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Table of Contents

UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
FORM 10-Q
(Mark One)
x QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the quarterly period ended September 30, 2025
or
o TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
Commission file number 001-15749
_______________________________________
BREAD FINANCIAL HOLDINGS, INC.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware | 31-1429215
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
3095 Loyalty Circle |
Columbus, Ohio | 43219
(Address of principal executive offices) | (Zip Code)

(614) 729-4000
(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)
_______________________________________
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class |  | Trading symbol |  | Name of each exchange on which registered
Common stock, par value $0.01 per share |  | BFH |  | New York Stock Exchange

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes x No o
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes x No o
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
Large accelerated filer x Accelerated filer o Non-accelerated filer o Smaller reporting company o Emerging growth company o
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. o
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes o No x
As of October 22, 2025, 45,661,601 shares of common stock were outstanding.

Table of Contents
BREAD FINANCIAL HOLDINGS, INC.
INDEX

|  | Page Number
| Part I: FINANCIAL INFORMATION |
Item 1. | Financial Statements (unaudited) |
| Consolidated Statements of Income for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 | 27
| Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 | 28
| Consolidated Balance Sheets as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 | 29
| Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 | 30
| Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 | 32
| Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | 33
Item 2. | Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (MD&A) | 1
Item 3. | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk | 60
Item 4. | Controls and Procedures | 60
| Part II: OTHER INFORMATION |
Item 1. | Legal Proceedings | 61
Item 1A. | Risk Factors | 61
Item 2. | Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds | 61
Item 3. | Defaults Upon Senior Securities | 61
Item 4. | Mine Safety Disclosures | 61
Item 5. | Other Information | 61
Item 6. | Exhibits | 63
SIGNATURES | 65

Table of Contents
PART 1: FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (MD&A).
The following discussion and analysis of our results of operations and financial condition should be read in conjunction with the unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements and related notes thereto presented in this quarterly report and the audited Consolidated Financial Statements and related notes thereto included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the SEC) on February 14, 2025 (the 2024 Form 10-K). Some of the information contained in this discussion and analysis constitutes forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. Actual results could differ materially from those discussed in these forward-looking statements. See “Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” included elsewhere in this report. Factors that could cause or contribute to these differences include, but are not limited to, those discussed below and those identified in our other filings with the SEC, including in the “Risk Factors” and “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” sections of our 2024 Form 10-K and this and our other Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q.
OVERVIEW
We are a tech-forward financial services company that provides simple, personalized payment, lending, and saving solutions to millions of U.S. consumers. Our payment solutions, including Bread Financial general purpose credit cards and savings products, empower our customers and their passions for a better life. Additionally, we deliver growth for some of the most recognized brands in travel and entertainment, health and beauty, jewelry and specialty apparel through our private label and co-brand credit cards and pay-over-time products providing choice and value to our shared customers.
We have continued to diversify our product mix with our brand partners through growth of our co-brand credit card programs, which, relative to our private label credit card programs, have higher credit sales per account and an improved credit risk mix that generally results in higher transactor balances, lower delinquencies and late fees, as well as lower losses. We also offer our proprietary credit cards along with the expansion of our Bread Pay products, which are our installment loans and “split-pay” offerings.
Our partner base consists of large consumer-based businesses, including well-known brands such as (alphabetically) AAA, Academy Sports + Outdoors, Caesars, Dell Technologies, Hard Rock International, the NFL, Saks Fifth Avenue, Signet, Ulta and Victoria’s Secret, as well as small- and medium-sized businesses (SMBs). Our partner base is well diversified across a broad range of industries and retail verticals, including travel and entertainment, health and beauty, jewelry, sporting goods, technology and electronics, home and the industry in which we first began, specialty apparel. We believe our comprehensive suite of payment, lending and saving solutions, along with our related marketing and data and analytics, offers us a significant competitive advantage with products relevant across all customer segments (Gen Z, Millennial, Gen X and Baby Boomers). The breadth and quality of our product and service offerings, coupled with our customer-centric approach, have enabled us to establish and maintain long-standing partner relationships. We operate our business through a single reportable segment, with our primary source of revenue being from Interest and fees on loans from our various credit card and other loan products, and to a lesser extent from contractual relationships with our brand partners.
Throughout this report, unless stated or the context implies otherwise, the terms “Bread Financial”, “BFH”, the “Company”, “we”, “our” or “us” refer to Bread Financial Holdings, Inc. and its subsidiaries on a consolidated basis. References to “Parent Company” refer to Bread Financial Holdings, Inc. on a parent-only standalone basis. In addition, in this report we may refer to the retailers and other companies with whom we do business as our “partners”, “brand partners”, or “clients”, provided that the use of the term “partner”, “partnering” or any similar term does not mean or imply a formal legal partnership, and is not meant in any way to alter the terms of Bread Financial’s relationship with any third parties. We offer our credit products through our insured depository institution subsidiaries, Comenity Bank and Comenity Capital Bank, which together are referred to herein as the “Banks”.
NON-GAAP FINANCIAL MEASURES
We prepare our Consolidated Financial Statements in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (GAAP). However, certain information included herein constitutes Non-GAAP Financial
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Measures. Our calculations of Non-GAAP Financial Measures may differ from the calculations of similarly titled measures by other companies. In particular:
•We have previously repurchased and may, from time to time, in the future continue to repurchase debt, including our outstanding senior unsecured notes, subordinated notes or convertible notes. In such transactions, we may pay a premium to induce these repurchases, or in certain cases repurchase at a discount, which, from a GAAP perspective, would result in an impact to Total non-interest expenses, with a corresponding impact also reflected in Net income and consequently our Earnings per diluted share. For our prior debt repurchases, we show adjustments to these three financial statement line items, for total Company as well as for continuing operations, to exclude the impacts from our repurchased debt transactions. We use Adjusted total non-interest expenses, Adjusted net income, and Adjusted earnings per diluted share to evaluate the ongoing operations of the Company excluding the volatility that can occur from the impacts of our repurchased debt transactions.
•Pretax pre-provision earnings (PPNR) represents Income from continuing operations before income taxes and the Provision for credit losses. PPNR excluding any gain on portfolio sale and impacts from repurchased debt then excludes from PPNR the gain on any portfolio sale in the period, as well as the loss or gain on any repurchased debt in the period. We use PPNR and PPNR excluding any gain on portfolio sale and impacts from repurchased debt as metrics to evaluate our results of operations before income taxes, excluding the movements that can occur within Provision for credit losses and the one-time nature of a gain on the sale of a portfolio and/or the impacts from repurchased debt.
•Return on average tangible common equity (ROTCE) represents annualized Income from continuing operations divided by average Tangible common equity. Tangible common equity (TCE) represents Total stockholders' equity reduced by Goodwill and intangible assets, net. We use ROTCE as a metric to evaluate the Company's performance.
•Tangible book value per common share represents TCE divided by shares outstanding. We use Tangible book value per common share, a metric used across the industry, to estimate liquidation value.
We believe the use of these Non-GAAP financial measures provide additional clarity in understanding our results of operations and trends. For a reconciliation of these Non-GAAP financial measures to the most directly comparable GAAP measures, please see Table 6: Reconciliation of GAAP to Non-GAAP Financial Measures that follows.
BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT
This Business Environment section provides an overview of our results of operations and financial position for the third quarter of 2025, as well as our related outlook for the remainder of 2025 and certain of the uncertainties associated with achieving that outlook. This section should be read in conjunction with the other information included or incorporated by reference in this Form 10-Q, including “Consolidated Results of Operations”, “Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” and “Risk Factors” herein, and in our 2024 Form 10-K, which provide further discussion of variances in our results of operations over the periods of comparison, along with other factors that could impact future results and the Company achieving its outlook. Unless otherwise specified, the discussion included herein is for the three months ended September 30, 2025, compared with the same period in the prior year.
Credit sales of $6.8 billion were up 5% year-over-year driven by new partner growth and increased general-purpose spending. Average and end-of-period credit card and other loans decreased 1% to $17.6 billion and 2% to $17.7 billion respectively, driven by an increasing payment rate and the ongoing effect of elevated gross credit losses as compared with historic trends. Total interest income was down 3% from the third quarter of 2024, primarily as a result of lower billed late fees and lower Average credit card and other loans balances, partially offset by lower reversals of finance charges and late fees, resulting from lower gross credit losses and the ongoing implementation of pricing actions. Our improved delinquency trends across our loan portfolio, as well as the gradual shift in product mix to a declining proportion of private label accounts, which tend to have higher billed late fees, have resulted in lower overall billed late fees. Net interest margin remained flat year-over-year but improved sequentially to 18.8%, from 17.7% in the second quarter of 2025, following seasonal loan yield trends. Our net interest margin continues to be impacted by lower billed late fees from lower delinquencies, as well as an elevated cash position and our gradual shift in product mix toward co-brand cards, offset by the ongoing implementation of pricing actions, such as increases to annual percentage rates. Non-interest income decreased $7 million from the third quarter of 2024, driven by increased costs associated with brand partner retailer share arrangements along with a decrease in merchant discount fees due to lower “big ticket” credit sales, partially offset by our implemented pricing actions, inclusive of paper statement fees which we began assessing in second quarter of 2024.
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Overall, Total net interest and non-interest income for the quarter was $971 million, down 1% versus the third quarter of 2024.
Provision for credit losses decreased for the quarter ended September 30, 2025, relative to the third quarter of 2024, driven by a $28 million reserve release and net principal losses of $327 million, compared with a $22 million reserve build and net principal losses of $347 million in the prior year period.
Our Allowance for credit losses decreased as of September 30, 2025, relative to December 31, 2024, due primarily to a lower Credit card and other loans balance, as seasonally higher transactor balances from the fourth quarter of 2024 were paid down in the first quarter of 2025. Our reserve rate was 11.7% as of September 30, 2025, reflecting our improving credit metrics and higher-quality new account acquisitions. We continue to maintain appropriately prudent weightings on the economic scenarios in our credit reserve modeling to ensure the adequacy of our Allowance for credit losses given the wide range of potential macroeconomic outcomes. From an overall credit quality perspective, our percentage of Vantage 660+ cardholders continues to remain above pre-pandemic levels due to prudent credit management and a more diversified product mix, with co-brand and proprietary cards representing a larger proportion of our portfolio.
Total non-interest expenses of $476 million decreased 17% year-over year. The decrease was primarily driven by a $93 million decrease in Other expenses, which includes a $96 million impact in the prior year from our repurchased debt.
Provision for income taxes decreased $29 million year-over-year due to a discrete tax benefit during the current year period, as well as larger nondeductible items in the prior year.
Our efforts to strengthen and optimize our balance sheet continued in the third quarter of 2025. In August, we announced a $200 million board-authorized share repurchase program, and in September we repurchased 0.6 million shares for $40 million, bringing our year-to-date board-authorized share repurchases to 3.8 million shares. In August, we also completed a cash tender offer to repurchase $31 million in aggregate principal amount of our 9.750% Senior Notes due 2029 and $0.1 million in aggregate principal amount of our 8.375% Fixed-Rate Reset Subordinated Notes due 2035, using available cash, allowing us to continue to reduce higher cost debt. During the third quarter we also repurchased $3 million in aggregate principal amount of our 4.25% Convertible Senior Notes Due 2028. Our Common equity tier one capital ratio (CET1) of 14.0% increased from 13.3% in the third quarter of 2024, driven by net earnings over the period, partially offset by the effects from our repurchased shares and debt securities. Sequentially, our CET1 ratio improved to 14.0% from 13.0%. Additionally, relative to the third quarter of 2024 direct-to-consumer (DTC) deposits increased 9% to $8.2 billion as of September 30, 2025, with average DTC deposits now representing 47% of our total funding, up from 41% a year ago.
Our 2025 financial outlook reflects continued consumer resiliency, inflation remaining above the Federal Reserve Board’s target rate, and a slowing, yet stable labor market. Our outlook also anticipates interest rate decreases by the Federal Reserve Board, which we would expect to result in slight Net interest margin compression. Overall, our year-over-year credit sales growth and gradual improvement in our credit metrics give us confidence in our financial outlook as we begin the final quarter of 2025.
Based on our current economic outlook, an increased payment rate, the cumulative effect of ongoing elevated gross credit losses, and visibility into our new business pipeline and existing partners, we continue to expect 2025 Average credit card and other loans to be flat to slightly lower relative to 2024. For 2025 compared with 2024, Total net interest and non-interest income, excluding any gain on portfolio sale, a Non-GAAP financial measure, is anticipated to be relatively flat as our implemented pricing actions are offset by factors such as: (i) interest rate decreases by the Federal Reserve Board, which impact us due to our slight asset sensitivity and lagged cost of funds impacts, (ii) our continued shift in risk mix, from improving credit quality, and therefore lower delinquencies and consequently lower billed late fees, and (iii) the shift in our product mix to a higher proportion of co-brand, proprietary, and installment lending products, leading to lower finance charges and billed late fees.
As a result of efficiencies gained from our ongoing operational excellence initiatives, along with disciplined expense management and prudent investments, we continue to expect to generate positive operating leverage in 2025, excluding any gain on portfolio sale and the pretax impacts from our repurchased debt, a Non-GAAP financial measure.
Our 2025 financial outlook assumes a full year Net principal loss rate ranging from 7.8% to 7.9% , driven by continued consumer resiliency, our disciplined credit management and continued risk and product mix shifts. Nonetheless, given
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macroeconomic uncertainty, with potential changes in monetary and fiscal policies, including tariff and trade policies and the potential impacts on consumer spending and employment, we remain vigilant with our credit strategies.
In our 2025 financial outlook, we now expect our full year effective tax rate to be in the range of 19% to 20% due to larger discrete items realized in 2025, with quarter-over-quarter variability due to the timing of certain discrete items.
We remain confident in our ability to achieve our 2025 financial outlook and will continue to successfully execute our strategic objectives and operational excellence efforts. We believe we are well-positioned to deliver strong returns while creating sustainable, long-term value for our shareholders.
Note: We are unable to provide a quantitative reconciliation of the forward-looking 2025 financial outlook for the Non-GAAP financial measures above, to their most directly comparable forward-looking GAAP measures, as we cannot reliably predict all of the necessary components of such forward-looking GAAP measures without unreasonable effort.
CONSOLIDATED RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
The following discussion provides commentary on the variances in our results of operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, compared with the same periods in the prior year, as presented in the accompanying tables. This discussion should be read in conjunction with the discussion under “Business Environment” above.
Table 1: Summary of Our Financial Performance

| Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2025 |  | 2024 |  | $ Change |  | % Change |  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  | $ Change |  | % Change
(Millions, except per share amounts and percentages) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total net interest and non-interest income | $ | 971 |  |  | $ | 983 |  |  | (12) |  |  | (1) |  |  | $ | 2,870 |  |  | $ | 2,913 |  |  | (43) |  |  | (1) |
Provision for credit losses | 299 |  |  | 369 |  |  | (70) |  |  | (19) |  |  | 869 |  |  | 980 |  |  | (111) |  |  | (11) |
Total non-interest expenses | 476 |  |  | 574 |  |  | (98) |  |  | (17) |  |  | 1,433 |  |  | 1,525 |  |  | (92) |  |  | (6) |
Income from continuing operations before income taxes | 196 |  |  | 40 |  |  | 156 |  |  | 395 |  |  | 568 |  |  | 408 |  |  | 160 |  |  | 39 |
Provision for income taxes | 8 |  |  | 37 |  |  | (29) |  |  | (77) |  |  | 100 |  |  | 136 |  |  | (36) |  |  | (27) |
Income from continuing operations | 188 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 185 |  |  | nm |  | 468 |  |  | 272 |  |  | 196 |  |  | 72 |
Loss from discontinued operations, net of income taxes (1) | — |  |  | (1) |  |  | 1 |  |  | (83) |  |  | (4) |  |  | (2) |  |  | (2) |  |  | 112 |
Net income | 188 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 186 |  |  | nm |  | 464 |  |  | 270 |  |  | 194 |  |  | 72 |
Adjusted net income (2) | 191 |  |  | 93 |  |  | 98 |  |  | 105 |  |  | 479 |  |  | 368 |  |  | 111 |  |  | 30 |
Net income per diluted share | $ | 3.96 |  |  | $ | 0.05 |  |  | 3.91 |  |  | nm |  | $ | 9.65 |  |  | $ | 5.37 |  |  | 4.28 |  |  | 80 |
Adjusted net income per diluted share (2) | $ | 4.02 |  |  | $ | 1.83 |  |  | 2.19 |  |  | 120 |  |  | $ | 9.96 |  |  | $ | 7.32 |  |  | 2.64 |  |  | 36 |
Income from continuing operations per diluted share | $ | 3.96 |  |  | $ | 0.06 |  |  | 3.90 |  |  | nm |  | $ | 9.74 |  |  | $ | 5.40 |  |  | 4.34 |  |  | 80 |
Adjusted income from continuing operations per diluted share (2) | $ | 4.02 |  |  | $ | 1.84 |  |  | 2.18 |  |  | 119 |  |  | $ | 10.05 |  |  | $ | 7.35 |  |  | 2.70 |  |  | 37 |
Net interest margin (3) | 18.8 | % |  | 18.8 | % |  |  |  | — |  |  | 18.2 | % |  | 18.5 | % |  |  |  | (0.3) |
Return on average tangible common equity (4) | 28.6 | % |  | 0.5 | % |  |  |  | 28.1 |  |  | 24.8 | % |  | 14.8 | % |  |  |  | 10.0 |
Effective income tax rate — continuing operations | 4.3 | % |  | 92.2 | % |  |  |  | (87.9) |  |  | 17.5 | % |  | 33.4 | % |  |  |  | (15.9) |

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(1)Includes amounts that related to the previously disclosed discontinued operations associated with the spinoff of our former LoyaltyOne segment in 2021 and the sale of our former Epsilon segment in 2019. For additional information, refer to Note 1, “Description of Business, Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” to the unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements.
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(2)Adjusted for the impacts from our repurchased debt, and therefore represent Non-GAAP financial measures. See “Non-GAAP Financial Measures” and Table 6: Reconciliation of GAAP to Non-GAAP Financial Measures.
(3)Net interest margin represents annualized Net interest income divided by average Total interest-earning assets. See also Table 5: Net Interest Margin.
(4)Return on average tangible common equity (ROTCE) represents annualized Income from continuing operations divided by average Tangible common equity. Tangible common equity (TCE) represents Total stockholders' equity reduced by Goodwill and intangible assets, net. ROTCE is a Non-GAAP financial measure. See “Non-GAAP Financial Measures” and Table 6: Reconciliation of GAAP to Non-GAAP Financial Measures.
(nm) Not meaningful, denoting a variance of 1,000 percent or more.
Table 2: Summary of Total Net Interest and Non-interest Income, After Provision for Credit Losses

| Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2025 |  | 2024 |  | $ Change |  | % Change |  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  | $ Change |  | % Change
(Millions, except percentages) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest income |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest and fees on loans | $ | 1,198 |  |  | $ | 1,224 |  |  | (26) |  |  | (2) |  |  | $ | 3,531 |  |  | $ | 3,645 |  |  | (114) |  |  | (3) |
Interest on cash and investment securities | 44 |  |  | 53 |  |  | (9) |  |  | (18) |  |  | 135 |  |  | 161 |  |  | (26) |  |  | (16) |
Total interest income | 1,242 |  |  | 1,277 |  |  | (35) |  |  | (3) |  |  | 3,666 |  |  | 3,806 |  |  | (140) |  |  | (4) |
Interest expense |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest on deposits | 139 |  |  | 153 |  |  | (14) |  |  | (9) |  |  | 417 |  |  | 461 |  |  | (44) |  |  | (10) |
Interest on borrowings | 71 |  |  | 87 |  |  | (16) |  |  | (18) |  |  | 238 |  |  | 268 |  |  | (30) |  |  | (11) |
Total interest expense | 210 |  |  | 240 |  |  | (30) |  |  | (12) |  |  | 655 |  |  | 729 |  |  | (74) |  |  | (10) |
Net interest income | 1,032 |  |  | 1,037 |  |  | (5) |  |  | (1) |  |  | 3,011 |  |  | 3,077 |  |  | (66) |  |  | (2) |
Non-interest income |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interchange revenue, net of retailer share arrangements | (111) |  |  | (95) |  |  | (16) |  |  | 17 |  |  | (289) |  |  | (272) |  |  | (17) |  |  | 6 |
Gain on portfolio sale | — |  |  | 4 |  |  | (4) |  |  | (100) |  |  | 3 |  |  | 9 |  |  | (6) |  |  | (68) |
Other | 50 |  |  | 37 |  |  | 13 |  |  | 37 |  |  | 145 |  |  | 99 |  |  | 46 |  |  | 47 |
Total non-interest income | (61) |  |  | (54) |  |  | (7) |  |  | 14 |  |  | (141) |  |  | (164) |  |  | 23 |  |  | (14) |
Total net interest and non-interest income | 971 |  |  | 983 |  |  | (12) |  |  | (1) |  |  | 2,870 |  |  | 2,913 |  |  | (43) |  |  | (1) |
Provision for credit losses | 299 |  |  | 369 |  |  | (70) |  |  | (19) |  |  | 869 |  |  | 980 |  |  | (111) |  |  | (11) |
Total net interest and non-interest income, after provision for credit losses | $ | 672 |  |  | $ | 614 |  |  | 58 |  |  | 9 |  |  | $ | 2,001 |  |  | $ | 1,933 |  |  | 68 |  |  | 4 |

Total Net Interest and Non-interest Income, After Provision for Credit Losses
Interest income: Total interest income decreased for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, due to the following:
•Interest and fees on loans decreased due primarily to lower billed late fees and lower Average credit card and other loans balances, partially offset by lower reversals of finance charges and late fees, resulting from lower gross credit losses, and the ongoing implementation of pricing actions; collectively decreasing finance charge and late fee yields by approximately 39 basis points and 46 basis points, over the respective periods of comparison. Our lower delinquency volumes and the gradual shift in product mix to a lower proportion of private label accounts, which tend to have higher billed late fees, have resulted in lower overall billed late fees.
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•Interest on cash and investment securities decreased due to lower average interest rates which decreased interest income by $9 million and $31 million, over the respective periods of comparison, partially offset during the nine month period by higher average balances, which increased interest income by $5 million.
Interest expense: Total interest expense decreased for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, due to the following:
•Interest on deposits decreased due to lower average interest rates which decreased interest expense by $21 million and $46 million, over the respective periods of comparison, partially offset by higher average wholesale deposit balances which increased funding costs by $7 million and $2 million over those same respective periods.
•Interest on borrowings decreased due to lower average borrowings which decreased funding costs by $14 million and $11 million, over the respective periods of comparison, and due to lower average interest rates which decreased funding costs by $2 million and $19 million over those same respective periods.
Non-interest income: Total non-interest income decreased for the three months ended September 30, 2025, and increased for the nine months ended September 30, 2025, due to the following:
•Interchange revenue, net of retailer share arrangements, typically a contra-revenue item for us, increased during the three and nine month periods due to an increase in costs associated with brand partner retailer share arrangements along with a decrease in merchant discount fees due to lower “big ticket” credit sales.
•Other increased during the three and nine month periods due primarily to our implemented pricing actions, including paper statement fees, which we began assessing in the second quarter of 2024.
Provision for credit losses decreased for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025. For the three month period, the decrease was driven by a $28 million reserve release and net principal losses of $327 million, compared with a $22 million reserve build and net principal losses of $347 million in the prior year period. For the nine month period, the decrease was driven by a $171 million reserve release and net principal losses of $1,040 million, compared with a $142 million reserve release and net principal losses of $1,122 million in the prior year period. Our reserve rate was 11.7% as of September 30, 2025, reflecting our improving credit metrics and higher-quality new account acquisitions. We continue to maintain appropriately prudent weightings on the economic scenarios in our credit reserve modeling to ensure the adequacy of our Allowance for credit losses given the wide range of potential macroeconomic outcomes.
Table 3: Summary of Total Non-interest Expenses

| Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2025 |  | 2024 |  | $ Change |  | % Change |  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  | $ Change |  | % Change
(Millions, except percentages) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Non-interest expenses |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Employee compensation and benefits | $ | 222 |  |  | $ | 228 |  |  | (6) |  |  | (3) |  |  | $ | 648 |  |  | $ | 655 |  |  | (7) |  |  | (1) |
Card and processing expenses | 81 |  |  | 77 |  |  | 4 |  |  | 5 |  |  | 244 |  |  | 241 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 1 |
Information processing and communication | 72 |  |  | 73 |  |  | (1) |  |  | (1) |  |  | 230 |  |  | 220 |  |  | 10 |  |  | 5 |
Marketing expenses | 38 |  |  | 38 |  |  | — |  |  | (1) |  |  | 106 |  |  | 99 |  |  | 7 |  |  | 7 |
Depreciation and amortization | 20 |  |  | 22 |  |  | (2) |  |  | (9) |  |  | 61 |  |  | 68 |  |  | (7) |  |  | (10) |
Other | 43 |  |  | 136 |  |  | (93) |  |  | (68) |  |  | 144 |  |  | 242 |  |  | (98) |  |  | (41) |
Total non-interest expenses | $ | 476 |  |  | $ | 574 |  |  | (98) |  |  | (17) |  |  | $ | 1,433 |  |  | $ | 1,525 |  |  | (92) |  |  | (6) |
Adjusted total non-interest expenses (1) | 473 |  |  | 478 |  |  | (5) |  |  | (1) |  |  | 1,414 |  |  | 1,420 |  |  | (6) |  |  | — |

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(1)Adjusts Total non-interest expenses for the impacts from our repurchased debt, representing $3 million and $96 million for the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, and $19 million and $105 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively, and therefore represent Non-GAAP financial measures. See “Non-GAAP Financial Measures” and Table 6:
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Reconciliation of GAAP to Non-GAAP Financial Measures.
Total Non-interest Expenses
Non-interest expenses: Total non-interest expenses decreased for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025. Adjusted total non-interest expenses, which represents a Non-GAAP financial measure and has been adjusted for the impacts from our repurchased debt, also decreased over those same periods.
•Employee compensation and benefits decreased during the three and nine month periods due primarily to strategic adjustments in customer care staffing in the prior year.
•Card and processing expenses increased during the three and nine month periods due to higher network fees driven by our gradual shift in product mix.
•Information processing and communication was essentially flat during the three month period, and increased during the nine month period due to elevated software license renewal costs.
•Marketing expenses remained flat during the three month period, and increased during the nine month period due primarily to incremental investments associated with our brand partner joint marketing campaigns.
•Depreciation and amortization decreased due to lower amortization related to both capitalized software and premiums on historical credit card loan portfolio acquisitions.
•Other decreased during the three and nine month periods due primarily to the prior year impact from our repurchased debt.
Income Taxes
The Provision for income taxes decreased for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025. The effective tax rate w as 4.3% and 92.2% for the three-month periods ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively, and 17.5% and 33.4% for the nine-month periods ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. Both the decreases in the Provis ion for income taxes and in the effective tax rates over the periods of comparison were driven by a discrete tax benefit in the current year period and larger nondeductible items in the prior year period.
On July 4, 2025, President Trump signed into law “The One Big Beautiful Bill Act” (the Bill). The Bill reinstates several provisions of the 2017 Tax Cuts and Jobs Act for businesses. We do not expect the Bill to have a significant impact on our financial position, results of operations or cash flows, nor do we expect significant changes to operational processes, controls or governance as a result of the Bill.
Discontinued Operations
The Loss from discontinued operations, net of income taxes includes amounts that relate to the previously disclosed discontinued operations associated with the spinoff of our former LoyaltyOne segment in 2021 and the sale of our former Epsilon segment in 2019, and primarily relates to contractual indemnification and tax-related matters. For additional information refer to Note 22, “Discontinued Operations and Bank Holding Company Financial Presentation” to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021.
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Table 4: Summary Financial Highlights – Continuing Operations

| As of or for the three months ended September 30, |  | As of or for the nine months ended September 30,
| 2025 |  | 2024 |  | % Change |  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  | % Change
(Millions, except per share amounts and percentages) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Credit sales | $ | 6,787 |  | $ | 6,464 |  | 5 |  |  | $ | 19,707 |  | $ | 19,064 |  | 3 |
PPNR (1) | 495 |  | 409 |  | 21 |  |  | 1,437 |  | 1,388 |  | 3 |
PPNR excluding any gain on portfolio sale and impacts from repurchased debt (1) | 498 |  | 501 |  | — |  |  | 1,453 |  | 1,484 |  | (2) |
Average credit card and other loans | 17,596 |  | 17,766 |  | (1) |  |  | 17,813 |  | 18,060 |  | (1) |
End-of-period credit card and other loans | 17,655 |  | 17,933 |  | (2) |  |  | 17,655 |  | 17,933 |  | (2) |
End-of-period direct-to-consumer (retail) deposits | $ | 8,188 |  | $ | 7,483 |  | 9 |  |  | 8,188 |  | 7,483 |  | 9 |
Return on average assets (2) | 3.4 | % |  | 0.1 | % |  | 3.3 |  |  | 2.8 | % |  | 1.6 | % |  | 1.2 |
Return on average equity (3) | 22.4 | % |  | 0.4 | % |  | 22.0 |  |  | 19.2 | % |  | 11.3 | % |  | 7.9 |
Return on average tangible common equity (4) | 28.6 | % |  | 0.5 | % |  | 28.1 |  |  | 24.8 | % |  | 14.8 | % |  | 10.0 |
Net interest margin (5) | 18.8 | % |  | 18.8 | % |  | — |  |  | 18.2 | % |  | 18.5 | % |  | (0.3) |
Loan yield (6) | 27.0 | % |  | 27.4 | % |  | (0.4) |  |  | 26.5 | % |  | 27.0 | % |  | (0.5) |
Efficiency ratio (7) | 49.0 | % |  | 58.4 | % |  | (9.4) |  |  | 49.9 | % |  | 52.3 | % |  | (2.4) |
Adjusted efficiency ratio (7) | 48.7 | % |  | 48.9 | % |  | (0.2) |  |  | 49.3 | % |  | 48.9 | % |  | 0.4 |
Common equity tier 1 capital ratio (8) | 14.0 | % |  | 13.3 | % |  | 0.7 |  |  | 14.0 | % |  | 13.3 | % |  | 0.7 |
Tangible book value per common share (9) | $ | 56.36 |  | $ | 47.48 |  | 19 |  |  | $ | 56.36 |  | $ | 47.48 |  | 19 |
Payment rate (10) | 14.9 | % |  | 14.4 | % |  | 0.5 |  |  | 14.9 | % |  | 14.5 | % |  | 0.4 |
Delinquency rate (11) | 6.0 | % |  | 6.4 | % |  | (0.4) |  |  | 6.0 | % |  | 6.4 | % |  | (0.4) |
Net loss rate (12) | 7.4 | % |  | 7.8 | % |  | (0.4) |  |  | 7.8 | % |  | 8.3 | % |  | (0.5) |
Reserve rate (13) | 11.7 | % |  | 12.2 | % |  | (0.5) |  |  | 11.7 | % |  | 12.2 | % |  | (0.5) |

__________________________________
(1)PPNR represents Income from continuing operations before income taxes and the Provision for credit losses. PPNR is a Non-GAAP financial measure. PPNR excluding any gain on portfolio sale and impacts from repurchased debt excludes from PPNR the gain on any portfolio sale in the period, as well as the impacts from our repurchased debt in the period, and is also a Non-GAAP financial measure. See “Non-GAAP Financial Measures” and Table 6: Reconciliation of GAAP to Non-GAAP Financial Measures.
(2)Return on average assets represents annualized Income from continuing operations divided by average Total assets.
(3)Return on average equity represents annualized Income from continuing operations divided by average Total stockholders’ equity.
(4)Return on average tangible common equity (ROTCE) represents annualized Income from continuing operations divided by average Tangible common equity. Tangible common equity (TCE) represents Total stockholders' equity reduced by Goodwill and intangible assets, net. ROTCE is a Non-GAAP financial measure. See “Non-GAAP Financial Measures” and Table 6: Reconciliation of GAAP to Non-GAAP Financial Measures.
(5)Net interest margin represents annualized Net interest income divided by average Total interest-earning assets. See also Table 5: Net Interest Margin.
(6)Loan yield represents annualized Interest and fees on loans divided by Average credit card and other loans.
(7)Efficiency ratio represents Total non-interest expenses divided by Total net interest and non-interest income. Adjusted efficiency ratio excludes any gain on portfolio sale and impacts from repurchased debt.
(8)Common equity tier 1 capital ratio represents tier 1 capital divided by total risk-weighted assets. In the calculation of tier 1 capital, we follow the Basel III Standardized Approach and therefore Total stockholders' equity has been reduced, primarily by Goodwill and intangible assets, net. For additional information, see “Legislative, Regulatory Matters and Capital Adequacy” included elsewhere in this report.
(9)Tangible book value per common share represents TCE divided by shares outstanding and is a Non-GAAP financial measure. See “Non-GAAP Financial Measures” and Table 6: Reconciliation of GAAP to Non-GAAP Financial Measures.
(10)Payment rate represents consumer payments during the period, divided by the aggregate of the opening monthly Credit card and other loans balances during the period, including held for sale in applicable periods.
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(11)Delinquency rate represents outstanding balances that are contractually delinquent (i.e., principal balances greater than 30 days past due) as of the end of the period, divided by the outstanding principal amount of Credit card and other loans as of the same period-end.
(12)Net loss rate, an annualized rate, represents net principal losses for the period divided by Average credit card and other loans for the same period, using an average daily balance calculation methodology.
(13)Reserve rate represents the Allowance for credit losses divided by End-of-period credit card and other loans.
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Table 5: Net Interest Margin

| Three Months Ended September 30, 2025 |  | Three Months Ended September 30, 2024
| Average Balance |  | Interest Income / Expense |  | Average Yield / Rate |  | Average Balance |  | Interest Income / Expense |  | Average Yield / Rate
(Millions, except percentages) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and investment securities | $ | 4,173 |  |  | $ | 44 |  |  | 4.18 | % |  | $ | 4,208 |  |  | $ | 53 |  |  | 5.07 | %
Credit card and other loans | 17,596 |  |  | 1,198 |  |  | 27.01 | % |  | 17,766 |  |  | 1,224 |  |  | 27.40 | %
Total interest-earning assets | 21,769 |  |  | 1,242 |  |  | 22.64 | % |  | 21,974 |  |  | 1,277 |  |  | 23.12 | %
Direct-to-consumer (retail) deposits | 8,139 |  |  | 86 |  |  | 4.23 | % |  | 7,293 |  |  | 91 |  |  | 4.95 | %
Wholesale deposits | 5,296 |  |  | 53 |  |  | 3.94 | % |  | 5,556 |  |  | 62 |  |  | 4.47 | %
Interest-bearing deposits | 13,435 |  |  | 139 |  |  | 4.11 | % |  | 12,849 |  |  | 153 |  |  | 4.74 | %
Secured borrowings | 2,872 |  |  | 43 |  |  | 5.88 | % |  | 3,477 |  |  | 57 |  |  | 6.54 | %
Unsecured borrowings | 1,129 |  |  | 28 |  |  | 9.92 | % |  | 1,282 |  |  | 30 |  |  | 9.19 | %
Interest-bearing borrowings | 4,001 |  |  | 71 |  |  | 7.02 | % |  | 4,759 |  |  | 87 |  |  | 7.26 | %
Total interest-bearing liabilities | $ | 17,436 |  |  | $ | 210 |  |  | 4.78 | % |  | $ | 17,608 |  |  | $ | 240 |  |  | 5.42 | %
Net interest income |  |  | $ | 1,032 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,037 |  |  |
Net interest margin (1) |  |  | 18.8 | % |  |  |  |  |  | 18.8 | % |  |

| Nine Months Ended September 30, 2025 |  | Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024
| Average Balance |  | Interest Income / Expense |  | Average Yield / Rate |  | Average Balance |  | Interest Income / Expense |  | Average Yield / Rate
(Millions, except percentages) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and investment securities | $ | 4,322 |  |  | $ | 135 |  |  | 4.17 | % |  | $ | 4,174 |  |  | $ | 161 |  |  | 5.13 | %
Credit card and other loans | 17,813 |  |  | 3,531 |  |  | 26.50 | % |  | 18,060 |  |  | 3,645 |  |  | 26.96 | %
Total interest-earning assets | 22,135 |  |  | 3,666 |  |  | 22.14 | % |  | 22,234 |  |  | 3,806 |  |  | 22.86 | %
Direct-to-consumer (retail) deposits | 7,994 |  |  | 262 |  |  | 4.38 | % |  | 7,042 |  |  | 259 |  |  | 4.91 | %
Wholesale deposits | 5,228 |  |  | 155 |  |  | 3.96 | % |  | 6,116 |  |  | 202 |  |  | 4.41 | %
Interest-bearing deposits | 13,222 |  |  | 417 |  |  | 4.21 | % |  | 13,158 |  |  | 461 |  |  | 4.68 | %
Secured borrowings | 3,481 |  |  | 152 |  |  | 5.84 | % |  | 3,522 |  |  | 178 |  |  | 6.76 | %
Unsecured borrowings | 1,159 |  |  | 86 |  |  | 9.92 | % |  | 1,317 |  |  | 90 |  |  | 9.13 | %
Interest-bearing borrowings | 4,640 |  |  | 238 |  |  | 6.86 | % |  | 4,839 |  |  | 268 |  |  | 7.41 | %
Total interest-bearing liabilities | $ | 17,862 |  |  | $ | 655 |  |  | 4.90 | % |  | $ | 17,997 |  |  | $ | 729 |  |  | 5.41 | %
Net interest income |  |  | $ | 3,011 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 3,077 |  |  |
Net interest margin (1) |  |  | 18.2 | % |  |  |  |  |  | 18.5 | % |  |

______________________________
(1)Net interest margin represents annualized Net interest income divided by average Total interest-earning assets.
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Table 6: Reconciliation of GAAP to Non-GAAP Financial Measures

| As of or for the three months ended September 30, |  | As of or for the nine months ended September 30,
| 2025 |  | 2024 |  | % Change |  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  | % Change
(Millions, except per share amounts and percentages) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Adjusted net income |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income | 188 |  |  | 2 |  |  | nm |  | 464 |  |  | 270 |  |  | 72 |
Impacts from repurchased debt | 3 |  |  | 91 |  |  | (97) |  |  | 15 |  |  | 98 |  |  | (85) |
Adjusted net income | $ | 191 |  |  | $ | 93 |  |  | 105 |  |  | $ | 479 |  |  | $ | 368 |  |  | 30 |
Adjusted net income per diluted share |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income per diluted share | $ | 3.96 |  |  | $ | 0.05 |  |  | nm |  | $ | 9.65 |  |  | $ | 5.37 |  |  | 80 |
Impacts from repurchased debt | $ | 0.06 |  |  | $ | 1.78 |  |  | (97) |  |  | $ | 0.31 |  |  | $ | 1.95 |  |  | (84) |
Adjusted net income per diluted share | $ | 4.02 |  |  | $ | 1.83 |  |  | 120 |  |  | $ | 9.96 |  |  | $ | 7.32 |  |  | 36 |
Adjusted income from continuing operations per diluted share |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Income from continuing operations per diluted share | $ | 3.96 |  |  | $ | 0.06 |  |  | nm |  | $ | 9.74 |  |  | $ | 5.40 |  |  | 80 |
Impacts from repurchased debt | $ | 0.06 |  |  | $ | 1.78 |  |  | (97) |  |  | $ | 0.31 |  |  | $ | 1.95 |  |  | (84) |
Adjusted income from continuing operations per diluted share | $ | 4.02 |  |  | $ | 1.84 |  |  | 119 |  |  | $ | 10.05 |  |  | $ | 7.35 |  |  | 37 |
Adjusted total non-interest expenses |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total non-interest expenses | $ | 476 |  |  | $ | 574 |  |  | (17) |  |  | $ | 1,433 |  |  | $ | 1,525 |  |  | (6) |
Impacts from repurchased debt | 3 |  |  | 96 |  |  | (96) |  |  | 19 |  |  | 105 |  |  | (82) |
Adjusted total non-interest expenses | 473 |  |  | 478 |  |  | (1) |  |  | 1,414 |  |  | 1,420 |  |  | — |
Pretax pre-provision earnings (PPNR) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Income from continuing operations before income taxes | $ | 196 |  |  | $ | 40 |  |  | 395 |  |  | $ | 568 |  |  | $ | 408 |  |  | 39 |
Provision for credit losses | 299 |  |  | 369 |  |  | (19) |  |  | 869 |  |  | 980 |  |  | (11) |
Pretax pre-provision earnings (PPNR) | 495 |  |  | 409 |  |  | 21 |  |  | 1,437 |  |  | 1,388 |  |  | 3 |
Less: Gain on portfolio sale | — |  |  | (4) |  |  | (100) |  |  | (3) |  |  | (9) |  |  | (68) |
Add: Impacts from repurchased debt | 3 |  |  | 96 |  |  | (96) |  |  | 19 |  |  | 105 |  |  | (82) |
PPNR excluding any gain on portfolio sale and impacts from repurchased debt | 498 |  |  | 501 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,453 |  |  | 1,484 |  |  | (2) |
Average tangible common equity |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Average total stockholders’ equity | 3,335 |  |  | 3,314 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 3,255 |  |  | 3,213 |  |  | 1 |
Less: Average goodwill and intangible assets, net | (728) |  |  | (748) |  |  | (3) |  |  | (736) |  |  | (753) |  |  | (2) |
Average tangible common equity | 2,607 |  |  | 2,566 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 2,519 |  |  | 2,460 |  |  | 2 |
Tangible common equity (TCE) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total stockholders’ equity | 3,317 |  |  | 3,112 |  |  | 7 |  |  | 3,317 |  |  | 3,112 |  |  | 7 |
Less: Goodwill and intangible assets, net | (723) |  |  | (754) |  |  | (4) |  |  | (723) |  |  | (754) |  |  | (4) |
Tangible common equity (TCE) | $ | 2,594 |  |  | $ | 2,358 |  |  | 10 |  |  | 2,594 |  |  | 2,358 |  |  | 10 |

______________________________
(nm) Not meaningful, denoting a variance of 1,000 percent or more.
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ASSET QUALITY
Given the nature of our business, the credit quality of our assets, in particular our Credit card and other loans, is a key determinant underlying our ongoing financial performance and overall financial condition. When it comes to our Credit card and other loans portfolio, we closely monitor Delinquency rates and Net principal loss rates, which reflect, among other factors, our underwriting, the inherent credit risk in our portfolio and the success of our collection and recovery efforts. These rates also reflect, more broadly, the general macroeconomic conditions, including the compounding effect of persistent inflation relative to wage growth, and higher interest rates. Our Delinquency and Net principal loss rates are also impacted by the size of our Credit card and other loans portfolio, which serves as the denominator in the calculation of these rates. Accordingly, changes in the size of our portfolio (whether due to credit tightening, acquisitions or dispositions of portfolios, or otherwise) may cause movements in our Delinquency and Net principal loss rates that are not necessarily indicative of the underlying credit quality of the overall portfolio.
Delinquencies: An account is contractually delinquent if we do not receive the minimum payment due by the specified due date. Our policy is to continue to accrue interest and fee income on all accounts, except in limited circumstances, until the balance and all related interest and fees are paid or charged-off. After an account becomes 30 days past due, a proprietary collection scoring algorithm automatically scores the risk of the account becoming further delinquent; based upon the level of risk indicated, a collection strategy is deployed. If after exhausting all in-house collection efforts we are unable to collect on the account, we may engage collection agencies or outside attorneys to continue those efforts, or sell the charged-off balances.
The Delinquency rate is calculated by dividing outstanding principal balances that are contractually delinquent (i.e., principal balances greater than 30 days past due) as of the end of the period, by the outstanding principal amount of Credit card and other loans as of the same period-end.
The following table provides the delinquency trends on our Credit card and other loans portfolio based on the principal balances outstanding as of the dates presented:
Table 7: Delinquency Trends on Credit Card and Other Loans

| September 30, 2025 |  | % of Total |  | December 31, 2024 |  | % of Total
(Millions, except percentages) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Credit card and other loans outstanding ─ principal | $ | 15,928 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 17,418 |  |  | 100.0 | %
Outstanding balances contractually delinquent: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
31 to 60 days | 287 |  |  | 1.8 | % |  | 299 |  |  | 1.7 | %
61 to 90 days | 214 |  |  | 1.3 | % |  | 223 |  |  | 1.3 | %
91 or more days | 462 |  |  | 2.9 | % |  | 512 |  |  | 2.9 | %
Total | $ | 963 |  |  | 6.0 | % |  | $ | 1,034 |  |  | 5.9 | %

As part of our collections strategy, we may offer temporary and short term programs in order to improve the likelihood of collections and meet the needs of our customers. For example, as a result of hurricanes Helene and Milton in September and October of 2024, respectively, we froze delinquency progression for cardholders in Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) identified impact zones for one billing cycle. Our modifications, for customers who have requested assistance and meet certain qualifying requirements, come in the form of reduced payment requirements, interest rate reductions and late fee waivers. We do not offer programs involving the forgiveness of principal. These temporary loan modifications may assist in cases where we believe the customer will recover from the short-term hardship and resume scheduled payments. Under these consumer relief programs, those accounts receiving relief may not advance to the next delinquency cycle, including charge-off, in the same time frame that would have occurred had the relief not been granted. We evaluate our consumer relief programs to determine if they represent a more than insignificant delay in payment granted to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty, in which case they would then be considered a Loan Modification. For additional information, see Note 2 “Credit Card and Other Loans – Modified Credit Card Loans” to our unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements.
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Net Principal Losses: Our net principal losses include the principal amount of Credit card and other loans that are deemed uncollectible, less recoveries, and exclude charged-off interest, fees and third-party fraud losses (including synthetic fraud). Charged-off interest and fees reduce Interest and fees on loans, while third-party fraud losses are recorded in Card and processing expenses. Our credit card loans, including unpaid interest and fees, are generally charged-off in the month during which an account becomes 180 days past due. Our pay-over-time products, which include installment loans and “split-pay” offerings, including unpaid interest, are generally charged-off when a loan becomes 120 days past due. However, in the case of a customer bankruptcy or death, Credit card and other loans, including unpaid interest and fees, as applicable, are charged-off 60 days after receipt of the notification of the bankruptcy or death, but in any case no later than 180 days past due for credit card loans and 120 days past due for installment loans and “split-pay” offerings.
The Net principal loss rate is calculated by dividing net principal losses for the period by the Average credit card and other loans for the same period, using an average daily balance calculation methodology. The following table provides our net principal losses for the periods presented:
Table 8: Net Principal Losses on Credit Card and Other Loans

| Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 |  | 2024
(Millions, except percentages) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Average credit card and other loans | $ | 17,596 |  |  | $ | 17,766 |  |  | $ | 17,813 |  |  | $ | 18,060 |
Net principal losses (1) | 327 |  |  | 347 |  |  | 1,040 |  |  | 1,122 |
Net principal losses as a percentage of average credit card and other loans (1) | 7.4 | % |  | 7.8 | % |  | 7.8 | % |  | 8.3 | %

______________________________
(1)As a result of hurricanes Helene and Milton we froze delinquency progression for cardholders in FEMA identified impact zones for one billing cycle, which resulted in modestly lower Net principal losses and Net principal losses as a percentage of average credit card and other loans in the fourth quarter of 2024, and consequently these actions negatively impacted Net principal losses and Net principal losses as a percentage of average credit card and other loans in the second quarter of 2025, which has been included in the nine months ended September 30, 2025.
CONSOLIDATED LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES
Overview
We maintain a strong focus on liquidity and capital. Our funding, liquidity and capital policies are designed to ensure that our business has sufficient liquidity and capital resources necessary to support our daily operations, our business growth, and our credit ratings related to our Parent Company’s senior unsecured notes, subordinated notes and our public secured financings, and meet our regulatory and policy requirements, including capital and leverage ratio requirements applicable to Comenity Bank (CB) and Comenity Capital Bank (CCB) under Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) regulations, in a cost effective and prudent manner through both expected and unexpected market environments.
Our primary sources of liquidity include cash generated from operating activities, our bank credit facility, issuances of senior unsecured, subordinated or convertible debt securities by our Parent Company, financings through our securitization programs, and deposits with the Banks. More broadly, we continuously evaluate opportunities to renew and expand our various sources of liquidity, including through issuances of preferred stock by our Parent Company. We aim to satisfy our financing needs with a diverse set of funding sources, and we seek to maintain diversity of funding sources by type of instrument, by tenor and by investor base, among other factors, which we believe will mitigate the impact of disruptions in any one type of instrument, tenor or investor.
Our primary uses of liquidity are for underwriting Credit card and other loans, scheduled payments of principal and interest on our debt, operational expenses, capital expenditures, including digital and product innovation and technology enhancements, repurchases of equity and debt securities and payment of dividends.
We may from time to time retire or repurchase our outstanding debt, including our senior unsecured notes, subordinated notes or convertible notes, through redemptions, cash purchases or exchanges for other securities, in open market
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purchases, tender offers, privately negotiated transactions or otherwise. Such repurchases or exchanges would depend on prevailing market conditions, our liquidity requirements, contractual restrictions and other factors, and may be funded through cash on hand, borrowings under our revolving credit facility, the issuance of debt or convertible debt securities or other sources of liquidity. The amounts involved may be material.
We will also need additional financing in the future to repay or refinance our existing debt at or prior to maturity, and to fund our growth, which may include the issuance of additional debt, equity or convertible securities, or engaging in other capital markets or financing transactions. Also as part of our financing strategy and capital structure optimization, in March 2025 we issued Subordinated Notes, and in the future we may seek to further optimize our capital structure through issuances of preferred stock. Given the maturities of certain of our outstanding debt instruments and the macroeconomic outlook, it is possible that we will be required to repay, extend or refinance some or all of our maturing debt in volatile and/or unfavorable markets.
Because of the alternatives available to us, as discussed above, we believe our short-term and long-term sources of liquidity are adequate to fund not only our current operations, but also our near-term and long-term funding requirements including dividend payments, debt service obligations and repayment of debt maturities and other amounts that may ultimately be paid in connection with contingencies. However, the adequacy of our liquidity could be impacted by various factors, including pending or future legislation, regulation or litigation, macroeconomic conditions and volatility in the financial and capital markets, limiting our access to or increasing our cost of capital, which could make capital unavailable, or available but on terms that are unfavorable to us. These factors could significantly reduce our financial flexibility and cause us to contract or not grow our business, which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition.
We have a robust liquidity risk management framework in place which includes ongoing monitoring of our liquidity and funding positions against our risk appetite metrics and key risk indicators. During times where there may be potential risks from adverse developments in the banking industry and/or increased financial sector volatility, we may invoke our contingency funding plans to enhance daily monitoring of our liquidity and funding positions, determine potential mitigating actions if necessary and provide enhanced reporting to our Boards of Directors, at both the Bread Financial and Bank-levels, and regulators.
We maintain a significant majority of our liquidity portfolio on deposit within the Federal Reserve banking system, and we also have a small investment securities portfolio, classified as available-for-sale, which we hold in relation to the Community Reinvestment Act. We do not have any investment securities classified as held-to-maturity.
Credit Ratings
We obtain credit ratings for our Parent Company from the major credit rating agencies, Moody’s Investor Services (Moody’s), Standard & Poor’s (S&P) and Fitch Ratings (Fitch), in order to facilitate debt financings and broaden the investor base for our Parent Company debt securities.
Our management approach is designed, among other things, to maintain appropriate and stable Parent Company senior unsecured and subordinated debt ratings from the credit rating agencies which help support our access to cost-effective unsecured funding as a component of our overall liquidity and capital resources.
In October 2025 all three credit rating agencies refreshed their credit ratings and their related outlooks. Both Moody’s and Fitch upgraded their credit ratings. Moody’s also retained their “Positive” outlook, Fitch changed their outlook from “Positive” to “Stable” in conjunction with their credit ratings upgrade, and S&P changed their outlook from “Stable” to “Positive”. The table below provides a summary of the credit ratings for the senior unsecured and subordinated long-term debt of Bread Financial Holdings, Inc. as of the dates presented:
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| September 30, 2025 |  | October 24, 2025
Bread Financial Holdings, Inc. | Moody’s |  | S&P |  | Fitch |  | Moody’s |  | S&P |  | Fitch
Senior unsecured debt | Ba3 |  | BB- |  | BB- |  | Ba2 |  | BB- |  | BB
Subordinated debt | Ba3 |  | B |  | B |  | Ba2 |  | B |  | B+
Outlook | Positive |  | Stable |  | Positive |  | Positive |  | Positive |  | Stable

We also seek to maintain appropriate and stable credit ratings for our credit card securitizations issued through World Financial Network Credit Card Master Note Trust (WFNMNT) from the rating agencies (DBRS, S&P and Fitch). The table below provides a summary of the structured finance credit ratings for certain of the asset-backed securities, specifically the Class A notes of WFNMNT as of September 30, 2025:

WFNMNT | DBRS (1) |  | S&P |  | Fitch
Class A notes | AAA |  | AAA |  | AAA

______________________________
(1)Does not include our Series 2024-B public asset-backed-notes.
Credit ratings are not a recommendation to buy or hold any securities and they may be revised or revoked at any time at the sole discretion of the rating agency. Downgrades in the ratings of our unsecured or secured debt could result in higher funding costs, as well as reductions in our borrowing capacity in the unsecured or secured debt markets. We believe our mix of funding, including the proportion of our DTC and wholesale deposits, to total funding, reduces the impact that a credit rating downgrade could have on our funding costs and capacity.
Funding Sources
As referenced above, our primary sources of liquidity include cash generated from operating activities, our bank credit facility, issuances of senior unsecured, subordinated or convertible debt securities by our Parent Company, potential issuances of preferred stock by our Parent Company, financings through our securitization programs, and deposits with the Banks.
Throughout 2025, we engaged in a number of financing-related transactions, including closing on our offering of $400 million aggregate principal amount of 8.375% Fixed-Rate Reset Subordinated Notes due 2035 (the Subordinated Notes), and the redemption of the remaining $100 million in aggregate principal amount of our 7.000% Senior Notes due 2026 (Senior Notes due 2026). We also had repurchases of $10 million in aggregate principal amount of our 4.25% Convertible Senior Notes due 2028 (the Convertible Notes), the completion of a cash tender offer (the Tender Offer) to repurchase $150 million in aggregate principal amount of our 9.750% Senior Notes due 2029 (Senior Notes due 2029), and another cash tender offer (the Third Quarter Tender Offer) to repurchase $31 million in aggregate principal amount of our Senior Notes due 2029 and $0.1 million in aggregate principal amount of our Subordinated Notes, in each case utilizing cash on hand. Each of these transactions, as well as other matters relating to our liquidity and capital resources during the year, are described in more detail below.
Certain of our long-term debt agreements include various restrictive financial and non-financial covenants. If we do not comply with certain of these covenants and an event of default occurs and remains uncured, the maturity of amounts outstanding may be accelerated and become payable, and, with respect to our credit agreement, the associated commitments may be terminated. As of September 30, 2025, we were in compliance with all such covenants.
Credit Agreement
In October 2024, we entered into our amended credit agreement with Parent Company, as borrower, certain of our domestic subsidiaries, as guarantors, JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as administrative agent and lender, and various other financial institutions, as lenders, which provides for a $700 million senior unsecured revolving credit facility (the Revolving Credit Facility), which matures in October 2028. As of September 30, 2025, our Revolving Credit Facility was undrawn and all $700 million remained available for future borrowings.
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7.000% Senior Notes Due 2026 - Redemption
In January 2025, with cash on hand we redeemed the remaining $100 million in aggregate principal amount of our Senior Notes due 2026.
4.25% Convertible Senior Notes Due 2028 - Repurchases
In June 2023, we issued and sold $316 million aggregate principal amount of 4.25% Convertible Senior Notes due 2028. The Convertible Notes bear interest at an annual rate of 4.25%, payable semi-annually in arrears on June 15 and December 15 of each year. The Convertible Notes mature on June 15, 2028, unless earlier repurchased, redeemed or converted.
In connection with the issuance of the Convertible Notes, we entered into privately negotiated capped call (Capped Call) transactions with certain financial institution counterparties. These transactions are expected generally to reduce potential dilution to our common stock upon any conversion of Convertible Notes and/or offset any cash payments we are required to make in excess of the principal amount of the Convertible Notes, with such reduction and/or offset subject to a cap, based on the cap price.
For additional information on the June 2023 issuance, and subsequent repurchases during 2024, of our Convertible Notes, as well as our Capped Call transactions, see “Consolidated Liquidity and Capital Resources” under Part II of our 2024 Form 10-K.
In the first quarter of 2025, a holder of Convertible Notes approached us to repurchase Convertible Notes, and we entered into a privately-negotiated repurchase agreement with the holder, repurchasing $7 million in aggregate principal amount of outstanding Convertible Notes. The final purchase price, or settlement value, for the repurchase was $11 million, which was funded with cash on hand. In connection with the repurchase, we recognized a $2 million inducement expense in Other non-interest expenses representing the total settlement value, inclusive of transaction fees, in excess of the total conversion value (calculated in accordance with the indenture governing the Convertible Notes), as well as a $2 million reduction in Additional paid-in capital (APIC) related to the total conversion value paid in excess of the carrying value of the Convertible Notes repurchased and a deferred tax impact.
In the third quarter of 2025, we entered into privately-negotiated repurchase agreements with two additional holders of our Convertible Notes, repurchasing $3 million in aggregate principal amount of outstanding Convertible Notes. The final purchase price, or settlement value, for the repurchases was $5 million, which was funded with cash on hand. In connection with the repurchases, we recognized a $1 million inducement expense in Other non-interest expenses representing the total settlement value, inclusive of transaction fees, in excess of the total conversion value (calculated in accordance with the indenture governing the Convertible Notes), as well as a $2 million reduction in APIC related to the total conversion value paid in excess of the carrying value of the Convertible Notes repurchased and a deferred tax impact.
As of September 30, 2025, $0.1 million of Convertible Notes remained outstanding. We may, from time to time, seek to retire or repurchase our remaining outstanding Convertible Notes through cash purchases or exchanges for other securities, in open market purchases, tender offers, privately negotiated transactions or otherwise.
All of the Capped Call transactions continue to remain outstanding, notwithstanding repurchases of our Convertible Notes. Although we do not trade or speculate in derivatives, we may seek to opportunistically terminate the Capped Call transactions (in full or in part from time to time) or leave the Capped Call transactions outstanding, possibly until maturity, in any such case with the objective of optimizing the shareholder value we receive under these transactions.
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9.750% Senior Notes Due 2029 - Tender Offers and Repurchases
In June 2025, we completed the cash Tender Offer pursuant to which we repurchased $150 million in aggregate principal amount of our Senior Notes due 2029. The consideration paid in the Tender Offer for each $1,000 principal amount of the Senior Notes due 2029 was $1,071, plus accrued and unpaid interest. In connection with the repurchase, we recognized a $13 million loss on extinguishment in Other non-interest expenses representing the total settlement value, inclusive of transaction fees, in excess of the carrying value of the Senior Notes due 2029.
In August 2025, we completed the cash Third Quarter Tender Offer pursuant to which we repurchased $31 million in aggregate principal amount of our Senior Notes due 2029. The consideration paid in the Third Quarter Tender Offer for each $1,000 principal amount of the Senior Notes due 2029 was $1,070, plus accrued and unpaid interest. In connection with the repurchase, we recognized a $3 million loss on extinguishment in Other non-interest expenses representing the total settlement value, inclusive of transaction fees, in excess of the carrying value of the Senior Notes due 2029. Following the completion of these two tender offers, $719 million in the aggregate principal amount of our Senior Notes due 2029 remained outstanding as of September 30, 2025, and will mature in March 2029, subject to any earlier repurchase or redemption.
8.375% Subordinated Notes Due 2035 - Issuance, Tender Offer and Repurchase
In March 2025, we issued and sold $400 million in aggregate principal amount of the Subordinated Notes. The Subordinated Notes were issued pursuant to an indenture between the Company and U.S. Bank Trust Company, National Association, as trustee. The Subordinated Notes accrue interest on the outstanding principal amount (i) at a rate per annum equal to 8.375% from, and including, March 10, 2025, to, but excluding, June 15, 2030 (the Reset Date), and (ii) from, and including, the Reset Date to, but excluding, the maturity date at a rate per annum equal to the Five-Year U.S. Treasury Rate as of the date that is two business days prior to the Reset Date, plus 430 basis points. Interest on the Subordinated Notes is payable semiannually in arrears in June and December of each year. The Subordinated Notes will mature in June 2035, unless earlier repurchased or redeemed. As noted above, included in the cash Third Quarter Tender Offer was a repurchase of $0.1 million aggregate principal amount of the Subordinated Notes.
We used $250 million of the net proceeds from the Subordinated Notes offering to enter into a subordinated promissory note between Parent Company, as lender, and CCB, as borrower, on terms substantially the same as those of the Subordinated Notes. The subordinated promissory note is eliminated in consolidation.
Deposits
The Banks use a variety of deposit products to finance their operating activities, including funding for non-securitized credit card and other loans, and to fund their securitization enhancement requirements. The Banks offer DTC retail deposit products, including Individual Retirement Accounts, as well as deposits sourced through contractual arrangements with various financial counterparties (often referred to as wholesale deposits, and includes brokered deposits) and various non-maturity deposit products that are generally redeemable on demand by the customer, and as such have no scheduled maturity date. The Banks also issue certificates of deposit with scheduled maturity dates ranging between October 2025 and September 2030, in denominations of at least $1,000, on which interest is paid either monthly or at maturity. The following table summarizes these retail and wholesale deposit products by type and associated attributes as of the dates presented:
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Table 9: Interest-bearing Deposits

| September 30, 2025 |  | December 31, 2024
(Millions, except percentages) |  |  |
Deposits |  |  |
Direct-to-consumer (retail) | $ | 8,188 |  |  | $ | 7,687 |
Wholesale | 5,323 |  |  | 5,368 |
Total interest-bearing deposits | $ | 13,511 |  |  | $ | 13,055 |
Non-maturity deposit products |  |  |
Non-maturity deposits | $ | 7,437 |  |  | $ | 6,827 |
Interest rate range | 0.70% - 4.40% |  | 0.70% - 4.75%
Weighted-average interest rate | 3.96 | % |  | 4.16 | %
Certificates of deposit |  |  |
Certificates of deposit | $ | 6,074 |  |  | $ | 6,228 |
Interest rate range | 0.80% - 5.31% |  | 0.80% - 5.7%
Weighted-average interest rate | 4.19 | % |  | 4.64 | %

As of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, deposits that exceeded applicable FDIC insurance limits, which are generally $250,000 per depositor, per insured bank, per ownership category, were estimated to be $642 million (5% of Total deposits) and $574 million (4% of Total deposits), respectively. The measurement of estimated uninsured deposits aligns with regulatory guidelines.
Securitization Programs Including Conduit Facilities
We sell the majority of the credit card loans originated by the Banks to certain of our master trusts (the Trusts). These securitization programs are a principal vehicle through which we finance the Banks’ credit card loans. For this purpose, we use a combination of public term asset-backed notes and private conduit facilities (the Conduit Facilities) with a consortium of lenders, including domestic money center, regional and international banks. Both our public term asset-backed notes and borrowings under the Conduit Facilities are included in Debt issued by consolidated Variable Interest Entities (VIEs) in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The table below summarizes our conduit capacities, borrowings and maturities for the periods presented:
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Table 10: Conduit Borrowing Capacity Rollforward and Maturities

(Millions) |  | December 31, 2024 |  | Commitment |  | September 30, 2025 |  |
Conduit Facilities |  | Capacity |  | Drawn (6) |  | Change |  | Capacity |  | Drawn (6) |  | Maturity Date (7)
Comenity Bank |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
WFNMNT 2009-VFN (1) |  | $ | 2,650 |  |  | $ | 1,955 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,650 |  |  | $ | 1,088 |  |  | October 2025
WFNMT 2009-VFC1 (2) |  | — |  |  | 141 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Comenity Capital Bank |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
WFCMNT 2009-VFN (3) |  | 2,250 |  |  | 867 |  |  | (250) |  |  | 2,000 |  |  | 247 |  |  | February 2026
CCAST 2023-VFN1 (4) |  | 250 |  |  | 250 |  |  | (250) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
CCAST 2024-VFN1 (5) |  | 200 |  |  | — |  |  | (200) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total |  | $ | 5,350 |  |  | $ | 3,213 |  |  | $ | (700) |  |  | $ | 4,650 |  |  | $ | 1,335 |  |  |

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(1)2009-VFN Conduit issued under World Financial Network Credit Card Master Note Trust (WFNMNT). In October 2025, the 2009-VFN Conduit commitment was reduced by $900 million to $1.75 billion, and the Maturity Date was extended to October 2026.
(2)2009-VFC1 Conduit issued under World Financial Network Credit Card Master Trust III (WFNMT) was retired following controlled amortization, meaning the period in which principal collections are accumulated to pay down the outstanding principal amount of the notes issued under the Conduit Facility, in June 2025 pursuant to the termination, consent and waiver agreement.
(3)2009-VFN Conduit issued under World Financial Capital Master Note Trust (WFCMNT). In February 2025, the 2009-VFN Conduit commitment was reduced by $250 million to $2 billion, and the Maturity Date was extended to February 2026.
(4)2023-VFN1 Conduit issued under Comenity Capital Asset Securitization Trust (CCAST). The purchase commitment expired on September 29, 2025 and the 2023-VFN1 Conduit was retired on October 1, 2025 pursuant to the termination, consent and waiver agreement.
(5)2024-VFN1 Conduit issued under CCAST was retired in February 2025 pursuant to the termination, consent and waiver agreement.
(6)Amounts drawn do not include $0.4 billion and $1.1 billion of debt issued by the Trusts as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively, which were not sold, but were retained by us as a credit enhancement and therefore have been eliminated from the Total.
(7)Maturity Date with respect to conduit borrowings means the date on which the revolving period for the applicable Conduit Facility expires. The revolving period may be extended or renewed (unless an early amortization event occurs prior to the Maturity Date). Absent the extension or renewal of the revolving period, the Conduit Facility shall enter controlled amortization on the Maturity Date and may no longer be drawn upon.
As of September 30, 2025, we had approximately $10.0 billion of securitized credit card loans. Securitizations require credit enhancements in the form of cash, spread deposits, additional loans and subordinated classes. The credit enhancement is principally based on the outstanding balances of the series issued by the Trusts and by the performance of the credit card loans in the Trusts.
Early amortization events as defined within each asset-backed securitization transaction are generally driven by asset performance. We do not believe it is reasonably likely that an early amortization event will occur due to asset performance. However, if an early amortization event were declared for a Trust, the trustee of the particular Trust would retain the interest in the loans along with the excess spread that would otherwise be paid to our Bank subsidiary until the investors were fully repaid. The occurrence of an early amortization event would significantly limit or negate our ability to securitize additional credit card loans.
We have secured and continue to secure the necessary commitments to fund our credit card and other loans. However, certain of these commitments are short-term in nature and subject to renewal. There is no guarantee that these funding sources, when they mature, will be renewed on similar terms, or at all, as they are dependent on the availability of the asset-backed securitization and deposit markets at the time.
Regulation RR (Credit Risk Retention) adopted by the FDIC, the SEC, the Federal Reserve Board and certain other federal regulators mandates a minimum five percent risk retention requirement for securitizations. Such risk retention requirements may limit our liquidity by restricting the amount of asset-backed securities we are able to issue or affecting the timing of future issuances of asset-backed securities. We satisfy such risk retention requirements by maintaining a seller’s interest calculated in accordance with Regulation RR.
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Stock Repurchase Programs
On August 26, 2025 our Board of Directors approved a stock repurchase program to acquire up to $200 million in shares of our outstanding common stock in the open market. There is no expiration date for this repurchase plan. The rationale for this repurchase program, and the amount thereof, was to execute against our previously disclosed capital priorities to grow responsibly, maintain balance sheet strength, and return value to shareholders. This repurchase program is in addition to the Company’s prior $150 million stock repurchase program, which was announced in March 2025 and was completed in April 2025.
During the nine months ended September 30, 2025, under these authorized stock repurchase programs, we acquired a total of 3.8 million shares of our common stock for $190 million plus applicable excise tax on stock repurchases, with 0.6 million of those shares having been repurchased in the third quarter for $40 million. Following their repurchase, these 3.8 million shares ceased to be outstanding shares of common stock and are now treated as authorized but unissued shares of common stock. As of September 30, 2025, we had $160 million remaining for future repurchases under our current authorized stock repurchase program. During October 2025, we repurchased another 0.4 million shares of common stock for $20 million plus applicable excise tax on stock repurchases. On October 23, 2025, our Board of Directors approved an increase of an incremental $200 million to our current share repurchase program, meaning as of October 28, 2025, $340 million remained available for future repurchases under our current authorized stock repurchase program, for which there is no expiration date.
Dividends
During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, we paid $9 million and $31 million, respectively, in dividends to holders of our common stock. O n October 23, 2025, our Board of Directors declared a quarterly cash div idend of $0.23 per share on our common stock, payable on December 12, 2025, to stockholders of record at the close of business on November 7, 2025.
Contractual Obligations
In the normal course of business, we enter into various contractual obligations that may require future cash payments, the vast majority of which relate to deposits, debt issued by consolidated VIEs, long-term and other debt and operating contracts and leases.
We believe that we will have access to sufficient resources to meet these commitments.
Cash Flows
The table below summarizes our cash flow activity for the periods indicated, followed by a discussion of the variance drivers impacting our Operating, Investing and Financing activities:
Table 11: Cash Flows

| Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2025 |  | 2024
(Millions) |  |  |
Total cash provided by (used in): |  |  |
Operating activities | $ | 1,524 |  |  | $ | 1,380 |
Investing activities | 132 |  |  | 182 |
Financing activities | (1,591) |  |  | (1,707) |
Net increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash | $ | 65 |  |  | $ | (145) |

Cash Flows from Operating Activities primarily include net income adjusted for (i) non-cash items included in net income, such as provision for credit losses, depreciation and amortization, deferred taxes and other non-cash items, and (ii) changes in the balances of operating assets and liabilities, which can fluctuate in the normal course of business due to the amount
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and timing of payments. We generated cash flows from operating activities of $1,524 million and $1,380 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The net cash provided by operating activities during these periods was primarily driven by cash generated from net income after adjusting for the Provision for credit losses.
Cash Flows from Investing Activities primarily include changes in Credit card and other loans. Cash provided by investing activities was $132 million and $182 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The net cash provided by investing activities during these periods was primarily due to the seasonal paydown of Credit card and other loans. In addition, for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, the net cash provided by investing activities was also affected by the sale of a credit card loan portfolio, partially offset by the purchase of a credit card loan portfolio.
Cash Flows from Financing Activities primarily include changes in deposits and long-term debt. Cash used in financing activities was $1,591 million and $1,707 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The net cash used in financing activities during the nine months ended September 30, 2025 was primarily driven by repayments of debt issued by consolidated variable interest entities (i.e., securitizations) and the repurchases of common stock, partially offset by the net increase in deposits. For the nine months ended September 30, 2024 the net cash used in financing activities was primarily driven by net repayments of both debt issued by consolidated variable interest entities and unsecured borrowings, including our repurchased Convertible Notes, as well as a net decrease in wholesale deposits.
INFLATION AND SEASONALITY
Although we cannot precisely determine the impact of inflation on our operations, we have generally sought to rely on operating efficiencies from scale, technology modernization and digital advancement along with other operational excellence initiatives, as well as expansion in lower cost jurisdictions to offset increased costs of employee compensation and other operating expenses impacted by inflation. We also recognize that a customer’s ability and willingness to repay us has been negatively impacted by factors such as recent inflation and higher interest rates, and any persistent effects therefrom, which may result in higher delinquencies and increased credit losses, as reflected in our Reserve rate. If the efforts to control inflation in the U.S. and globally are not successful and inflationary pressures continue to persist, including due to changes to, or the imposition of, tariffs and/or trade barriers, they could further increase repayment pressure on consumers as well as increase the risk of a recessionary environment or stagflation, which may adversely impact our business, results of operations and financial condition.
With respect to seasonality, our revenues, earnings and cash flows are affected by increased consumer spending patterns leading up to and including the holiday shopping season in the fourth quarter of each year and, to a lesser extent, during the first quarter of each year as Credit card and other loans are paid down. Net loss rates for our Credit card and other loans portfolio also have historically exhibited seasonal patterns and generally tend to be the highest in the first quarter of the year. While the effects of the seasonal trends discussed above remain evident, macroeconomic trends, such as those discussed within the Business Environment sections of our quarterly and annual reports on Forms 10-Q and Form 10-K generally have a more significant impact on our key financial metrics and can outweigh any seasonal impacts that we may experience.
LEGISLATIVE, REGULATORY MATTERS AND CAPITAL ADEQUACY
Our business is subject to extensive federal and state laws and regulations, as well as related regulation and supervision, including by the FDIC, CFPB and other federal and state authorities. Pending and future laws and regulations (federal and state) may adversely impact our business. Without limiting the foregoing, CB is subject to various regulatory capital requirements administered by the Delaware Office of the State Bank Commissioner and the FDIC. CCB is also subject to various regulatory capital requirements administered by the Utah Department of Financial Institutions and the FDIC. Failure to meet minimum capital requirements can trigger certain mandatory and possibly additional discretionary actions by our regulators. Under capital adequacy guidelines and the regulatory framework for prompt corrective action, both Banks must meet specific capital guidelines that involve quantitative measures of their assets and liabilities as calculated under regulatory accounting practices. The capital amounts and classification are also subject to qualitative judgments by these regulators about components, risk weightings and other factors. In addition, both Banks are limited in the amounts they can pay as dividends to the Parent Company.
Quantitative measures, established by regulations to ensure capital adequacy, require the Banks to maintain minimum amounts and ratios of Tier 1 capital to average assets, and Common equity tier 1, Tier 1 capital and Total capital, all to
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risk-weighted assets. Failure to meet these minimum capital requirements can result in certain mandatory, and possibly additional discretionary actions by the Banks’ regulators that if undertaken, could have a direct material effect on CB’s and/or CCB’s operating activities, as well as our operating activities. Based on these regulations, as of September 30, 2025 and 2024, each Bank met all capital requirements to which it was subject, and maintained capital ratios in excess of the minimums required to qualify as well capitalized. The Banks seek to maintain capital levels and ratios in excess of the minimum regulatory requirements inclusive of the 2.5% Capital Conservation Buffer. Although Bread Financial is not a bank holding company as defined under the Bank Holding Company Act, we seek to maintain capital levels and ratios in excess of the minimums required for bank holding companies.
The Banks adopted the option provided by the interim final rule issued by joint federal bank regulatory agencies, which largely delayed the effects of the current expected credit loss (CECL) model on their regulatory capital for two years, until January 1, 2022, after which the effects were phased-in over a three-year period through December 31, 2024. Under the interim final rule, the amount of adjustments to regulatory capital deferred until the phase-in period included both the initial impact of our adoption of CECL as of January 1, 2020, and 25% of subsequent changes in our Allowance for credit losses during each quarter of the two-year period ended December 31, 2021. In accordance with the interim final rule, we began to ratably phase-in these effects on January 1, 2022, and as of January 1, 2025 had fully phased-in all such effects.
As of September 30, 2025, the actual capital ratios and minimum ratios for the Company, as well as each Bank, are as follows:
Table 12: Capital Ratios

| Actual Ratio |  | Minimum Ratio for Capital Adequacy Purposes |  | Minimum Ratio to be Well Capitalized under Prompt Corrective Action Provisions
Total Company |  |  |  |  |
Common equity tier 1 capital ratio (1) | 14.0 | % |  | 4.5 | % |  | 6.5 | %
Tier 1 capital ratio (2) | 14.0 |  |  | 6.0 |  |  | 8.0 |
Total risk-based capital ratio (3) | 17.5 |  |  | 8.0 |  |  | 10.0 |
Tier 1 leverage capital ratio (4) | 12.4 |  |  | 4.0 |  |  | 5.0 |
Total risk-weighted assets (5) | $ | 18,714 |  |  |  |  |
Comenity Bank |  |  |  |  |
Common equity tier 1 capital ratio (1) | 15.4 | % |  | 4.5 | % |  | 6.5 | %
Tier 1 capital ratio (2) | 15.4 |  |  | 6.0 |  |  | 8.0 |
Total risk-based capital ratio (3) | 16.8 |  |  | 8.0 |  |  | 10.0 |
Tier 1 leverage capital ratio (4) | 13.5 |  |  | 4.0 |  |  | 5.0 |
Comenity Capital Bank |  |  |  |  |
Common equity tier 1 capital ratio (1) | 15.4 | % |  | 4.5 | % |  | 6.5 | %
Tier 1 capital ratio (2) | 15.4 |  |  | 6.0 |  |  | 8.0 |
Total risk-based capital ratio (3) | 19.0 |  |  | 8.0 |  |  | 10.0 |
Tier 1 leverage capital ratio (4) | 13.6 |  |  | 4.0 |  |  | 5.0 |

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(1)Common equity tier 1 capital ratio represents tier 1 capital divided by total risk-weighted assets. In the calculation of tier 1 capital, we follow the Basel III Standardized Approach and therefore Total stockholders' equity has been reduced, primarily by Goodwill and intangible assets, net. See below for a reconciliation of our Total stockholders’ equity under GAAP to tier 1 and tier 2 capital under the Basel III Standardized Approach.
(2)Tier 1 capital ratio represents tier 1 capital divided by total risk-weighted assets. In the calculation of tier 1 capital, we follow the Basel III Standardized Approach and therefore Total stockholders' equity has been reduced, primarily by Goodwill and intangible assets, net. See below for a reconciliation of our Total stockholders’ equity under GAAP to tier 1 and tier 2 capital under the Basel III Standardized Approach.
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(3)Total risk-based capital ratio represents total capital divided by total risk-weighted assets. In the calculation of total capital, we follow the Basel III Standardized Approach and therefore tier 1 capital has been increased by tier 2 capital, which for us is comprised of subordinated notes, as well as the allowable portion of the Allowance for credit losses. See below for a reconciliation of our Total stockholders’ equity under GAAP to tier 1 and tier 2 capital under the Basel III Standardized Approach.
(4)Tier 1 leverage capital ratio represents tier 1 capital divided by total average assets, after certain adjustments.
(5)Total risk-weighted assets are generally measured by allocating assets, and specified off-balance sheet exposures, to various risk categories as defined by the Basel III Standardized Approach.
The following table provides a reconciliation of our Total stockholders’ equity under GAAP to Basel III Standardized Approach Common equity tier 1 capital, Tier 1 capital, Tier 2 capital and Total capital, as of the date presented:

| September 30, 2025
(Millions) |
Total stockholders’ equity | $ | 3,317 |
Less: |
Goodwill (1) | 593 |
Intangible assets | 90 |
Other | 13 |
Common equity tier 1 capital | 2,621 |
Tier 1 capital | 2,621 |
Subordinated notes | 400 |
Qualifying allowance for credit losses (2) | 257 |
Tier 2 capital | 657 |
Total capital | $ | 3,278 |

__________________________________
(1)Goodwill, net of the related $41 million deferred tax liability.
(2)Represents the allowable portion of the Allowance for credit losses, which is a maximum of 1.25% of RWA.
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The following table provides the changes in our Basel III Standardized Approach Common equity tier 1 capital, Tier 1 capital and Tier 2 capital for the periods presented:

| Three months ended September 30, 2025 |  | Nine months ended September 30, 2025
(Millions) |  |  |
Common equity tier 1 capital beginning balance | $ | 2,427 |  |  | $ | 2,474 |
Net income applicable to common equity | 188 |  |  | 464 |
Dividends declared on common stock | (11) |  |  | (31) |
Repurchases of common stock | (40) |  |  | (190) |
CECL phase-in adjustment | — |  |  | (139) |
Changes in additional paid-in capital | 11 |  |  | 17 |
Changes in intangible assets | 8 |  |  | 23 |
Other | 38 |  |  | 3 |
Common equity tier 1 capital | 2,621 |  |  | 2,621 |
Tier 1 capital | 2,621 |  |  | 2,621 |
Tier 2 capital beginning balance | 657 |  |  | 271 |
Change in subordinated notes | — |  |  | 400 |
Change in qualifying allowance for credit losses | — |  |  | (14) |
Tier 2 capital | 657 |  |  | 657 |
Total capital | $ | 3,278 |  |  | $ | 3,278 |

Further information about each Bank’s capital components and calculations can be found in each Bank’s Consolidated Reports of Condition and Income Form FFIEC 041 (Call Reports) as filed with the FDIC.
We are also involved, from time to time, in reviews, investigations, subpoenas, supervisory actions and other proceedings (both formal and informal) by governmental agencies regarding our business, which could subject us to significant fines, penalties, obligations to change our business practices, significant restrictions on our existing business or ability to develop new business, cease-and-desist orders, safety-and-soundness directives or other requirements resulting in increased expenses, diminished income and damage to our reputation.
In November 2023, following the consent of the Board of Managers of Comenity Servicing LLC (the Servicer), the FDIC issued a consent order to the Servicer. The Servicer is not one of our Bank subsidiaries, but is our wholly-owned subsidiary that services substantially all of our loans. The consent order arose out of the June 2022 transition of our credit card processing services to strategic outsourcing partners and addresses certain shortcomings in the Servicer’s information technology (IT) systems development, project management, business continuity management, cloud operations, and third-party oversight. The Servicer entered into the consent order for the purpose of resolving these matters without admitting or denying any violations of law or regulation set forth in the order. The consent order does not contain any monetary penalties or fines.
The Servicer continues to take significant steps to strengthen the organization’s IT governance and address the other issues identified in the consent order, working diligently to ensure that all requirements of the consent order are satisfied. Without limiting the generality of the foregoing, the Servicer has taken steps to address each provision within the consent order and continues to comply with each ongoing requirement. The Servicer is committed to complying with the longer-term requirements of the consent order, including the enhancement of its compliance management processes and related corporate governance, compliance with the applicable system conversion requirements, and enhanced risk management and reporting. The Servicer has submitted nearly all of the required deliverables under the consent order to the FDIC for its review and consideration. The Board of Managers of the Servicer continues to oversee its compliance with the requirements of the consent order and provide effective challenge to the Servicer’s management toward that end. The
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Board of Directors of each of the Banks also receives reporting about the Servicer and monitors the Servicer’s compliance with the provisions of the consent order.
CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES AND ESTIMATES
There have been no significant changes to our critical accounting policies and estimates from the information provided in Item 7, “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (MD&A)” included in our 2024 Form 10-K.
RECENTLY ISSUED ACCOUNTING STANDARDS
See the “Recently Issued Accounting Standards” in Note 1, “Description of Business, Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” to the unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements.
Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements
This Form 10-Q and the documents incorporated by reference herein contain forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. Forward-looking statements give our expectations or forecasts of future events and can generally be identified by the use of words such as “believe,” “expect,” “anticipate,” “estimate,” “intend,” “project,” “plan,” “likely,” “may,” “should” or other words or phrases of similar import. Similarly, statements that describe our business strategy, outlook, objectives, plans, intentions or goals also are forward-looking statements. Examples of forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, statements we make regarding, and the guidance we give with respect to, our anticipated operating or financial results, future financial performance and outlook, future dividend declarations or stock repurchases and future economic conditions.
We believe that our expectations are based on reasonable assumptions. Forward-looking statements, however, are subject to a number of risks and uncertainties that are difficult to predict and, in many cases, beyond our control. Accordingly, our actual results could differ materially from the projections, anticipated results or other expectations expressed in this report, and no assurances can be given that our expectations will prove to have been correct. Factors that could cause the outcomes to differ materially include, but are not limited to, the following:
•macroeconomic conditions, including market conditions, inflation, interest rates, labor market conditions, recessionary pressures or concerns over a prolonged economic slowdown, and the related impact on consumer spending behavior, payments, debt levels, savings rates and other behaviors;
•global political and public health events and conditions, including significant shifts in trade policy, such as changes to, or the imposition of, tariffs and/or trade barriers and any economic impacts, volatility, uncertainty and geopolitical instability resulting therefrom, as well as ongoing wars and military conflicts and natural disasters;
•future credit performance of our customers, including the level of future delinquency and charge-off rates;
•loss of, or reduction in demand for services from, significant brand partners or customers in the highly competitive markets in which we operate, including competition from new and non-traditional competitors, such as financial technology companies, and with respect to new products, services and technologies, such as the emergence or increase in popularity of agentic commerce, digital payment platforms and currencies and other alternative payment and deposit solutions;
•the concentration of our business in U.S. consumer credit;
•increases or volatility in the Allowance for credit losses that may result from the application of the current expected credit loss (CECL) model;
•inaccuracies in the models and estimates on which we rely, including the amount of our Allowance for credit losses and our credit risk management models;
•increases in fraudulent activity;
•failure to identify, complete or successfully integrate or disaggregate business acquisitions, divestitures and other strategic initiatives, including, with respect to divested businesses, any associated guarantees, indemnities or other liabilities;
•the extent to which our results are dependent upon our brand partners, including our brand partners’ financial performance and reputation, as well as the effective promotion and support of our products by brand partners;
•increases in the cost of doing business, including market interest rates;
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•our level of indebtedness and inability to access financial or capital markets, including asset-backed securitization funding or deposits markets;
•restrictions that limit our Banks’ ability to pay dividends to us;
•pending and future litigation;
•pending and future federal, state, local and foreign legislation, regulation, supervisory guidance and regulatory and legal actions including, but not limited to, those related to financial regulatory reform and consumer financial services practices, as well as any such actions with respect to late fees, interchange fees or other charges;
•increases in regulatory capital requirements or other support for our Banks;
•impacts arising from or relating to the transition of our credit card processing services to third party service providers that we completed in 2022;
•failures or breaches in our operational or security systems, including as a result of cyberattacks, unanticipated impacts from technology modernization projects, failure of our information security controls or otherwise;
•loss of consumer information or other data due to compromised physical or cyber security, including disruptive attacks from financially motivated bad actors and third party supply chain issues;
•any tax or other liability or adverse impacts arising out of or related to the spinoff of our former LoyaltyOne segment or the bankruptcy filings of Loyalty Ventures Inc. (LVI) and certain of its subsidiaries and subsequent litigation or other disputes; and
•those factors identified in our filings with the SEC, including in the “Risk Factors” and “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” sections of our 2024 Form 10-K and this quarterly report.
If one or more of these or other risks or uncertainties materialize, or if our underlying assumptions prove to be incorrect, actual results may vary materially from what we projected.
Any forward-looking statements contained in this Form 10-Q speak only as of the date made, and we undertake no obligation, other than as required by applicable law, to update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, subsequent events, anticipated or unanticipated circumstances or otherwise.
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Item 1. Financial Statements.
BREAD FINANCIAL HOLDINGS, INC.
UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME

| Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 |  | 2024
(Millions, except per share amounts) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest income |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest and fees on loans | $ | 1,198 |  |  | $ | 1,224 |  |  | $ | 3,531 |  |  | $ | 3,645 |
Interest on cash and investment securities | 44 |  |  | 53 |  |  | 135 |  |  | 161 |
Total interest income | 1,242 |  |  | 1,277 |  |  | 3,666 |  |  | 3,806 |
Interest expense |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest on deposits | 139 |  |  | 153 |  |  | 417 |  |  | 461 |
Interest on borrowings | 71 |  |  | 87 |  |  | 238 |  |  | 268 |
Total interest expense | 210 |  |  | 240 |  |  | 655 |  |  | 729 |
Net interest income | 1,032 |  |  | 1,037 |  |  | 3,011 |  |  | 3,077 |
Non-interest income |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interchange revenue, net of retailer share arrangements | (111) |  |  | (95) |  |  | (289) |  |  | (272) |
Gain on portfolio sale | — |  |  | 4 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 9 |
Other | 50 |  |  | 37 |  |  | 145 |  |  | 99 |
Total non-interest income | (61) |  |  | (54) |  |  | (141) |  |  | (164) |
Total net interest and non-interest income | 971 |  |  | 983 |  |  | 2,870 |  |  | 2,913 |
Provision for credit losses | 299 |  |  | 369 |  |  | 869 |  |  | 980 |
Total net interest and non-interest income, after provision for credit losses | 672 |  |  | 614 |  |  | 2,001 |  |  | 1,933 |
Non-interest expenses |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Employee compensation and benefits | 222 |  |  | 228 |  |  | 648 |  |  | 655 |
Card and processing expenses | 81 |  |  | 77 |  |  | 244 |  |  | 241 |
Information processing and communication | 72 |  |  | 73 |  |  | 230 |  |  | 220 |
Marketing expenses | 38 |  |  | 38 |  |  | 106 |  |  | 99 |
Depreciation and amortization | 20 |  |  | 22 |  |  | 61 |  |  | 68 |
Other | 43 |  |  | 136 |  |  | 144 |  |  | 242 |
Total non-interest expenses | 476 |  |  | 574 |  |  | 1,433 |  |  | 1,525 |
Income from continuing operations before income taxes | 196 |  |  | 40 |  |  | 568 |  |  | 408 |
Provision for income taxes | 8 |  |  | 37 |  |  | 100 |  |  | 136 |
Income from continuing operations | 188 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 468 |  |  | 272 |
Loss from discontinued operations, net of income taxes (1) | — |  |  | (1) |  |  | (4) |  |  | (2) |
Net income | $ | 188 |  |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | 464 |  |  | $ | 270 |
Basic income per share (Note 16) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Income from continuing operations | $ | 4.04 |  |  | $ | 0.06 |  |  | $ | 9.88 |  |  | $ | 5.48 |
Loss from discontinued operations | — |  |  | (0.01) |  |  | $ | (0.09) |  |  | $ | (0.04) |
Net income per share | $ | 4.04 |  |  | $ | 0.05 |  |  | $ | 9.79 |  |  | $ | 5.44 |
Diluted income per share (Note 16) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Income from continuing operations | $ | 3.96 |  |  | $ | 0.06 |  |  | $ | 9.74 |  |  | $ | 5.40 |
Loss from discontinued operations | — |  |  | (0.01) |  |  | $ | (0.09) |  |  | $ | (0.03) |
Net income per share | $ | 3.96 |  |  | $ | 0.05 |  |  | $ | 9.65 |  |  | $ | 5.37 |
Weighted average common shares outstanding (Note 16) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic | 46.5 |  | 49.7 |  | 47.4 |  | 49.6
Diluted | 47.5 |  | 51.0 |  | 48.1 |  | 50.3

__________________________________
(1)Includes amounts that related to the previously disclosed discontinued operations associated with the spinoff of our former LoyaltyOne segment in 2021 and the sale of our former Epsilon segment in 2019. For additional information, refer to Note 1, “Description of Business, Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” to the unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements.
See Notes to the unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements.
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BREAD FINANCIAL HOLDINGS, INC.
UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME

| Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 |  | 2024
(Millions) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income | $ | 188 |  |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | 464 |  |  | $ | 270 |
Other comprehensive income |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Unrealized gain on available-for-sale debt securities | 3 |  |  | 8 |  |  | 6 |  |  | 4 |
Tax expense | — |  |  | (2) |  |  | (1) |  |  | (1) |
Unrealized gain on available-for-sale debt securities, net of tax | 3 |  |  | 6 |  |  | 5 |  |  | 3 |
Unrealized gain on cash flow hedges | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |
Tax expense | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Unrealized gain on cash flow hedges, net of tax | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |
Other comprehensive income, net of tax | 3 |  |  | 6 |  |  | 6 |  |  | 3 |
Total comprehensive income, net of tax | $ | 191 |  |  | $ | 8 |  |  | $ | 470 |  |  | $ | 273 |

See Notes to the unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements.
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BREAD FINANCIAL HOLDINGS, INC.
UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

| September 30, 2025 |  | December 31, 2024
(Millions, except per share amounts) |  |  |
ASSETS |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 3,764 |  |  | $ | 3,679 |
Credit card and other loans |  |  |
Total credit card and other loans (includes loans available to settle obligations of consolidated variable interest entities: September 30, 2025, $10,000; December 31, 2024, $12,408) | 17,655 |  |  | 18,896 |
Allowance for credit losses | (2,070) |  |  | (2,241) |
Credit card and other loans, net | 15,585 |  |  | 16,655 |
Investments (includes investment securities carried at fair value: September 30, 2025, $223; December 31, 2024, $217) | 284 |  |  | 266 |
Property and equipment, net | 122 |  |  | 142 |
Goodwill and intangible assets, net | 723 |  |  | 746 |
Other assets | 1,236 |  |  | 1,403 |
Total assets | $ | 21,714 |  |  | $ | 22,891 |
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY |  |  |
Deposits | $ | 13,535 |  |  | $ | 13,082 |
Debt issued by consolidated variable interest entities | 2,682 |  |  | 4,558 |
Long-term and other debt | 1,105 |  |  | 999 |
Other liabilities | 1,075 |  |  | 1,201 |
Total liabilities | 18,397 |  |  | 19,840 |
Commitments and contingencies (Note 12) |  |  |
Stockholders’ equity |  |  |
Common stock, $0.01 par value; authorized, 200.0 million shares; issued, 46.0 million shares as of September 30, 2025 and 49.1 million shares as of December 31, 2024. | 1 |  |  | 1 |
Additional paid-in capital | 1,900 |  |  | 2,073 |
Retained earnings | 1,432 |  |  | 999 |
Accumulated other comprehensive loss | (16) |  |  | (22) |
Total stockholders’ equity | 3,317 |  |  | 3,051 |
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity | $ | 21,714 |  |  | $ | 22,891 |

See Notes to the unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements.
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BREAD FINANCIAL HOLDINGS, INC.
UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY

Three Months Ended September 30, 2025 |  | Common Stock |  | Additional Paid-In Capital |  |  |  | Retained Earnings |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss |  | Total Stockholders’ Equity
| Shares |  | Amount |  |  |  |  |
(Millions) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance as of June 30, 2025 |  | 46.6 |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 1,929 |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,255 |  |  | $ | (19) |  |  | $ | 3,166 |
Net income |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 188 |  |  | — |  |  | 188 |
Other comprehensive income |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 3 |  |  | 3 |
Stock-based compensation |  | — |  | — |  |  | 13 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 13 |
Repurchases of common stock |  | (0.6) |  | — |  |  | (40) |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (40) |
Repurchases of Convertible Notes |  | — |  | — |  | (2) |  |  |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | (2) |
Dividends and dividend equivalent rights declared ($0.21 per common share) |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | (11) |  |  | — |  |  | (11) |
Balance as of September 30, 2025 |  | 46.0 |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 1,900 |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,432 |  |  | $ | (16) |  |  | $ | 3,317 |

Three Months Ended September 30, 2024 |  | Common Stock |  | Additional Paid-In Capital |  |  |  | Retained Earnings |  | Accumulated other comprehensive loss |  | Total Stockholders’ Equity
| Shares |  | Amount |  |  |  |  |
(Millions) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance as of June 30, 2024 |  | 49.7 |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 2,179 |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,012 |  |  | $ | (22) |  |  | $ | 3,170 |
Net income |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 2 |  |  | — |  |  | 2 |
Other comprehensive income |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 6 |  |  | 6 |
Stock-based compensation |  | — |  | — |  |  | 12 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 12 |
Repurchases of Convertible Notes |  | — |  | — |  |  | (67) |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (67) |
Dividends and dividend equivalent rights declared ($0.21 per common share) |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | (11) |  |  | — |  |  | (11) |
Balance as of September 30, 2024 |  | 49.7 |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 2,124 |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,003 |  |  | $ | (16) |  |  | $ | 3,112 |

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BREAD FINANCIAL HOLDINGS, INC.
UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY

Nine Months Ended September 30, 2025 |  | Common Stock |  | Additional Paid-In Capital |  |  |  | Retained Earnings |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss |  | Total Stockholders’ Equity
| Shares |  | Amount |  |  |  |  |
(Millions) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance as of December 31, 2024 |  | 49.1 |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 2,073 |  |  |  |  | $ | 999 |  |  | $ | (22) |  |  | $ | 3,051 |
Net income |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 464 |  |  | — |  |  | 464 |
Other comprehensive income |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 6 |  |  | 6 |
Stock-based compensation |  | — |  | — |  |  | 41 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 41 |
Repurchases of common stock |  | (3.8) |  | — |  |  | (190) |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (190) |
Repurchases of Convertible Notes |  | — |  | — |  |  | (4) |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (4) |
Dividends and dividend equivalent rights declared ($0.63 per common share) |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | (31) |  |  | — |  |  | (31) |
Issuance of shares to employees, net of shares withheld for employee taxes |  | 0.7 |  | — |  |  | (20) |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (20) |
Balance as of September 30, 2025 |  | 46.0 |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 1,900 |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,432 |  |  | $ | (16) |  |  | $ | 3,317 |

Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024 |  | Common Stock |  | Additional Paid-In Capital |  |  |  | Retained Earnings |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss |  | Total Stockholders’ Equity
| Shares |  | Amount |  |  |  |  |
(Millions) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance as of December 31, 2023 |  | 49.3 |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 2,169 |  |  |  |  | $ | 767 |  |  | $ | (19) |  |  | $ | 2,918 |
Cumulative effect of change in accounting principle (1) |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | (1) |  |  | — |  |  | (1) |
Net income |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 270 |  |  | — |  |  | 270 |
Other comprehensive income |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 3 |  |  | 3 |
Stock-based compensation |  | — |  | — |  |  | 41 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 41 |
Repurchases of common stock |  | (0.3) |  | — |  |  | (11) |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (11) |
Repurchases of Convertible Notes |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (67) |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (67) |
Dividends and dividend equivalent rights declared ($0.63 per common share) |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | (33) |  |  | — |  |  | (33) |
Issuance of shares to employees, net of shares withheld for employee taxes |  | 0.7 |  | — |  |  | (8) |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (8) |
Balance as of September 30, 2024 |  | 49.7 |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 2,124 |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,003 |  |  | $ | (16) |  |  | $ | 3,112 |

__________________________________
(1)Represents the cumulative effect, net of tax, of adopting the proportional amortization method of accounting for our tax credit investment. For additional information refer to Note 1, “Description of Business, Basis of Presentation and Significant Accounting Policies” included in our 2024 Form 10-K.
See Notes to the unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements.
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BREAD FINANCIAL HOLDINGS, INC.
UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

| Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2025 |  | 2024
(Millions) |  |  |
CASH FLOWS FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES |  |  |
Net income | $ | 464 |  |  | $ | 270 |
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities |  |  |
Provision for credit losses | 869 |  |  | 980 |
Depreciation and amortization | 61 |  |  | 68 |
Deferred income taxes | 95 |  |  | (64) |
Non-cash stock compensation | 41 |  |  | 41 |
Amortization of deferred financing costs | 12 |  |  | 17 |
Amortization of deferred origination costs | 57 |  |  | 72 |
Gain on portfolio sale | (3) |  |  | (9) |
Loss on debt extinguishment and repurchased Convertible Notes | 19 |  |  | 105 |
Change in other operating assets and liabilities |  |  |
Change in other assets | 53 |  |  | 34 |
Change in other liabilities | (131) |  |  | (115) |
Other | (13) |  |  | (19) |
Net cash provided by operating activities | 1,524 |  |  | 1,380 |
CASH FLOWS FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES |  |  |
Change in credit card and other loans | 156 |  |  | 505 |
Proceeds from sale of credit card loan portfolios | — |  |  | 100 |
Purchases of credit card loan portfolios | — |  |  | (375) |
Purchases of investments | (20) |  |  | (29) |
Maturities of investments | 16 |  |  | 10 |
Other, including capital expenditures | (20) |  |  | (29) |
Net cash provided by investing activities | 132 |  |  | 182 |
CASH FLOWS FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES |  |  |
Unsecured borrowings under debt agreements | 400 |  |  | 300 |
Repayments/maturities of unsecured borrowings under debt agreements | (312) |  |  | (821) |
Debt issued by consolidated variable interest entities | 25 |  |  | 1,265 |
Repayments/maturities of debt issued by consolidated variable interest entities | (1,903) |  |  | (1,617) |
Net increase (decrease) in deposits | 454 |  |  | (775) |
Payment of deferred financing costs | (13) |  |  | (8) |
Dividends paid | (31) |  |  | (32) |
Repurchase of common stock | (190) |  |  | (11) |
Other | (21) |  |  | (8) |
Net cash used in financing activities | (1,591) |  |  | (1,707) |
Change in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash | 65 |  |  | (145) |
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of period | 3,714 |  |  | 3,616 |
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of period | $ | 3,779 |  |  | $ | 3,471 |
SUPPLEMENTAL CASH FLOW INFORMATION |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents reconciliation |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 3,764 |  |  | $ | 3,451 |
Restricted cash included within Other Assets | 15 |  |  | 20 |
Total cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash | $ | 3,779 |  |  | $ | 3,471 |

The unaudited Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows are presented with the combined cash flows from continuing and discontinued operations.
See Notes to the unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements.
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BREAD FINANCIAL HOLDINGS, INC.
NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
1. DESCRIPTION OF BUSINESS, BASIS OF PRESENTATION AND SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES
DESCRIPTION OF THE BUSINESS
We are a tech-forward financial services company that provides simple, personalized payment, lending, and saving solutions to millions of U.S. consumers. Our payment solutions, including Bread Financial general purpose credit cards and savings products, empower our customers and their passions for a better life. Additionally, we deliver growth for some of the most recognized brands in travel and entertainment, health and beauty, jewelry and specialty apparel through our private label and co-brand credit cards and pay-over-time products providing choice and value to our shared customers.
We have continued to diversify our product mix with our brand partners through growth of our co-brand credit card programs, which, relative to our private label credit card programs, have higher credit sales per account and an improved credit risk mix that generally results in higher transactor balances, lower delinquencies and late fees, as well as lower losses. We also offer our proprietary credit cards along with the expansion of our Bread Pay products, which are our installment loans and “split-pay” offerings.
Our partner base consists of large consumer-based businesses, including well-known brands such as (alphabetically) AAA, Academy Sports + Outdoors, Caesars, Dell Technologies, Hard Rock International, the NFL, Saks Fifth Avenue, Signet, Ulta and Victoria’s Secret, as well as small- and medium-sized businesses (SMBs). Our partner base is well diversified across a broad range of industries and retail verticals, including travel and entertainment, health and beauty, jewelry, sporting goods, home, technology and electronics and the industry in which we first began, specialty apparel. We believe our comprehensive suite of payment, lending and saving solutions, along with our related marketing and data and analytics, allows us to offer products relevant across all customer segments (Gen Z, Millennial, Gen X and Baby Boomers). The breadth and quality of our product and service offerings, coupled with our customer-centric approach, have enabled us to establish and maintain long-standing partner relationships. We operate our business through a single reportable segment, with our primary source of revenue being from Interest and fees on loans from our various credit card and other loan products, and to a lesser extent from contractual relationships with our brand partners.
Throughout this report, unless stated or the context implies otherwise, the terms “Bread Financial”, “BFH”, the “Company”, “we”, “our” or “us” refer to Bread Financial Holdings, Inc. and its subsidiaries on a consolidated basis. References to “Parent Company” refer to Bread Financial Holdings, Inc. on a parent-only standalone basis. In addition, in this report we may refer to the retailers and other companies with whom we do business as our “partners”, “brand partners”, or “clients”, provided that the use of the term “partner”, “partnering” or any similar term does not mean or imply a formal legal partnership, and is not meant in any way to alter the terms of Bread Financial’s relationship with any third parties. We offer our credit products through our insured depository institution subsidiaries, Comenity Bank and Comenity Capital Bank, which together are referred to herein as the “Banks”.
BASIS OF PRESENTATION
These unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (GAAP), and should be read in conjunction with the audited Consolidated Financial Statements and notes thereto included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 14, 2025 (the 2024 Form 10-K). If not significantly different, certain note disclosures included therein have been omitted from these unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements.
The unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements included herein reflect all adjustments, which consist of normal, recurring adjustments that are, in the opinion of management, necessary to state fairly the results for the interim periods presented. The unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements also include amounts that relate to the previously disclosed discontinued operations associated with the spinoff of our former LoyaltyOne segment in 2021 and the sale of our former Epsilon segment in 2019. Such amounts have been classified within Discontinued operations and primarily relate to the after-tax impact of contractual indemnification and tax-related matters. For additional information about our previously disclosed discontinued operations please refer to Note 22, “Discontinued Operations and Bank Holding Company Financial Presentation” to the audited Consolidated Financial Statements included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021. Results of operations reported for interim periods are not necessarily indicative of results for the
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NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)
entire year. The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenue and expenses, and the disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities. These accounting estimates and assumptions reflect the best judgment of management, but actual results could differ. The most significant of those estimates and assumptions relate to the Allowance for credit losses, Provision for income taxes and Goodwill.
The accompanying unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements include the accounts of the Company and all subsidiaries in which we have a controlling financial interest. All intercompany transactions have been eliminated.
SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES
There have been no material changes to our significant accounting policies as discussed in Note 1, “Description of Business, Basis of Presentation and Significant Accounting Policies” included in our 2024 Form 10-K.
RECENTLY ISSUED ACCOUNTING STANDARDS

Accounting Standards Recently Issued but Not Yet Adopted
Standard | Guidance | Timing and Financial Statement Impact
Income Taxes: Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures Issued December 2023 | Requires greater disaggregation of rate reconciliation and income taxes paid information, as well as other changes intended to enhance the transparency and decision-usefulness of income tax disclosures. | Effective beginning with our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ending December 31, 2025. Early adoption is permitted, although we did not early adopt. Adoption will require enhancements to our income tax disclosures but is not expected to have a significant impact on our financial reporting, or on our operational processes, controls and governance in support of the new guidance.
Debt – Debt with Conversion and Other Options: Induced Conversions of Convertible Debt Instruments Issued November 2024 | Improves the relevance and consistency in application of the induced conversion guidance for (a) convertible debt instruments with cash conversion features and (b) debt instruments that are not currently convertible. | Effective January 1, 2026. Early adoption is permitted, although we do not plan to early adopt. Adoption is not expected to have a significant impact on our financial reporting as the new guidance aligns with our recent accounting for the repurchases of certain of our Convertible Senior Notes due 2028. Additionally, adoption is not expected to have a significant impact on our operational processes, controls and governance in support of the new guidance.
Income Statement – Reporting Comprehensive Income – Expense Disaggregation Disclosures: Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses Issued November 2024 | Requires disaggregated disclosure of certain income statement expenses on the face of the Consolidated Statements of Income, and further disaggregation of certain expense captions into specified categories in disclosures within the notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements. | Effective beginning with our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ending December 31, 2027, and effective for interim reporting periods beginning in 2028. Early adoption is permitted, although we do not plan to early adopt. Adoption is not expected to have a significant impact on our financial reporting, or on our operational processes, controls and governance in support of the new guidance.
Intangibles – Goodwill and Other – Internal-Use Software: Targeted Improvements to the Accounting for Internal-Use Software Issued September 2025 | Amends certain aspects of the accounting for and disclosure of internal-use software costs, including removing all references to prescriptive and sequential software development stages to align better with current software development methods, e.g., agile. | Effective January 1, 2028. Early adoption is permitted, although we do not plan to early adopt. Adoption is not expected to have a significant impact on our financial reporting, or on our operational processes, controls and governance in support of the new guidance.

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NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)
2. CREDIT CARD AND OTHER LOANS
Our payment and lending solutions result in the origination of Credit card and other loans, which are recorded at the time a borrower enters into a point-of-sale transaction with a merchant. Credit card loans represent revolving lines of credit and have a range of terms that include credit limits, interest rates and fees, which can be revised over time based on new information about the cardholder, in accordance with applicable regulations and the governing terms and conditions. Cardholders choosing to make a payment of less than the full balance due, instead of paying in full, are subject to finance charges and are required to make monthly payments based on pre-established amounts. Other loans, which consist primarily of our pay-over-time products, which include installment loans and “split-pay” offerings, have a range of fixed terms such as interest rates, fees and repayment periods, and borrowers are required to make pre-established monthly payments over the term of the loan in accordance with the applicable terms and conditions. Credit card and other loans include principal and any related accrued interest and fees and are presented on the Consolidated Balance Sheets net of the Allowance for credit losses. We continue to accrue interest and fee income on all accounts, except in limited circumstances, until the related balance and all related interest and fees are paid or charged-off.
We generally classify our Credit card and other loans as held for investment. We sell a majority of our credit card loans originated by Comenity Bank (CB) and by Comenity Capital Bank (CCB), to certain of our master securitization trusts (the Trusts), which are consolidated Variable Interest Entities (VIEs), and therefore these loans are restricted for securitization investors. All new originations of Credit card and other loans are determined to be held for investment at origination because we have the intent and ability to hold them for the foreseeable future. In determining what constitutes the foreseeable future, we consider the average life and homogenous nature of our Credit card and other loans. In assessing whether our Credit card and other loans continue to be held for investment, we also consider capital levels and scheduled maturities of funding instruments used. The assertion regarding the intent and ability to hold Credit card and other loans for the foreseeable future can be made with a high degree of certainty given the maturity distribution of our direct-to-consumer (DTC or retail) deposits and other funding instruments; the demonstrated ability to replace maturing time-based deposits and other borrowings with new deposits or borrowings; and historic payment activity on Credit card and other loans. Due to the homogenous nature of our credit card loans, amounts are classified as held for investment on a brand partner portfolio basis. From time to time certain credit card loans are classified as held for sale, as determined on a brand partner portfolio basis. We carry held for sale loans at the lower of aggregate cost or fair value and continue to recognize finance charges on an accrual basis. Cash flows associated with Credit card and other loans originated or purchased for investment are classified as Cash flows from investing activities, regardless of any subsequent change in intent and ability.
The following table provides Credit card and other loans, as of the dates presented:

| September 30, 2025 |  | December 31, 2024
(Millions) |  |  |
Credit card loans | $ | 17,341 |  |  | $ | 18,586 |
Other loans | 314 |  |  | 310 |
Total credit card and other loans (1)(2) | 17,655 |  |  | 18,896 |
Less: Allowance for credit losses | (2,070) |  |  | (2,241) |
Credit card and other loans, net | $ | 15,585 |  |  | $ | 16,655 |

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(1)Includes $10.0 billion and $12.4 billion of Credit card and other loans available to settle obligations of consolidated VIEs as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively.
(2)Includes $375 million and $378 million, of accrued interest and fees that have not yet been billed to cardholders as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively.
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NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)
Credit Card and Other Loans Aging
The following table provides the delinquency trends of our Credit card and other loans portfolio, based on the amortized cost, as of the dates presented:

| Aging Analysis of Delinquent Amortized Cost Credit Card and Other Loans (1) |  |  |  |
| 31 to 60 Days Past Due |  | 61 to 90 Days Past Due |  | 91 or more Days Past Due |  | Total |  | Total Current |  | Total
(Millions) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
September 30, 2025 | $ | 358 |  |  | $ | 278 |  |  | $ | 656 |  |  | $ | 1,292 |  |  | $ | 15,956 |  |  | $ | 17,248 |
December 31, 2024 | $ | 369 |  |  | $ | 288 |  |  | $ | 730 |  |  | $ | 1,387 |  |  | $ | 17,105 |  |  | $ | 18,492 |

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(1)Other loans delinquencies have been included with credit card loan delinquencies in the table above, as amounts were insignificant as of each period presented. As permitted by GAAP, the primary difference between the amortized cost basis included in the table above and the carrying value of our Credit card and other loans relates to the exclusion of unbilled finance charges and fees from the amortized cost basis. As of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, accrued interest and fees that have not yet been billed to cardholders were $375 million and $378 million, respectively, included in Credit card and other loans on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.
From time to time we may re-age cardholders’ accounts, with the intent of assisting delinquent cardholders who have experienced financial difficulties but who demonstrate both an ability and willingness to repay the amounts due. This practice affects credit card loan delinquencies and principal losses. Accounts meeting specific defined criteria are re-aged when the cardholder makes one or more consecutive payments aggregating to a certain pre-defined amount of their account balance. Upon re-aging, the outstanding balance of a delinquent account is returned to current status. Our re-aged accounts as a percentage of Total credit card and other loans represented 2.9% for both the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, and 3.2% and 4.3% for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. Our re-aging practices comply with regulatory guidelines.
Credit Quality Indicators for Our Credit Card and Other Loans
Given the nature of our business, the credit quality of our assets, in particular our Credit card and other loans, is a key determinant underlying our ongoing financial performance and overall financial condition. When it comes to our Credit card and other loans portfolio, we closely monitor Delinquency rates and Net principal loss rates, which reflect, among other factors, our underwriting, the inherent credit risk in our portfolio and the success of our collection and recovery efforts. These rates also reflect, more broadly, the general macroeconomic conditions, including the compounding effect of persistent inflation relative to wage growth, and higher interest rates. Our Delinquency and Net principal loss rates are also impacted by the size of our Credit card and other loans portfolio, which serves as the denominator in the calculation of these rates. Accordingly, changes in the size of our portfolio (whether due to credit tightening, acquisitions or dispositions of portfolios, or otherwise) may cause movements in our Delinquency and Net principal loss rates that are not necessarily indicative of the underlying credit quality of the overall portfolio.
Delinquencies: An account is contractually delinquent if we do not receive the minimum payment due by the specified due date. Our policy is to continue to accrue interest and fee income on all accounts, except in limited circumstances, until the balance and all related interest and fees are paid or charged-off. After an account becomes 30 days past due, a proprietary collection scoring algorithm automatically scores the risk of the account becoming further delinquent; based upon the level of risk indicated, a collection strategy is deployed. If after exhausting all in-house collection efforts we are unable to collect on the account, we may engage collection agencies or outside attorneys to continue those efforts, or sell the charged-off balances.
The Delinquency rate is calculated by dividing outstanding principal balances that are contractually delinquent (i.e., principal balances greater than 30 days past due) as of the end of the period, by the outstanding principal amount of Credit card and other loans as of the same period-end. As of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 our Delinquency rates were 6.0% and 5.9%, respectively.
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BREAD FINANCIAL HOLDINGS, INC.
NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)
Net Principal Losses: Our net principal losses include the principal amount of Credit card and other loans that are deemed uncollectible, less recoveries, and exclude charged-off interest, fees and third-party fraud losses (including synthetic fraud). Charged-off interest and fees reduce Interest and fees on loans, while third-party fraud losses are recorded in Card and processing expenses. Our credit card loans, including unpaid interest and fees, are generally charged-off in the month during which an account becomes 180 days past due. Our pay-over-time products, which include installment loans and “split-pay” offerings, including unpaid interest, are generally charged-off when a loan becomes 120 days past due. However, in the case of a customer bankruptcy or death, Credit card and other loans, including unpaid interest and fees, as applicable, are charged-off 60 days after receipt of the notification of the bankruptcy or death, but in any case no later than 180 days past due for credit card loans and 120 days past due for installment loans and “split-pay” offerings. We record the actual losses for unpaid interest and fees as a reduction to Interest and fees on loans, which were $212 million and $232 million for the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively, and $698 million and $773 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively.
The Net principal loss rate is calculated by dividing net principal losses for the period by the Average credit card and other loans for the same period, using an average daily balance calculation methodology. For the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, our Net principal loss rates were 7.4% and 7.8%, respectively, and for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, our Net principal loss rates were 7.8% and 8.3%, respectively.
Overall Credit Quality: As part of our credit risk management activities for our credit card loans portfolio, we assess overall credit quality by reviewing information from credit bureaus and other sources relating to our cardholders’ broader credit performance. We utilize VantageScore (Vantage) credit scores to assist in our assessment of credit quality. Vantage credit scores are obtained at origination of the account and are refreshed monthly thereafter to assist in predicting customer behavior. We categorize these Vantage credit scores into the following three credit score categories: (i) 661 or higher, which are considered the strongest credits and therefore have the lowest credit risk; (ii) 601 to 660, considered to have moderate credit risk; and (iii) 600 or less, which are considered weaker credits and therefore have the highest credit risk. In certain limited circumstances there are customer accounts for which a Vantage score is not available and we use alternative sources to assess credit risk and predict behavior. The table below excludes less than 0.1% o f the total credit card loans balance as of both September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, representing those customer accounts for which a Vantage credit score is not available. The following table reflects the distribution of credit card loans by Vantage score as of the dates presented:

| Vantage
| September 30, 2025 |  | December 31, 2024
| 661 or Higher |  | 601 to 660 |  | 600 or Lower |  | 661 or Higher |  | 601 to 660 |  | 600 or Lower
Credit card loans | 58 | % |  | 27 | % |  | 15 | % |  | 58 | % |  | 27 | % |  | 15 | %

As part of our credit risk management activities for our Other loans portfolio, we also assess overall credit quality by reviewing information from credit bureaus. We have historically utilized Fair Isaac Corporation (FICO) credit scores to assist in our assessment of the credit quality for our Other loans portfolio, but in early 2024 we completed a transition to Vantage scoring. The scoring scale produced by both FICO and Vantage is similar in that scores of 600 or less are considered weaker scores and as per our categorization method would have the highest credit risk. The amortized cost basis of Other loans totale d $293 million and $298 million as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively. As of September 30, 2025, approximately 87% of these loans were originated with customers with scores of 661 or above, and correspondingly approximately 13% of these loans were originated with customers with scores below 661. Similarly, as of December 31, 2024, approximately 84% and 16% of these loans were originated with customers with FICO scores of 661 or above, and below 661, respectively.
Modified Credit Card Loans
Consumer Relief Programs
As part of our collections strategy, we may offer temporary and short term programs in order to improve the likelihood of collections and meet the needs of our customers. For example, as a result of hurricanes Helene and Milton in September and October of 2024, respectively, we froze delinquency progression for cardholders in Federal Emergency Management
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NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)
Agency (FEMA) identified impact zones for one billing cycle. Our modifications, for customers who have requested assistance and meet certain qualifying requirements, come in the form of reduced payment requirements, interest rate reductions and late fee waivers. We do not offer programs involving the forgiveness of principal. These temporary loan modifications may assist in cases where we believe the customer will recover from the short-term hardship and resume scheduled payments. Under these consumer relief programs, those accounts receiving relief may not advance to the next delinquency cycle, including charge-off, in the same time frame that would have occurred had the relief not been granted. We evaluate our consumer relief programs to determine if they represent a more than insignificant delay in payment granted to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty, in which case they would then be considered a Loan Modification. Loans in these short term programs that are determined to be Loan Modifications, will be included as such in the disclosure below.
Credit Card Loans - Modifications for Borrowers Experiencing Financial Difficulty (Loan Modifications)
In instances where cardholders are experiencing financial difficulty, we may modify our credit card loans with the intention of minimizing losses and improving collectability, while providing cardholders with financial relief; such credit card loans are classified as Loan Modifications, exclusive of the temporary, short-term consumer relief programs described above. Loan Modifications include concessions consisting primarily of a reduced minimum payment, late fee waiver, and/or an interest rate reduction. The majority of concessions remain in place for a period no longer than 12 months; however, for certain modifications the concessions remain in place through the payoff of the credit card loans if the cardholder complies with the terms of the program.
Loan Modification concessions do not include the forgiveness of unpaid principal, but may involve the reversal of certain unpaid interest or fee assessments, and the cardholder’s ability to make future purchases is either limited, or suspended until the cardholder successfully exits from the modification program. In accordance with the terms of our workout programs, the credit agreement reverts back to its original contractual terms (including the contractual interest rate) when the customer exits the program, which is either when all payments have been made in accordance with the program, or when the customer defaults out of the program.
Loan Modifications are collectively evaluated for impairment on a pooled basis in measuring the appropriate Allowance for credit losses. The following table provides information relating to credit card loans to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty that were granted a concession under a Loan Modification program during the periods presented:

| Three Months Ended September 30, 2025 |  | Three Months Ended September 30, 2024
| Account Balances (1) |  | % of Total Credit Card Loans |  | Weighted Average Interest Rate Reduction (% points) |  | Account Balances (1) |  | % of Total Credit Card Loans |  | Weighted Average Interest Rate Reduction (% points)
(Millions, except percentages) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Credit card loans | $ | 100 |  |  | 0.6 | % |  | 23.2 | % |  | $ | 94 |  |  | 0.5 | % |  | 21.8 | %

| Nine Months Ended September 30, 2025 |  | Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024
| Account Balances (1) |  | % of Total Credit Card Loans |  | Weighted Average Interest Rate Reduction (% points) |  | Account Balances (1) |  | % of Total Credit Card Loans |  | Weighted Average Interest Rate Reduction (% points)
(Millions, except percentages) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Credit card loans | $ | 258 |  |  | 1.5 | % |  | 23.1 | % |  | $ | 238 |  |  | 1.4 | % |  | 21.7 | %

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(1)Represents the outstanding balances as of September 30, 2025 and 2024, of all Loan Modifications undertaken in the past three and nine months, respectively, for credit card loans that remain in modification programs as of September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The outstanding balances include principal, accrued interest and fees.
Interest income on these impaired credit card loans is accounted for in the same manner as non-impaired credit card loans, and cash collections are allocated according to the same payment hierarchy methodology applied for credit card loans not in Loan Modification programs.
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BREAD FINANCIAL HOLDINGS, INC.
NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)
The following table provides the performance of our credit card loans that were modified within the 12 months prior to the dates presented and remain in a Loan Modification program as of the dates presented:

| Aging Analysis of Delinquent Amortized Cost Loan Modifications - Credit Card Loans |  |  |  |
| 31 to 60 Days Past Due |  | 61 to 90 Days Past Due |  | 91 or more Days Past Due |  | Total |  | Total Current |  | Total
(Millions) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
September 30, 2025 | $ | 23 |  |  | $ | 21 |  |  | $ | 23 |  |  | $ | 67 |  |  | $ | 247 |  |  | $ | 314 |
December 31, 2024 | $ | 21 |  |  | $ | 18 |  |  | $ | 22 |  |  | $ | 61 |  |  | $ | 242 |  |  | $ | 303 |

The following table provides additional information regarding credit card Loan Modifications that have subsequently defaulted within 12 months of their modification dates, for the periods presented; the probability of default is factored into the Allowance for credit losses:

| Three Months Ended September 30, 2025 |  | Three Months Ended September 30, 2024
| Number of Modifications |  | Outstanding Balance |  | Number of Modifications |  | Outstanding Balance
(Millions, except for Number of modifications) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loan Modifications that subsequently defaulted | 7,124 |  | $ | 15 |  |  | 7,653 |  |  | $ | 14 |

| Nine Months Ended September 30, 2025 |  | Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024
| Number of Modifications |  | Outstanding Balance |  | Number of Modifications |  | Outstanding Balance
(Millions, except for Number of modifications) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loan Modifications that subsequently defaulted | 14,099 |  | $ | 29 |  |  | 16,342 |  | $ | 29 |

Unfunded Lending Commitments
We manage potential credit risk in unfunded lending commitments by reviewing each potential customer’s credit application and evaluating the applicant’s financial history and ability and perceived willingness to repay. Credit card loans are made primarily on an unsecured basis, and our Cardholders reside throughout the U.S. and are not significantly concentrated in any one geographic area.
We manage our potential risk in credit commitments by limiting the total amount of credit, both by individual customer and across our credit card loan portfolio, by monitoring the size and maturity of our loan portfolio and applying consistent risk-based underwriting standards reflective of current and anticipated macroeconomic conditions. We have the unilateral ability to cancel or reduce unused credit card lines at any time. Unused credit card lines available to cardholders totaled approximately $98 billion and $103 billion as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively. While this amount represented the total available unused credit card lines, we have not experienced and do not anticipate that all cardholders will access their entire available line at any given point in time.
Portfolio Sales
As of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, there were no credit card loans held for sale.
In late April 2024 we sold a credit card loan portfolio for cash consideration of $102 million. We recognized a gain on sale in April 2024 that was subsequently adjusted during the second half of 2024, and again one final time during the first half of 2025, to recognize an incremental amount due under the purchase and sale agreement.
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NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)
Portfolio Acquisitions
In August 2024, we acquired a credit card loan portfolio for cash consideration of approximately $378 million.
3. ALLOWANCE FOR CREDIT LOSSES
The Allowance for credit losses represents our estimate of expected credit losses over the estimated life of our Credit card and other loans, incorporating future macroeconomic forecasts in addition to information about past events and current conditions. Our estimate under the Current Expected Credit Loss (CECL) approach is significantly influenced by the composition, characteristics and quality of our portfolio of Credit card and other loans, as well as the prevailing economic conditions and forecasts utilized. The Allowance for credit losses includes an estimate for uncollectible principal as well as unpaid interest and fees. Principal losses, net of recoveries are deducted from the Allowance for credit losses. Losses of unpaid interest and fees are recorded as a reduction to Interest and fees on loans upon charge-off. The Allowance for credit losses is maintained through an adjustment to the Provision for credit losses and is evaluated for appropriateness on a quarterly basis.
In estimating our Allowance for credit losses, for each identified segment of loans sharing similar risk characteristics, management uses modeling and estimation techniques based on historical loss experience, current conditions, reasonable and supportable forecasts and other relevant factors. This modeling uses historical data and applicable macroeconomic variables with statistical analysis and behavioral relationships, to determine expected credit performance. Our quantitative estimate of expected credit losses under CECL is impacted by certain forecasted macroeconomic variables. We consider the macroeconomic forecast used to be reasonable and supportable over the estimated life of the Credit card and other loans portfolio, with no reversion period. In addition to the quantitative estimate of expected credit losses, we also incorporate qualitative adjustments for certain factors such as Company-specific risks, changes in current macroeconomic conditions that may not be captured in the quantitatively derived results, or other relevant factors to ensure the Allowance for credit losses reflects our best estimate of current expected credit losses.
Credit Card Loans
We use a “pooled” approach to estimate expected credit losses for financial assets with similar risk characteristics. We have evaluated multiple risk characteristics across our credit card loans portfolio, and determined delinquency status and overall credit quality to be the most significant characteristics for estimating expected credit losses. To estimate our Allowance for credit losses, we segment our credit card loans on the basis of delinquency status, credit quality risk score and product. These risk characteristics are evaluated on at least an annual basis, or more frequently as facts and circumstances warrant. In determining the estimated life of our credit card loans, payments were applied to the measurement date balance with no payments allocated to future purchase activity. We use a combination of First In First Out and the Credit Card Accountability, Responsibility, and Disclosure Act of 2009 (CARD Act) methodologies to model balance paydown.
Other Loans
We measure our Allowance for credit losses on Other loans, consisting primarily of our installment loans and “split-pay” offerings, using a statistical model to estimate projected losses over the remaining terms of the loans, inclusive of an assumption for prepayments. The model is based on the historical statistical relationship between loan loss performance and certain macroeconomic data pooled based on credit quality risk score, term of the underlying loans, vintage and geographic location. As of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Allowance for credit losses on Other loans was $25 million and $30 million, respectively.
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NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)
Allowance for Credit Losses Rollforward
The following table provides our Allowance for credit losses for our Credit card and other loans. The amount of the related Allowance for credit losses on other loans is insignificant and therefore has been included in the table below for the periods presented:

| Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 |  | 2024
(Millions) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Beginning balance | $ | 2,098 |  |  | $ | 2,164 |  |  | $ | 2,241 |  |  | $ | 2,328 |
Provision for credit losses (1) | 299 |  |  | 369 |  |  | 869 |  |  | 980 |
Change in the estimate for uncollectible unpaid interest and fees | — |  |  | 5 |  |  | — |  |  | 5 |
Net principal losses (2) | (327) |  |  | (348) |  |  | (1,040) |  |  | (1,123) |
Ending balance | $ | 2,070 |  |  | $ | 2,190 |  |  | $ | 2,070 |  |  | $ | 2,190 |

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(1)Provision for credit losses includes a build/release for the Allowance, as well as replenishment of Net principal losses.
(2)Net principal losses are presented net of recoveries of $82 million and $85 million for the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively, and $267 million and $286 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively.
For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 the balance of the Allowance for credit losses decreased, due primarily to the decrease in Credit card and other loans as seasonally higher transactor balances from the fourth quarter of 2024 were paid down in the first quarter of 2025. Our reserve rate was 11.7% as of September 30, 2025, reflecting our improving credit metrics and higher-quality new account acquisitions. We continue to maintain appropriately prudent weightings on the economic scenarios in our credit reserve modeling to ensure the adequacy of our Allowance for credit losses given the wide range of potential macroeconomic outcomes.
4. SECURITIZATIONS
We account for transfers of financial assets as either sales or financings. Transfers of financial assets that are accounted for as a sale are removed from the Consolidated Balance Sheets with any realized gain or loss reflected in the Consolidated Statements of Income during the period in which the sale occurs. Transfers of financial assets that are not accounted for as a sale are treated as a financing.
We regularly securitize the majority of our credit card loans through the transfer of those loans to one of our Trusts. We perform the decision making for the Trusts, as well as servicing the cardholder accounts that generate the credit card loans held by the Trusts. In our capacity as a servicer, we administer the loans, collect payments and charge-off uncollectible balances. Servicing fees are earned by a subsidiary, which are eliminated in consolidation.
The Trusts are consolidated VIEs because they have insufficient equity at risk to finance their activities – the issuance of debt securities and notes, collateralized by the underlying credit card loans. Because we perform the decision making and servicing for the Trusts, we have the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the Trusts’ economic performance (the collection of the underlying credit card loans). In addition, we hold all of the variable interests in the Trusts, with the exception of the liabilities held by third-parties. These variable interests provide us with the right to receive benefits and the obligation to absorb losses, which could be significant to the Trusts. As a result of these considerations, we are deemed to be the primary beneficiary of the Trusts and therefore consolidate the Trusts.
The Trusts issue debt securities and notes, which are non-recourse to us. The collections on the securitized credit card loans held by the Trusts are available only for payment of those debt securities and notes, or other obligations arising in the securitization transactions. For our securitized credit card loans, during the initial phase of a securitization reinvestment period, we generally retain principal collections in exchange for the transfer of additional credit card loans into the securitized pool of assets. During the amortization or accumulation period of a securitization, the investors’ share of
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NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)
principal collections (in certain cases, up to a maximum specified amount each month) is either distributed to the investors or held in an account until it accumulates to the total amount due, at which time it is paid to the investors in a lump sum.
Under the Indentures of each Trust and their Indenture Supplements, we are required to maintain minimum interests in our Trusts ranging from 4% to 10% of the securitized credit card loans. This requirement is met through a transferor’s interest and is supplemented through excess funding deposits which represent cash amounts deposited with the trustee of the securitizations. Cash collateral, restricted deposits are generally released proportionately as investors are repaid. Under the terms of the Trusts, the occurrence of certain triggering events associated with the performance of the securitized credit card loans in each Trust could result in certain required actions, including payment of Trust expenses, the establishment of reserve funds, or early amortization of the debt securities and/or notes, in a worst-case scenario. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, no such triggering events occurred.
The following tables provide the total securitized credit card loans and related delinquencies, and net principal losses of securitized credit card loans for the periods presented:

| September 30, 2025 |  | December 31, 2024
(Millions) |  |  |
Total credit card loans – available to settle obligations of consolidated VIEs | $ | 10,000 |  |  | $ | 12,408 |
Of which: principal amount of credit card loans 91 days or more past due | $ | 248 |  |  | $ | 305 |

| Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 |  | 2024
(Millions) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net principal losses of securitized credit card loans | $ | 192 |  |  | $ | 200 |  |  | $ | 609 |  |  | $ | 637 |

5. INVESTMENTS
Investments include investment securities and various other investments primarily held by the Banks for Community Reinvestment Act (CRA) purposes. Investment securities consist of available-for-sale (AFS) debt securities, which are mortgage-backed securities and municipal bonds, and equity securities, which are mutual funds. Investment securities are carried at fair value on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. We also have other investments, which primarily include a portfolio of investments in certain limited partnerships and limited liability companies accounted for under the equity method, and therefore are recorded at cost and adjusted each period for our share of the investee’s earnings or losses, less any impairment. Other investments also include an insignificant tax credit investment where we elected to apply the proportional amortization method of accounting, for which the impacts of both the amortization of the investment and income tax benefits are fully recognized in the Provision for income taxes.
The following table provides a summary of our Investments as of the dates presented:

| September 30, 2025 |  | December 31, 2024
(Millions) |
Investment securities: |  |  |
Available-for-sale debt securities | $ | 174 |  |  | $ | 170 |
Equity securities | 49 |  |  | 47 |
Total investment securities | 223 |  |  | 217 |
Equity method and other investments | 61 |  |  | 49 |
Total Investments | $ | 284 |  |  | $ | 266 |

For AFS debt securities in an unrealized loss position, any estimated credit losses are recognized in the Consolidated Statements of Income by establishing or adjusting an existing Allowance for credit losses for such losses. We typically invest in highly-rated securities with low probabilities of default; therefore, we did not have an Allowance for credit losses
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as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, and did not recognize any credit losses for the periods presented. Any unrealized gains, or any portion of an AFS debt security’s non-credit-related unrealized losses are recorded in the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income, net of tax. Realized gains and losses are recorded in Other non-interest expenses in the Consolidated Statements of Income upon disposition of the AFS debt security, using the specific identification method. Gains and losses on investments in equity securities and CRA-related equity method investments are recorded in Other non-interest expenses in the Consolidated Statements of Income.
The table below provides unrealized gains and losses on AFS debt securities as of the dates presented:

| September 30, 2025 |  | December 31, 2024
| Amortized Cost |  | Unrealized Gains |  | Unrealized Losses |  | Fair Value |  | Amortized Cost |  | Unrealized Gains |  | Unrealized Losses |  | Fair Value
(Millions) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Available-for-sale securities | $ | 193 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (19) |  |  | $ | 174 |  |  | $ | 195 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (25) |  |  | $ | 170 |
Total | $ | 193 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (19) |  |  | $ | 174 |  |  | $ | 195 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (25) |  |  | $ | 170 |

The following tables provide information about AFS debt securities in a gross unrealized loss position and the length of time that individual securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position, as of the dates presented:

| September 30, 2025
| Less than 12 months |  | 12 Months or Greater |  | Total
| Fair Value |  | Unrealized Losses |  | Fair Value |  | Unrealized Losses |  | Fair Value |  | Unrealized Losses
(Millions) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Available-for-sale securities | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 140 |  |  | $ | (19) |  |  | $ | 142 |  |  | $ | (19) |
Total | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 140 |  |  | $ | (19) |  |  | $ | 142 |  |  | $ | (19) |

| December 31, 2024
| Less than 12 months |  | 12 Months or Greater |  | Total
| Fair Value |  | Unrealized Losses |  | Fair Value |  | Unrealized Losses |  | Fair Value |  | Unrealized Losses
(Millions) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Available-for-sale securities | $ | 27 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 140 |  |  | $ | (25) |  |  | $ | 167 |  |  | $ | (25) |
Total | $ | 27 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 140 |  |  | $ | (25) |  |  | $ | 167 |  |  | $ | (25) |

As of September 30, 2025, our AFS debt securities included mortgage-backed securities, which do not have a single maturity date, with an amortized cost and estimated fair value of $162 million and $145 million, respectively, and municipal bonds, all of which have a maturity date greater than ten years, with an amortized cost and estimated fair value of $31 million and $29 million, respectively.
There were no realized gains or losses from the sale of any investment securities for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024.
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6. DEPOSITS
Deposits were categorized as interest-bearing or non-interest-bearing as follows, as of the dates presented:

| September 30, 2025 |  | December 31, 2024
(Millions) |  |  |
Interest-bearing | $ | 13,511 |  |  | $ | 13,055 |
Non-interest-bearing (including cardholder credit balances) | 24 |  |  | 27 |
Total deposits | $ | 13,535 |  |  | $ | 13,082 |

Deposits by deposit type were as follows as of the dates presented:

| September 30, 2025 |  | December 31, 2024
(Millions) |  |  |
Savings accounts |  |  |
Direct-to-consumer (retail) | $ | 3,989 |  |  | $ | 3,226 |
Wholesale | 3,448 |  |  | 3,601 |
Certificates of deposit |  |  |
Direct-to-consumer (retail) | 4,199 |  |  | 4,461 |
Wholesale | 1,875 |  |  | 1,767 |
Cardholder credit balances | 24 |  |  | 27 |
Total deposits | $ | 13,535 |  |  | $ | 13,082 |

The scheduled maturities of certificates of deposit were as follows as of September 30, 2025:

(Millions) |
2025 (1) | $ | 1,180 |
2026 | 3,301 |
2027 | 1,143 |
2028 | 349 |
2029 | 56 |
Thereafter | 45 |
Total certificates of deposit | $ | 6,074 |

__________________________________
(1)The 2025 balance includes $4 million in unamortized debt issuance costs, which are associated with the entire portfolio of certificates of deposit.
As of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, deposits that exceeded applicable FDIC insurance limits, which are generally $250,000 per depositor, per insured bank, per ownership category, were estimated to be $642 million (5% of Total deposits) and $574 million (4% of Total deposits), respectively. The measurement of estimated uninsured deposits aligns with regulatory guidelines.
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7. BORROWINGS OF LONG-TERM AND OTHER DEBT
Long-term and other debt consisted of the following as of the dates presented:

Description |  | September 30, 2025 |  | December 31, 2024 |  | Contractual Maturities |  | Interest Rates
(Millions, except percentages) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Long-term and other debt: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Revolving line of credit |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | October 2028 |  | (1)
Senior notes due 2026 |  | — |  |  | 100 |  |  | January 2026 |  | 7.00%
Convertible senior notes due 2028 |  | — |  |  | 10 |  |  | June 2028 |  | 4.25%
Senior notes due 2029 |  | 719 |  |  | 900 |  |  | March 2029 |  | 9.75%
Subordinated notes due 2035 |  | 400 |  |  | — |  |  | June 2035 |  | 8.38%
Subtotal |  | 1,119 |  |  | 1,010 |  |  |  |  |
Less: Unamortized debt issuance costs |  | 14 |  |  | 11 |  |  |  |  |
Total long-term and other debt |  | $ | 1,105 |  |  | $ | 999 |  |  |  |  |
Debt issued by consolidated VIEs: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fixed rate asset-backed term note securities |  | $ | 1,350 |  |  | $ | 1,350 |  |  | Various – May 2026 to Jul. 2027 |  | 4.62% to 5.47%
Conduit asset-backed securities |  | 1,335 |  |  | 3,213 |  |  | Various – Oct. 2025 to Feb. 2026 |  | (2)
Subtotal |  | 2,685 |  |  | 4,563 |  |  |  |  |
Less: Unamortized debt issuance costs |  | 3 |  |  | 5 |  |  |  |  |
Total debt issued by consolidated VIEs |  | $ | 2,682 |  |  | $ | 4,558 |  |  |  |  |
Total borrowings of long-term and other debt |  | $ | 3,787 |  |  | $ | 5,557 |  |  |  |  |

______________________________
(1)The interest rate is based upon the Secured Overnight Financing Rate (SOFR) plus an applicable margin.
(2)The interest rate is based upon SOFR, or the asset-backed commercial paper costs of each individual conduit provider plus an applicable margin. As of September 30, 2025 the interest rates ranged from 5.22% to 5.23% with a weighted average rate of 5.22%. As of December 31, 2024 the interest rates ranged from 5.48% to 5.60% with a weighted average rate of 5.54%.
Certain of our long-term debt agreements include various restrictive financial and non-financial covenants. If we do not comply with certain of these covenants and an event of default occurs and remains uncured, the maturity of amounts outstanding may be accelerated and become payable, and, with respect to our credit agreement, the associated commitments may be terminated. As of September 30, 2025, we were in compliance with all such covenants.
Long-term and Other Debt
Throughout 2025, we engaged in a number of financing-related transactions, including closing on our offering of $400 million aggregate principal amount of 8.375% Fixed-Rate Reset Subordinated Notes due 2035 (the Subordinated Notes), and the redemption of the remaining $100 million in aggregate principal amount of our 7.000% Senior Notes due 2026 (Senior Notes due 2026). We also had repurchases of $10 million in aggregate principal amount of our 4.25% Convertible Senior Notes due 2028 (the Convertible Notes), the completion of a cash tender offer (the Tender Offer) to repurchase $150 million in aggregate principal amount of our 9.750% Senior Notes due 2029 (Senior Notes due 2029), and another cash tender offer (the Third Quarter Tender Offer) to repurchase $31 million in aggregate principal amount of our Senior Notes due 2029 and $0.1 million in aggregate principal amount of our Subordinated Notes, in each case utilizing cash on hand. Each of these transactions, as well as other matters relating to our liquidity and capital resources during the year, are described in more detail below.
Credit Agreement
In October 2024, we entered into our amended credit agreement with Parent Company, as borrower, certain of our domestic subsidiaries, as guarantors, JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as administrative agent and lender, and various other financial institutions, as lenders, which provides for a $700 million senior unsecured revolving credit facility (the
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Revolving Credit Facility), which matures in October 2028. As of September 30, 2025, our Revolving Credit Facility was undrawn and all $700 million remained available for future borrowings.
Senior Notes Due 2026, 2028 and 2029
The Senior Notes set forth below are each governed by their respective indenture that includes usual and customary negative covenants and events of default. These Senior Notes are unsecured and are guaranteed on a senior unsecured basis by certain of our existing and future domestic restricted subsidiaries that incur or in any other manner become liable for any debt under our domestic credit facilities, including the Revolving Credit Facility.
7.000% Senior Notes due 2026
In September 2020, we issued and sold $500 million aggregate principal amount of Senior Notes due January 15, 2026. In January 2024, we redeemed $400 million in aggregate principal amount of the Senior Notes due 2026 and in January 2025, with cash on hand we redeemed the remaining $100 million. For additional information on our 7.000% Senior Notes Due 2026, see Note 10, “Borrowings of Long-Term and Other Debt” to our 2024 Form 10-K.
4.25% Convertible Senior Notes Due 2028
In June 2023, we issued and sold $316 million aggregate principal amount of 4.25% Convertible Senior Notes due 2028. The Convertible Notes bear interest at an annual rate of 4.25%, payable semi-annually in arrears on June 15 and December 15 of each year. The Convertible Notes mature on June 15, 2028, unless earlier repurchased, redeemed or converted.
In connection with the issuance of the Convertible Notes, we entered into privately negotiated capped call (Capped Call) transactions with certain financial institution counterparties. These transactions are expected generally to reduce potential dilution to our common stock upon any conversion of Convertible Notes and/or offset any cash payments we are required to make in excess of the principal amount of the Convertible Notes, with such reduction and/or offset subject to a cap, based on the cap price.
For additional information on the June 2023 issuance, and subsequent repurchases during 2024, of our Convertible Notes, as well as our Capped Call transactions, see Note 10, “Borrowings of Long-Term and Other Debt” to our 2024 Form 10-K.
In the first quarter of 2025, a holder of Convertible Notes approached us to repurchase Convertible Notes, and we entered into a privately-negotiated repurchase agreement with the holder, repurchasing $7 million in aggregate principal amount of outstanding Convertible Notes. The final purchase price, or settlement value, for the repurchase was $11 million, which was funded with cash on hand. In connection with the repurchase, we recognized a $2 million inducement expense in Other non-interest expenses representing the total settlement value, inclusive of transaction fees, in excess of the total conversion value (calculated in accordance with the indenture governing the Convertible Notes), as well as a $2 million reduction in Additional paid-in capital (APIC) related to the total conversion value paid in excess of the carrying value of the Convertible Notes repurchased and a deferred tax impact. This repurchase was negotiated and settled during the first quarter; therefore, there were no embedded conversion features requiring bifurcation and derivative accounting as of March 31, 2025.
In the third quarter of 2025, we entered into privately-negotiated repurchase agreements with two additional holders of our Convertible Notes, repurchasing $3 million in aggregate principal amount of outstanding Convertible Notes. The final purchase price, or settlement value, for the repurchases was $5 million, which was funded with cash on hand. In connection with the repurchases, we recognized a $1 million inducement expense in Other non-interest expenses representing the total settlement value, inclusive of transaction fees, in excess of the total conversion value (calculated in accordance with the indenture governing the Convertible Notes), as well as a $2 million reduction in APIC related to the total conversion value paid in excess of the carrying value of the Convertible Notes repurchased and a deferred tax impact. These repurchases were negotiated and settled during the third quarter; therefore, there were no embedded conversion features requiring bifurcation and derivative accounting as of September 30, 2025.
As of September 30, 2025, $0.1 million of Convertible Notes remained outstanding. We may, from time to time, seek to retire or repurchase our remaining outstanding Convertible Notes through cash purchases or exchanges for other securities, in open market purchases, tender offers, privately negotiated transactions or otherwise.
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All of the Capped Call transactions continue to remain outstanding, notwithstanding repurchases of our Convertible Notes. Although we do not trade or speculate in derivatives, we may seek to opportunistically terminate the Capped Call transactions (in full or in part from time to time) or leave the Capped Call transactions outstanding, possibly until maturity, in any such case with the objective of optimizing the shareholder value we receive under these transactions.
9.750% Senior Notes due 2029
In January 2024, we issued and sold an additional $300 million aggregate principal amount of 9.750% Senior Notes due 2029 (Senior Notes due 2029) at an issue price of 101.00% of principal plus accrued interest from December 22, 2023. The Senior Notes due 2029 issued in January 2024 were issued as additional notes under the same indenture pursuant to which the initial $600 million of Senior Notes due 2029 were issued in December 2023, bringing our total aggregate principal amount of Senior Notes Due 2029 to $900 million as of January, 2024. The Senior Notes due 2029 will mature on March 15, 2029, unless subject to earlier repurchase or redemption. For additional information on our 9.750% Senior Notes Due 2029, see Note 10, “Borrowings of Long-Term and Other Debt” to our 2024 Form 10-K.
In June 2025, we completed the cash Tender Offer pursuant to which we repurchased $150 million in aggregate principal amount of our Senior Notes due 2029. The consideration paid in the Tender Offer for each $1,000 principal amount of the Senior Notes due 2029 was $1,071, plus accrued and unpaid interest. In connection with the repurchase, we recognized a $13 million loss on extinguishment in Other non-interest expenses representing the total settlement value, inclusive of transaction fees, in excess of the carrying value of the Senior Notes due 2029.
In August 2025, we completed the cash Third Quarter Tender Offer pursuant to which we repurchased $31 million in aggregate principal amount of our Senior Notes due 2029. The consideration paid in the Third Quarter Tender Offer for each $1,000 principal amount of the Senior Notes due 2029 was $1,070, plus accrued and unpaid interest. In connection with the repurchase, we recognized a $3 million loss on extinguishment in Other non-interest expenses representing the total settlement value, inclusive of transaction fees, in excess of the carrying value of the Senior Notes due 2029. Following the completion of these two tender offers, $719 million in the aggregate principal amount of our Senior Notes due 2029 remained outstanding as of September 30, 2025, and will mature in March 2029, subject to any earlier repurchase or redemption.
8.375% Subordinated Notes Due 2035
In March 2025, we issued and sold $400 million in aggregate principal amount of the Subordinated Notes. The Subordinated Notes were issued pursuant to an indenture between the Company and U.S. Bank Trust Company, National Association, as trustee. The Subordinated Notes accrue interest on the outstanding principal amount (i) at a rate per annum equal to 8.375% from, and including, March 10, 2025, to, but excluding, June 15, 2030 (the Reset Date), and (ii) from, and including, the Reset Date to, but excluding, the maturity date at a rate per annum equal to the Five-Year U.S. Treasury Rate as of the date that is two business days prior to the Reset Date, plus 430 basis points. Interest on the Subordinated Notes is payable semiannually in arrears in June and December of each year. The Subordinated Notes will mature in June 2035, unless earlier repurchased or redeemed. As noted above, included in the cash Third Quarter Tender Offer was a repurchase of $0.1 million aggregate principal amount of the Subordinated Notes.
Debt Issued by Consolidated VIEs
An asset-backed security is a security whose value and income payments are derived from and collateralized by a specified pool of underlying assets – in our case, our credit card loans. The sale of the pool of underlying assets to investors is accomplished through a securitization process. We regularly sell our credit card loans to our Trusts, which are consolidated. The liabilities of these consolidated VIEs include asset-backed securities for which creditors, or beneficial interest holders, do not have recourse to our general credit.
Conduit Facilities
We maintained committed syndicated bank Conduit Facilities to support the funding of our credit card loans for our Trusts. Borrowings outstanding under each private Conduit Facility bear interest at a margin above SOFR, or the asset-backed commercial paper costs of each individual conduit provider.
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The table below summarizes our conduit capacities, borrowings and maturities for the periods presented:

(Millions) |  | December 31, 2024 |  | Commitment |  | September 30, 2025 |  |
Conduit Facilities |  | Capacity |  | Drawn (6) |  | Change |  | Capacity |  | Drawn (6) |  | Maturity Date (7)
Comenity Bank |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
WFNMNT 2009-VFN (1) |  | $ | 2,650 |  |  | $ | 1,955 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,650 |  |  | $ | 1,088 |  |  | October 2025
WFNMT 2009-VFC1 (2) |  | — |  |  | 141 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Comenity Capital Bank |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
WFCMNT 2009-VFN (3) |  | 2,250 |  |  | 867 |  |  | (250) |  |  | 2,000 |  |  | 247 |  |  | February 2026
CCAST 2023-VFN1 (4) |  | 250 |  |  | 250 |  |  | (250) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
CCAST 2024-VFN1 (5) |  | 200 |  |  | — |  |  | (200) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total |  | $ | 5,350 |  |  | $ | 3,213 |  |  | $ | (700) |  |  | $ | 4,650 |  |  | $ | 1,335 |  |  |

__________________________________
(1)2009-VFN Conduit issued under World Financial Network Credit Card Master Note Trust (WFNMNT). In October 2025, the 2009-VFN Conduit commitment was reduced by $900 million to $1.75 billion, and the Maturity Date was extended to October 2026.
(2)2009-VFC1 Conduit issued under World Financial Network Credit Card Master Trust III (WFNMT) was retired following controlled amortization, meaning the period in which principal collections are accumulated to pay down the outstanding principal amount of the notes issued under the Conduit Facility, in June 2025 pursuant to the termination, consent and waiver agreement.
(3)2009-VFN Conduit issued under World Financial Capital Master Note Trust (WFCMNT). In February 2025, the 2009-VFN Conduit commitment was reduced by $250 million to $2 billion, and the Maturity Date was extended to February 2026.
(4)2023-VFN1 Conduit issued under Comenity Capital Asset Securitization Trust (CCAST). The purchase commitment expired on September 29, 2025 and the 2023-VFN1 Conduit was retired on October 1, 2025 pursuant to the termination, consent and waiver agreement.
(5)2024-VFN1 Conduit issued under CCAST was retired in February 2025 pursuant to the termination, consent and waiver agreement.
(6)Amounts drawn do not include $0.4 billion and $1.1 billion of debt issued by the Trusts as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively, which were not sold, but were retained by us as a credit enhancement and therefore have been eliminated from the Total.
(7)Maturity Date with respect to conduit borrowings means the date on which the revolving period for the applicable Conduit Facility expires. The revolving period may be extended or renewed (unless an early amortization event occurs prior to the Maturity Date). Absent the extension or renewal of the revolving period, the Conduit Facility shall enter controlled amortization on the Maturity Date and may no longer be drawn upon.
8. DERIVATIVES AND HEDGING ACTIVITIES
From time to time, we use derivative financial instruments to manage our exposure to various financial risks; we do not trade or speculate in derivatives. Subject to the criteria set forth in GAAP, we will either designate our derivatives in qualifying hedging relationships, or as economic hedges should the criteria in GAAP not be met. All derivatives that we enter into are recognized at fair value in our Consolidated Balance Sheets, where our derivative receivables are included in Other assets and our derivative payables are included in Other liabilities. As permitted by GAAP, when a legally enforceable master netting agreement exists between us and the derivative counterparty, we present derivative receivables and derivative payables with the same counterparty on a net basis in the Consolidated Balance Sheets, including any related cash collateral receivables and payables.
Risk Management Objectives of Using Derivatives
We enter into derivative transactions to support our overall risk management activities. Our primary risks stem from the impact on our earnings and economic value of equity due to changes in interest rates, and to a lesser extent, changes in foreign exchange rates. Beginning in October 2024, we manage our interest rate sensitivity in part by changing the duration and re-pricing characteristics of a portion of our variable rate credit card loan portfolio by using interest rate swaps. We also use foreign currency forwards to limit our earnings and capital exposures to foreign exchange risk by hedging our limited exposures denominated in foreign currencies, in particular, Canadian dollars. We designate our interest rate swaps as qualifying accounting cash flow hedges, and account for our foreign currency forwards as economic hedges (as the criteria under GAAP for hedge accounting designation have not been met).
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See below for additional information on our use of derivatives and how we account for them:
•Cash flow hedges: We designate derivatives as cash flow hedges when they are used to manage our exposure to variability in cash flows attributable to changes in contractually specified interest rates on our variable-rate credit card loans.
Changes in the fair value of derivatives designated as cash flow hedges are recorded as a component of Accumulated other comprehensive loss. Those amounts are reclassified into our Consolidated Statements of Income in the same period during which the hedged forecasted interest accruals impact earnings, and are presented in the same line item as the earnings effect of the hedged items (i.e., Interest and fees on loans).
Specifically, we entered into receive-fixed, pay-floating interest rate swaps to modify the interest rate characteristics of designated credit card loans from a floating rate to a fixed rate in order to reduce the impact of changes in forecasted future cash flows due to fluctuations in market interest rates. As of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, we had outstanding interest rate swaps with a total notional amount of $0.8 billion and $1.5 billion, respectively. The maximum period over which forecasted interest accruals were hedged with these interest rate swaps was approximately 1.0 year as of September 30, 2025. The impacts of our cash flow hedges were insignificant to the Consolidated Financial Statements for the periods presented on both a gross basis and, where applicable, a net basis.
Additionally, within the next 12 months, the amount we expect to reclassify from Accumulated other comprehensive loss as of September 30, 2025 into our Consolidated Statements of Income will be insignificant. The actual amount reclassified into earnings may vary due to market conditions and adjustments made as part of our ongoing risk management strategy.
•Economic hedges: Our economic hedges use derivatives to hedge the risk of changes in foreign currency exchange rates. Changes in the fair value of derivatives used in economic hedges are recognized in Other non-interest expense in our Consolidated Statements of Income.
As of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, we had outstanding foreign currency forwards with a total notional amount of $74 million and $73 million, respectively. The impacts of our economic hedges were insignificant to the Consolidated Financial Statements for the periods presented.
The notional amounts disclosed above are not exchanged on our derivatives. While these notional amounts provide an indication of the volume of our derivative activity, they significantly exceed, in our view, the possible losses that could arise from the associated transactions.
9. OTHER NON-INTEREST INCOME AND OTHER NON-INTEREST EXPENSES
The following table provides the components of Other non-interest income for the periods presented:

| Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 |  | 2024
(Millions) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Payment protection products | $ | 29 |  |  | $ | 30 |  |  | $ | 85 |  |  | $ | 91 |
Other (1) | 21 |  |  | 7 |  |  | 60 |  |  | 8 |
Total other non-interest income | $ | 50 |  |  | $ | 37 |  |  | $ | 145 |  |  | $ | 99 |

__________________________________
(1)Primarily related to implemented pricing actions, including paper statement fees.
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NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)
The following table provides the components of Other non-interest expenses for the periods presented:

| Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 |  | 2024
(Millions) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Professional services and regulatory fees | $ | 26 |  |  | $ | 25 |  |  | 82 |  |  | 85 |
Occupancy expense | 6 |  |  | 5 |  |  | 16 |  |  | 17 |
Repurchased debt | 3 |  |  | 96 |  |  | 19 |  |  | 105 |
Other (1) | 8 |  |  | 10 |  |  | 27 |  |  | 35 |
Total other non-interest expenses | $ | 43 |  |  | $ | 136 |  |  | $ | 144 |  |  | $ | 242 |

__________________________________
(1)Primarily related to costs associated with various other individually insignificant operating activities.
10. FAIR VALUES OF FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS
Fair value is defined under GAAP as the price that would be required to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date; with such a transaction based on the principal market, or in the absence of a principal market the most advantageous market for the specific instrument. GAAP provides for a three-level fair value hierarchy that classifies the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value, defined as follows:
Level 1: Inputs that are unadjusted quoted prices for identical assets or liabilities in active markets that the entity can access.
Level 2: Inputs, other than those included within Level 1, that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly, for substantially the full term of the asset or liability, including quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in inactive markets, or inputs other than quoted prices that are observable for the asset or liability.
Level 3: Inputs that are unobservable (e.g., internally derived assumptions) and reflect an entity’s assumptions about estimates market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability based on the best information available under the circumstances. In particular, Level 3 inputs and valuation techniques involve judgment and as a result are not necessarily indicative of amounts we would realize in a current market exchange. The use of different assumptions or estimation techniques may have a material effect on the estimated fair value amounts.
We monitor the market conditions and evaluate the fair value hierarchy levels at least quarterly. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, there were no transfers into or out of Level 3, and no transfers between Levels 1 and 2.
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NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)
The following table summarizes the carrying values and fair values of our financial assets and financial liabilities as of the dates presented:

| September 30, 2025 |  | December 31, 2024
| Carrying Amount |  | Fair Value |  | Carrying Amount |  | Fair Value
(Millions) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Financial assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Credit card and other loans, net | $ | 15,585 |  |  | $ | 17,691 |  |  | $ | 16,655 |  |  | $ | 19,011 |
Investment securities | 223 |  |  | 223 |  |  | 217 |  |  | 217 |
Financial liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Deposits | $ | 13,535 |  |  | $ | 13,551 |  |  | $ | 13,082 |  |  | $ | 13,087 |
Debt issued by consolidated VIEs | 2,682 |  |  | 2,702 |  |  | 4,558 |  |  | 4,572 |
Long-term and other debt | 1,105 |  |  | 1,179 |  |  | 999 |  |  | 1,085 |

Valuation Techniques Used in the Fair Value Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities
Credit card and other loans, net: Our Credit card and other loans are recorded at amortized cost, less the Allowance for credit losses, on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. In estimating the fair values, we use a discounted cash flow model (i.e., Level 3 inputs), primarily because a comparable whole loan sales market for similar loans does not exist, and therefore there is a lack of observable pricing inputs. We use various internally derived inputs, including projected income, discount rates and forecasted charge-offs. Economic value attributable to future loans generated by the cardholder accounts is not included in the fair values.
Investment securities: Investment securities consist of AFS debt securities, including both mortgage-backed securities and municipal bonds, as well as equity securities, which are mutual funds, and are recorded at fair value on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Quoted prices of identical or similar investment securities in active markets are used to estimate the fair values (i.e., Level 1 or Level 2 inputs).
Derivative assets and liabilities: We use derivatives to manage our interest rate and foreign currency risk exposures. When quoted market prices are available and used to value our derivatives, we classify them as Level 1. However, the majority of our derivatives do not have readily available quoted market prices. Therefore, we value most of our derivatives using vendor-based models. We primarily rely on market observable inputs for these models, including, for example, interest rate yield curves and currency rates. These inputs can vary depending on the type of derivatives and nature of the underlying rate, price or index upon which the value of the derivative is based. We typically classify derivatives as Level 2 as significant inputs can be observed in a liquid market and the model itself does not require significant judgment. Our derivatives are included in Other assets or Other liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The fair value impacts of our derivative assets and liabilities were insignificant to the Consolidated Financial Statements for the periods presented on both a gross basis and, where applicable, a net basis.
Deposits: Money market and other non-maturity deposits carrying values approximate their fair values because they are short-term in duration and have no defined maturity. GAAP requires that the fair values of deposit liabilities with no stated maturities equal their carrying values and does not permit recognition of the inherent funding value of the instruments. Certificates of deposit are recorded at their historical issuance cost on the Consolidated Balance Sheets, adjusted for unamortized fees, with the fair value being estimated based on the currently observable market rates available to us for similar deposits with similar remaining maturities (i.e., Level 2 inputs). Interest payable is included within Other liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.
Debt issued by consolidated VIEs: We record Debt issued by our consolidated VIEs at amortized cost (including unamortized fees, issuance costs, premiums and discounts, where applicable) on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Fair value is estimated based on the currently observable market rates available to us for similar debt instruments with similar remaining maturities or quoted market prices for the same transaction (i.e., Level 2 inputs). Interest payable is included within Other liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.
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NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)
Long-term and other debt: We record Long-term and other debt at amortized cost (including unamortized fees, issuance costs, premiums and discounts, where applicable) on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Fair value is estimated based on the currently observable market rates available to us for similar debt instruments with similar remaining maturities, or quoted market prices for the same transaction (i.e., Level 2 inputs). Interest payable is included within Other liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.
Financial Instruments Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis
The following tables summarize our financial instruments measured at fair value on a recurring basis, categorized by the fair value hierarchy described in the preceding paragraphs, as of the dates presented:

| September 30, 2025
| Total |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3
(Millions) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Investment securities | $ | 223 |  |  | $ | 49 |  |  | $ | 174 |  |  | $ | — |
Total assets measured at fair value | $ | 223 |  |  | $ | 49 |  |  | $ | 174 |  |  | $ | — |

| December 31, 2024
| Total |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3
(Millions) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Investment securities | $ | 217 |  |  | $ | 47 |  |  | $ | 170 |  |  | $ | — |
Total assets measured at fair value | $ | 217 |  |  | $ | 47 |  |  | $ | 170 |  |  | $ | — |

Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Nonrecurring Basis
Certain assets and liabilities are recognized or disclosed at fair value on a nonrecurring basis, including equity method investments, property and equipment, right-of-use assets, deferred contract costs, goodwill and intangible assets. These assets are not measured at fair value on a recurring basis but are subject to fair value adjustments in certain circumstances, such as upon impairment. We did not have any impairments for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024.
Financial Instruments Disclosed but Not Carried at Fair Value
The fair values of financial instruments that are measured at amortized cost are estimates, and require management’s judgment; therefore, these fair value estimates may not be indicative of future fair values, nor can our fair value be estimated by aggregating all of the amounts presented. The following tables summarize our financial assets and financial liabilities that are measured at amortized cost, and not required to be carried at fair value on a recurring basis, as of the dates presented:

| September 30, 2025
| Fair Value |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3
(Millions) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Financial assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Credit card and other loans, net | $ | 17,691 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 17,691 |
Total | 17,691 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 17,691 |
Financial liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Deposits | 13,551 |  |  | — |  |  | 13,551 |  |  | — |
Debt issued by consolidated VIEs | 2,702 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,702 |  |  | — |
Long-term and other debt | 1,179 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,179 |  |  | — |
Total | $ | 17,432 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 17,432 |  |  | $ | — |

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BREAD FINANCIAL HOLDINGS, INC.
NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)

| December 31, 2024
| Fair Value |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3
(Millions) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Financial assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Credit card and other loans, net | $ | 19,011 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 19,011 |
Total | 19,011 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 19,011 |
Financial liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Deposits | 13,087 |  |  | — |  |  | 13,087 |  |  | — |
Debt issued by consolidated VIEs | 4,572 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,572 |  |  | — |
Long-term and other debt | 1,085 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,085 |  |  | — |
Total | $ | 18,744 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 18,744 |  |  | $ | — |

11. REGULATORY MATTERS AND CAPITAL ADEQUACY
Regulatory Matters
Our business is subject to extensive federal and state laws and regulations, as well as related regulation and supervision, including by the FDIC, CFPB and other federal and state authorities. Pending and future laws and regulations (federal and state) may adversely impact our business. Without limiting the foregoing, CB is subject to various regulatory capital requirements administered by the Delaware Office of the State Bank Commissioner and the FDIC. CCB is also subject to various regulatory capital requirements administered by the Utah Department of Financial Institutions and the FDIC. Failure to meet minimum capital requirements can trigger certain mandatory and possibly additional discretionary actions by our regulators. Under capital adequacy guidelines and the regulatory framework for prompt corrective action, both Banks must meet specific capital guidelines that involve quantitative measures of their assets and liabilities as calculated under regulatory accounting practices. The capital amounts and classification are also subject to qualitative judgments by these regulators about components, risk weightings and other factors. In addition, both Banks are limited in the amounts they can pay as dividends to the Parent Company.
Quantitative measures, established by regulations to ensure capital adequacy, require the Banks to maintain minimum amounts and ratios of Tier 1 capital to average assets, and Common equity tier 1, Tier 1 capital and Total capital, all to risk-weighted assets. Failure to meet these minimum capital requirements can result in certain mandatory, and possibly additional discretionary actions by the Banks’ regulators that if undertaken, could have a direct material effect on CB’s and/or CCB’s operating activities, as well as our operating activities. Based on these regulations, as of September 30, 2025 and 2024, each Bank met all capital requirements to which it was subject, and maintained capital ratios in excess of the minimums required to qualify as well capitalized. The Banks seek to maintain capital levels and ratios in excess of the minimum regulatory requirements inclusive of the 2.5% Capital Conservation Buffer. Although Bread Financial is not a bank holding company as defined under the Bank Holding Company Act, we seek to maintain capital levels and ratios in excess of the minimums required for bank holding companies.
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NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)
As of September 30, 2025 the actual capital ratios and minimum ratios for the Company, as well as each Bank, are as follows:

| Actual Ratio |  | Minimum Ratio for Capital Adequacy Purposes |  | Minimum Ratio to be Well Capitalized under Prompt Corrective Action Provisions
Total Company |  |  |  |  |
Common equity tier 1 capital ratio (1) | 14.0 | % |  | 4.5 | % |  | 6.5 | %
Tier 1 capital ratio (2) | 14.0 |  |  | 6.0 |  |  | 8.0 |
Total risk-based capital ratio (3) | 17.5 |  |  | 8.0 |  |  | 10.0 |
Tier 1 leverage capital ratio (4) | 12.4 |  |  | 4.0 |  |  | 5.0 |
Total risk-weighted assets (5) | $ | 18,714 |  |  |  |  |
Comenity Bank |  |  |  |  |
Common equity tier 1 capital ratio (1) | 15.4 | % |  | 4.5 | % |  | 6.5 | %
Tier 1 capital ratio (2) | 15.4 |  |  | 6.0 |  |  | 8.0 |
Total risk-based capital ratio (3) | 16.8 |  |  | 8.0 |  |  | 10.0 |
Tier 1 leverage capital ratio (4) | 13.5 |  |  | 4.0 |  |  | 5.0 |
Comenity Capital Bank |  |  |  |  |
Common equity tier 1 capital ratio (1) | 15.4 | % |  | 4.5 | % |  | 6.5 | %
Tier 1 capital ratio (2) | 15.4 |  |  | 6.0 |  |  | 8.0 |
Total risk-based capital ratio (3) | 19.0 |  |  | 8.0 |  |  | 10.0 |
Tier 1 leverage capital ratio (4) | 13.6 |  |  | 4.0 |  |  | 5.0 |

__________________________________
(1)Common equity tier 1 capital ratio represents tier 1 capital divided by total risk-weighted assets. In the calculation of tier 1 capital, we follow the Basel III Standardized Approach and therefore Total stockholders' equity has been reduced, primarily by Goodwill and intangible assets, net.
(2)Tier 1 capital ratio represents tier 1 capital divided by total risk-weighted assets. In the calculation of tier 1 capital, we follow the Basel III Standardized Approach and therefore Total stockholders' equity has been reduced, primarily by Goodwill and intangible assets, net.
(3)Total risk-based capital ratio represents total capital divided by total risk-weighted assets. In the calculation of total capital, we follow the Basel III Standardized Approach and therefore tier 1 capital has been increased by tier 2 capital, which for us is comprised of subordinated notes, as well as the allowable portion of the Allowance for credit losses.
(4)Tier 1 leverage capital ratio represents tier 1 capital divided by total average assets, after certain adjustments.
(5)Total risk-weighted assets are generally measured by allocating assets, and specified off-balance sheet exposures, to various risk categories as defined by the Basel III Standardized Approach.
We are also involved, from time to time, in reviews, investigations, subpoenas, supervisory actions and other proceedings (both formal and informal) by governmental agencies regarding our business, which could subject us to significant fines, penalties, obligations to change our business practices, significant restrictions on our existing business or ability to develop new business, cease-and-desist orders, safety-and-soundness directives or other requirements resulting in increased expenses, diminished income and damage to our reputation.
In November 2023, following the consent of the Board of Managers of Comenity Servicing LLC (the Servicer), the FDIC issued a consent order to the Servicer. The Servicer is not one of our Bank subsidiaries, but is our wholly-owned subsidiary that services substantially all of our loans. The consent order arose out of the June 2022 transition of our credit card processing services to strategic outsourcing partners and addresses certain shortcomings in the Servicer’s information technology (IT) systems development, project management, business continuity management, cloud operations, and third-party oversight. The Servicer entered into the consent order for the purpose of resolving these matters without admitting or denying any violations of law or regulation set forth in the order. The consent order does not contain any monetary penalties or fines.
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NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)
The Servicer continues to take significant steps to strengthen the organization’s IT governance and address the other issues identified in the consent order, working diligently to ensure that all requirements of the consent order are satisfied. Without limiting the generality of the foregoing, the Servicer has taken steps to address each provision within the consent order and continues to comply with each ongoing requirement. The Servicer is committed to complying with the longer-term requirements of the consent order, including the enhancement of its compliance management processes and related corporate governance, compliance with the applicable system conversion requirements, and enhanced risk management and reporting. The Servicer has submitted nearly all of the required deliverables under the consent order to the FDIC for its review and consideration. The Board of Managers of the Servicer continues to oversee its compliance with the requirements of the consent order and provide effective challenge to the Servicer’s management toward that end. The Board of Directors of each of the Banks also receives reporting about the Servicer and monitors the Servicer’s compliance with the provisions of the consent order.
12. COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES
Legal Proceedings
From time to time we are subject to various lawsuits, claims, disputes, or potential claims or disputes, and other proceedings, arising in the ordinary course of business that we believe, based on our current knowledge, will not have a material adverse effect on our business, consolidated financial condition or liquidity, including claims and lawsuits alleging breaches of our contractual obligations, arbitrations, class actions and other litigation, arising in connection with our business activities. However, in light of the uncertainties involved in such matters, including the fact that some pending legal proceedings are at preliminary stages or seek an indeterminate amount of damages, penalties or fines, it is possible that the outcome of legal proceedings could have a material impact on our results of operations. Certain legal proceedings involving us or our subsidiaries are described further below.
On February 20, 2024, we and our general counsel were named as defendants in an adversary proceeding filed by the liquidating trustee in LVI’s Chapter 11 bankruptcy case in the United States Bankruptcy Court for the Southern District of Texas, captioned Pirinate Consulting Group, LLC v. Bread Financial Holdings, Inc., Case No. 24-03027 (Bankr. S.D. Tex.), alleging actual and constructive fraudulent transfers, among other claims, in connection with our spinoff of LVI. Also on February 20, 2024, the liquidating trustee filed an action in the United States District Court for the District of Delaware against us, each of the members of our Board of Directors at the time of the spinoff, and certain members of our management team, captioned Pirinate Consulting Group, LLC v. Bread Financial Holdings, Inc., Case No. 24-cv-00226-RGA (D. Del.), alleging certain breaches of fiduciary duties (and aiding and abetting breaches of fiduciary duties) in connection with the spinoff. Subsequently, the liquidating trustee voluntarily dismissed without prejudice the complaint in the District of Delaware and commenced on March 20, 2024 a substantially similar action in Delaware Chancery Court, captioned Pirinate Consulting Group, LLC v. Bread Financial Holdings, Inc., Case No. 2024-0277-MTZ (Del. Ch.), against the same parties and asserting the same claims. Among other things, in each of the Texas and Delaware actions, the liquidating trustee seeks damages in the amount of approximately $750 million plus interest, fees and expenses.
We and certain current and former members of our management team have also been named as defendants in other litigation matters relating to the LVI spinoff. LoyaltyOne, Co. (the LVI subsidiary that operated its Canadian AIR MILES business) filed suit against us and our general counsel in the Ontario Superior Court of Justice in Canada on October 18, 2023, in an action captioned LoyaltyOne, Co. v. Bread Financial Holdings, Inc. et al. The lawsuit asserts that our general counsel, in his capacity as a pre-spinoff director of LoyaltyOne, Co., breached various fiduciary duties owed to LoyaltyOne, Co. in connection with the LVI spinoff and certain other transactions, and that Bread Financial assisted in and benefited from those breaches. The lawsuit seeks damages in the amount of $775 million. LoyaltyOne, Co. is also contesting our entitlement to certain potential tax refunds under the tax matters agreement, in proceedings pursuant to the Canadian Companies’ Creditors Arrangement Act in the Commercial List of the Ontario Superior Court of Justice, captioned In re Matter of a Plan of Compromise or Arrangement of LoyaltyOne, Co., Case No. CV-23-00696017-00CL (the Tax Matters Dispute). In July 2024, the judge presiding over the Tax Matters Dispute issued an order in our favor, and LoyaltyOne, Co. filed a motion for leave to appeal that order, which motion was dismissed by the Court of Appeal for Ontario in March 2025. LoyaltyOne, Co. has indicated that it will continue to seek to contest our entitlement to these potential tax refunds. Finally, on April 27, 2023, we and certain current and former members of our management team were named as defendants in a putative federal securities class action filed in the United States District Court for the Southern District of Ohio, captioned Newtyn Partners, LP v. Alliance Data Systems n/k/a Bread Financial Holdings, Inc., Case No. 23-cv-1451-EAS (S.D. Ohio), concerning disclosures made about LVI’s business prior to the spinoff. The lead
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NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)
plaintiff in this matter filed an amended complaint on March 21, 2024 and is seeking, among other things, a class action designation and an award of damages in an amount to be proven at trial, plus fees and expenses. In March 2025, the United States District Court for the Southern District of Ohio granted our and the other defendants’ motions to dismiss in full and with prejudice; the court entered judgment in favor of all defendants and terminated the case. The plaintiffs have filed a notice of appeal of the court’s ruling in this matter.
In all these actions related to the spinoff, we believe the allegations contained in the complaints are without merit and intend to defend the cases. We cannot predict at this point the length of time that these actions will be ongoing or the liability, if any, which may arise therefrom.
Some matters pending against us specify the damages sought, others seek an unspecified amount of damages or are at very early stages of the legal process. In matters where the amount of damages claimed against us are stated, the claimed amount may be exaggerated and/or unsupported. While some matters have not yet progressed sufficiently through discovery or have had development of important factual information and legal issues to enable us to estimate an amount of loss or a range of possible loss, other matters may have progressed sufficiently to enable an estimate of an amount of loss, or a range of possible loss. We accrue for a loss contingency when it is both probable that a loss has occurred, and the amount of loss can be reasonably estimated; however, there may be instances in which an exposure to a loss contingency exceeds our accrual. On a quarterly basis we evaluate developments in the legal proceedings against us that could cause an increase or decrease in the amount of the accrual that has been previously recorded.
13. CHANGES IN ACCUMULATED OTHER COMPREHENSIVE LOSS
The changes in each component of Accumulated other comprehensive loss, net of tax effects, are as follows for the periods presented:

Three Months Ended September 30, 2025 |  | Net Unrealized Losses on AFS Securities |  | Net Unrealized Gains on Cash Flow Hedges |  |  |  | Foreign Currency Translation Adjustments |  | Accumulated other comprehensive loss
(Millions) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance as of June 30, 2025 |  | $ | (17) |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  |  |  | $ | (3) |  |  | $ | (19) |
Changes in other comprehensive income |  | 3 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 3 |
Balance as of September 30, 2025 |  | $ | (14) |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  |  |  | $ | (3) |  |  | $ | (16) |

Three Months Ended September 30, 2024 |  | Net Unrealized Losses on AFS Securities |  | Net Unrealized Gains on Cash Flow Hedges |  |  |  | Foreign Currency Translation Adjustments |  | Accumulated other comprehensive loss
(Millions) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance as of June 30, 2024 |  | $ | (19) |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  | $ | (3) |  |  | $ | (22) |
Changes in other comprehensive income |  | 6 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 6 |
Balance as of September 30, 2024 |  | $ | (13) |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  | $ | (3) |  |  | $ | (16) |

Nine Months Ended September 30, 2025 |  | Net Unrealized Losses on AFS Securities |  | Net Unrealized Gains on Cash Flow Hedges |  |  |  | Foreign Currency Translation Adjustments |  | Accumulated other comprehensive loss
(Millions) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance as of December 31, 2024 |  | $ | (19) |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  | $ | (3) |  |  | $ | (22) |
Changes in other comprehensive income |  | 5 |  |  | 1 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 6 |
Balance as of September 30, 2025 |  | $ | (14) |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  |  |  | $ | (3) |  |  | $ | (16) |

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NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)

Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024 |  | Net Unrealized Losses on AFS Securities |  | Net Unrealized Gains on Cash Flow Hedges |  |  |  | Foreign Currency Translation Adjustments |  | Accumulated other comprehensive loss
(Millions) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance as of December 31, 2023 |  | $ | (16) |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  | $ | (3) |  |  | $ | (19) |
Changes in other comprehensive income |  | 3 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 3 |
Balance as of September 30, 2024 |  | $ | (13) |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  | $ | (3) |  |  | $ | (16) |

14. STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
Stock Repurchase Programs
On August 26, 2025 our Board of Directors approved a stock repurchase program to acquire up to $200 million in shares of our outstanding common stock in the open market. There is no expiration date for this repurchase plan. The rationale for this repurchase program, and the amount thereof, was to execute against our previously disclosed capital priorities to grow responsibly, maintain balance sheet strength, and return value to shareholders. This repurchase program is in addition to the Company’s prior $150 million stock repurchase program, which was announced in March 2025 and was completed in April 2025.
During the nine months ended September 30, 2025, under these authorized stock repurchase programs, we acquired a total of 3.8 million shares of our common stock for $190 million plus applicable excise tax on stock repurchases, with 0.6 million of those shares having been repurchased in the third quarter for $40 million. Following their repurchase, these 3.8 million shares ceased to be outstanding shares of common stock and are now treated as authorized but unissued shares of common stock. As of September 30, 2025, we had $160 million remaining for future repurchases under our current authorized stock repurchase program. During October 2025, we repurchased another 0.4 million shares of common stock for $20 million plus applicable excise tax on stock repurchases. On October 23, 2025, our Board of Directors approved an increase of an incremental $200 million to our current share repurchase program, meaning as of October 28, 2025, $340 million remained available for future repurchases under our current authorized stock repurchase program, for which there is no expiration date.
Stock Compensation Expense
During the nine months ended September 30, 2025, we awarded 841,575 service-based restricted stock units (RSUs) with a weighted average grant date fair market value per share of $61.56 as determined on the date of grant. Service-based restricted stock units typically vest ratably over three years provided that the participant is employed by us on each such vesting date.
During the nine months ended September 30, 2025, we awarded 141,117 performance-based restricted stock units with a fair market value of approximately $61.95. Performance-based RSUs cliff vest at the end of three years, if specific performance measures tied to our financial performance are met. For the performance-based RSUs awarded in 2025, the predefined vesting criteria permit a range from 0% to 160% to be earned, subject to a market-based condition. Accruals of compensation cost for an award with a performance condition are based on the probable outcome of that performance condition. If the performance targets are met, these awards will vest with respect to the entire award on February 18, 2028, provided that the participant is employed by us on the vesting date (subject to certain limited exceptions, such as death, disability and qualifying retirements).
For the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, we recognized $14 million and $13 million in stock-based compensation expense, respectively. For both the nine month periods ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, we recognized $41 million in stock-based compensation expense, respectively.
Dividends
During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, we paid $9 million and $31 million, respectively, in dividends to holders of our common stock. O n October 23, 2025, our Board of Directors declared a quarterly cash div idend
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BREAD FINANCIAL HOLDINGS, INC.
NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)
of $0.23 per share on our common stock, payable on December 12, 2025, to stockholders of record at the close of business on November 7, 2025.
15. INCOME TAXES
The Provision for income taxes decreased for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025. The effective tax rate w as 4.3% and 92.2% for the three-month periods ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively, and 17.5% and 33.4% for the nine-month periods ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. Both the decreases in the Provis ion for income taxes and in the effective tax rates over the periods of comparison were driven by a discrete tax benefit in the current year period and larger nondeductible items in the prior year period.
On July 4, 2025, President Trump signed into law “The One Big Beautiful Bill Act” (the Bill). The Bill reinstates several provisions of the 2017 Tax Cuts and Jobs Act for businesses. We do not expect the Bill to have a significant impact on our financial position, results of operations or cash flows, nor do we expect significant changes to operational processes, controls or governance as a result of the Bill.
We file income tax returns in U.S. federal, state and foreign jurisdictions, as applicable. U.S. federal income tax returns are no longer subject to examination for years before 2015. With a few exceptions, state and local income tax returns are no longer subject to examination for years before 2015 and foreign income tax returns are no longer subject to examination for years before 2021.
16. EARNINGS PER SHARE
Basic earnings (losses) per share (EPS) is based only on the weighted average number of common shares outstanding, excluding any dilutive effects of unvested restricted stock awards, or other dilutive securities. Diluted EPS is based on (i) the weighted average number of common and potentially dilutive common shares (unvested restricted stock awards outstanding during the year), pursuant to the Treasury Stock method, and (ii) the potential conversion of the Convertible Notes, pursuant to the If-converted method.
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BREAD FINANCIAL HOLDINGS, INC.
NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)
The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted EPS attributable to common stockholders for the periods presented:

| Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 |  | 2024
(Millions, except per share amounts) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Numerator |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Income from continuing operations | $ | 188 |  |  | $ | 3 |  |  | $ | 468 |  |  | $ | 272 |
Loss from discontinued operations, net of income taxes (1) | — |  |  | (1) |  |  | (4) |  |  | (2) |
Net income | $ | 188 |  |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | 464 |  |  | $ | 270 |
Denominator |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Weighted average common stock outstanding – basic | 46.5 |  |  | 49.7 |  |  | 47.4 |  |  | 49.6 |
Weighted average effect of dilutive securities |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Add: net effect of dilutive unvested restricted stock awards (2) | 1.0 |  |  | 1.0 |  |  | 0.7 |  |  | 0.5 |
Add: dilutive effect of Convertible Notes (3)(4) | — |  |  | 0.3 |  |  | — |  |  | 0.2 |
Weighted average common stock outstanding – diluted | 47.5 |  |  | 51.0 |  |  | 48.1 |  |  | 50.3 |
Basic EPS |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Income from continuing operations | $ | 4.04 |  |  | $ | 0.06 |  |  | $ | 9.88 |  |  | $ | 5.48 |
Loss from discontinued operations | $ | — |  |  | $ | (0.01) |  |  | $ | (0.09) |  |  | $ | (0.04) |
Net income per share | $ | 4.04 |  |  | $ | 0.05 |  |  | $ | 9.79 |  |  | $ | 5.44 |
Diluted EPS |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Income from continuing operations | $ | 3.96 |  |  | $ | 0.06 |  |  | $ | 9.74 |  |  | $ | 5.40 |
Loss from discontinued operations | $ | — |  |  | $ | (0.01) |  |  | $ | (0.09) |  |  | $ | (0.03) |
Net income per share | $ | 3.96 |  |  | $ | 0.05 |  |  | $ | 9.65 |  |  | $ | 5.37 |

__________________________________
(1)Includes amounts that related to the previously disclosed discontinued operations associated with the spinoff of our former LoyaltyOne segment in 2021 and the sale of our former Epsilon segment in 2019. For additional information, refer to Note 1, “Description of Business, Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” to the unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements.
(2)As the effect would have been anti-dilutive, for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 approximately 0.5 million and 0.7 million, respectively, in restricted stock awards were excluded from each calculation of weighted average dilutive common shares. For the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, the anti-dilutive effect from restricted stock awards on the weighted average dilutive common shares was insignificant.
(3)Holders of the Convertible Notes may convert their notes under certain conditions until March 15, 2028, and on or after such date without condition. Upon any such conversion, we will repay the aggregate principal amount of the Convertible Notes in cash, and pay or deliver, as the case may be, cash, shares of our common stock or a combination of both (at our election), in respect of the remainder, if any, of our conversion obligation in excess of the aggregate principal amount of the Convertible Notes. At our option, we may redeem for cash, all or a portion of the Convertible Notes on or after June 21, 2026, and before the 51st scheduled trading day before the maturity date, but only if the closing price of our common stock reaches specified targets as defined in the indenture governing the Convertible Notes. We may also, from time to time, retire or purchase all or a portion of the outstanding Convertible Notes through cash purchases or exchanges for other securities, in open market purchases, tender offers, privately negotiated transactions or otherwise. The conversion feature of the Convertible Notes has a dilutive impact on EPS when the average market price of our common stock for the period exceeds the conversion price of $38.43 per share. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 the average market price exceeded the conversion price and the dilutive effect is therefore included in the table above.
(4)In connection with the issuance of the Convertible Notes, we entered into privately negotiated capped call transactions (the Capped Calls) with certain financial institution counterparties. Diluted weighted average common stock does not include the impact of the Capped Calls, as the effect would have been anti-dilutive.
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Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.
Market Risk
Market risk is the risk to current or anticipated earnings, capital or economic value arising from changes in the market value of portfolios, securities or other financial instruments. Market Risk includes interest rate risk which is the risk arising from movements in interest rates. Our principal market risk exposures arise from volatility in interest rates and changes in the relationship between the interest rates on our assets (such as Credit card and other loans and Investments) and the interest rates on our liabilities (such as Deposits, Debt issued by consolidated variable interest entities and Long-term and other debt), which may include repricing risk, basis risk, yield curve risk and options risk, and their consequential impact on economic value, capitalization levels, and earnings.
There has been no material change from our 2024 Form 10-K related to our exposure to interest rate risk or other market risks.
Item 4. Controls and Procedures.
Our management, with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, has evaluated the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the Exchange Act)) as of the end of the period covered by this Report. Based upon that evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have concluded that, as of the end of such period, our disclosure controls and procedures are effective and designed to ensure that the information required to be disclosed in our reports filed or submitted under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the requisite time periods specified in the applicable rules and forms, and that it is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.
There have not been any changes in our internal control over financial reporting (as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) during the fiscal quarter to which this report relates that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
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PART II: OTHER INFORMATION
Item 1. Legal Proceedings.
Refer to (i) Part II, Item 1A, “Risk Factors—The LoyaltyOne spinoff could result in substantial tax liability to us and our stockholders, and more generally, we have been adversely affected by LVI’s performance, and we may continue to be adversely affected by LVI’s ongoing bankruptcy proceedings or litigation or other disputes involving or relating to LVI.” of our 2024 Form 10-K, (ii) Note 12, “Commitments and Contingencies” to our unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements, and (iii) “Risk Factors—Legal, Regulatory and Compliance Risks” of our 2024 Form 10-K, each of which is incorporated herein by reference.
Item 1A. Risk Factors.
There have been no material changes to the Risk Factors previously disclosed in our 2024 Form 10-K. Additional risks and uncertainties that we are unaware of, or that we currently believe are not material, may also become important factors that adversely affect our business. For a discussion of the recent trends and uncertainties impacting our business, see also “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (MD&A) — Business Environment”.
Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds.
The following table presents information with respect to purchases of our common stock made by or on behalf of us during the three months ended September 30, 2025:

Period |  | Total Number of Shares Purchased (1) |  | Average Price Paid per Share |  | Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs |  | Approximate Dollar Value of Shares that May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (Millions)
July 1-31 |  | 2,972 |  | $ | 62.07 |  |  | — |  | $ | — |
August 1-31 |  | 4,350 |  | $ | 64.33 |  |  | — |  | — |
September 1-30 |  | 637,715 |  | $ | 62.93 |  |  | 635,665 |  | 160 |
Total |  | 645,037 |  | $ | 62.93 |  |  | 635,665 |  | $ | 160 |

__________________________________
(1)During the periods presented, (i) 9,372 shares of our common stock were purchased by the administrator of our Bread Financial 401(k) Plan for the benefit of the employees who participated in that portion of the 401(k) Plan and (ii) 635,665 shares of our common stock were repurchased by the Company, pursuant to a Rule 10b5-1 trading plan previously adopted by the Company, during an open trading window.
Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities.
None.
Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures.
Not applicable.
Item 5. Other Information.
(a)On October 24, 2025, the Parent Company filed a Certificate of Elimination with the Secretary of State of the State of Delaware with respect to the Parent Company’s Series A Non-Voting Convertible Preferred Stock, par value $.01 per share (the Series A Preferred Stock), which, effective upon filing, eliminated from the Parent Company’s Third Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation, as amended, all matters set forth in the Certificate of Designations for the Series A Preferred Stock (the Certificate of Designations). All outstanding
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shares of the Series A Preferred Stock were retired in October 2019, and no shares of the Series A Preferred Stock have been outstanding since that date.
A copy of the Certificate of Elimination with respect to the Parent Company’s Series A Preferred Stock is filed as Exhibit 3.3 to this Form 10-Q and is incorporated herein by reference.
(b)None
(c)During the three months ended September 30, 2025, no Section 16 officer or director of the Parent Company adopted or terminated a “Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement” or “non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement,” as each term is defined in Item 408(a) of Regulation S-K.
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Item 6. Exhibits.
a)Exhibits:
EXHIBIT INDEX

|  |  |  |  |  | Incorporated by Reference
Exhibit No. |  | Filer |  | Description |  | Form |  | Exhibit |  | Filing Date
3.1 |  | (a) |  | Third Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of the Registrant. |  | 8-K |  | 3.2 |  | 6/10/16
3.2 |  | (a) |  | Certificate of Amendment to Third Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of the Registrant. |  | 8-K |  | 3.1 |  | 3/24/22
*3.3 |  | (a) |  | Certificate of Elimination of Series A Preferred Non-Voting Convertible Preferred Stock of the Registrant. |  |  |  |  |  |
3.4 |  | (a) |  | Sixth Amended and Restated Bylaws of the Registrant. |  | 8-K |  | 3.2 |  | 3/24/22
4 |  | (a) |  | Specimen Certificate for shares of Common Stock of the Registrant. |  | 10-Q |  | 4 |  | 8/8/03
10.1 |  | (b) (c) (d) |  | Fourth Addendum to Sixth Amended and Restated Service Agreement, dated as of October 1, 2025, by and between Comenity Bank and Comenity Servicing LLC. |  | 8-K |  | 99.1 |  | 10/2/25
10.2 |  | (b) (c) (d) |  | Assignment No. 17 of Receivables in Supplemental Accounts and Designation No. 20 of Approved Portfolios, among WFN Credit Company, LLC, Comenity Bank and U.S. Bank National Association. |  | 8-K |  | 99.1 |  | 8/4/25
*31.1 |  | (a) |  | Certification of Chief Executive Officer of Bread Financial Holdings, Inc. pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) promulgated under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. |  |  |  |  |  |
*31.2 |  | (a) |  | Certification of Chief Financial Officer of Bread Financial Holdings, Inc. pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) promulgated under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. |  |  |  |  |  |
**32.1 |  | (a) |  | Certification of Chief Executive Officer of Bread Financial Holdings, Inc. pursuant to Rule 13a-14(b) promulgated under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and Section 1350 of Chapter 63 of Title 18 of the United States Code. |  |  |  |  |  |
**32.2 |  | (a) |  | Certification of Chief Financial Officer of Bread Financial Holdings, Inc. pursuant to Rule 13a-14(b) promulgated under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and Section 1350 of Chapter 63 of Title 18 of the United States Code. |  |  |  |  |  |

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|  |  |  |  |  | Incorporated by Reference
Exhibit No. |  | Filer |  | Description |  | Form |  | Exhibit |  | Filing Date
*101 |  | (a) |  | The following financial information from Bread Financial Holdings, Inc.’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2025, formatted in Inline XBRL: (i) Consolidated Statements of Income, (ii) Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income, (iii) Consolidated Balance Sheets, (iv) Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity, (v) Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows and (vi) Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. |  |  |  |  |  |
*104 |  | (a) |  | Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101). |  |  |  |  |  |

__________________________________
*Filed herewith
**Furnished herewith
(a)Bread Financial Holdings, Inc.
(b)WFN Credit Company, LLC
(c)World Financial Network Credit Card Master Trust
(d)World Financial Network Credit Card Master Note Trust
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SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, Bread Financial Holdings, Inc. has duly caused this quarterly report on Form 10-Q to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

| BREAD FINANCIAL HOLDINGS, INC.
DATE: October 28, 2025 |  |
| By: | /s/ RALPH J. ANDRETTA
|  | Ralph J. Andretta
|  | President and Chief Executive Officer
DATE: October 28, 2025 |  |
| By: | /s/ PERRY S. BEBERMAN
|  | Perry S. Beberman
|  | Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

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