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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies | 12 Months Ended
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Jan. 01, 2022
Accounting Policies [Abstract] |
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies |
Note 2. | Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Basis of Consolidation. The Consolidated Financial Statements include the accounts of the company and its wholly-owned subsidiaries. Intercompany transactions and balances are eliminated in consolidation. Use of Estimates. The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Fiscal Year End. The company operates on a 52-53 week fiscal year ending the Saturday nearest December 31. Fiscal 2021 consisted of 52 weeks, Fiscal 2020 consisted of 53 weeks, and Fiscal 2019 consisted of 52 weeks. Revenue Recognition. Revenue is recognized when obligations under the terms of a contract with our customers are satisfied. Revenue is measured as the amount of consideration we expect to receive in exchange for transferring goods or providing services. The company records both direct and estimated reductions to gross revenue for customer programs and incentive offerings at the time the incentive is offered or at the time of revenue recognition for the underlying transaction that results in progress by the customer towards earning the incentive. These allowances include price promotion discounts, coupons, customer rebates, cooperative advertising, and product returns. Consideration payable to a customer is recognized at the time control transfers and is a reduction to revenue. The recognition of costs for promotion programs involves the use of judgment related to performance and redemption estimates. Estimates are made based on historical experience and other factors. Price promotion discount expense is recorded as a reduction to gross sales when the discounted product is sold to the customer. Shipping and handling costs associated with outbound freight after control over a product has transferred to a customer are accounted for as a fulfillment cost and are included in our selling, distribution, and administrative expenses line item on the Consolidated Statements of Income. The company’s production facilities deliver products to independent distributor partners (“IDP” or “IDPs”), who sell and deliver those products to outlets of retail accounts that are within the IDPs’ defined geographic territory. The IDPs sell products using either scan-based trading (“SBT”) technology, authorized charge tickets, or cash sales. SBT technology allows the retailer to take ownership of our products when the consumer purchases the products rather than at the time they are delivered to the retailer. Control of the inventory does not transfer upon delivery to the retailer because the company controls the risks and rights until the product is scanned at the reseller’s register. Each of the company’s products is considered distinct because the resellers expect each item to be a performance obligation. The company’s performance obligations are satisfied at the point in time when the end consumer purchases the product because each product is considered a separate performance obligation. Consequently, revenue is recognized at a point in time for each scanned item. The company has concluded that we are the principal. In Fiscal 2021, 2020, and 2019, the company recorded $2.2 billion, $2.3 billion, and $1.9 billion, respectively, in sales through SBT. SBT is utilized primarily in certain national and regional retail accounts (“SBT Outlet”). Generally, revenue is not recognized by the company upon delivery of our products by the company to the IDP or upon delivery of our products by the IDP to an SBT Outlet, but when our products are purchased by the end consumer. Product inventory in the SBT Outlet is reflected as inventory on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The IDP performs a physical inventory of products at each SBT Outlet weekly and reports the results to the company. The inventory data submitted by the IDP for each SBT Outlet is compared with the product delivery data. Product delivered to a SBT Outlet that is not recorded as inventory in the product delivery data has been purchased by the consumer/customer of the SBT Outlet and is recorded as sales revenue by the company. Non-SBT sales are classified as either authorized charge sales or cash sales. The company provides marketing support to the IDP for authorized charge sales but does not provide marketing support to the IDP for cash sales. Marketing support includes providing a dedicated account representative, resolving complaints, and accepting responsibility for product quality which collectively define how to manage the relationship. Revenue is recognized at a point in time for non-SBT sales. The company retains inventory risk, establishes negotiated special pricing, and fulfills the contractual obligations for authorized charge sales. The company is the principal, the IDP is the agent, and the reseller is the customer. Revenue is recognized for authorized charge sales when the product is delivered to the customer because the company has satisfied its performance obligations. Cash sales occur when the IDP is the end customer. The IDP maintains accounts receivable, inventory and fulfillment risk for cash sales. The IDP also controls pricing for the resale of cash sale products. The company is the principal and the IDP is the customer, and an agent relationship does not exist. The discount paid to the IDP for cash sales is recorded as a reduction to revenue. Revenue is recognized for cash sales when the company’s products are delivered to the IDP because the company has satisfied its performance obligations. Certain sales are under contracts and include a formal ordering system. Orders are placed primarily using purchase orders (“PO”) or electronic data interchange information. Each PO, together with the applicable master supply agreement, is determined to be a separate contract. Product is delivered via contract carriers engaged by either the company or the customer with shipping terms provided in the PO. Each unit sold, for all product categories, is a separate performance obligation. Each unit is considered distinct because the customer can benefit from each unit by selling each one separately to the end consumer. Additionally, each unit is separately identifiable in the PO. Products are delivered either freight-on-board (“FOB”) shipping or destination. The company’s right to payment is at the time our products are obtained from our warehouse for FOB shipping deliveries. The right to payment for FOB destination deliveries occurs after the products are delivered to the customer. Revenue is recognized at a point in time when control transfers. The company pays commissions to brokers who obtain contracts with customers. Commissions are paid on the total value of the contract, which is determined at contract inception and is based on expected future activity. Broker commissions will not extend beyond a one-year term because each product is considered a separate order in the PO. The company recognizes the incremental costs of obtaining contracts as an expense when incurred if the amortization period of the assets that the company otherwise would have recognized is one year or less. These costs are included in our selling, distribution, and administrative expenses line item on the Consolidated Statements of Income. The company disaggregates revenue by sales channel. Our sales channels are branded retail, store branded retail, and non-retail and other. The non-retail and other channel includes foodservice, restaurants, institutional, vending, thrift stores, and contract manufacturing. The company does not disaggregate revenue by geographic region, customer type, or contract type. All revenues are recognized at a point in time. Sales by sales channel category are as follows for Fiscal 2021, 2020, and 2019 (amounts in thousands):
|  | Fiscal 2021 |  |  | Fiscal 2020 |  |  | Fiscal 2019 |
Branded retail |  | $ | 2,875,418 |  |  | $ | 2,914,072 |  |  | $ | 2,478,669 |
Store branded retail |  |  | 534,794 |  |  |  | 607,741 |  |  |  | 647,056 |
Non-retail and other |  |  | 920,555 |  |  |  | 866,178 |  |  |  | 998,249 |
Total |  | $ | 4,330,767 |  |  | $ | 4,387,991 |  |  | $ | 4,123,974 |
Cash and Cash Equivalents. The company considers deposits in banks, certificates of deposits, and short-term investments with original maturities of three months or less, and highly liquid investments that are readily convertible to known amounts of cash to be cash and cash equivalents. Accounts and Notes Receivable. Accounts and notes receivable consist of trade receivables, current portions of distributor notes receivable, and miscellaneous receivables. The company recognizes an allowance for credit losses related to its accounts and notes receivable to present the net amount expected to be collected as of the balance sheet date. The company estimates this allowance based on historical data such as days sales outstanding trends, previous write-offs of balances, and weekly reviews of aged trial balances, among others. Accounts and notes receivable balances are written off when deemed uncollectible and are recognized as a deduction from the allowance for credit losses. Expected recoveries, not to exceed the amount previously written off, are considered in determining the reserve balance at the balance sheet date. Activity in the allowance for doubtful accounts is as follows (amounts in thousands):
|  | Beginning Balance |  |  | Charged to Expense |  |  | Write-Offs and Other |  |  | Ending Balance |
Fiscal 2021 |  | $ | 15,162 |  |  | $ | 6,071 |  |  | $ | 5,835 |  |  | $ | 15,398 |
Fiscal 2020 |  | $ | 9,473 |  |  | $ | 11,344 |  |  | $ | 5,655 |  |  | $ | 15,162 |
Fiscal 2019 |  | $ | 5,751 |  |  | $ | 11,034 |  |  | $ | 7,312 |  |  | $ | 9,473 |
Activity in the allowance for trade accounts receivable credit losses for Fiscal 2021 and 2020 was as follows (amounts in thousands):
|  | Beginning Balance |  |  | Charged to Expense |  |  | Write-Offs and Other |  |  | Recoveries and other |  |  | Ending Balance |
Fiscal 2021 |  | $ | 4,901 |  |  | $ | 596 |  |  | $ | (1,018 | ) |  | $ | (1,927 | ) |  | $ | 2,552 |
Fiscal 2020 |  | $ | 2,089 |  |  | $ | 2,875 |  |  | $ | (2,319 | ) |  | $ | 2,256 |  |  | $ | 4,901 |
The amounts charged to expense for bad debts in the table above, along with other non-trade accounts receivable amounts, are reported as adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities in the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows. The write-offs represent the amounts that are used to reduce the gross accounts and notes receivable at the time the balance due from the customer is written-off. Walmart/Sam’s Club is our only customer with a balance greater than 10% of outstanding trade receivables. Their percentage of trade receivables was 19.8% and 18.8%, on a consolidated basis, as of January 1, 2022 and January 2, 2021, respectively. No other customer accounted for greater than 10% of the company’s outstanding receivables. Concentration of Credit Risk. The company performs periodic credit evaluations and grants credit to customers, who are primarily in the grocery and foodservice markets, and generally does not require collateral. Our top 10 customers in Fiscal 2021, 2020, and 2019 accounted for 53.7%, 53.6% and 51.0% of sales, respectively. Our largest customer’s, Walmart/Sam’s Club, weighted percent of sales for Fiscal 2021, 2020, and 2019 was as follows:
|  | Percent of Sales |
Fiscal 2021 |  |  | 21.2 | %
Fiscal 2020 |  |  | 21.2 | %
Fiscal 2019 |  |  | 21.1 | %
Walmart/Sam’s Club is the only customer to account for greater than 10% of the company’s sales. Inventories. Inventories at January 1, 2022 and January 2, 2021 are valued at net realizable value. Costs for raw materials and packaging are recorded at moving average cost. Finished goods inventories are valued at average costs. The company will write down inventory to net realizable value for estimated unmarketable inventory equal to the difference between the cost of the inventory and the estimated net realizable value for situations when the inventory is impaired by damage, deterioration, or obsolescence. Activity in the inventory reserve allowance is as follows (amounts in thousands):
|  | Beginning Balance |  |  | Charged to Expense |  |  | Write-Offs and Other |  |  | Ending Balance |
Fiscal 2021 |  | $ | 1,920 |  |  | $ | 16 |  |  | $ | 1,652 |  |  | $ | 284 |
Fiscal 2020 |  | $ | 161 |  |  | $ | 3,601 |  |  | $ | 1,842 |  |  | $ | 1,920 |
Fiscal 2019 |  | $ | 143 |  |  | $ | 337 |  |  | $ | 319 |  |  | $ | 161 |
The amounts charged to expense for inventory loss in the table above are reported as adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities in the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows. The write-offs and other column represents the amounts that are used to reduce gross inventories. Shipping Costs. Shipping costs are included in the selling, distribution and administrative line item of the Consolidated Statements of Income. For Fiscal 2021, 2020, and 2019, shipping costs were $1,063.6 million, $1,075.8 million, and $1,010.5 million, respectively, including the costs paid to IDPs. Spare Parts and Supplies. The company maintains inventories of spare parts and supplies, which are used for repairs and maintenance of its machinery and equipment. These spare parts and supplies allow the company to react quickly in the event of a mechanical breakdown. These parts are valued using the moving average method and are expensed as the part is used. Periodic physical inventories of the parts are performed, and the value of the parts is adjusted for any obsolescence or difference from the physical inventory count. Assets Held for Sale. Assets to be sold are classified as held for sale in the period all the required criteria are met. The company generally has three types of assets classified as held for sale. These include distribution rights, plants and depots/warehouses, and other equipment. See Note 8, Assets Held for Sale, for these amounts by classification. Though under no obligation to do so, the company repurchases distribution rights from and sells distribution rights to IDPs from time to time. At the time the company purchases distribution rights from an IDP, the fair value purchase price of the distribution right is recorded as “Assets Held for Sale”. Upon the sale of the distribution rights to a new IDP, the new distributor franchisee/owner may choose how he/she desires to finance the purchase of the business. If the new distributor chooses to use optional financing via a company-related entity, a note receivable of up to ten years is recorded for the financed amount with a corresponding credit to assets held for sale to relieve the carrying amount of the territory. Any difference between the selling price of the business and the distribution rights’ carrying value, if any, is recorded as a gain or a loss in selling, distribution and administrative expenses because the company considers the IDP activity a cost of distribution. This gain is recognized over the term of the outstanding notes receivable as payments are received from the IDP. In instances where a distribution right is sold for less than its carrying value, a loss is recorded at the date of sale and any impairment of a distribution right held for sale is recorded at such time when the impairment occurs. The deferred gains were $19.7 million and $23.9 million at January 1, 2022 and January 2, 2021, respectively, and are recorded in other short and long-term liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The company recorded net gains of $1.6 million during Fiscal 2021, $5.1 million during Fiscal 2020 and $4.1 million during Fiscal 2019 related to the sale of distribution rights as a component of selling, distribution and administrative expenses. The gains recorded during Fiscal 2021 included a loss of $4.7 million of repurchase obligations of distribution rights related to a legal settlement. See Note 22, Commitments and Contingencies, for details on this settlement. Property, Plant and Equipment and Depreciation. Property, plant and equipment is recognized at cost. Depreciation expense is computed using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the depreciable assets. The table below presents the range of estimated useful lives by property, plant and equipment class.
|  | Useful life term (years)
Asset Class |  | Low |  | High
Buildings |  | 10 |  | 40
Machinery and equipment |  | 3 |  | 25
Furniture, fixtures and transportation equipment |  | 3 |  | 15
Property recorded as leasehold improvements is amortized over the shorter of the lease term or the estimated useful life of the leased property. Depreciation expense, excluding amortization of right-of-use financing leases, for Fiscal 2021, 2020, and 2019 was as follows (amounts in thousands):
|  | Depreciation expense |
Fiscal 2021 |  | $ | 103,949 |
Fiscal 2020 |  | $ | 103,490 |
Fiscal 2019 |  | $ | 107,891 |
The company had no capitalized interest during Fiscal 2021, 2020, and 2019. The cost of maintenance and repairs is charged to expense as incurred. Upon disposal or retirement, the cost and accumulated depreciation of assets are eliminated from the respective accounts. Any gain or loss is reflected in the company’s Consolidated Statements of Income and is included in adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities in the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows. Leases. At the beginning of our Fiscal 2019, the company adopted the new standard using the modified retrospective transition method, which required companies to recognize lease liabilities and a right of use asset for virtually all leases on the balance sheet. The impact at adoption was an increase to assets of $387.3 million and an increase to liabilities of $391.9 million at the beginning of our Fiscal 2019. The company’s leases consist of the following types of assets: bakeries, corporate office space, warehouses, bakery equipment, transportation equipment, and IT equipment (debt is discussed separately in Note 14, Debt and Other Commitments). Real estate and equipment contracts occasionally contain multiple lease and non-lease components. Generally, non-lease components represent maintenance and utility related charges, and are primarily minor to the overall value of applicable contracts. These contracts also contain fixed payments with stated rent escalation clauses or fixed payments based on an index such as CPI. Additionally, some contracts contain tenant improvement allowances, rent holidays, lease premiums, and contingent rent provisions (which are treated as variable lease payments). Building and/or office space leases generally require the company to pay for common area maintenance (CAM), insurance, and taxes that are not included in the base rental payments, with the majority of these leases treated as net leases, and the remainder treated as gross or modified gross leases. The lease term for real estate leases primarily ranges from one to 22 years, with a few leases that are month to month, and accounted for as short-term leases. See discussion on short-term leases below. The term of bakery equipment leases primarily ranges from less than a year up to seven years. Transportation equipment generally has terms of less than one year up to seven years. IT equipment is typically leased from less than a year up to five years. Certain equipment (i.e., equipment subject to management contracts) and IT equipment leases have terms shorter than a year and are accounted for as short-term leases. See discussion on short-term leases below. These contracts may contain renewal options for periods of one month up to 10 years at fixed percentages of market pricing, with some that are reasonably certain of exercise. For those contracts that contain leases, the company recognizes renewal options as part of right-of-use assets and lease liabilities. All other renewal and termination options are not reasonably certain of exercise or occurrence as of January 1, 2022. These contracts may also contain right of first offer purchase options, along with expansion options that are not reasonably certain of exercise. Additionally, these contracts do not contain residual value guarantees, and there are no other restrictions or covenants in the contracts. For these real estate contracts, the company’s exclusive use of specified real estate for a specific term and for consideration resulted in the company treating these contracts as leases under the new standard. For those contracts that contain leases of buildings and land, the company has elected to not separate land components from leases of specified property, plant, and equipment, as it was determined to have no effect on lease classification for any lease component, and the amounts recognized for the land lease components would have been immaterial. These contracts may also contain end-term purchase options, whereby, the company may purchase the assets for stated pricing at the lesser of fair market value or a percentage of original asset cost. Yet, these purchase options were determined to not be reasonably certain of exercise or occurrence as of January 1, 2022. Additionally, these contracts do not contain residual value guarantees, and there are no other restrictions or covenants in the contracts. The company’s ability to make those decisions that most effect the economic benefits derived from the use of the equipment, accompanied by receiving substantially all outputs and utility from the use of the equipment resulted in the company accounting for these contracts as leases. These leases are classified as operating leases under the new standard because real estate leases do not transfer ownership at the end of the lease term, assets are not of such a specialized nature that real estate would not have alternative uses to lessors at the end of the lease term, lease terms do not represent a major part of the total useful life of real estate, and the present value of lease payments do not represent substantially all the fair value of leased assets at commencement. Short-term leases The company has also entered into short-term leases of certain real estate assets, along with IT equipment, and various equipment used for short-term bakery needs through equipment placement or service contracts that require purchase of consumables. These leases extend for periods of one to 12 months. Lease term and amounts of payments are generally fixed. There are no purchase options present, however, there generally are renewals that could extend lease terms for additional periods. Generally, renewal options, as they cannot be unilaterally exercised, are not reasonably certain of exercise, do not contain residual value guarantees, and there are no other restrictions or covenants in the leases. Therefore, the company recognizes lease payments from these short-term leases and variable payments on the Consolidated Statements of Income in the period in which obligation for those payments have been incurred. Modifications and reassessments During Fiscal 2021 and 2020, the company elected certain renewal options that were not previously certain of exercise. Election of these renewal options resulted in reassessment of lease terms for the applicable leases. The company included the renewal periods in measurement of lease terms for the applicable leases. Given that rental payments in the renewal periods were fixed, the company also remeasured the lease payments, and reallocated remaining contract consideration to the lease components within the applicable real estate leases. Although the triggering events did not result in changes to lease classification (i.e., all remained operating leases), they did affect the measurement of lease liabilities, right-of-use assets (“ROU assets”), and amounts recognized as lease expense for the applicable real estate leases. Other significant judgments and assumptions For all classes of assets, the company primarily used our incremental borrowing rates (“IBR”) to perform lease classification tests and measure lease liabilities because discount rates implicit in the company’s leases were not readily determinable. Embedded leases The company maintains a transportation agreement with an entity that transports a portion of the company’s fresh bakery products from the company’s production facilities to outlying distribution centers. The company concluded that this agreement contained embedded leases for the trucks and trailers used to satisfy the service provider’s obligations to the company through December 31, 2020. On December 31, 2020, a re-measurement event occurred, and a conclusion was reached that these no longer met the requirements of an embedded lease due to a change in the contractual terms to allow for the substitution of assets, among other changes to the terms. As a result, on January 2, 2021, there were no ROU assets or liabilities associated with the transportation agreement. The gain on the termination of these embedded leases was $4.1 million. During Fiscal 2020 and Fiscal 2019, the company entered into embedded leases for IT equipment that, as of January 1, 2022, were $3.0 million of financing ROU assets and financing ROU liabilities. As of January 2, 2021, the embedded leases were $4.6 million of financing ROU assets and financing ROU liabilities. The company did not enter into any embedded leases during Fiscal 2021. See Note 13, Leases, for our lease quantitative disclosures. Segment. The company has one operating segment based on the nature of products the company sells, intertwined production and distribution model, the internal management structure and information that is regularly reviewed by the CEO, who is the chief operating decision maker, for the purpose of assessing performance and allocating resources. Impairment of Long-Lived Held and Used Assets. The company determines whether there has been an impairment of long-lived held and used assets when indicators of potential impairment are present. We consider historical performance and future estimated results in our evaluation of impairment. If facts and circumstances indicate that the cost of any long-lived held and used assets may be impaired, an evaluation of recoverability would be performed. If an estimate of the asset’s fair value is required in order to determine if an impairment should be recorded, the estimated future gross, undiscounted cash flows associated with the asset would be compared to the asset’s carrying amount and if lower than the carrying value, a write-down to market value is required. There were no restructuring and related impairment charges during Fiscal 2021. Total impairments (inclusive of property, plant and equipment, notes receivable, spare parts, and ROU assets) for Fiscal 2020 and 2019, and the line item to which each item is recorded in our Consolidated Statements of Income, are presented below (amounts in thousands):
Restructuring and related impairment charges line item |  | Fiscal 2020 |  |  | Fiscal 2019 |
Plant closings |  | $ | 5,747 |  |  | $ | 5,133 |
Line and distribution depot closings |  |  | 629 |  |  |  | 356 |
Spare parts |  |  | 734 |  |  |  | 174 |
Lease impairment charges |  |  | 9,397 |  |  |  | — |
Impairment of assets |  | $ | 16,507 |  |  | $ | 5,663 |
Fiscal 2020 During Fiscal 2020, the company sold three closed bakeries included in assets held for sale and certain idle equipment at other bakeries included in property, plant, and equipment, resulting in the recognition of $5.7 million of impairment charges. Additionally, the company recognized property, plant, and equipment impairment charges of $0.6 million for line and distribution depot closures and an office building it decided to sell, and $0.7 million for spare parts related to equipment it no longer intended to use. Additionally, in order to optimize our distribution network, we vacated certain distribution depots during Fiscal 2020, some of which are owned and others that were leased. Fiscal 2019 The company recognized impairment charges during the first quarter of Fiscal 2019 related to manufacturing line closures of $0.4 million. During the second quarter of Fiscal 2019, an impairment charge of $1.3 million was recognized for the Winston-Salem, North Carolina closed plant recorded in assets held for sale. The company also recognized an impairment charge of $3.9 million during the third quarter of Fiscal 2019 for the Opelika, Alabama plant closure costs. The company sold the closed plant in Winston-Salem, North Carolina during the third quarter of Fiscal 2019, at which time an additional $0.2 million of spare parts write-offs were recognized. The company received $1.9 million and recognized a gain of $0.8 million at the time of sale. The impairment charges and the gain recognized are recorded in the restructuring and related impairment charges line item on our Consolidated Statements of Income. See Note 5, Restructuring Activities, for details. Impairment of Other Intangible Assets. The company accounts for other intangible assets at fair value. These intangible assets can be either finite or indefinite-lived depending on the facts and circumstances at acquisition. Finite-lived intangible assets are reviewed for impairment when facts and circumstances indicate that the cost of any finite-lived intangible asset may be impaired. This recoverability test is based on an undiscounted cash flows expected to result from the company’s use and eventual disposition of the asset. If these cash flows are sufficient to recover the carrying value over the useful life there is no impairment. Amortization of finite-lived intangible assets occurs over their estimated useful lives. The amortization periods, at origination, range from two years to forty years for these assets. The attribution methods we primarily use are the sum-of-the-year digits for customer relationships and straight-line for other intangible assets. These finite-lived intangible assets generally include trademarks, customer relationships, non-compete agreements, distributor relationships, and supply agreements. Identifiable intangible assets that are determined to have an indefinite useful economic life are not amortized. Indefinite-lived intangible assets are tested for impairment, at least annually, using a one-step fair value-based approach or when certain indicators of potential impairment are present. We have elected not to perform the qualitative approach. We also reassess the indefinite-lived classification to determine if it is appropriate to reclassify these assets as finite-lived assets that will require amortization. We consider historical performance and future estimated results in our evaluation of impairment. If facts and circumstances indicate that the cost of any indefinite-lived intangible assets may be impaired, an evaluation of the fair value of the asset is compared to its carrying amount. If the carrying amount exceeds the fair value, an impairment charge is recorded for the difference. We use the multi-period excess earnings and relief from royalty methods to value these indefinite-lived intangible assets. Fair value is estimated using the future gross, discounted cash flows associated with the asset using the following five material assumptions: (a) discount rate; (b) long-term sales growth rates; (c) forecasted operating margins (not applicable to the relief from royalty method), (d) assumed royalty rate; and (e) market multiples. The method used for impairment testing purposes is consistent with the valuation method employed at acquisition of the intangible asset. These indefinite-lived intangible assets are trademarks acquired in a purchase business combination. In order to optimize sales and production of our organic products, the company decided to cease using the Alpine Valley finite-lived trademark, resulting in a $4.6 million impairment charge in the second quarter of 2020. In the fourth quarter of Fiscal 2020, an additional $1.3 million impairment charge was recognized at the time the company decided to cease using one of its regional brands. These costs are recorded in the restructuring and related impairment charges line item on our Consolidated Statements of Income. During Fiscal 2019, the company recorded impairment charges of $15.4 million for trademarks impacted by a brand rationalization study which resulted in changing our focus in certain markets from regional brands to national brands to maximize our marketing and advertising campaigns. See Note 5, Restructuring Activities, for details on these impairments. Impairments relating to restructuring charges are recorded in the restructuring and related impairment charges line item in our Consolidated Statements of Income. The company evaluates useful lives for finite-lived intangible assets to determine if facts or circumstances arise that may impact the estimates of useful lives assigned and the remaining amortization duration. Indefinite-lived intangible assets that are determined to have a finite useful life are tested for impairment as an indefinite-lived intangible asset prior to commencing amortization. We determined that an indefinite-lived asset should be reclassified to finite-lived with an attribution period covering our estimate of the assets’ useful life. These intangible assets were assigned a useful life ranging from 5 years to 40 years. Future adverse changes in market conditions or poor operating results of underlying intangible assets could result in losses or an inability to recover the carrying value of the intangible assets that may not be reflected in the assets’ current carrying values, thereby possibly requiring an impairment charge in the future. See Note 9, Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets, for additional disclosure. Goodwill. The company accounts for goodwill in a purchase business combination as the excess of the cost over the fair value of net assets acquired. The company tests goodwill for impairment on an annual basis (or an interim basis if a triggering event occurs that indicates the fair value of our single reporting unit may be below its carrying value) using a one-step method. We have elected not to perform the qualitative approach. The company conducts this review during the fourth quarter of each Fiscal year absent any triggering events. We use the following four material assumptions in our fair value analysis: (a) weighted average cost of capital; (b) long-term sales growth rates; (c) forecasted operating margins; and (d) market multiples. No impairment resulted from the annual review performed in Fiscal 2021, 2020, or 2019. See Note 9, Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets, for additional disclosure. Derivative Financial Instruments. The disclosure requirements for derivatives and hedging provide investors with an enhanced understanding of: (a) how and why an entity uses derivative instruments and related hedged items, (b) how the entity accounts for derivative instruments and related hedged items, and (c) how derivative instruments and related hedged items affect an entity’s financial position, financial performance, and cash flows. Further, qualitative disclosures are required that explain the company’s objectives and strategies for using derivative instruments and related hedged items, as well as quantitative disclosures about the fair value of and gains and losses on derivative instruments and related hedged items, and disclosures about credit-risk-related contingent features in derivative instruments and related hedged items. The company’s objectives in using commodity derivatives are to add stability to materials, supplies, labor, and other production costs and to manage its exposure to certain commodity price movements. To accomplish this objective, the company uses commodity futures as part of its commodity risk management strategy. The company’s commodity risk management programs include hedging price risk for wheat, soybean oil, corn, and natural gas primarily using futures contracts. Commodity futures designated as cash flow hedges involve fixing the price on a fixed volume of a commodity on a specified date. The commodity futures are given up to third parties near maturity to price the physical goods (e.g. flour, sweetener, corn, etc.) required as part of the company’s production. As required, the company records all derivatives on the Consolidated Balance Sheets at fair value. The accounting for changes in the fair value of derivatives depends on the intended use of the derivative, whether the company has elected to designate a derivative in a hedging relationship and apply hedge accounting and whether the hedging relationship has satisfied the criteria necessary to apply hedge accounting. Derivatives designated and qualifying as a hedge of the exposure to variability in expected future cash flows, or other types of forecasted transactions, are considered cash flow hedges. Hedge accounting generally provides for the matching of the timing of gain or loss recognition on the hedged item with the earnings effect of the hedged forecasted transactions in a cash flow hedge. The company may enter into derivative contracts that are intended to economically hedge certain of its risks, even though hedge accounting does not apply, or the company elects not to apply hedge accounting. For derivatives designated and that qualify as cash flow hedges of commodity price risk, the gain or loss on the derivative is recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) (“AOCI”) and subsequently reclassified in the period during which the hedged transaction affects earnings within the same income statement line item as the earnings effect of the hedged transaction. All our commodity derivatives at January 1, 202 2 qualified for hedge accounting. See Note 1 0, Derivative Financial Instruments, for additional disclosure. The company routinely transfers amounts from AOCI to earnings as transactions for which cash flow hedges were held occur and impact earnings. Amounts reclassified out of AOCI to net income that relate to commodity contracts are presented as an adjustment to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities on the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows. Significant situations which do not routinely occur that could cause transfers from AOCI to earnings are the cancellation of a forecasted transaction for which a derivative was held as a hedge or a significant and material reduction in volume used of a hedged ingredient such that the company is over hedged and must discontinue hedge accounting. During Fiscal 2021, 2020, and 2019 there were no discontinued hedge positions. The impact to earnings is included in our materials, supplies, labor and other production costs (exclusive of depreciation and amortization shown separately) line item. Changes in the fair value of the asset or liability are recorded as either a current or long-term asset or liability depending on the underlying fair value. Amounts reclassified to earnings for the commodity cash flow hedges are presented as an adjustment to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities on the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows. See Note 10, Derivative Financial Instruments, for additional disclosure. Treasury Stock. The company records acquisitions of its common stock for treasury at cost. Differences between the proceeds for reissuances of treasury stock and average cost are credited or charged to capital in excess of par value to the extent of prior credits and thereafter to retained earnings. See Note 17, Stockholders’ Equity, for additional disclosure. Advertising and Marketing Costs. Advertising and marketing costs are expensed the first time the advertising takes place. Advertising and marketing costs were $77.7 million, $60.4 million, and $48.2 million for Fiscal years 2021, 2020, and 2019, respectively. Advertising and marketing costs are recorded in the selling, distribution and administrative expense line item in our Consolidated Statements of Income. Stock-Based Compensation. Stock-based compensation expense for all share-based payment awards granted is determined based on the grant date fair value. The company recognizes compensation costs only for those shares expected to vest on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period of the award, which is generally the vesting term of the share-based payment award. The shares issued for exercises and at vesting of the awards are issued from treasury stock. Forfeitures are recognized as they occur. Shares issued at vesting are recorded as reissuances of treasury stock. See Note 18, Stock-Based Compensation, for additional disclosure. Stock-based compensation expense is primarily included in selling, distribution and administrative expense in the Consolidated Statements of Income. Cloud computing arrangements (“CCA”). If a CCA includes a software license, the arrangement is within the scope of the internal-use software guidance. If the CCA does not include a software license (i.e. is hosted), the arrangement is a service contract and the fees for the CCA are recorded as an operating expense. Capitalized implementation costs are amortized over the term of the associated hosted CCA service on a straight-line basis. Amortization begins at the time any component of the hosted CCA service is ready for use. Capitalized implementation costs are presented on the Consolidated Balance Sheets as an other asset. Amortization charges are presented in the selling, distribution, and administrative expenses line on the Consolidated Statements of Income. Software Development Costs. The company expenses internal and external software development costs incurred in the preliminary project stage, and, thereafter, capitalizes costs incurred in developing or obtaining internally used software. Certain costs, such as maintenance and training, are expensed as incurred. Capitalized costs are amortized over a period of three to eight years and are subject to impairment evaluation. An impairment could be triggered if the company determines that the underlying software under review will no longer be used. The net balance of capitalized software development costs included in plant, property and equipment was $21.1 million and $21.9 million at January 1, 2022 and January 2, 2021, respectively. Amortization expense of capitalized software development costs, which is included in depreciation and amortization expense in the Consolidated Statements of Income, was $9.9 million, $9.3 million, and $10.2 million in Fiscal 2021, 2020, and 2019, respectively. Income Taxes. The company accounts for income taxes using the asset and liability method and recognizes deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of events that have been included in the financial statements. Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on the temporary differences between the financial statement and tax basis of assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which the differences are expected to reverse. The effect of a change in tax rates on deferred tax assets and liabilities is recognized in income as a discrete item in the period that includes the enactment date. The company records a valuation allowance to reduce its deferred tax assets to the amount that is more likely than not to be realized. The company has considered carryback, future taxable income, and prudent and feasible tax planning strategies in assessing the need for the valuation allowance. In the event the company was to determine that it would be more likely than not able to realize its deferred tax assets in the future in excess of its net recorded amount, an adjustment to the valuation allowance would increase income in the period such a determination was made. Likewise, should the company determine that it would not more likely than not be able to realize all or part of its net deferred tax asset s in the future, an adjustment to the valuation allowance would decrease income in the period such determination was made. The company recognizes a tax benefit from an uncertain tax position when it is more likely than not that the position will be sustained upon examination, including resolution of any related appeals or litigation process. Interest related to unrecognized tax benefits is recorded within the interest expense line in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Income. See Note 21, Income Taxes, for additional disclosure. The deductions column in the table below presents the amounts reduced in the deferred tax asset valuation allowance that were recorded to, and included as part of, deferred tax expense. The additions column represents amounts that increased the allowance. Activity in the deferred tax asset valuation allowance is as follows (amounts in thousands):
|  | Beginning Balance |  |  | Deductions |  |  | Additions |  |  | Ending Balance |
Fiscal 2021 |  | $ | 1,030 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,030 |
Fiscal 2020 |  | $ | 703 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 327 |  |  | $ | 1,030 |
Fiscal 2019 |  | $ | 364 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 339 |  |  | $ | 703 |
Self-Insurance Reserves. The company is self-insured for various levels of general liability, auto liability, workers’ compensation, and employee medical and dental coverage. Insurance reserves are calculated based on a combination of an undiscounted basis based on actual claim data and estimates of incurred but not reported claims developed utilizing historical claim trends. Projected settlements of incurred but not reported claims are estimated based on pending claims, historical trends and industry trends related to expected losses and actual reported losses, and key assumptions, including loss development factors and expected loss rates. Loss Contingencies. Loss contingencies are recorded at the time it is probable an asset is impaired, or a liability has been incurred and the amount can be reasonably estimated. For litigation claims the company considers the degree of probability of an unfavorable outcome and the ability to make a reasonable estimate of the loss. Losses are recorded in selling, distribution, and administrative expense in our Consolidated Statements of Income. Net Income Per Common Share. Basic net income per share is computed by dividing net income by the weighted average common shares outstanding for the period. Diluted net income per share is computed by dividing net income by the weighted average common and common equivalent shares outstanding for the period. Common stock equivalents consist of the incremental shares associated with the company’s stock compensation plans, as determined under the treasury stock method. The performance contingent restricted stock awards do not contain a non-forfeitable right to dividend equivalents and are included in the computation for diluted net income per share. Fully vested shares which have a deferral period extending beyond the vesting date are included in the computation for basic net income per share. See Note 19, Earnings Per Share, for additional disclosure. Variable Interest Entities. The incorporated IDPs are not voting interest entities since the company has no direct interest in each entity; however, they qualify as variable interest entities (“VIEs”). The IDPs who are formed as sole proprietorships are excluded from the VIE accounting analysis because sole proprietorships are not within scope for determination of VIE status. The company typically finances the incorporated IDP and enters into a contract with the incorporated IDP to supply product at a discount for distribution in the IDP’s territory. The combination of the company’s loans to the incorporated IDP and the ongoing supply arrangements with the incorporated IDP provides a level of protection to the equity owners of the various distributorships that would not otherwise be available. However, the company is not considered to be the primary beneficiary of the VIEs. See Note 15, Variable Interest Entities, for additional disclosure of these VIEs. The company also maintains a transportation agreement with an entity that transports a significant portion of the company’s fresh bakery products from the company’s production facilities to outlying distribution centers. The company represents a significant portion of the entity’s revenue. The company reconsidered its relationship with the entity because the entity was sold, and the company has concluded the entity no longer qualifies as a VIE beginning in the second quarter of Fiscal 2019. Previously, this entity qualified as a VIE, but the company determined it was not the primary beneficiary of the VIE. See Note 15, Variable Interest Entities, for additional disclosure of these VIEs. Postretirement Plans. The company records pension costs and benefit obligations related to its defined benefit plans based on actuarial valuations. These valuations reflect key assumptions determined by management, including the discount rate, expected long-term rate of return on plan assets and mortality. Material changes in pension costs and in benefit obligations may occur in the future due to experience that is different than assumed and changes in these assumptions. See Note 20, Postretirement Plans, for additional disclosure. Pension Plan Assets. The finance committee of the Board of Directors delegated its fiduciary and other responsibilities with respect to the Company’s retirement plans’ investment strategies to the investment committee. The investment committee, which consists of certain members of management, establishes investment guidelines and strategies and regularly monitors the performance of the plans’ assets. The investment committee is responsible for executing these strategies and investing the pension assets in accordance with ERISA and fiduciary standards. The investment objective of the pension plans is to preserve the plans’ capital and maximize investment earnings within acceptable levels of risk and volatility. The investment committee meets on a regular basis with its investment advisors to review the performance of the plans’ assets. Based upon performance and other measures and recommendations from its investment advisors, the investment committee rebalances the plans’ assets to the targeted allocation when considered appropriate. Fair Value of Financial Instruments. On March 9, 2021 and September 28, 2016, the company issued $500.0 million of senior notes (the “2031 notes”) and $400.0 million of senior notes (the “2026 notes”), respectively. On April 3, 2012, the company issued $400.0 million of senior notes (the “2022 notes”) which the company later redeemed on April 8, 2021. These notes are recorded in our financial statements at carrying value, net of debt discount and issuance costs. The debt discount and issuance costs are being amortized over the ten-year term of the note to interest expense. In addition, and for disclosure purposes, the fair value of the notes is estimated using yields obtained from independent pricing sources for similar types of borrowing arrangements and is considered a Level 2 valuation. Additional details are included in Note 16, Fair Value of Financial Instruments. Research and Development Costs. The company recorded research and development costs of $5.6 million, $4.0 million, and $4.3 million for Fiscal 2021, 2020, and 2019, respectively. These costs are recorded as selling, distribution and administrative expenses in our Consolidated Statements of Income. Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)(“OCI”). The company reports comprehensive income in two separate but consecutive financial statements. See Note 6, Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), for additional required disclosures. Business Process Improvement Costs . In the second half of Fiscal 2020, we launched initiatives to transform how we operate our business, which includes upgrading our information system to a more robust platform, as well as investments in e-commerce, autonomous planning, and our “bakery of the future” initiative. These costs may be expensed as incurred, capitalized, recognized as a cloud computing arrangement, or recognized as a prepaid service contract. The expensed portion of the consulting costs related to the transformation strategy initiatives incurred in Fiscal 2021 was $31.3 million. We began planning for the upgrade of our ERP platform and other system related enhancements (the “ERP road mapping”) during the third quarter of Fiscal 2020. We incurred consulting costs associated with these activities of $4.4 million. These costs are reflected in the selling, distribution and administrative expenses line item of the Consolidated Statements of Income.

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