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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 29, 2018
Accounting Policies [Abstract] |
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies |
Note 2. | Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Basis of Consolidation. The Consolidated Financial Statements include the accounts of the company and its wholly-owned subsidiaries. Intercompany transactions and balances are eliminated in consolidation. Use of Estimates. The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Fiscal Year End. The company operates on a 52-53 week fiscal year ending the Saturday nearest December 31. Fiscal 2018, Fiscal 2017, and Fiscal 2016 consisted of 52 weeks. Fiscal 2019 will consist of 52 weeks. Revenue Recognition. Revenue is recognized when obligations under the terms of a contract with our customers are satisfied. Revenue is measured as the amount of consideration we expect to receive in exchange for transferring goods or providing services. The company records both direct and estimated reductions to gross revenue for customer programs and incentive offerings at the time the incentive is offered or at the time of revenue recognition for the underlying transaction that results in progress by the customer towards earning the incentive. These allowances include price promotion discounts, coupons, customer rebates, cooperative advertising, and product returns. Consideration payable to a customer is recognized at the time control transfers and is a reduction to revenue. The recognition of costs for promotion programs involves the use of judgment related to performance and redemption estimates. Estimates are made based on historical experience and other factors. Price promotion discount expense is recorded as a reduction to gross sales when the discounted product is sold to the customer. Shipping and handling costs associated with outbound freight after control over a product has transferred to a customer are accounted for as a fulfillment cost and are included in our selling, distribution, and administration expenses line item on the Consolidated Statements of Income. The company’s production facilities deliver products to independent distributor partners (“IDP” or “IDPs”), who sell and deliver those products to outlets of retail accounts that are within the IDPs’ defined geographic territory. The IDPs sell products using either scan-based trading (“SBT”) technology, authorized charge tickets, or cash sales. SBT technology allows the retailer to take ownership of our products when the consumer purchases the products rather than at the time they are delivered to the retailer. Control of the inventory does not transfer upon delivery to the retailer because the company controls the risks and rights until the product is scanned at the reseller’s register. Each of the company’s products is considered distinct because the resellers expect each item to be a performance obligation. The company’s performance obligations are satisfied at the point in time when the end consumer purchases the product because each product is considered a separate performance obligation. Consequently, revenue is recognized at a point in time for each scanned item. The company has concluded that we are the principal. In fiscal years 2018, 2017, and 2016, the company recorded $1.7 billion, $1.4 billion, and $1.3 billion, respectively, in sales through SBT. SBT is utilized primarily in certain national and regional retail accounts (“SBT Outlet”). Generally, revenue is not recognized by the company upon delivery of our products by the company to the IDP or upon delivery of our products by the IDP to a SBT Outlet, but when our products are purchased by the end consumer. Product inventory in the SBT Outlet is reflected as inventory on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The IDP performs a physical inventory of products at each SBT Outlet weekly and reports the results to the company. The inventory data submitted by the IDP for each SBT Outlet is compared with the product delivery data. Product delivered to a SBT Outlet that is not recorded in the product delivery data has been purchased by the consumer/customer of the SBT Outlet and is recorded as sales revenue by the company. Non-SBT sales are classified as either authorized charged sales or cash sales. The company provides marketing support to the IDP for authorized charged sales, but does not provide marketing support to the IDP for cash sales. Marketing support includes providing a dedicated account representative, resolving complaints, and accepting responsibility for product quality which collectively define how to manage the relationship. Revenue is recognized at a point in time for non-SBT sales. The company retains inventory risk, establishes negotiated special pricing, and fulfills the contractual obligations for authorized charged sales. The company is the principal, the IDP is the agent, and the reseller is the customer. Revenue is recognized for authorized charge sales when the product is delivered to the customer because the company has satisfied its performance obligations. Cash sales occur when the IDP is the end customer. The IDP maintains accounts receivable, inventory and fulfillment risk for cash sales. The IDP also controls pricing for the resale of cash sale products. The company is the principal and the IDP is the customer, and an agent relationship does not exist. The discount paid to the IDP for cash sales is recorded as a reduction to revenue. Revenue is recognized for cash sales when the company’s products are delivered to the IDP because the company has satisfied its performance obligations. Sales in the Warehouse Segment are under contracts and include a formal ordering system. Orders are placed primarily using purchase orders (“PO”) or electronic data interchange information. Each PO, together with the applicable master supply agreement, is determined to be a separate contract. Product is delivered via contract carriers engaged by either the company or the customer with shipping terms provided in the PO. Each unit sold, for all product categories, is a separate performance obligation. Each unit is considered distinct because the customer can benefit from each unit by selling each one separately to the end consumer. Additionally, each unit is separately identifiable in the PO. Products are delivered either freight-on-board (“FOB”) shipping or destination. The company’s right to payment is at the time our products are obtained from our warehouse for FOB shipping deliveries. The right to payment for FOB destination deliveries occurs after the products are delivered to the customer. Revenue is recognized at a point in time when control transfers. The company pays commissions to brokers who obtain contracts with customers. Commissions are paid on the total value of the contract, which is determined at contract inception and is based on expected future activity. Broker commissions will not extend beyond a one-year term because each product is considered a separate order in the PO. The company recognizes the incremental costs of obtaining contracts as an expense when incurred if the amortization period of the assets that the company otherwise would have recognized is one year or less. These costs are included in our selling, distribution, and administrative expenses line item on the Consolidated Statements of Income. The company disaggregates revenue by sales channel for each reportable segment. Our sales channels are branded retail, store branded retail, and non-retail and other. The non-retail and other channel includes foodservice, restaurants, institutional, vending, thrift stores, and contract manufacturing. The company does not disaggregate revenue by geographic region, customer type, or contract type. All revenues are recognized at a point in time. Sales by sales channel category in each reportable segment are as follows for fiscal years 2018, 2017, and 2016 (amounts in thousands):
|  | Fiscal 2018 |  |  | Fiscal 2017 |  |  | Fiscal 2016 |
|  | Total |  |  | DSD Segment |  |  | Warehouse Segment |  |  | Total |  |  | DSD Segment |  |  | Warehouse Segment |  |  | Total |  |  | DSD Segment |  |  | Warehouse Segment |
Branded retail |  | $ | 2,335,831 |  |  | $ | 2,188,638 |  |  | $ | 147,193 |  |  | $ | 2,303,301 |  |  | $ | 2,149,451 |  |  | $ | 153,850 |  |  | $ | 2,283,526 |  |  | $ | 2,114,142 |  |  | $ | 169,384 |
Store branded retail |  |  | 597,147 |  |  |  | 483,001 |  |  |  | 114,146 |  |  |  | 582,738 |  |  |  | 471,199 |  |  |  | 111,539 |  |  |  | 582,280 |  |  |  | 464,456 |  |  |  | 117,824 |
Non-retail and other |  |  | 1,018,874 |  |  |  | 668,408 |  |  |  | 350,466 |  |  |  | 1,034,694 |  |  |  | 697,913 |  |  |  | 336,781 |  |  |  | 1,061,079 |  |  |  | 705,579 |  |  |  | 355,500 |
Total |  | $ | 3,951,852 |  |  | $ | 3,340,047 |  |  | $ | 611,805 |  |  | $ | 3,920,733 |  |  | $ | 3,318,563 |  |  | $ | 602,170 |  |  | $ | 3,926,885 |  |  | $ | 3,284,177 |  |  | $ | 642,708 |
Cash and Cash Equivalents. The company considers deposits in banks, certificates of deposits, and short-term investments with original maturities of three months or less to be cash and cash equivalents. Accounts and Notes Receivable. Accounts and notes receivable consists of trade receivables, current portions of distributor notes receivable, and miscellaneous receivables. The company maintains allowances for doubtful accounts for estimated losses resulting from the inability of its customers to make required payments for trade receivables, IDP notes receivable, and miscellaneous receivables. Bad debts are charged to this reserve after all attempts to collect the balance are exhausted. If the financial condition of the company’s customers were to deteriorate, resulting in an impairment of their ability to make payments, additional allowances may be required. In determining the past due or delinquent status of a customer, the aged trial balance is reviewed on a weekly basis by sales management and generally any accounts older than seven weeks are considered delinquent. Activity in the allowance for doubtful accounts is as follows (amounts in thousands):
|  | Beginning Balance |  |  | Charged to Expense |  |  | Write-Offs and Other |  |  | Ending Balance |
Fiscal 2018 |  | $ | 3,154 |  |  | $ | 6,963 |  |  | $ | 4,366 |  |  | $ | 5,751 |
Fiscal 2017 |  | $ | 1,703 |  |  | $ | 4,215 |  |  | $ | 2,764 |  |  | $ | 3,154 |
Fiscal 2016 |  | $ | 1,341 |  |  | $ | 3,365 |  |  | $ | 3,003 |  |  | $ | 1,703 |
The amounts charged to expense for bad debts in the table above are reported as adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities in the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows. The write-offs and other column represents the amounts that are used to reduce the gross accounts and notes receivable at the time the balance due from the customer is written-off. Walmart/Sam’s Club is our only customer with a balance greater than 10% of outstanding trade receivables. Their percentage of trade receivables was 17.8% and 17.5%, on a consolidated basis, as of December 29, 2018 and December 30, 2017, respectively. No other customer accounted for greater than 10% of the company’s outstanding receivables. Concentration of Credit Risk. The company performs periodic credit evaluations and grants credit to customers, who are primarily in the grocery and foodservice markets, and generally does not require collateral. Our top 10 customers in fiscal years 2018, 2017 and 2016 accounted for 50.3%, 48.5% and 46.8% of sales, respectively. Our largest customer, Walmart/Sam’s Club, weighted percent of sales for fiscal years 2018, 2017 and 2016 was as follows:
|  | Percent of Sales |
|  | DSD Segment |  |  | Warehouse Segment |  |  | Total |
Fiscal 2018 |  |  | 17.9 | % |  |  | 2.4 | % |  |  | 20.3 | %
Fiscal 2017 |  |  | 17.6 | % |  |  | 2.4 | % |  |  | 20.0 | %
Fiscal 2016 |  |  | 17.0 | % |  |  | 2.6 | % |  |  | 19.6 | %
Walmart/Sam’s Club is the only customer to account for greater than 10% of the company’s sales. Inventories. Inventories at December 29, 2018 and December 30, 2017 are valued at net realizable value. Costs for raw materials and packaging are recorded at moving average cost. Finished goods inventories are valued at average costs. The company will write down inventory to net realizable value for estimated unmarketable inventory equal to the difference between the cost of the inventory and the estimated net realizable value for situations when the inventory is impaired by damage, deterioration, or obsolescence. Activity in the inventory reserve allowance is as follows (amounts in thousands):
|  | Beginning Balance |  |  | Charged to Expense |  |  | Write-Offs and Other |  |  | Ending Balance |
Fiscal 2018 |  | $ | 673 |  |  | $ | 740 |  |  | $ | 1,270 |  |  | $ | 143 |
Fiscal 2017 |  | $ | 1,090 |  |  | $ | 1,684 |  |  | $ | 2,101 |  |  | $ | 673 |
Fiscal 2016 |  | $ | 238 |  |  | $ | 1,324 |  |  | $ | 472 |  |  | $ | 1,090 |
The amounts charged to expense for inventory loss in the table above are reported as adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities in the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows. The write-offs and other column represents the amounts that are used to reduce gross inventories. Shipping Costs. Shipping costs are included in the selling, distribution and administrative line item of the Consolidated Statements of Income. For fiscal years 2018, 2017, and 2016, shipping costs were $975.1 million, $888.1 million, and $855.1 million, respectively, including the costs paid to IDPs. Spare Parts and Supplies. The company maintains inventories of spare parts and supplies, which are used for repairs and maintenance of its machinery and equipment. These spare parts and supplies allow the company to react quickly in the event of a mechanical breakdown. These parts are valued using the moving average method and are expensed as the part is used. Periodic physical inventories of the parts are performed, and the value of the parts is adjusted for any obsolescence or difference from the physical inventory count. Assets Held for Sale. Assets to be sold are classified as held for sale in the period all the required criteria are met. The company generally has three types of assets classified as held for sale. These include distribution rights, plants and depots/warehouses, and other equipment. See Note 9, Assets Held for Sale, for these amounts by classification. Though under no obligation to do so, the company repurchases distribution rights from and sells distribution rights to IDPs from time to time. At the time the company purchases distribution rights from an IDP, the fair value purchase price of the distribution right is recorded as “Assets Held for Sale”. Upon the sale of the distribution rights to a new IDP, the new distributor franchisee/owner may choose how he/she desires to finance the purchase of the business. If the new distributor chooses to use optional financing via a company-related entity, a note receivable of up to ten years is recorded for the financed amount with a corresponding credit to assets held for sale to relieve the carrying amount of the territory. Any difference between the selling price of the business and the distribution rights’ carrying value, if any, is recorded as a gain or a loss in selling, distribution and administrative expenses because the company considers the IDP activity a cost of distribution. This gain is recognized over the term of the outstanding notes receivable as payments are received from the IDP. In instances where a distribution right is sold for less than its carrying value, a loss is recorded at the date of sale and any impairment of a distribution right held for sale is recorded at such time when the impairment occurs. The deferred gains were $35.7 million and $34.7 million at December 29, 2018 and December 30, 2017, respectively, and are recorded in other short and long-term liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheet. The company recorded net gains of $4.4 million during fiscal 2018, $3.3 million during fiscal 2017, and $3.1 million during fiscal 2016 related to the sale of distribution rights as a component of selling, distribution and administrative expenses. Property, Plant and Equipment and Depreciation. Property, plant and equipment is stated at cost. Depreciation expense is computed using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the depreciable assets. Certain equipment held under capital leases of $35.4 million and $42.8 million at December 29, 2018 and December 30, 2017, respectively, is classified as property, plant and equipment and the related obligations are recorded as liabilities. Depreciation of assets held under capital leases is included in depreciation and amortization expense. Total accumulated depreciation for assets held under capital leases was $13.4 million and $15.7 million at December 29, 2018 and December 30, 2017, respectively. The table below presents the range of estimated useful lives by property, plant and equipment class.
|  | Useful life term (years)
Asset Class |  | Low |  | High
Buildings |  | 10 |  | 40
Machinery and equipment |  | 3 |  | 25
Furniture, fixtures and transportation equipment |  | 3 |  | 15
Property under capital leases and leasehold improvements are amortized over the shorter of the lease term or the estimated useful life of the leased property. Depreciation expense for fiscal years 2018, 2017, and 2016 was as follows (amounts in thousands):
|  | Depreciation expense |
Fiscal 2018 |  | $ | 118,232 |
Fiscal 2017 |  | $ | 119,445 |
Fiscal 2016 |  | $ | 116,367 |
The company had no capitalized interest during fiscal 2018, 2017, and 2016. The cost of maintenance and repairs is charged to expense as incurred. Upon disposal or retirement, the cost and accumulated depreciation of assets are eliminated from the respective accounts. Any gain or loss is reflected in the company’s income from operations and is included in adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities in the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows. Segments. The company’s segments are currently separated primarily by the different delivery methods each segment uses for their respective product deliveries. The DSD Segment’s products are delivered fresh to customers through a network of IDPs who are incentivized to grow sales and to build equity in their distributorships. The Warehouse Segment ships fresh and frozen products to customers’ warehouses nationwide. Our bakeries fall into either the DSD Segment or Warehouse Segment depending on the primary method of delivery used to sell that bakery’s products. The bakeries within each segment produce products that are sold externally and internally. Internal sales are to bakeries within the producing bakery’s segment or to the other segment. Sales between bakeries are transferred at standard cost. Impairment of Long-Lived Held and Used Assets. The company determines whether there has been an impairment of long-lived held and used assets when indicators of potential impairment are present. We consider historical performance and future estimated results in our evaluation of impairment. If facts and circumstances indicate that the cost of any long-lived held and used assets may be impaired, an evaluation of recoverability would be performed. If an evaluation is required, the estimated future gross, undiscounted cash flows associated with the asset would be compared to the asset’s carrying amount to determine if a write-down to market value is required. In fiscal 2018, we recorded asset impairment charges for long-lived held and used assets of $7.3 million. Total impairments, and the line item to which each item is recorded in our Consolidated Statements of Income, are presented below (amounts in thousands):
Impairment of assets line item |  | Unallocated corporate costs |  |  | DSD Segment |  |  | Warehouse Segment |  |  | Total |
Property, plant and equipment |  | $ | 3,516 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 3,516 |
Impairment of assets |  | $ | 3,516 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 3,516 |
Restructuring and related impairment charges line item |  | Unallocated corporate costs |  |  | DSD Segment |  |  | Warehouse Segment |  |  | Total |
Plant closings |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,952 |  |  | $ | 204 |  |  | $ | 3,156 |
Line closings |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 661 |  |  |  | 661 |
Impairment of assets |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,952 |  |  | $ | 865 |  |  | $ | 3,817 |
A property, plant and equipment impairment was recognized in the fourth quarter of fiscal 2018 when a construction in process asset was not ultimately placed into service. On November 6, 2018, the company announced the closure of a bakery in Brattleboro, Vermont. The bakery was closed during the fourth quarter of fiscal 2018 and consisted of a $2.5 million charge to the DSD Segment for property, plant, and equipment. An additional $0.5 million impairment charge to the DSD Segment was related to an idle plant that has been classified as held for sale. The remaining $0.2 million of plant closings relates to final charges for the Winston-Salem plant, discussed below, in the Warehouse Segment. During the fourth quarter of fiscal 2018, the company recognized $0.7 million for closing various lines at certain Warehouse Segment plants as a result of the supply chain analysis. In fiscal 2017, we recorded asset impairment charges of $3.4 million for the closure of a Warehouse Segment snack cake plant in Winston-Salem, North Carolina. The closure was related to Project Centennial and is recorded in the restructuring and related impairment charges line item in our Consolidated Statements of Income. See Note 6, Restructuring Activities, for details. In fiscal 2016, we recorded asset impairment charges totaling $9.9 million at the time certain idle assets were reclassified as held for sale. See Note 9, Assets Held for Sale, for impairments related to assets classified as held for sale. These impairments are recorded in the impairment of assets line item in our Consolidated Statements of Income. Impairment of Other Intangible Assets. The company accounts for other intangible assets recognized in a purchase business combination at fair value. These intangible assets can be either finite or indefinite-lived depending on the facts and circumstances at acquisition. Finite-lived intangible assets are reviewed for impairment when facts and circumstances indicate that the cost of any finite-lived intangible asset may be impaired. This recoverability test is based on an undiscounted cash flows expected to result from the company’s use and eventual disposition of the asset. If these cash flows are sufficient to recover the carrying value over the useful life there is no impairment. Amortization of finite-lived intangible assets occurs over their estimated useful lives. The amortization periods, at origination, range from two years to forty years for these assets. The attribution methods we primarily use are the sum-of-the-year digits for customer relationships and straight-line for other intangible assets. These finite-lived intangible assets generally include trademarks, customer relationships, non-compete agreements, distributor relationships, and supply agreements. Identifiable intangible assets that are determined to have an indefinite useful economic life are not amortized. Indefinite-lived intangible assets are tested for impairment, at least annually, using a one-step fair value based approach or when certain indicators of potential impairment are present. We have elected not to perform the qualitative approach. We also reassess the indefinite-lived classification to determine if it is appropriate to reclassify these assets as finite-lived assets that will require amortization. We consider historical performance and future estimated results in our evaluation of impairment. If facts and circumstances indicate that the cost of any indefinite-lived intangible assets may be impaired, an evaluation of the fair value of the asset is compared to its carrying amount. If the carrying amount exceeds the fair value, an impairment charge is recorded for the difference. We use the multi-period excess earnings and relief from royalty methods to value these indefinite-lived intangible assets. Fair value is estimated using the future gross, discounted cash flows associated with the asset using the following four material assumptions: (a) discount rate; (b) long-term sales growth rates; (c) forecasted operating margins (not applicable to the relief from royalty method); and (d) market multiples. The method used for impairment testing purposes is consistent with the valuation method employed at acquisition of the intangible asset. These indefinite-lived intangible assets are trademarks acquired in a purchase business combination. During fiscal 2017, the company recorded impairment charges of $66.2 million for certain trademarks impacted by the brand rationalization study that was performed in conjunction with Project Centennial. See Note 6, Restructuring Activities, for details on these impairments. Impairments relating to restructuring charges are recorded in the restructuring and related impairment charges line item in our Consolidated Statements of Income. During fiscal 2016, the company recorded an impairment charge of $15.0 million on certain trademarks the company no longer intends to grow nationally. These brands will continue to be produced and sold in their respective markets. This impairment was recorded in the impairment of assets line item of our Consolidated Statements of Income. The company evaluates useful lives for finite-lived intangible assets to determine if facts or circumstances arise that may impact the estimates of useful lives assigned and the remaining amortization duration. Indefinite-lived intangible assets that are determined to have a finite useful life are tested for impairment as an indefinite-lived intangible asset prior to commencing amortization. We determined the impaired assets should be reclassified from indefinite-lived to finite-lived with an attribution period covering our estimate of the assets’ useful life. These intangible assets were assigned a useful life ranging from thirty years to forty years. Future adverse changes in market conditions or poor operating results of underlying intangible assets could result in losses or an inability to recover the carrying value of the intangible assets that may not be reflected in the assets’ current carrying values, thereby possibly requiring an impairment charge in the future. See Note 10, Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets, for additional disclosure. Goodwill. The company accounts for goodwill in a purchase business combination as the excess of the cost over the fair value of net assets acquired. Goodwill is assigned to specific reporting units for purposes of the annual impairment test. The company operates in two segments. Our bakeries are the components within our operating segments. The bakeries are aggregated into the two operating segments because of reciprocal baking arrangements for plants within each operating segment (i.e., these are aggregated because of similar economic characteristics). Our reportable segments (DSD Segment and Warehouse Segment) are the same as our operating segments. The reporting unit was determined by the acquisition’s primary delivery method. The company tests goodwill for impairment on an annual basis (or an interim basis if a triggering event occurs that indicates the fair value of a reporting unit may be below its carrying value) using a two-step method. This analysis is performed for both of our segments. We have elected not to perform the qualitative approach. The company conducts this review during the fourth quarter of each fiscal year absent any triggering events. We use the following four material assumptions in our fair value analysis: (a) weighted average cost of capital; (b) long-term sales growth rates; (c) forecasted operating margins; and (d) market multiples. No impairment resulted from the annual review performed in fiscal years 2018, 2017, or 2016. See Note 10, Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets, for additional disclosure. Derivative Financial Instruments. The disclosure requirements for derivatives and hedging provide investors with an enhanced understanding of: (a) how and why an entity uses derivative instruments and related hedged items, (b) how the entity accounts for derivative instruments and related hedged items, and (c) how derivative instruments and related hedged items affect an entity’s financial position, financial performance, and cash flows. Further, qualitative disclosures are required that explain the company’s objectives and strategies for using derivative instruments and related hedged items, as well as quantitative disclosures about the fair value of and gains and losses on derivative instruments and related hedged items, and disclosures about credit-risk-related contingent features in derivative instruments and related hedged items. The company’s objectives in using commodity derivatives are to add stability to materials, supplies, labor, and other production costs and to manage its exposure to certain commodity price movements. To accomplish this objective, the company uses commodity futures as part of its commodity risk management strategy. The company’s commodity risk management programs include hedging price risk for wheat, soybean oil, corn, and natural gas primarily using futures contacts. Commodity futures designated as cash flow hedges involve fixing the price on a fixed volume of a commodity on a specified date. The commodity futures are given up to third parties near maturity to price the physical goods (e.g. flour, sweetener, corn, etc.) required as part of the company’s production. As required, the company records all derivatives on the Consolidated Balance Sheets at fair value. The accounting for changes in the fair value of derivatives depends on the intended use of the derivative, whether the company has elected to designate a derivative in a hedging relationship and apply hedge accounting and whether the hedging relationship has satisfied the criteria necessary to apply hedge accounting. Derivatives designated and qualifying as a hedge of the exposure to variability in expected future cash flows, or other types of forecasted transactions, are considered cash flow hedges. Hedge accounting generally provides for the matching of the timing of gain or loss recognition on the hedged item with the earnings effect of the hedged forecasted transactions in a cash flow hedge. The company may enter into derivative contracts that are intended to economically hedge certain of its risks, even though hedge accounting does not apply or the company elects not to apply hedge accounting. For derivatives designated and that qualify as cash flow hedges of commodity price risk, the gain or loss on the derivative is recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) (“AOCI”) and subsequently reclassified in the period during which the hedged transaction affects earnings within the same income statement line item as the earnings effect of the hedged transaction. All our commodity derivatives at December 29, 2018 qualified for hedge accounting. Before the company adopted new guidance beginning with fiscal 2018, during fiscal years 2017, and 2016 there was no material income or expense recorded due to ineffectiveness in current earnings due to changes in the fair value of our commodity hedges. The company recognized $0.1 million of ineffectiveness in the selling, distribution and administrative expenses line item of our Consolidated Statements of Income during fiscal year 2016 at the settlement of a treasury lock for an interest rate hedge. See Note 12, Derivative Financial Instruments, for additional disclosure. The company routinely transfers amounts from AOCI to earnings as transactions for which cash flow hedges were held occur and impact earnings. Significant situations which do not routinely occur that could cause transfers from AOCI to earnings are the cancellation of a forecasted transaction for which a derivative was held as a hedge or a significant and material reduction in volume used of a hedged ingredient such that the company is overhedged and must discontinue hedge accounting. During fiscal 2018, 2017, and 2016 there were no discontinued hedge positions. The impact to earnings is included in our materials, supplies, labor and other production costs (exclusive of depreciation and amortization shown separately) line item. Changes in the fair value of the asset or liability are recorded as either a current or long-term asset or liability depending on the underlying fair value. Amounts reclassified to earnings for the commodity cash flow hedges are presented as an adjustment to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities on the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows. See Note 12, Derivative Financial Instruments, for additional disclosure. Treasury Stock. The company records acquisitions of its common stock for treasury at cost. Differences between the proceeds for reissuances of treasury stock and average cost are credited or charged to capital in excess of par value to the extent of prior credits and thereafter to retained earnings. See Note 18, Stockholders’ Equity, for additional disclosure. Advertising and Marketing Costs. Advertising and marketing costs are expensed the first time the advertising takes place. Advertising and marketing costs were $40.5 million, $33.8 million, and $33.9 million for fiscal years 2018, 2017, and 2016, respectively. Advertising and marketing costs are recorded in the selling, distribution and administrative expense line item in our Consolidated Statements of Income. Stock-Based Compensation. Stock-based compensation expense for all share-based payment awards granted is determined based on the grant date fair value. The company recognizes compensation costs only for those shares expected to vest on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period of the award, which is generally the vesting term of the share-based payment award. The shares issued for exercises and at vesting of the awards are issued from treasury stock. Forfeitures are recognized as they occur. See Note 19, Stock-Based Compensation, for additional disclosure. Stock-based compensation expense is primarily included in selling, distribution and administrative expense in the Consolidated Statements of Income. Software Development Costs. The company expenses internal and external software development costs incurred in the preliminary project stage, and, thereafter, capitalizes costs incurred in developing or obtaining internally used software. Certain costs, such as maintenance and training, are expensed as incurred. Capitalized costs are amortized over a period of three to eight years and are subject to impairment evaluation. An impairment could be triggered if the company determines that the underlying software under review will no longer be used. The net balance of capitalized software development costs included in plant, property and equipment was $23.5 million and $30.5 million at December 29, 2018 and December 30, 2017, respectively. Amortization expense of capitalized software development costs, which is included in depreciation and amortization expense in the Consolidated Statements of Income, was $8.0 million, $4.1 million, and $3.3 million in fiscal years 2018, 2017, and 2016, respectively. Income Taxes. The company accounts for income taxes using the asset and liability method and recognizes deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of events that have been included in the financial statements. Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on the temporary differences between the financial statement and tax basis of assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which the differences are expected to reverse. The effect of a change in tax rates on deferred tax assets and liabilities is recognized in income as a discrete item in the period that includes the enactment date. On December 22, 2017, the President of the United States signed into law the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the “Act”). The legislation significantly changed the U.S. tax law including a reduction to the corporate income tax rate from a maximum of 35% to a flat 21% rate, effective January 1, 2018. In conjunction with tax reform, the SEC provided guidance which allows recording provisional amounts related to tax reform and subsequent adjustments during and up to a one-year measurement period, with the requirement that the accounting be completed in a period not to exceed one year from the date of enactment. As such, our accounting for the income tax effects of the Act is complete as of December 29, 2018. The company’s prior year financial results included the income tax effects of the Act for which the accounting was complete, and provisional amounts for those specific income tax effects of the Act for which the accounting was incomplete, but a reasonable estimate could be determined. The Act is discussed further in Note 23, Income Taxes. The company records a valuation allowance to reduce its deferred tax assets to the amount that is more likely than not to be realized. The company has considered carryback, future taxable income, and prudent and feasible tax planning strategies in assessing the need for the valuation allowance. In the event the company was to determine that it would be more likely than not able to realize its deferred tax assets in the future in excess of its net recorded amount, an adjustment to the valuation allowance would increase income in the period such a determination was made. Likewise, should the company determine that it would not more likely than not be able to realize all or part of its net deferred tax assets in the future, an adjustment to the valuation allowance would decrease income in the period such determination was made. The company releases the income tax effect from AOCI in the period that the underlying transaction impacts earnings. We adopted new accounting requirements that provide the option to reclassify stranded income tax effects resulting from the Act from AOCI to retained earnings. We elected to reclassify the stranded income tax effects resulting from the Act of $18.8 million from AOCI to retained earnings. This reclassification consists of deferred taxes originally recorded in AOCI that exceed the newly enacted federal corporate tax rate. The company recognizes a tax benefit from an uncertain tax position when it is more likely than not that the position will be sustained upon examination, including resolution of any related appeals or litigation process. Interest related to unrecognized tax benefits is recorded within the interest expense line in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Income. See Note 23, Income Taxes, for additional disclosure. The deductions column in the table below presents the amounts reduced in the deferred tax asset valuation allowance that were recorded to, and included as part of, deferred tax expense. The additions column represents amounts that increased the allowance. Activity in the deferred tax asset valuation allowance is as follows (amounts in thousands):
|  | Beginning Balance |  |  | Deductions |  |  | Additions |  |  | Ending Balance |
Fiscal 2018 |  | $ | 111 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 253 |  |  | $ | 364 |
Fiscal 2017 |  | $ | 18 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 93 |  |  | $ | 111 |
Fiscal 2016 |  | $ | 18 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 18 |
Self-Insurance Reserves. The company is self-insured for various levels of general liability, auto liability, workers’ compensation, and employee medical and dental coverage. Insurance reserves are calculated on an undiscounted basis based on actual claim data and estimates of incurred but not reported claims developed utilizing historical claim trends. Projected settlements of incurred but not reported claims are estimated based on pending claims and historical trends and data. Loss Contingencies. Loss contingencies are recorded at the time it is probable an asset is impaired or a liability has been incurred and the amount can be reasonably estimated. For litigation claims the company considers the degree of probability of an unfavorable outcome and the ability to make a reasonable estimate of the loss. Losses are recorded in selling, distribution, and administrative expense in our Consolidated Statements of Income. Net Income Per Common Share. Basic net income per share is computed by dividing net income by the weighted average common shares outstanding for the period. Diluted net income per share is computed by dividing net income by the weighted average common and common equivalent shares outstanding for the period. Common stock equivalents consist of the incremental shares associated with the company’s stock compensation plans, as determined under the treasury stock method. The performance contingent restricted stock awards do not contain a non-forfeitable right to dividend equivalents and are included in the computation for diluted net income per share. Fully vested shares which have a deferral period extending beyond the vesting date are included in the computation for basic net income per share. See Note 21, Earnings Per Share, for additional disclosure. Variable Interest Entities. The incorporated IDPs in the DSD Segment are not voting interest entities since the company has no direct interest in each entity; however, they qualify as variable interest entities (“VIEs”). The IDPs who are formed as sole proprietorships are excluded from the VIE accounting analysis because sole proprietorships are not within scope for determination of VIE status. The company typically finances the incorporated IDP and also enters into a contract with the incorporated IDP to supply product at a discount for distribution in the IDPs’ territory. The combination of the company’s loans to the incorporated IDP and the ongoing supply arrangements with the incorporated IDP provides a level of protection to the equity owners of the various distributorships that would not otherwise be available. However, the company is not considered to be the primary beneficiary of the VIEs. See Note 16, Variable Interest Entities, for additional disclosure of these VIEs. The company also maintains a transportation agreement with an entity that transports a significant portion of the company’s fresh bakery products from the company’s production facilities to outlying distribution centers. The company represents a significant portion of the entity’s revenue. This entity qualifies as a VIE, but the company has determined it is not the primary beneficiary of the VIE. See Note 16, Variable Interest Entities, for additional disclosure of these VIEs. Pension/OPEB Obligations. The company records net periodic benefit costs and obligations related to its three defined benefit pension and two other post-employment benefit (“OPEB”) plans based on actuarial valuations. These valuations reflect key assumptions determined by management, including the discount rate and expected long-term rate of return on plan assets. The expected long-term rate of return assumption considers the asset mix of the plans’ portfolios, past performance of these assets, the anticipated future economic environment, long-term performance of individual asset classes, and other factors. Material changes in benefit costs and obligations may occur in the future due to experience different than assumed and changes in these assumptions. Future benefit obligations and annual benefit costs could be impacted by changes in the discount rate, changes in the expected long-term rate of return, changes in the level of contributions to the plans’, and other factors. The company has elected to measure plan assets and obligations using the month-end that is closest to our fiscal year end. The measurement date will be December 31st each year. Effective January 1, 2006, the company curtailed its largest defined benefit pension plan that covered the majority of its workforce. Benefits under this plan were frozen, and no future benefits will accrue under this plan. The company still maintains a smaller unfrozen pension plan for certain eligible unionized employees. The company determines the fair value of substantially all its plans’ assets utilizing market quotes rather than developing “smoothed” values, “market related” values, or other modeling techniques. Plan asset gains or losses in a given year are included with other actuarial gains and losses due to re-measurement of the plans’ projected benefit obligations (“PBO”). If the total unrecognized gain or loss exceeds 10% of the larger of (i) the PBO or (ii) the market value of plan assets, the excess of the total unrecognized gain, or loss is amortized over the expected average future lifetime of participants in the frozen pension plans. The company uses a calendar year end for the measurement date since the plans are based on a calendar year and because it approximates the company’s fiscal year end. See Note 22, Postretirement Plans, for additional disclosure. Pension Plan Assets. Effective January 1, 2014, the Finance Committee (“committee”) of the Board of Directors delegated its fiduciary and other responsibilities with respect to the plans to the newly established Investment Committee. The Investment Committee, which consists of certain members of management, establishes investment guidelines and strategies and regularly monitors the performance of the plans’ assets. The Investment Committee is responsible for executing these strategies and investing the pension assets in accordance with ERISA and fiduciary standards. The investment objective of the pension plans is to preserve the plans’ capital and maximize investment earnings within acceptable levels of risk and volatility. The Investment Committee meets on a regular basis with its investment advisors to review the performance of the plans’ assets. Based upon performance and other measures and recommendations from its investment advisors, the Investment Committee rebalances the plans’ assets to the targeted allocation when considered appropriate. Fair Value of Financial Instruments. On September 28, 2016, the company issued $400.0 million of senior notes (the “2026 notes”). On April 3, 2012, the company issued $400.0 million of senior notes (the “2022 notes”). These notes are recorded in our financial statements at carrying value, net of debt discount and issuance costs. The debt discount and issuance costs are being amortized over the ten year term of the note to interest expense. In addition and for disclosure purposes, the fair value of the notes is estimated using yields obtained from independent pricing sources for similar types of borrowing arrangements and is considered a Level 2 valuation. Additional details are included in Note 17, Fair Value of Financial Instruments. Research and Development Costs. The company recorded research and development costs of $4.9 million, $2.4 million, and $3.0 million for fiscal years 2018, 2017, and 2016, respectively. These costs are recorded as selling, distribution and administrative expenses in our Consolidated Statements of Income. Other Comprehensive Income. The company reports comprehensive income in two separate but consecutive financial statements. See Note 20, Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), for additional required disclosures.

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