement [Abstract]  
Share-based compensation Share-based Compensation
Amended and Restated Stock Incentive Plan. Under our Amended and Restated Stock Incentive Plan (the "Stock Incentive Plan") we award service-based and performance-based share awards and nonqualified stock options to our salaried officers, non-employee directors, and other key employees. Our service-based and performance-based share awards typically vest over a period of three years from the date of grant, provided that the recipient is still our employee at the time of vesting. Our independent non-employee directors receive annual grants of service-based share awards that typically vest following 12 months of service. The Stock Incentive Plan has 12,900,000 shares authorized for issuance with approximately 3,659,885 shares remaining at December 31, 2023.
Long-Term Incentive Plan. We also grant annual long-term incentive awards under our Amended and Restated Long-Term Incentive Plan (the "LTIP"). The LTIP is designed to provide senior-level employees the opportunity to earn long-term incentive awards through the achievement of performance goals and to align compensation with the interests of our stockholders. This is achieved by linking compensation to share price appreciation and total stockholder return over a multi-year period. Awards made under the LTIP are granted subject to the Stock Incentive Plan to the extent the award is deliverable in stock. We provide two types of LTIP awards: restricted stock units ("RSU") and performance stock units ("PSU").
RSUs are stock-settled awards which do not contain any performance-based vesting requirements. PSUs can be settled in cash or stock and vest based on the achievement of pre-determined performance metrics at the discretion of the Board. Our PSU liability was approximately $3.3 million and $1.7 million as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Both the PSUs and RSUs vest, in their entirety, after three years.
Service-based share awardsNumber
Outstanding at January 1, 2023
739,356 
Granted766,929 
Vested(293,404)
Forfeited(56,107)
Outstanding at December 31, 2023
1,156,774 
Performance-based share awardsNumber
Outstanding at January 1, 2023
444,056 
Granted407,808 
Vested(45,605)
Forfeited(203,695)
Outstanding at December 31, 2023
602,564 
 Year ended December 31,
Service-based share awards202320222021
Weighted average per share fair value of service-based share grants$12.58 $17.30 $9.97 
Fair Value Measurement of Share-Based Compensation Awards. We estimate the fair value of each stock option award using the Black-Scholes model on the date of grant. Our last grant of stock options, awarded in 2009, expired in May 2019. We have not granted any stock options since 2009. For our service-based awards, fair value is equal to the closing stock price on the date of grant. For our performance-based awards, fair value is equal to the closing stock price at each reporting period end.
The following table summarizes the compensation cost recognized for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 for all service-based and performance-based share awards. The compensation cost is included as part of selling, general and administrative expenses in our Consolidated Statements of Operations.
Year ended December 31,
202320222021
Share-based compensation (benefit) expense reported:   
Performance-based share (benefit) expense$2.0 $(5.0)$12.5 
Service-based share expense4.6 4.4 8.3 
Total share-based compensation (benefit) expense before income tax6.6 (0.6)20.8 
Income tax— — — 
Total share-based compensation (benefit) expense, net of income tax$6.6 $(0.6)$20.8 
No share-based compensation cost was capitalized during these periods and there were no significant modifications of any share-based awards in 2023, 2022 and 2021. As of December 31, 2023, we had unrecognized compensation cost of $10.4 million before taxes. This cost will be recognized over a weighted average period of 1.8 years.