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UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

(Mark One)

☒ | QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended April 22, 2023

OR

☐ | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from to

Commission file number 1-16247

FLOWERS FOODS, INC.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Georgia |  | 58-2582379
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) |  | (I.R.S. Employer Identification Number)

1919 FLOWERS CIRCLE, THOMASVILLE, Georgia

(Address of principal executive offices)

31757

(Zip Code)

(229)-226-9110

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

N/A

(Former name, former address and former fiscal year, if changed since last report)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class |  | Trading Symbol(s) |  | Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, $0.01 par value |  | FLO |  | NYSE

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer | ☒ | Accelerated filer | ☐
Non-accelerated filer | ☐ | Smaller reporting company | ☐
Emerging growth company | ☐ |  |

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

As of May 12, 2023, the registrant had 211,846,490 shares of common stock, $0.01 par value per share, outstanding.

FLOWERS FOODS, INC.

INDEX

| PAGE NUMBER
PART I. Financial Information | 4
| Item 1. | Financial Statements (Unaudited) | 4
|  | Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets as of April 22, 2023 and December 31, 2022 | 4
|  | Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income for the Sixteen Weeks Ended April 22, 2023 and April 23, 2022 | 5
|  | Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the Sixteen Weeks Ended April 22, 2023 and April 23, 2022 | 6
|  | Condensed Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity for the Sixteen Weeks Ended April 22, 2023 and April 23, 2022 | 7
|  | Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Sixteen Weeks Ended April 22, 2023 and April 23, 2022 | 9
|  | Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited) | 10
| Item 2. | Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 36
| Item 3. | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk | 47
| Item 4. | Controls and Procedures | 48
PART II. Other Information | 49
| Item 1. | Legal Proceedings | 49
| Item 1A. | Risk Factors | 49
| Item 2. | Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds | 49
| Item 3. | Defaults Upon Senior Securities | 49
| Item 4. | Mine Safety Disclosures | 49
| Item 5. | Other Information | 49
| Item 6. | Exhibits | 50
Signatures | 51

Forward-Looking Statements

Statements contained in this filing and certain other written or oral statements made from time to time by Flowers Foods, Inc. (the “company”, “Flowers Foods”, “Flowers”, “us”, “we”, or “our”) and its representatives that are not historical facts are forward-looking statements as defined in the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Forward-looking statements relate to current expectations regarding our future financial condition and results of operations and are often identified by the use of words and phrases such as “anticipate,” “believe,” “continue,” “could,” “estimate,” “expect,” “intend,” “may,” “plan,” “predict,” “project,” “should,” “will,” “would,” “is likely to,” “is expected to” or “will continue,” or the negative of these terms or other comparable terminology. These forward-looking statements are based upon assumptions we believe are reasonable.

Forward-looking statements are based on current information and are subject to risks and uncertainties that could cause our actual results to differ materially from those projected. Certain factors that may cause actual results, performance, liquidity, and achievements to differ materially from those projected are discussed in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (this “Form 10-Q”) and may include, but are not limited to:

•
unexpected changes in any of the following: (i) general economic and business conditions; (ii) the competitive setting in which we operate, including advertising or promotional strategies by us or our competitors, as well as changes in consumer demand; (iii) interest rates and other terms available to us on our borrowings; (iv) supply chain conditions and any related impact on energy and raw materials costs and availability and hedging counter-party risks; (v) relationships with or increased costs related to our employees and third-party service providers; (vi) laws and regulations (including environmental and health-related issues); and (vii) accounting standards or tax rates in the markets in which we operate;
•
the loss or financial instability of any significant customer(s), including as a result of product recalls or safety concerns related to our products;
•
changes in consumer behavior, trends and preferences, including health and whole grain trends, and the movement toward less expensive store branded products;
•
the level of success we achieve in developing and introducing new products and entering new markets;
•
our ability to implement new technology and customer requirements as required;
•
our ability to operate existing, and any new, manufacturing lines according to schedule;
•
our ability to implement and achieve our environmental, social, and governance goals in accordance with regulatory requirements and expectations of stakeholders, suppliers, and customers;
•
our ability to execute our business strategies which may involve, among other things, (i) the ability to realize the intended benefits of completed, planned or contemplated acquisitions, dispositions or joint ventures, (ii) the deployment of new systems (e.g., our enterprise resource planning ("ERP") system), distribution channels and technology, and (iii) an enhanced organizational structure (e.g., our sales and supply chain reorganization);
•
consolidation within the baking industry and related industries;
•
changes in pricing, customer and consumer reaction to pricing actions (including decreased volumes), and the pricing environment among competitors within the industry;
•
our ability to adjust pricing to offset, or partially offset, inflationary pressure on the cost of our products, including ingredient and packaging costs;
•
disruptions in our direct-store-delivery distribution model, including litigation or an adverse ruling by a court or regulatory or governmental body that could affect the independent contractor classifications of the independent distributor partners;
•
increasing legal complexity and legal proceedings that we are or may become subject to;
•
labor shortages and turnover or increases in employee and employee-related costs;
•
the credit, business, and legal risks associated with independent distributor partners and customers, which operate in the highly competitive retail food and foodservice industries;

2

•
any business disruptions due to political instability, pandemics, armed hostilities (including the ongoing conflict between Russia and Ukraine), incidents of terrorism, natural disasters, labor strikes or work stoppages, technological breakdowns, product contamination, product recalls or safety concerns related to our products, or the responses to or repercussions from any of these or similar events or conditions and our ability to insure against such events;
•
the failure of our information technology (“IT”) systems to perform adequately, including any interruptions, intrusions, cyber-attacks or security breaches of such systems or risks associated with the planned implementation of the upgrade of our ERP system; and
•
the potential impact of climate change on the company, including physical and transition risks, availability or restriction of resources, higher regulatory and compliance costs, reputational risks, and availability of capital on attractive terms.

The foregoing list of important factors does not include all such factors, nor necessarily present them in order of importance. In addition, you should consult other disclosures made by the company (such as in our other filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) or in company press releases) for other factors that may cause actual results to differ materially from those projected by the company. Refer to Part I, Item 1A., Risk Factors, of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022 (the “Form 10-K”) for additional information regarding factors that could affect the company’s results of operations, financial condition and liquidity.

We caution you not to place undue reliance on forward-looking statements, as they speak only as of the date made and are inherently uncertain. The company undertakes no obligation to publicly revise or update such statements, except as required by law. You are advised, however, to consult any further public disclosures by the company (such as in our filings with the SEC or in company press releases) on related subjects.

We own or have rights to trademarks or trade names that we use in connection with the operation of our business, including our corporate names, logos and website names. In addition, we own or have the rights to copyrights, trade secrets and other proprietary rights that protect the content of our products and the formulations for such products. Solely for convenience, some of the trademarks, trade names and copyrights referred to in this Form 10-Q are listed without the © , ® and ™ symbols, but we will assert, to the fullest extent under applicable law, our rights to our trademarks, trade names and copyrights.

3

PART 1. FINA NCIAL INFORMATION

ITEM 1. FINANCIAL STA TEMENTS (UNAUDITED)

FLOWERS FOODS, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDA TED BALANCE SHEETS

(Amounts in thousands, except share data)

(Unaudited)

|  | April 22, 2023 |  |  | December 31, 2022 |
ASSETS |  |  |  |  |  |
Current assets: |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 27,720 |  |  | $ | 165,134 |
Accounts and notes receivable, net of allowances of $21,582 and $18,754, respectively |  |  | 371,782 |  |  |  | 349,477 |
Inventories, net: |  |  |  |  |  |
Raw materials |  |  | 75,514 |  |  |  | 71,058 |
Packaging materials |  |  | 31,595 |  |  |  | 28,202 |
Finished goods |  |  | 78,232 |  |  |  | 69,437 |
Inventories, net |  |  | 185,341 |  |  |  | 168,697 |
Spare parts and supplies |  |  | 79,226 |  |  |  | 73,614 |
Other |  |  | 51,784 |  |  |  | 48,018 |
Total current assets |  |  | 715,853 |  |  |  | 804,940 |
Property, plant and equipment: |  |  |  |  |  |
Property, plant and equipment |  |  | 2,438,226 |  |  |  | 2,296,721 |
Less: accumulated depreciation |  |  | (1,479,039 | ) |  |  | (1,447,396 | )
Property, plant and equipment, net |  |  | 959,187 |  |  |  | 849,325 |
Financing lease right-of-use assets |  |  | 1,260 |  |  |  | 1,778 |
Operating lease right-of-use assets |  |  | 275,826 |  |  |  | 273,436 |
Notes receivable from independent distributor partners |  |  | 134,066 |  |  |  | 136,882 |
Assets held for sale |  |  | 14,072 |  |  |  | 12,493 |
Other assets |  |  | 23,070 |  |  |  | 24,515 |
Goodwill |  |  | 676,274 |  |  |  | 545,244 |
Other intangible assets, net |  |  | 682,259 |  |  |  | 664,381 |
Total assets |  | $ | 3,481,867 |  |  | $ | 3,312,994 |
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY |  |  |  |  |  |
Current liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Current maturities of long-term debt |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Current maturities of financing leases |  |  | 1,232 |  |  |  | 1,779 |
Current maturities of operating leases |  |  | 49,606 |  |  |  | 43,990 |
Accounts payable |  |  | 343,154 |  |  |  | 343,380 |
Other accrued liabilities |  |  | 148,127 |  |  |  | 175,276 |
Total current liabilities |  |  | 542,119 |  |  |  | 564,425 |
Noncurrent long-term debt |  |  | 1,063,242 |  |  |  | 891,842 |
Noncurrent financing lease obligations |  |  | 70 |  |  |  | 116 |
Noncurrent operating lease obligations |  |  | 236,921 |  |  |  | 236,977 |
Total long-term debt and right-of-use lease liabilities |  |  | 1,300,233 |  |  |  | 1,128,935 |
Other liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Postretirement/post-employment obligations |  |  | 5,801 |  |  |  | 5,814 |
Deferred taxes |  |  | 135,979 |  |  |  | 134,832 |
Other long-term liabilities |  |  | 36,143 |  |  |  | 35,698 |
Total other long-term liabilities |  |  | 177,923 |  |  |  | 176,344 |
Commitments and Contingencies |  |  |  |  |  |
Stockholders’ equity: |  |  |  |  |  |
Preferred stock — $100 stated par value, 200,000 authorized shares and none issued |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Preferred stock — $.01 stated par value, 800,000 authorized shares and none issued |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Common stock — $.01 stated par value and $.001 current par value, 500,000,000 authorized shares and 228,729,585 shares issued |  |  | 199 |  |  |  | 199 |
Treasury stock — 16,895,489 shares and 17,595,619 shares, respectively |  |  | (247,953 | ) |  |  | (252,613 | )
Capital in excess of par value |  |  | 684,154 |  |  |  | 689,959 |
Retained earnings |  |  | 1,025,881 |  |  |  | 1,004,271 |
Accumulated other comprehensive income |  |  | (689 | ) |  |  | 1,474 |
Total stockholders’ equity |  |  | 1,461,592 |  |  |  | 1,443,290 |
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity |  | $ | 3,481,867 |  |  | $ | 3,312,994 |

(See Accompanying Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements)

4

FLOWERS FOODS, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME

(Amounts in thousands, except per share data)

(Unaudited)

|  | For the Sixteen Weeks Ended |
|  | April 22, 2023 |  |  | April 23, 2022 |
Sales |  | $ | 1,534,493 |  |  | $ | 1,435,932 |
Materials, supplies, labor and other production costs (exclusive of depreciation and amortization shown separately below) |  |  | 800,852 |  |  |  | 724,592 |
Selling, distribution and administrative expenses |  |  | 591,943 |  |  |  | 554,952 |
Depreciation and amortization |  |  | 43,735 |  |  |  | 43,423 |
Impairment of assets |  |  | — |  |  |  | 990 |
Restructuring charges |  |  | 4,195 |  |  |  | — |
Income from operations |  |  | 93,768 |  |  |  | 111,975 |
Interest expense |  |  | 10,837 |  |  |  | 8,858 |
Interest income |  |  | (6,951 | ) |  |  | (6,757 | )
Other components of net periodic pension and postretirement benefit plans credit |  |  | (83 | ) |  |  | (238 | )
Income before income taxes |  |  | 89,965 |  |  |  | 110,112 |
Income tax expense |  |  | 19,255 |  |  |  | 24,523 |
Net income |  | $ | 70,710 |  |  | $ | 85,589 |
Net income per common share: |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic: |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income per common share |  | $ | 0.33 |  |  | $ | 0.40 |
Weighted average shares outstanding |  |  | 211,769 |  |  |  | 211,999 |
Diluted: |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income per common share |  | $ | 0.33 |  |  | $ | 0.40 |
Weighted average shares outstanding |  |  | 213,397 |  |  |  | 213,314 |
Cash dividends paid per common share |  | $ | 0.2200 |  |  | $ | 0.2100 |

(See Accompanying Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements)

5

FLOWERS FOODS, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEM ENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME

(Amounts in thousands)

(Unaudited)

|  | For the Sixteen Weeks Ended |
|  | April 22, 2023 |  |  | April 23, 2022 |
Net income |  | $ | 70,710 |  |  | $ | 85,589 |
Other comprehensive (loss) income, net of tax: |  |  |  |  |  |
Pension and postretirement plans: |  |  |  |  |  |
Amortization of prior service credit included in net income |  |  | (42 | ) |  |  | (41 | )
Amortization of actuarial (gain) loss included in net income |  |  | (17 | ) |  |  | 66 |
Pension and postretirement plans, net of tax |  |  | (59 | ) |  |  | 25 |
Derivative instruments: |  |  |  |  |  |
Net change in fair value of derivatives |  |  | (3,044 | ) |  |  | 11,220 |
Loss (gain) reclassified to net income |  |  | 940 |  |  |  | (969 | )
Derivative instruments, net of tax |  |  | (2,104 | ) |  |  | 10,251 |
Other comprehensive (loss) income, net of tax |  |  | (2,163 | ) |  |  | 10,276 |
Comprehensive income |  | $ | 68,547 |  |  | $ | 95,865 |

(See Accompanying Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements)

6

FLOWERS FOODS, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS O F CHANGES IN STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY

(Amounts in thousands, except share data)

(Unaudited)

|  | For the Sixteen Weeks Ended April 22, 2023 |
|  | Common Stock |  |  | Capital in |  |  |  |  |  | Accumulated |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Number of |  |  |  |  |  | Excess |  |  |  |  |  | Other |  |  | Treasury Stock |  |  |  |
|  | Shares Issued |  |  | Par Value |  |  | of Par Value |  |  | Retained Earnings |  |  | Comprehensive Income (Loss) |  |  | Number of Shares |  |  | Cost |  |  | Total |
Balances at December 31, 2022 |  |  | 228,729,585 |  |  | $ | 199 |  |  | $ | 689,959 |  |  | $ | 1,004,271 |  |  | $ | 1,474 |  |  |  | (17,595,619 | ) |  | $ | (252,613 | ) |  | $ | 1,443,290 |
Net income |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 70,710 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 70,710 |
Derivative instruments, net of tax |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (2,104 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (2,104 | )
Pension and postretirement plans, net of tax |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (59 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (59 | )
Amortization of stock-based compensation awards |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 9,836 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 9,836 |
Issuance of deferred compensation |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (13 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 852 |  |  |  | 13 |  |  |  | — |
Time-based restricted stock units issued (Note 17) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (2,986 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 207,892 |  |  |  | 2,986 |  |  |  | — |
Performance-contingent restricted stock awards issued (Note 17) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (12,508 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 867,944 |  |  |  | 12,508 |  |  |  | — |
Issuance of deferred stock awards |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (134 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 9,324 |  |  |  | 134 |  |  |  | — |
Share repurchases |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (385,882 | ) |  |  | (10,981 | ) |  |  | (10,981 | )
Dividends paid on vested stock-based payment awards |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (2,498 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (2,498 | )
Dividends paid — $0.2200 per common share |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (46,602 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (46,602 | )
Balances at April 22, 2023 |  |  | 228,729,585 |  |  | $ | 199 |  |  | $ | 684,154 |  |  | $ | 1,025,881 |  |  | $ | (689 | ) |  |  | (16,895,489 | ) |  | $ | (247,953 | ) |  | $ | 1,461,592 |

(See Accompanying Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements)

7

FLOWERS FOODS, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY

(Amounts in thousands, except share data)

(Unaudited)

|  | For the Sixteen Weeks Ended April 23, 2022 |
|  | Common Stock |  |  | Capital in |  |  |  |  |  | Accumulated |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Number of |  |  |  |  |  | Excess |  |  |  |  |  | Other |  |  | Treasury Stock |  |  |  |
|  | Shares Issued |  |  | Par Value |  |  | of Par Value |  |  | Retained Earnings |  |  | Comprehensive Income (Loss) |  |  | Number of Shares |  |  | Cost |  |  | Total |
Balances at January 1, 2022 |  |  | 228,729,585 |  |  | $ | 199 |  |  | $ | 678,414 |  |  | $ | 962,378 |  |  | $ | 2,587 |  |  |  | (17,334,804 | ) |  | $ | (232,304 | ) |  | $ | 1,411,274 |
Net income |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 85,589 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 85,589 |
Derivative instruments, net of tax |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 10,251 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 10,251 |
Pension and postretirement plans, net of tax |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 25 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 25 |
Amortization of stock-based compensation awards |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 9,081 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 9,081 |
Issuance of deferred compensation |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (11 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 851 |  |  |  | 11 |  |  |  | — |
Time-based restricted stock units issued (Note 17) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (2,860 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 213,436 |  |  |  | 2,860 |  |  |  | — |
Performance-contingent restricted stock awards issued (Note 17) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (10,469 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 777,773 |  |  |  | 10,469 |  |  |  | — |
Issuance of deferred stock awards |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (138 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 10,034 |  |  |  | 138 |  |  |  | — |
Share repurchases |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (354,470 | ) |  |  | (10,049 | ) |  |  | (10,049 | )
Dividends paid on vested stock-based payment awards |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (2,220 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (2,220 | )
Dividends paid — $.2100 per common share |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (44,527 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (44,527 | )
Balances at April 23, 2022 |  |  | 228,729,585 |  |  | $ | 199 |  |  | $ | 674,017 |  |  | $ | 1,001,220 |  |  | $ | 12,863 |  |  |  | (16,687,180 | ) |  | $ | (228,875 | ) |  | $ | 1,459,424 |

(See Accompanying Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements)

8

FLOWERS FOODS, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED S TATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

(Amounts in thousands)

(Unaudited)

|  | For the Sixteen Weeks Ended |
|  | April 22, 2023 |  |  | April 23, 2022 |
CASH FLOWS PROVIDED BY (DISBURSED FOR) OPERATING ACTIVITIES: |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income |  | $ | 70,710 |  |  | $ | 85,589 |
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Stock-based compensation |  |  | 9,836 |  |  |  | 9,081 |
Loss (gain) reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income to net income |  |  | 1,407 |  |  |  | (1,138 | )
Depreciation and amortization |  |  | 43,735 |  |  |  | 43,423 |
Deferred income taxes |  |  | 1,868 |  |  |  | 9,248 |
Impairment of assets |  |  | — |  |  |  | 990 |
Provision for inventory obsolescence |  |  | 921 |  |  |  | 626 |
Allowances for accounts receivable |  |  | 4,341 |  |  |  | 1,798 |
Pension and postretirement plans cost |  |  | 182 |  |  |  | 194 |
Other |  |  | 685 |  |  |  | 447 |
Changes in operating assets and liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Accounts receivable, net |  |  | (18,201 | ) |  |  | (24,774 | )
Inventories, net |  |  | (14,552 | ) |  |  | (14,082 | )
Hedging activities, net |  |  | (2,334 | ) |  |  | 11,616 |
Accounts payable |  |  | (9,285 | ) |  |  | 23,806 |
Other assets and accrued liabilities |  |  | (31,361 | ) |  |  | (22,670 | )
NET CASH PROVIDED BY OPERATING ACTIVITIES |  |  | 57,952 |  |  |  | 124,154 |
CASH FLOWS PROVIDED BY (DISBURSED FOR) INVESTING ACTIVITIES: |  |  |  |  |  |
Purchases of property, plant and equipment |  |  | (33,958 | ) |  |  | (50,497 | )
Proceeds from sale of property, plant and equipment |  |  | 96 |  |  |  | 1,431 |
Repurchase of independent distributor territories |  |  | (2,150 | ) |  |  | (1,417 | )
Cash paid at issuance of notes receivable |  |  | (6,887 | ) |  |  | (2,854 | )
Principal payments from notes receivable |  |  | 12,113 |  |  |  | 11,166 |
Acquisition of business |  |  | (270,451 | ) |  |  | — |
Other investing activities |  |  | 30 |  |  |  | 276 |
NET CASH DISBURSED FOR INVESTING ACTIVITIES |  |  | (301,207 | ) |  |  | (41,895 | )
CASH FLOWS PROVIDED BY (DISBURSED FOR) FINANCING ACTIVITIES: |  |  |  |  |  |
Dividends paid, including dividends on stock-based payment awards |  |  | (49,100 | ) |  |  | (46,747 | )
Stock repurchases |  |  | (10,981 | ) |  |  | (10,049 | )
Change in bank overdrafts |  |  | (4,261 | ) |  |  | (5,713 | )
Proceeds from debt borrowings |  |  | 487,900 |  |  |  | — |
Debt obligation payments |  |  | (316,900 | ) |  |  | — |
Payments on financing leases |  |  | (599 | ) |  |  | (426 | )
Payments for financing fees |  |  | (218 | ) |  |  | (48 | )
NET CASH PROVIDED BY (DISBURSED FOR) FINANCING ACTIVITIES |  |  | 105,841 |  |  |  | (62,983 | )
Net (decrease) increase in cash and cash equivalents |  |  | (137,414 | ) |  |  | 19,276 |
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period |  |  | 165,134 |  |  |  | 185,871 |
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period |  | $ | 27,720 |  |  | $ | 205,147 |

(See Accompanying Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements)

9

FLOWERS FOODS, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED F INANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)

1. BASIS OF PRESENTATION

BASIS OF ACCOUNTING — The accompanying unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements of Flowers Foods, Inc. (the “company”, “Flowers Foods”, “Flowers”, “us”, “we”, or “our”) have been prepared by the company’s management in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America (“GAAP”) for interim financial information and applicable rules and regulations of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”). Accordingly, they do not include all the information and footnotes required by GAAP for audited financial statements. In the opinion of management, the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements included herein contain all adjustments (consisting of only normal recurring adjustments) necessary to state fairly the company’s financial position, results of operations and cash flows. The results of operations for the sixteen weeks ended April 22, 2023 and April 23, 2022 are not necessarily indicative of the results to be expected for a full fiscal year. The Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet at December 31, 2022 has been derived from the audited financial statements at that date but does not include all the information and footnotes required by GAAP for complete financial statements. These financial statements should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022 (the “Form 10-K”).

INFLATIONARY ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT AND MACROECONOMIC FACTORS — We continue to monitor the impact of the inflationary economic environment, supply chain disruptions, labor shortages and the conflict between Russia and Ukraine on our business. Our results through the first quarter of Fiscal 2023 have continued to benefit from a more optimized sales mix of branded retail products as compared to pre-pandemic periods. We have experienced significant input cost inflation for commodities and, to a lesser extent, transportation and labor in the current year which has partially offset the more optimized sales mix. We implemented price increases at the beginning of Fiscal 2023 to mitigate these cost pressures.

INVESTMENT IN UNCONSOLIDATED AFFILIATE — In the second quarter of Fiscal 2022, we invested $9.0 million in Base Culture, a Clearwater, Florida-based company with one manufacturing facility. Base Culture's product offerings include better-for-you, gluten-free, and grain-free sliced breads and baked goods and are all-natural, 100% Paleo-certified, kosher-certified, dairy-free, soy-free, and non-GMO verified. The investment is being accounted for at cost, less any impairment, adjusted for changes resulting from observable price changes in orderly transactions involving the affiliate, as we do not control nor do we have the ability to significantly influence the affiliate, nor is there a readily determinable fair value. Should circumstances indicate a change in the fair value, a fair value adjustment may be necessary.

ESTIMATES — The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. The company believes the following critical accounting estimates affect its more significant judgments and estimates used in the preparation of its consolidated financial statements: revenue recognition, derivative financial instruments, valuation of long-lived assets, goodwill and other intangible assets, leases, self-insurance reserves, income tax expense and accruals, postretirement plans, stock-based compensation, and commitments and contingencies. These estimates are summarized in Form 10-K.

REPORTING PERIODS — Fiscal Year End. Our fiscal year ends on the Saturday nearest December 31, resulting in a 53 rd reporting week every five or six years. The last 53-week year was our Fiscal 2020. The next 53-week year will be Fiscal 2025. Our internal financial results and key performance indicators are reported on a weekly calendar basis to ensure the same numbers of Saturdays and Sundays in comparable months and to allow for a consistent four-week progression analysis. The company has elected the first quarter to report the extra four-week period. As such, our quarters are divided as follows:

Quarter |  | Number of Weeks
First Quarter |  | Sixteen
Second Quarter |  | Twelve
Third Quarter |  | Twelve
Fourth Quarter |  | Twelve (or Thirteen in fiscal years with an extra week)

Accordingly, interim results may not be indicative of subsequent interim period results, or comparable to prior or subsequent interim period results, due to differences in the lengths of the interim periods.

Fiscal 2023 consists of 52 weeks, with the company’s quarterly reporting periods as follows: first quarter ended April 22, 2023 (sixteen weeks), second quarter ending July 15, 2023 (twelve weeks), third quarter ending October 7, 2023 (twelve weeks) and fourth quarter ending December 30, 2023 (twelve weeks).

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REPORTING SEGMENT — The company has one operating segment based on the nature of products the company sells, intertwined production and distribution model, the internal management structure and information that is regularly reviewed by the chief executive officer (“CEO”), who is the chief operating decision maker, for the purpose of assessing performance and allocating resources.

SIGNIFICANT CUSTOMER — Below is the effect that our largest customer, Walmart/Sam’s Club, had on the company’s sales for the sixteen weeks ended April 22, 2023 and April 23, 2022. Walmart/Sam’s Club is the only customer to account for greater than 10% of the company’s sales.

|  | For the Sixteen Weeks Ended |
|  | April 22, 2023 |  |  | April 23, 2022 |
|  | (% of Sales) |
Total |  |  | 22.1 |  |  |  | 21.1 |

Walmart/Sam’s Club is our only customer with greater than 10% of outstanding trade receivables, representing 23.1% and 24.3%, on a consolidated basis, as of April 22, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively, of our trade receivables.

BUSINESS PROCESS IMPROVEMENT COSTS — In the second half of Fiscal 2020, we launched initiatives to transform our business operations, which include upgrading our information system to a more robust platform, as well as investments in e-commerce, autonomous planning, and our “bakery of the future” initiatives. These costs may be expensed as incurred, capitalized, recognized as a cloud computing arrangement, or recognized as a prepaid service contract. The expensed portion of these costs incurred related to these initiatives incurred was $6.2 million and $9.1 million for the sixteen weeks ended April 22, 2023 and April 23, 2022, respectively. These costs are reflected in the selling, distribution and administrative expenses line item of the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income.

PLANT CLOSURE COSTS AND IMPAIRMENT OF ASSETS — On July 19, 2022, the company announced the closure of the Holsum Bakery in Phoenix, Arizona. The bakery produced bread and bun products and ceased production on October 31, 2022. This closure is part of our strategy to optimize our sales portfolio and improve supply chain and manufacturing efficiency. The company r ecognized severance costs of $1.7 million, multi-employer pension plan withdrawal costs of $1.3 million, and asset impairment and equipment relocation charges for bakery equipment of $3.8 million in the third quarter of Fiscal 2022. See Note 18, Postretirement Plans, for details on the multi-employer pension plan withdrawal costs. During the first quarter of Fiscal 2022, the company decided to sell two warehouses acquired at the end of Fiscal 2021 and recorded an impairment charge of $1.0 million. The company completed the sale of the impaired warehouse at the end of the first quarter of Fiscal 2022.

2. RECENT ACCOUNTING PRONOUNCEMENTS

Recently adopted accounting pronouncements

The company did not adopt any accounting pronouncements during the sixteen weeks ended April 22, 2023.

Accounting pronouncements not yet adopted

We have reviewed other recently issued accounting pronouncements and concluded that either they are not applicable to our business, or no material effect is expected upon future adoption.

3. RESTRUCTURING ACTIVITIES

In February 2023, to improve operational effectiveness, increase profitable sales, and better meet customer requirements, the company announced a restructuring of plant operation responsibilities from the sales function to the supply chain function. Employee termination benefits and other cash charges were primarily for the voluntary employee separation incentive plan (the "VSIP") and employee relocation costs. During the sixteen weeks ended April 22, 2023, we recorded VSIP-related charges of $3.9 million of which $0.5 million were paid during the quarter. Relocation costs incurred during the current year quarter were $0.3 million and these and the VSIP costs are recorded in the restructuring charges line item of the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income.

The table below presents the components of costs associated with the restructuring (amounts in thousands):

|  | For the Sixteen Weeks Ended |
|  | April 22, 2023 |
Restructuring charges: |  |  |
VSIP |  | $ | 3,927 |
Relocation costs |  |  | 268 |
Total restructuring charges |  | $ | 4,195 |

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The table below presents the components of, and changes in, our restructuring accruals (amounts in thousands):

|  | VSIP |  |  | Relocation Costs |  |  | Total |
Liability balance at December 31, 2022 |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Charges |  |  | 3,927 |  |  |  | 268 |  |  |  | 4,195 |
Cash payments |  |  | (509 | ) |  |  | (268 | ) |  |  | (777 | )
Liability balance (1) at April 22, 2023 |  | $ | 3,418 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 3,418 |

(1) Recorded in the other accrued liabilities line item of our Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets.

4. ACQUISITION

On February 17, 2023, the company completed the acquisition of the Papa Pita bakery business ("Papa Pita") for total consideration of approximately $273.5 million, inclusive of a preliminary net working capital adjustment. Papa Pita is a manufacturer and distributor of bagels, tortillas, breads, buns, English muffins, and flat breads with one production facility in West Jordan, Utah and, prior to the acquisition, Papa Pita co-manufactured certain products for the company. Papa Pita has direct-store-delivery distribution in the western United States ("U.S."), expanding our geographic reach. We incurred additional acquisition costs of $3.2 million in the first quarter of Fiscal 2023. These costs are reflected in the selling, distribution, and administrative expenses line item of the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income.

The following table summarizes the consideration paid for Papa Pita based on the fair value at the acquisition date. This table is based on preliminary valuations for the assets acquired (the company did no t acquire any cash) and liabilities assumed. The identifiable intangible assets, property and equipment, and certain financial assets and taxes are still under review. We will continue reviewing the final recognized amounts of identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed until the first quarter of Fiscal 2024 when the allocation will be final (amounts in thousands):

Fair Value of consideration transferred: |  |  |
Cash consideration paid |  | $ | 270,451 |
Working capital adjustments |  |  | 3,075 |
Total consideration |  | $ | 273,526 |
Recognized amounts of identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed: |  |  |
Property, plant, and equipment |  | $ | 104,118 |
Identifiable intangible assets |  |  | 27,100 |
Financial assets |  |  | 14,779 |
Liabilities assumed |  |  | (3,501 | )
Net recognized amounts of identifiable assets acquired |  |  | 142,496 |
Goodwill |  | $ | 131,030 |

The following table presents the acquired intangible assets subject to amortization (amounts in thousands, except amortization periods):

|  | Total |  |  | Weighted average amortization years |  |  | Amortization Method
Trademarks |  | $ | 4,600 |  |  |  | 20.0 |  |  | Straight-line
Customer relationships |  |  | 22,200 |  |  |  | 25.0 |  |  | Sum of year digits
Noncompete agreements |  |  | 300 |  |  |  | 4.0 |  |  | Straight-line
Total intangible assets |  | $ | 27,100 |  |  |  | 23.9 |  |  |

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5. LEASES

The company’s leases consist of the following types of assets: two bakeries, corporate office space, warehouses, bakery equipment, transportation and IT equipment. The quantitative disclosures for our leases follow below.

The following table details lease modifications and renewals and lease terminations (amounts in thousands):

|  | For the Sixteen Weeks Ended |
|  | April 22, 2023 |  |  | April 23, 2022 |
Lease modifications and renewals |  | $ | 17,348 |  |  | $ | 13,815 |
Lease terminations |  | $ | 36 |  |  | $ | 1,024 |

The lease modifications and renewals for the sixteen weeks ended April 22, 2023 include $10.6 million related to a 10-year extension for a freezer storage lease that occurred during our first quarter of Fiscal 2023. For the sixteen weeks ended April 23, 2022, the lease modifications and renewals include $11.2 million related to a 10-year extension for a warehouse lease.

Lease costs incurred by lease type, and/or type of payment, and other supplemental quantitative disclosures as of and for the sixteen weeks ended April 22, 2023 and April 23, 2022 were as follows (amounts in thousands):

|  | For the Sixteen Weeks Ended |
|  | April 22, 2023 |  |  | April 23, 2022 |
Lease cost: |  |  |  |  |  |
Amortization of right-of-use assets |  | $ | 524 |  |  | $ | 524 |
Interest on lease liabilities |  |  | 16 |  |  |  | 35 |
Operating lease cost |  |  | 19,318 |  |  |  | 19,648 |
Short-term lease cost |  |  | 825 |  |  |  | 698 |
Variable lease cost |  |  | 10,924 |  |  |  | 9,638 |
Total lease cost |  | $ | 31,607 |  |  | $ | 30,543 |

|  | For the Sixteen Weeks Ended |
|  | April 22, 2023 |  |  | April 23, 2022 |
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Operating cash flows from financing leases |  | $ | 16 |  |  | $ | 35 |
Operating cash flows from operating leases |  | $ | 21,134 |  |  | $ | 16,400 |
Financing cash flows from financing leases |  | $ | 599 |  |  | $ | 426 |
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for new financing lease liabilities |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for new operating lease liabilities |  | $ | 17,628 |  |  | $ | 14,834 |

Weighted-average remaining lease term (years): |  |  |
Financing leases |  |  | 0.8 |
Operating leases |  |  | 7.7 |
Weighted-average IBR (percentage): |  |  |
Financing leases |  |  | 3.4 |
Operating leases |  |  | 3.9 |

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Estimated undiscounted future lease payments under non-cancelable operating leases and financing leases, along with a reconciliation of the undiscounted cash flows to operating and financing lease liabilities, respectively, as of April 22, 2023 (in thousands) were as follows:

|  | Operating lease liabilities |  |  | Financing lease liabilities |
Remainder of 2023 |  | $ | 40,771 |  |  | $ | 1,214 |
2024 |  |  | 55,881 |  |  |  | 104 |
2025 |  |  | 53,146 |  |  |  | — |
2026 |  |  | 36,677 |  |  |  | — |
2027 |  |  | 30,903 |  |  |  | — |
2028 and thereafter |  |  | 119,581 |  |  |  | — |
Total minimum lease payments |  |  | 336,959 |  |  |  | 1,318 |
Less: amount of lease payments representing interest |  |  | (50,432 | ) |  |  | (16 | )
Present value of future minimum lease payments |  |  | 286,527 |  |  |  | 1,302 |
Less: current obligations under leases |  |  | (49,606 | ) |  |  | (1,232 | )
Long-term lease obligations |  | $ | 236,921 |  |  | $ | 70 |

6. ACCUMULATED OTHER COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS) (“AOCI”)

The company’s total comprehensive income presently consists of net income, adjustments for our derivative financial instruments accounted for as cash flow hedges, and various pension and other postretirement benefit related items.

During the sixteen weeks ended April 22, 2023 and April 23, 2022, reclassifications out of AOCI were as follows (amounts in thousands):

|  | Amount Reclassified from AOCI |  |  |
|  | For the Sixteen Weeks Ended |  |  | Affected Line Item in the Statement
Details about AOCI Components (Note 2) |  | April 22, 2023 |  |  | April 23, 2022 |  |  | Where Net Income is Presented
Derivative instruments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate contracts |  | $ | 153 |  |  | $ | 153 |  |  | Interest expense
Commodity contracts |  |  | (1,407 | ) |  |  | 1,138 |  |  | Cost of sales, Note 3
Total before tax |  |  | (1,254 | ) |  |  | 1,291 |  |  | Total before tax
Tax benefit (expense) |  |  | 314 |  |  |  | (322 | ) |  | Income tax expense
Total net of tax |  |  | (940 | ) |  |  | 969 |  |  | Net of tax
Pension and postretirement plans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Prior-service credits |  |  | 55 |  |  |  | 55 |  |  | Note 1
Actuarial gain (losses) |  |  | 23 |  |  |  | (88 | ) |  | Note 1
Total before tax |  |  | 78 |  |  |  | (33 | ) |  | Total before tax
Tax (expense) benefit |  |  | (19 | ) |  |  | 8 |  |  | Income tax expense
Total net of tax |  |  | 59 |  |  |  | (25 | ) |  | Net of tax
Total reclassifications |  | $ | (881 | ) |  | $ | 944 |  |  | Net of tax

Note 1: These items are included in the computation of net periodic pension cost and are reported in the other components of net periodic pension and postretirement benefits credit line item on the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income. See Note 18, Postretirement Plans, for additional information.

Note 2: Amounts in parentheses indicate debits to determine net income.

Note 3: Amounts are presented as an adjustment to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities on the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows.

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During the sixteen weeks ended April 22, 2023, changes to AOCI, net of income tax, by component were as follows (amounts in thousands and parentheses denote a debit balance):

|  | Cash Flow Hedge Items |  |  | Defined Benefit Pension Plan Items |  |  | Total |
AOCI at December 31, 2022 |  | $ | 2,099 |  |  | $ | (625 | ) |  | $ | 1,474 |
Other comprehensive loss before reclassifications |  |  | (3,044 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (3,044 | )
Reclassified to earnings from AOCI |  |  | 940 |  |  |  | (59 | ) |  |  | 881 |
AOCI at April 22, 2023 |  | $ | (5 | ) |  | $ | (684 | ) |  | $ | (689 | )

During the sixteen weeks ended April 23, 2022, changes to AOCI, net of income tax, by component were as follows (amounts in thousands and parentheses denote a debit balance):

|  | Cash Flow Hedge Items |  |  | Defined Benefit Pension Plan Items |  |  | Total |
AOCI at January 1, 2022 |  | $ | 6,043 |  |  | $ | (3,456 | ) |  | $ | 2,587 |
Other comprehensive income before reclassifications |  |  | 11,220 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 11,220 |
Reclassified to earnings from AOCI |  |  | (969 | ) |  |  | 25 |  |  |  | (944 | )
AOCI at April 23, 2022 |  | $ | 16,294 |  |  | $ | (3,431 | ) |  | $ | 12,863 |

Amounts reclassified out of AOCI to net income that relate to commodity contracts are presented as an adjustment to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities on the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows. The following table presents the net of tax amount reclassified from AOCI for our commodity contracts (amounts in thousands and positive value indicates credits to determine net income):

|  | For the Sixteen Weeks Ended |
|  | April 22, 2023 |  |  | April 23, 2022 |
Gross (loss) gain reclassified from AOCI into net income |  | $ | (1,407 | ) |  | $ | 1,138 |
Tax benefit (expense) |  |  | 352 |  |  |  | (284 | )
Net of tax |  | $ | (1,055 | ) |  | $ | 854 |

7. GOODWILL AND OTHER INTANGIBLE ASSETS

The table below summarizes our goodwill and other intangible assets at April 22, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively, each of which is explained in additional detail below (amounts in thousands):

|  | April 22, 2023 |  |  | December 31, 2022 |
Goodwill |  | $ | 676,274 |  |  | $ | 545,244 |
Amortizable intangible assets, net |  |  | 555,159 |  |  |  | 537,281 |
Indefinite-lived intangible assets |  |  | 127,100 |  |  |  | 127,100 |
Total goodwill and other intangible assets |  | $ | 1,358,533 |  |  | $ | 1,209,625 |

The changes in the carrying amount of goodwill during the first quarter of Fiscal 2023, during which time we completed the acquisition of Papa Pita, are as follows (amounts in thousands):

|  | Total |
Balance as of December 31, 2022 |  | $ | 545,244 |
Acquisition |  |  | 131,030 |
Balance as of April 22, 2023 |  | $ | 676,274 |

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On February 17, 2023, the company completed the acquisition of Papa Pita for total consideration of approximately $273.5 million, inclusive of a preliminary net working capital adjustment. The acquisition included several amortizable intangible assets which total $27.1 million and are included in the table below. See Note 4, Acquisition, for details of the assets and the respective amortization period by category.

As of April 22, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively, the company had the following amounts related to amortizable intangible assets (amounts in thousands):

|  | April 22, 2023 |  |  | December 31, 2022 |
Asset |  | Cost |  |  | Accumulated Amortization |  |  | Net Value |  |  | Cost |  |  | Accumulated Amortization |  |  | Net Value |
Trademarks |  | $ | 481,715 |  |  | $ | 97,285 |  |  | $ | 384,430 |  |  | $ | 477,115 |  |  | $ | 92,763 |  |  | $ | 384,352 |
Customer relationships |  |  | 340,221 |  |  |  | 172,565 |  |  |  | 167,656 |  |  |  | 318,021 |  |  |  | 167,688 |  |  |  | 150,333 |
Non-compete agreements |  |  | 5,454 |  |  |  | 5,132 |  |  |  | 322 |  |  |  | 5,154 |  |  |  | 5,114 |  |  |  | 40 |
Distributor relationships |  |  | 4,123 |  |  |  | 3,757 |  |  |  | 366 |  |  |  | 4,123 |  |  |  | 3,673 |  |  |  | 450 |
Distributor routes held and used |  |  | 3,750 |  |  |  | 1,365 |  |  |  | 2,385 |  |  |  | 3,249 |  |  |  | 1,143 |  |  |  | 2,106 |
Total |  | $ | 835,263 |  |  | $ | 280,104 |  |  | $ | 555,159 |  |  | $ | 807,662 |  |  | $ | 270,381 |  |  | $ | 537,281 |

Aggregate amortization expense for the sixteen weeks ended April 22, 2023 and April 23, 2022 was as follows (amounts in thousands):

|  | Amortization Expense |
For the sixteen weeks ended April 22, 2023 |  | $ | 9,723 |
For the sixteen weeks ended April 23, 2022 |  | $ | 9,749 |

Estimated amortization of intangibles for each of the next five years is as follows (amounts in thousands):

|  | Amortization of Intangibles |
Remainder of 2023 |  | $ | 22,719 |
2024 |  | $ | 32,160 |
2025 |  | $ | 31,378 |
2026 |  | $ | 29,227 |
2027 |  | $ | 27,374 |

There were $127.1 million of indefinite-lived intangible trademark assets separately identified from goodwill at April 22, 2023 and December 31, 2022. These trademarks are classified as indefinite-lived because we believe they are well established brands with a long history and well-defined markets. We believe these factors support an indefinite life. We perform an annual impairment analysis, or on an interim basis if the facts and circumstances change, to determine if the trademarks are realizing their expected economic benefits.

8. FAIR VALUE OF FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS

The carrying value of cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, and short-term debt approximates fair value because of the short-term maturity of the instruments. Notes receivable are entered into in connection with the purchase of independent distributors’ distribution rights by independent distributor partners (“IDPs”). These notes receivable are recorded in the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets at carrying value, which represents the closest approximation of fair value. Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. The company financed approximately 3,300 and 3,400 IDPs’ distribution rights as of April 22, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively, all with varied financial histories and credit risks. However, the current stated interest rates used to record the carrying values are appropriately reflective of our estimated interest rates that would be made to borrowers with similar credit ratings for the remaining maturities of the distributor notes receivable. The distribution rights are generally purchased by the IDP with a 5% down payment with the remainder financed for up to 10 years. The distributor notes receivable are collateralized by the IDPs’ distribution rights. The company maintains a wholly-owned subsidiary to assist in financing the distribution rights purchase activities if requested by new IDPs, using the distribution rights and certain associated assets as collateral. These notes receivable earn interest at a fixed rate.

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Interest income was primarily related to the IDPs’ notes receivable and was as follows (amounts in thousands):

|  | Interest Income |
For the sixteen weeks ended April 22, 2023 |  | $ | 6,951 |
For the sixteen weeks ended April 23, 2022 |  | $ | 6,757 |

At April 22, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively, the carrying value of the distributor notes receivable was as follows (amounts in thousands):

|  | April 22, 2023 |  |  | December 31, 2022 |
Distributor notes receivable |  | $ | 160,086 |  |  | $ | 163,354 |
Less: current portion of distributor notes receivable recorded in accounts and notes receivable, net |  |  | (26,020 | ) |  |  | (26,472 | )
Long-term portion of distributor notes receivable |  | $ | 134,066 |  |  | $ | 136,882 |

During the third quarter of Fiscal 2021, the company recorded a reserve of $1.9 million for the distributor notes receivable related to a legal settlement. The company commenced repurchasing the distribution rights during the second quarter of Fiscal 2022 and completed the repurchases during the first quarter of Fiscal 2023. See Note 15, Commitments and Contingencies, for additional information. Payments on these distributor notes receivable are collected by the company weekly in conjunction with the distributor settlement process.

The fair value of the company’s variable rate debt at April 22, 2023 approximates the recorded value. The fair value of the company’s 2.400% senior notes due 2031 (the "2031 notes") and 3.500% senior notes due 2026 (the “2026 notes”), as discussed in Note 13, Debt and Other Obligations, of this Form 10-Q, are estimated using yields obtained from independent pricing sources for similar types of borrowing arrangements and are considered a Level 2 valuation. The fair value of the 2031 notes and 2026 notes are presented in the table below (amounts in thousands, except level classification):

|  | Carrying Value |  |  | Fair Value |  |  | Level
2031 notes |  | $ | 494,218 |  |  | $ | 413,669 |  |  | 2
2026 notes |  | $ | 398,024 |  |  | $ | 384,182 |  |  | 2

For fair value disclosure information about our derivative assets and liabilities see Note 9, Derivative Financial Instruments.

9. DERIVATIVE FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS

The company measures the fair value of its derivative portfolio by using the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in the principal market for that asset or liability. These measurements are classified into a hierarchy by the inputs used to perform the fair value calculation as follows:

Level 1: Fair value based on unadjusted quoted prices for identical assets or liabilities at the measurement date

Level 2: Modeled fair value with model inputs other than quoted prices included within Level 1 that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly

Level 3: Modeled fair value with unobservable model inputs that are used to estimate the fair value of the asset or liability

Commodity Risk

The company enters into commodity derivatives designated as cash-flow hedges of existing or future exposure to changes in commodity prices. The company’s primary raw materials are flour, sweeteners and shortening, along with pulp, paper and petroleum-based packaging products. Natural gas, which is used as oven fuel, and diesel fuel are also important commodity inputs.

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As of April 22, 2023, the company’s hedge portfolio contained commodity derivatives, which are recorded in the following accounts with fair values measured as indicated (amounts in thousands):

|  | Level 1 |  |  | Level 2 |  |  | Level 3 |  |  | Total |
Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Other current |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Other long-term |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Total |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Other current |  |  | (3,159 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (3,159 | )
Other long-term |  |  | (284 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (284 | )
Total |  |  | (3,443 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (3,443 | )
Net Fair Value |  | $ | (3,443 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (3,443 | )

As of December 31, 2022, the company’s hedge portfolio contained commodity derivatives, which are recorded in the following accounts with fair values measured as indicated (amounts in thousands):

|  | Level 1 |  |  | Level 2 |  |  | Level 3 |  |  | Total |
Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Other current |  | $ | 782 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 782 |
Other long-term |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2 |
Total |  |  | 784 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 784 |
Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Other current |  |  | (1,149 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (1,149 | )
Other long-term |  |  | (86 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (86 | )
Total |  |  | (1,235 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (1,235 | )
Net Fair Value |  | $ | (451 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (451 | )

The positions held in the portfolio are used to hedge economic exposure to changes in various raw material prices and effectively fix, or limit increases in, prices for a period extending into Fiscal 2024. These instruments are designated as cash-flow hedges. The change in the fair value for these derivatives is reported in AOCI. All the company-held commodity derivatives at April 22, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively, qualified for hedge accounting.

Interest Rate Risk

During the first quarter of Fiscal 2021, the company entered into treasury locks to fix the interest rate for the 2031 notes issued on March 9, 2021. The derivative positions were closed when the debt was priced on March 2, 2021 with a cash settlement net receipt of $3.9 million that offset changes in the benchmark treasury rate between execution of the treasury rate locks and the debt pricing date. These rate locks were designated as a cash flow hedge and the deferred amount reported in AOCI is being reclassified to interest expense as interest payments are made on the notes through the maturity date.

The company previously entered into treasury rate locks at the time we executed the 2026 notes. These rate locks were designated as a cash flow hedge and the fair value at termination was deferred in AOCI. The deferred amount reported in AOCI is being reclassified to interest expense as interest payments are made on the related notes through the maturity date.

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Derivative Assets and Liabilities

The company has the following derivative instruments located on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets, which are utilized for the risk management purposes detailed above (amounts in thousands):

|  | Derivative Assets |  |  | Derivative Liabilities |
|  | April 22, 2023 |  |  | December 31, 2022 |  |  | April 22, 2023 |  |  | December 31, 2022 |
Derivatives Designated as Hedging Instruments |  | Balance Sheet Location |  | Fair Value |  |  | Balance Sheet Location |  | Fair Value |  |  | Balance Sheet Location |  | Fair Value |  |  | Balance Sheet Location |  | Fair Value |
Commodity contracts |  | Other current assets |  | $ | — |  |  | Other current assets |  | $ | 782 |  |  | Other accrued liabilities |  | $ | 3,159 |  |  | Other accrued liabilities |  | $ | 1,149 |
Commodity contracts |  | Other assets |  |  | — |  |  | Other assets |  |  | 2 |  |  | Other long-term liabilities |  |  | 284 |  |  | Other long-term liabilities |  |  | 86 |
Total |  |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  | $ | 784 |  |  |  |  | $ | 3,443 |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,235 |

Derivative AOCI transactions

The company had the following derivative instruments for deferred gains and (losses) on closed contracts and the effective portion for changes in fair value recorded in AOCI (no amounts were excluded from the effectiveness test), all of which are utilized for the risk management purposes detailed above (amounts in thousands and net of tax):

|  | Amount of (Loss) or Gain |  |  |  |  | Amount of Gain or (Loss) |
|  | Recognized in AOCI on Derivatives |  |  |  |  | Reclassified from AOCI |
|  | (Effective Portion) |  |  | Location of Gain or (Loss) |  | into Income (Effective Portion) |
Derivatives in Cash Flow |  | For the Sixteen Weeks Ended |  |  | Reclassified from AOCI |  | For the Sixteen Weeks Ended |
Hedge Relationships(1) |  | April 22, 2023 |  |  | April 23, 2022 |  |  | into Income (Effective Portion)(2) |  | April 22, 2023 |  |  | April 23, 2022 |
Interest rate contracts |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | Interest expense |  | $ | 115 |  |  | $ | 115 |
Commodity contracts |  |  | (3,044 | ) |  |  | 11,220 |  |  | Production costs(3) |  |  | (1,055 | ) |  |  | 854 |
Total |  | $ | (3,044 | ) |  | $ | 11,220 |  |  |  |  | $ | (940 | ) |  | $ | 969 |

1.
Amounts in parentheses indicate debits to determine net income.
2.
Amounts in parentheses, if any, indicate credits to determine net income.
3.
Included in materials, supplies, labor and other production costs (exclusive of depreciation and amortization shown separately).

There was no hedging ineffectiveness, and no amounts were excluded from the ineffectiveness testing, during the sixteen weeks ended April 22, 2023 and April 23, 2022, respectively, related to the company’s commodity risk hedges.

At April 22, 2023, the balance in AOCI related to commodity price risk and interest rate risk derivative transactions that closed or will expire over the following years are as follows (amounts in thousands and net of tax) (amounts in parenthesis indicate a debit balance):

|  | Commodity Price Risk Derivatives |  |  | Interest Rate Risk Derivatives |  |  | Totals |
Closed contracts |  | $ | 3 |  |  | $ | 2,575 |  |  | $ | 2,578 |
Expiring in 2023 |  |  | (2,154 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (2,154 | )
Expiring in 2024 |  |  | (429 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (429 | )
Total |  | $ | (2,580 | ) |  | $ | 2,575 |  |  | $ | (5 | )

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Derivative Transactions Notional Amounts

As of April 22, 2023, the company had the following outstanding financial contracts that were entered to hedge commodity risk (amounts in thousands):

|  | Notional Amount |
Wheat contracts |  | $ | 13,917 |
Soybean oil contracts |  |  | 19,069 |
Natural gas contracts |  |  | 5,043 |
Total |  | $ | 38,029 |

The company’s derivative instruments contain no credit-risk related contingent features at April 22, 2023. As of April 22, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the company had $8.4 million and $7.2 million, respectively, in other current assets representing collateral for hedged positions. As of April 22, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the company had $3.0 million and $3.1 million, respectively, recorded in other accrued liabilities representing collateral due to counterparties for hedged positions.

10. OTHER CURRENT AND NON-CURRENT ASSETS

Other current assets consist of (amounts in thousands):

|  | April 22, 2023 |  |  | December 31, 2022 |
Prepaid assets |  | $ | 4,240 |  |  | $ | 4,589 |
Service contracts |  |  | 23,757 |  |  |  | 25,595 |
Prepaid insurance |  |  | 2,117 |  |  |  | 5,709 |
Prepaid marketing |  |  | 8,809 |  |  |  | 3,917 |
Fair value of derivative instruments |  |  | — |  |  |  | 782 |
Collateral to counterparties for derivative positions |  |  | 8,353 |  |  |  | 7,210 |
Income taxes receivable |  |  | 3,892 |  |  |  | — |
Other |  |  | 616 |  |  |  | 216 |
Total |  | $ | 51,784 |  |  | $ | 48,018 |

Other non-current assets consist of (amounts in thousands):

|  | April 22, 2023 |  |  | December 31, 2022 |
Unamortized financing fees |  | $ | 1,839 |  |  | $ | 1,356 |
Investments |  |  | 2,516 |  |  |  | 2,506 |
Investment in unconsolidated affiliate |  |  | 9,000 |  |  |  | 9,000 |
Deposits |  |  | 2,385 |  |  |  | 2,444 |
Unamortized cloud computing arrangement costs |  |  | 159 |  |  |  | 258 |
Noncurrent postretirement benefit plan asset |  |  | 4,801 |  |  |  | 4,902 |
Noncurrent service contracts |  |  | 2,280 |  |  |  | 3,957 |
Other |  |  | 90 |  |  |  | 92 |
Total |  | $ | 23,070 |  |  | $ | 24,515 |

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11. OTHER ACCRUED LIABILITIES AND OTHER LONG-TERM LIABILITIES

Other accrued liabilities consist of (amounts in thousands):

|  | April 22, 2023 |  |  | December 31, 2022 |
Employee compensation |  | $ | 27,596 |  |  | $ | 26,762 |
Employee vacation |  |  | 19,043 |  |  |  | 16,058 |
VSIP |  |  | 3,418 |  |  |  | — |
Employee bonus |  |  | 6,974 |  |  |  | 29,526 |
Fair value of derivative instruments |  |  | 3,159 |  |  |  | 1,149 |
Self-insurance reserves |  |  | 30,594 |  |  |  | 30,599 |
Bank overdraft |  |  | 13,699 |  |  |  | 17,960 |
Accrued interest |  |  | 2,443 |  |  |  | 7,127 |
Accrued utilities |  |  | 5,635 |  |  |  | 6,861 |
Accrued taxes |  |  | 9,672 |  |  |  | 11,970 |
Accrued advertising |  |  | 4,562 |  |  |  | 4,813 |
Accrued legal settlements |  |  | — |  |  |  | 5,500 |
Accrued legal costs |  |  | 4,064 |  |  |  | 3,021 |
Accrued short-term deferred income |  |  | 3,763 |  |  |  | 3,893 |
Collateral due to counterparties for derivative positions |  |  | 2,961 |  |  |  | 3,085 |
Acquisition consideration adjustment |  |  | 753 |  |  |  | 753 |
Net working capital purchase price adjustment payable |  |  | 3,075 |  |  |  | — |
Multi-employer pension plan withdrawal liability |  |  | 1,297 |  |  |  | 1,297 |
Repurchase obligations of distribution rights |  |  | — |  |  |  | 432 |
Other |  |  | 5,419 |  |  |  | 4,470 |
Total |  | $ | 148,127 |  |  | $ | 175,276 |

The acquisition consideration adjustment is in connection with an acquisition completed in Fiscal 2012, the company agreed to make the sellers whole for certain taxes incurred by the sellers on the sale. In Fiscal 2021, there was a tax determination that the sellers owed additional taxes of $3.4 million, and the company recorded this cost in the selling, distribution and administrative expenses line item of the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income during the second quarter of Fiscal 2021. During Fiscal 2022, the company reached an agreement to settle this issue and made a partial payment in Fiscal 2022 and anticipates making the final payment in Fiscal 2023.

The net working capital purchase price adjustment payable is part of the Papa Pita acquisition which was completed on February 17, 2023. See Note 4, Acquisition, for details about the acquisition.

Other long-term liabilities consist of (amounts in thousands):

|  | April 22, 2023 |  |  | December 31, 2022 |
Deferred income |  | $ | 9,878 |  |  | $ | 11,235 |
Deferred compensation |  |  | 25,385 |  |  |  | 23,675 |
Other deferred credits |  |  | 279 |  |  |  | 382 |
Other |  |  | 601 |  |  |  | 406 |
Total |  | $ | 36,143 |  |  | $ | 35,698 |

12. ASSETS HELD FOR SALE

The company repurchases distribution rights from IDPs in circumstances when the company decides to exit a territory or, in some cases, when the IDP elects to terminate its relationship with the company. In most of the distributor agreements, if the company decides to exit a territory or stop using the independent distribution model in a territory, the company is contractually required to purchase the distribution rights from the IDP. In the event an IDP terminates its relationship with the company, the company, although not legally obligated, may repurchase and operate those distribution rights as a company-owned territory. The IDPs may also sell their distribution rights to another person or entity. Distribution rights purchased from IDPs and operated as company-owned territories are recorded on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets in the line item assets held for sale while the company actively seeks another IDP to purchase the distribution rights for the territory. Distribution rights held for sale and operated by the company are sold to IDPs at fair market value pursuant to the terms of a distributor agreement. There are multiple versions of the distributor agreement in place at any given time and the terms of such distributor agreements vary.

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Additional assets recorded in assets held for sale are for property, plant and equipment. The carrying values of assets held for sale are not amortized and are evaluated for impairment as required at the end of the reporting period. The table below presents the assets held for sale as of April 22, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively (amounts in thousands):

|  | April 22, 2023 |  |  | December 31, 2022 |
Distributor territories |  | $ | 9,190 |  |  | $ | 7,608 |
Property, plant and equipment |  |  | 4,882 |  |  |  | 4,885 |
Total assets held for sale |  | $ | 14,072 |  |  | $ | 12,493 |

13. DEBT AND OTHER OBLIGATIONS

Long-term debt (net of issuance costs and debt discounts excluding line-of-credit arrangements) (leases are separately discussed in Note 5, Leases) consisted of the following at April 22, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively (amounts in thousands):

|  | April 22, 2023 |  |  | December 31, 2022 |
Unsecured credit facility |  | $ | 111,000 |  |  | $ | — |
2031 notes |  |  | 494,218 |  |  |  | 493,994 |
2026 notes |  |  | 398,024 |  |  |  | 397,848 |
Accounts receivable repurchase facility |  |  | 60,000 |  |  |  | — |
Accounts receivable securitization facility |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
|  |  | 1,063,242 |  |  |  | 891,842 |
Less current maturities of long-term debt |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Total long-term debt |  | $ | 1,063,242 |  |  | $ | 891,842 |

Bank overdrafts occur when checks have been issued but have not been presented to the bank for payment. Certain of our banks allow us to delay funding of issued checks until the checks are presented for payment. The delay in funding results in a temporary source of financing from the bank. The activity related to bank overdrafts is shown as a financing activity in our Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows. Bank overdrafts are included in other accrued liabilities on our Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets.

The company also had standby letters of credit (“LOCs”) outstanding of $8.4 million at April 22, 2023 and December 31, 2022, which reduce the availability of funds under the senior unsecured revolving credit facility (the "credit facility"). The outstanding LOCs are for the benefit of certain insurance companies and lessors. None of the outstanding LOCs are recorded as a liability on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets.

2031 Notes, 2026 Notes, Accounts Receivable Repurchase Facility, Accounts Receivable Securitization Facility, and Credit Facility

2031 Notes. On March 9, 2021, the company issued $500.0 million of senior notes. The company will pay semiannual interest on the 2031 notes on each March 15 and September 15 and the 2031 notes will mature on March 15, 2031. The notes bear interest at 2.400% per annum. On any date prior to December 15, 2030, the company may redeem some or all of the notes at a price equal to the greater of (1) 100% of the principal amount of the notes redeemed and (2) a “make-whole” amount plus, in each case, accrued and unpaid interest. The make-whole amount is equal to the sum of the present values of the remaining scheduled payments of principal and interest on the 2031 notes to be redeemed that would be due if such notes matured December 15, 2030 (exclusive of interest accrued to, but not including, the date of redemption), discounted to the date of redemption on a semi-annual basis (assuming a 360-day year consisting of twelve 30-day months) at a rate equal to the sum of the applicable treasury rate (as defined in the indenture governing the notes), plus 20 basis points, plus, in each case, accrued and unpaid interest. At any time on or after December 15, 2030, the company may redeem some or all of the 2031 notes at a price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the notes redeemed plus accrued and unpaid interest. If the company experiences a “change of control triggering event” (which involves a change of control of the company and the related rating of the notes below investment grade), it is required to offer to purchase the notes at a purchase price equal to 101% of the principal amount, plus accrued and unpaid interest thereon unless the company has exercised its option to redeem the notes in whole. The 2031 notes are also subject to customary restrictive covenants for investment grade debt, including certain limitations on liens and sale and leaseback transactions.

The face value of the 2031 notes is $500.0 million. There was a debt discount of $2.4 million representing the difference between the net proceeds, after expenses, received upon issuance of debt and the amount repayable at its maturity. The company also accrued issuance costs of $4.8 million (including underwriting fees and other fees) on the 2031 notes. Debt issuance costs and the debt discount are being amortized to interest expense over the term of the 2031 notes. As of April 22, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively, the company was in compliance with all restrictive covenants under the indenture governing the 2031 notes.

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2026 Notes. On September 28, 2016, the company issued $400.0 million of senior notes. The company pays semiannual interest on the 2026 notes on each April 1 and October 1 and the 2026 notes will mature on October 1, 2026. The notes bear interest at 3.500% per annum. The 2026 notes are subject to interest rate adjustments if either Moody’s or S&P downgrades (or downgrades and subsequently upgrades) the credit rating assigned to the 2026 notes. On any date prior to July 1, 2026, the company may redeem some or all of the notes at a price equal to the greater of (1) 100% of the principal amount of the notes redeemed and (2) a “make-whole” amount plus, in each case, accrued and unpaid interest. The make-whole amount is equal to the sum of the present values of the remaining scheduled payments of principal and interest on the 2026 notes to be redeemed that would be due if such notes matured July 1, 2026 (exclusive of interest accrued to, but not including, the date of redemption), discounted to the date of redemption on a semi-annual basis (assuming a 360-day year consisting of twelve 30-day months) at the treasury rate (as defined in the indenture governing the notes), plus 30 basis points, plus in each case accrued and unpaid interest. At any time on or after July 1, 2026, the company may redeem some or all of the 2026 notes at a price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the notes redeemed plus accrued and unpaid interest. If the company experiences a “change of control triggering event” (which involves a change of control of the company and the related rating of the notes below investment grade), it is required to offer to purchase the notes at a purchase price equal to 101% of the principal amount, plus accrued and unpaid interest thereon unless the company exercised its option to redeem the notes in whole. The 2026 notes are also subject to customary restrictive covenants for investment grade debt, including certain limitations on liens and sale and leaseback transactions.

The face value of the 2026 notes is $400.0 million. There was a debt discount of $2.1 million representing the difference between the net proceeds, after expenses, received upon issuance of debt and the amount repayable at its maturity. The company also paid issuance costs of $3.6 million (including underwriting fees and other fees) on the 2026 notes. Debt issuance costs and the debt discount are being amortized to interest expense over the term of the 2026 notes. As of April 22, 2023, and December 31, 2022, respectively, the company was in compliance with all restrictive covenants under the indenture governing the 2026 notes.

Accounts Receivable Repurchase Facility. On April 14, 2023, the company terminated the securitization facility (as defined below) and entered into a two-year $200.0 million accounts receivable repurchase facility (the "repurchase facility"). Under the repurchase facility, certain subsidiaries of the company sell or distribute, on an ongoing basis, substantially all of their trade receivables to the company. The company may at its option onward sell all of its qualifying receivables to the funding parties under the repurchase facility with an agreement to repurchase the receivables on a monthly basis for a repurchase price equal to the purchase price paid and an interest component based on Term SOFR (as defined below) plus a margin. There is an unused fee applicable on the daily unused portion of the repurchase facility. The repurchase facility contains certain customary representations and warranties, affirmative and negative covenants, and events of default. As of April 22, 2023, the company was in compliance with all restrictive covenants under the repurchase facility.

The table below presents the borrowings and repayments under the repurchase facility during the sixteen weeks ended April 22, 2023:

|  | Amount (thousands) |
Balance at December 31, 2022 |  | $ | — |
Borrowings |  |  | 60,000 |
Payments |  |  | — |
Balance at April 22, 2023 |  | $ | 60,000 |

The table below presents the net amount available for working capital and general corporate purposes under the repurchases facility as of April 23, 2022:

|  | Amount (thousands) |
Gross amount available |  | $ | 200,000 |
Outstanding |  |  | (60,000 | )
Available for withdrawal |  | $ | 140,000 |

Amounts available for withdrawal under the repurchase facility are determined as the lesser of the total repurchase facility limit and a formula derived amount based on qualifying trade receivables. The table below presents the highest and lowest outstanding balance under the repurchase facility during the sixteen weeks ended April 22, 2023:

|  | Amount (thousands) |
High balance |  | $ | 60,000 |
Low balance |  | $ | — |

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Financing costs paid at inception of the repurchase facility are being amortized over the life of the repurchase facility. The company incurred $0.8 million in financing costs during the first quarter of Fiscal 2023. The balance of unamortized financing costs was $0.7 million on April 23, 2022 and is recorded in other assets on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets.

Accounts Receivable Securitization Facility. On July 17, 2013, the company entered into the accounts receivable securitization facility (the "securitization facility"). The company amended the securitization facility 11 times since execution, most recently on February 13, 2023. On April 14, 2023, the company terminated the securitization facility with no outstanding borrowings. Under the securitization facility, a wholly-owned, bankruptcy-remote subsidiary purchased, on an ongoing basis, substantially all trade receivables of the company’s subsidiaries. The subsidiary pledged the receivables as collateral for the obligations under the securitization facility. In the event of liquidation of the subsidiary, its creditors were entitled to satisfy their claims from the subsidiary’s pledged receivables prior to distributions of collections to the company. We include the subsidiary in our Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements. The securitization facility contained certain customary representations and warranties, affirmative and negative covenants, and events of default. As of December 31, 2022, the company was in compliance with all restrictive covenants under the securitization facility.

The table below presents the borrowings and repayments under the securitization facility during the sixteen weeks ended April 22, 2023:

|  | Amount (thousands) |
Balance at December 31, 2022 |  | $ | — |
Borrowings |  |  | 28,000 |
Payments |  |  | (28,000 | )
Balance at April 22, 2023 |  | $ | — |

Optional principal repayments could be made at any time without premium or penalty. Interest was due 18 days after our reporting periods end in arrears on the outstanding borrowings and was computed as SOFR plus an applicable margin of 95 basis points. An unused fee of 40 basis points was applicable on the unused commitment at each reporting period. Financing costs paid at inception of the securitization facility and at the time amendments are executed were being amortized over the life of the securitization facility. The company incurred $0.2 million in financing costs during the third quarter of Fiscal 2022 for the tenth amendment. The balance of unamortized financing costs was $0.3 million on December 31, 2022, and is recorded in other assets on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets. During the first quarter of Fiscal 2023, the company recognized $0.3 million in unamortized loan costs as a loss on extinguishment of debt upon the early termination of the securitization facility. These costs are recorded in interest expense on the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income.

Amounts available for withdrawal under the securitization facility were determined as the lesser of the total commitments and a formula derived amount based on qualifying trade receivables. The table below presents the highest and lowest outstanding balance under the securitization facility during the sixteen weeks ended April 22, 2023:

|  | Amount (thousands) |
High balance |  | $ | 28,000 |
Low balance |  | $ | — |

Credit Facility. The company is party to an amended and restated credit agreement, dated as of October 24, 2003, with the lenders party thereto and Deutsche Bank Trust Company Americas, as administrative agent, (as amended, restated, modified or supplemented from time to time, the “amended and restated credit agreement”). The company has amended the amended and restated credit agreement eight times since execution, most recently on April 12, 2023 (the “eighth amendment”). Under the amended and restated credit agreement, our credit facility is a five-year, $500.0 million senior unsecured revolving loan facility with the following terms and conditions: (i) a maturity date of July 30, 2026; (ii) an applicable margin for revolving loans maintained as (1) base rate loans and swingline loans with a range of 0.00% to 0.525% and (2) SOFR loans with a range of 0.815% to 1.525%, in each case, based on the more favorable (to the company) of (x) the leverage ratio of the company and its subsidiaries and (y) the company’s debt rating; (iii) an applicable facility fee with a range of 0.06% to 0.225%, due quarterly on all commitments under the amended and restated credit agreement, based on the more favorable (to the company) of (x) the leverage ratio of the company and its subsidiaries and (y) the company’s debt rating; and (iv) a maximum leverage ratio covenant to permit the company, at its option, in connection with certain acquisitions and investments and subject to the terms and conditions provided in the amended and restated credit agreement, to increase the maximum ratio permitted thereunder on one or more occasions to 4.00 to 1.00 for a period of four consecutive fiscal quarters, including and/or immediately following the fiscal quarter in which such acquisitions or investments were completed (the “covenant holiday”), provided that each additional covenant holiday will not be available to the company until it has achieved and maintained a leverage ratio of at least 3.75 to 1.00 and has been complied with for at least two fiscal quarters. Additionally, the eighth amendment replaced the benchmark rate at which borrowings under the amended and restated credit agreement bear interest from LIBOR to the forward-looking SOFR term rate administered by CME Group Benchmark Administration Limited ("Term SOFR"). As a result of these

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amendments and in respect of SOFR Loans, we can borrow at Term SOFR, plus a credit spread adjustment of 0.10% subject to a floor of zero.

In addition, the credit facility contains a provision that permits the company to request up to $200.0 million in additional revolving commitments, for a total of up to $700.0 million, subject to the satisfaction of certain conditions. Proceeds from the credit facility may be used for working capital and general corporate purposes, including capital expenditures, acquisition financing, refinancing of indebtedness, dividends and share repurchases. The credit facility includes certain customary restrictions, which, among other things, require maintenance of financial covenants and limit encumbrance of assets and creation of indebtedness. Restrictive financial covenants include such ratios as a minimum interest coverage ratio and a maximum leverage ratio. The company believes that, given its current cash position, its cash flow from operating activities and its available credit capacity, it can comply with the current terms of the amended credit facility and can meet its presently foreseeable financial requirements. As of April 22, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively, the company was in compliance with all restrictive covenants under the credit facility.

Financing costs paid at inception of the credit facility and at the time amendments are executed are being amortized over the life of the credit facility. The company incurred additional financing costs of $0.1 million during the first quarter of Fiscal 2023 for the eight amendment. There was an additional financing cost paid in the first quarter of Fiscal 2022 that was less than $0.1 million. The balance of unamortized financing costs was $1.1 million and $1.0 million on April 22, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively, and are recorded in other assets on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets.

Amounts outstanding under the credit facility can vary daily. Changes in the gross borrowings and repayments can be caused by cash flow activity from operations, capital expenditures, acquisitions, dividends, share repurchases, and tax payments, as well as derivative transactions, which are part of the company’s overall risk management strategy as discussed in Note 9, Derivative Financial Instruments, of this Form 10-Q. The table below presents the borrowings and repayments under the credit facility during the sixteen weeks ended April 22, 2023.

|  | Amount (thousands) |
Balance at December 31, 2022 |  | $ | — |
Borrowings |  |  | 399,900 |
Payments |  |  | (288,900 | )
Balance at April 22, 2023 |  | $ | 111,000 |

The table below presents the net amount available under the credit facility as of April 22, 2023:

|  | Amount (thousands) |
Gross amount available |  | $ | 500,000 |
Outstanding |  |  | (111,000 | )
Letters of credit |  |  | (8,400 | )
Available for withdrawal |  | $ | 380,600 |

The table below presents the highest and lowest outstanding balance under the credit facility during the sixteen weeks ended April 22, 2023:

|  | Amount (thousands) |
High balance |  | $ | 174,000 |
Low balance |  | $ | — |

Aggregate maturities of debt outstanding as of April 22, 2023 are as follows (excluding unamortized debt discount and issuance costs) (amounts in thousands):

Remainder of 2023 |  | $ | — |
2024 |  |  | — |
2025 |  |  | 60,000 |
2026 |  |  | 511,000 |
2027 |  |  | — |
2028 and thereafter |  |  | 500,000 |
Total |  | $ | 1,071,000 |

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Debt discount and issuance costs are being amortized straight-line (which approximates the effective method) over the term of the underlying debt outstanding. The table below reconciles the debt issuance costs and debt discounts to the net carrying value of each of our debt obligations (excluding line-of-credit arrangements) at April 22, 2023 (amounts in thousands):

|  |  |  |  | Debt Issuance Costs |  |  |  |
|  | Face Value |  |  | and Debt Discount |  |  | Net Carrying Value |
2031 notes |  | $ | 500,000 |  |  | $ | 5,782 |  |  | $ | 494,218 |
2026 notes |  |  | 400,000 |  |  |  | 1,976 |  |  |  | 398,024 |
Total |  | $ | 900,000 |  |  | $ | 7,758 |  |  | $ | 892,242 |

The table below reconciles the debt issuance costs and debt discounts to the net carrying value of each of our debt obligations (excluding line-of-credit arrangements) at December 31, 2022 (amounts in thousands):

|  |  |  |  | Debt Issuance Costs |  |  |  |
|  | Face Value |  |  | and Debt Discount |  |  | Net Carrying Value |
2031 notes |  | $ | 500,000 |  |  | $ | 6,006 |  |  | $ | 493,994 |
2026 notes |  |  | 400,000 |  |  |  | 2,152 |  |  |  | 397,848 |
Total |  | $ | 900,000 |  |  | $ | 8,158 |  |  | $ | 891,842 |

14. VARIABLE INTEREST ENTITIES

Distribution rights agreement VIE analysis

The incorporated IDPs qualify as variable interest entities ("VIEs"). The IDPs who are formed as sole proprietorships are excluded from the following VIE accounting analysis and discussion.

Incorporated IDPs acquire distribution rights and enter into a contract with the company to sell the company’s products in the IDPs’ defined geographic territory. The incorporated IDPs have the option to finance the acquisition of their distribution rights with the company. They can also pay cash or obtain external financing at the time they acquire the distribution rights. The combination of the company’s loans to the incorporated IDPs and the ongoing distributor arrangements with the incorporated IDPs provide a level of funding to the equity owners of the various incorporated IDPs that would not otherwise be available. As of April 22, 2023 and December 31, 2022, there was $143.0 million and $144.6 million, respectively, in gross distribution rights notes receivable outstanding from incorporated IDPs.

The company is not considered to be the primary beneficiary of the VIEs because the company does not (i) have the ability to direct the significant activities of the VIEs that would affect their ability to operate their respective businesses and (ii) provide any implicit or explicit guarantees or other financial support to the VIEs, other than the financing described above, for specific return or performance benchmarks. The activities controlled by the incorporated IDPs that are deemed to most significantly impact the ultimate success of the incorporated IDP entities relate to those decisions inherent in operating the distribution business in the territory, including acquiring trucks and trailers, managing fuel costs, employee matters and other strategic decisions. In addition, we do not provide, nor do we intend to provide, financial or other support to the IDP. The IDPs are responsible for the operations of their respective territories.

The company’s maximum contractual exposure to loss for the incorporated IDP relates to the distributor rights note receivable for the portion of the territory the incorporated IDPs financed at the time they acquired the distribution rights. The incorporated IDPs remit payment on their distributor rights note receivable each week during the settlement process of their weekly activity. The company will operate a territory on behalf of an incorporated IDP in situations where the IDP has abandoned its distribution rights. Any remaining balance outstanding on the distribution rights notes receivable is relieved once the distribution rights have been sold on the IDPs behalf. The company’s collateral from the territory distribution rights mitigates the potential losses.

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15. COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES

Self-insurance reserves and other commitments and contingencies

The company records self-insurance reserves as an other accrued liability on our Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets. The reserves include an estimate of expected settlements on pending claims, defense costs and a provision for claims incurred but not reported. These estimates are based on the company’s assessment of potential liability using an analysis of available information with respect to pending claims, historical experience and current cost trends. The amount of the company’s ultimate liability in respect of these matters may differ materially from these estimates.

In the event the company ceases to utilize the independent distributor model or exits a geographic market, the company is contractually required in some situations to purchase the distribution rights from the independent distributor. The company cannot reasonably estimate the potential cost until which time it becomes probable that a transaction will occur. The company expects to continue operating under this model and has concluded that the possibility of a loss is remote.

The company’s facilities are subject to various federal, state and local laws and regulations regarding the discharge of material into the environment and the protection of the environment in other ways. The company is not a party to any material proceedings arising under these laws and regulations. The company believes that compliance with existing environmental laws and regulations will not materially affect the consolidated financial condition, results of operations, cash flows or the competitive position of the company. The company believes it is currently in substantial compliance with all material environmental laws and regulations affecting the company and its properties.

Litigation

The company and its subsidiaries from time to time are parties to, or targets of, lawsuits, claims, investigations and proceedings, including personal injury, commercial, contract, environmental, antitrust, product liability, health and safety and employment matters, which are being handled and defended in the ordinary course of business. At this time, the company is defending 20 complaints filed by IDPs alleging that such distributors were misclassified as independent contractors. Seven of these lawsuits seek class and/or collective action treatment. The remaining thirteen cases either allege individual claims or do not seek class or collective action treatment or, in cases in which class treatment was sought, the court denied class certification. The respective courts have ruled on plaintiffs’ motions for class certification in three of the pending cases, each of which is discussed below. Unless otherwise noted, a class was conditionally certified under the Fair Labor Standards Act ("FLSA") in each of the cases described below, although the company has the ability to petition the court to decertify that class at a later date:

Case Name |  | Case No. |  | Venue |  | Date Filed |  | Status
Richard et al. v. Flowers Foods, Inc., Flowers Baking Co. of Lafayette, LLC, Flowers Baking Co. of Baton Rouge, LLC, Flowers Baking Co. of Tyler, LLC and Flowers Baking Co. of New Orleans, LLC |  | 6:15-cv-02557 |  | U.S. District Court Western District of Louisiana |  | 10/21/2015 |  | On April 9, 2021, the court decertified the FLSA collective action and denied plaintiffs' motion to certify under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 23 a state law class of distributors who operated in the state of Louisiana.
Martins v. Flowers Foods, Inc., Flowers Baking Co. of Bradenton, LLC and Flowers Baking Co. of Villa Rica, LLC |  | 8:16-cv-03145 |  | U.S. District Court Middle District of Florida |  | 11/8/2016 |  |
Ludlow et al. v. Flowers Foods, Inc., Flowers Bakeries, LLC and Flowers Finance, LLC |  | 3:18-cv-01190 |  | U.S. District Court Southern District of California |  | 6/6/2018 |  | On July 5, 2022, the Court granted plaintiffs’ motion under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 23 to certify a California state law class comprising of distributors who worked within California from June 6, 2014 to present and were classified as independent contractors. On March 15, 2023, the court denied defendants' motion to decertify the FLSA collective action.

The company and/or its respective subsidiaries contests the allegations and are vigorously defending all of these lawsuits. Given the stage of the complaints and the claims and issues presented, except for lawsuits disclosed herein that have reached a settlement or

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agreement in principle, the company cannot reasonably estimate at this time the possible loss or range of loss that may arise from the unresolved lawsuits.

Since the beginning of Fiscal 2021, the company has settled, and the appropriate court has approved, the following collective/class action lawsuits filed by IDPs alleging that such IDPs were misclassified as independent contractors:

Case Name |  | Case No. |  | Venue |  | Date Filed |  | Comments
Coronado v. Flowers Foods, Inc. and Flowers Baking Co. of El Paso, LLC |  | 1:16-cv-00350 |  | U.S. District Court District of New Mexico |  | 4/27/2016 |  | On June 7, 2022, the Court approved an agreement to settle this matter for $137,500, inclusive of attorneys’ fees, costs, damages and incentives for class members who are active distributors to enter into an amendment to their distributor agreements. The settlement was paid and the expense was recorded in the selling, distribution, and administrative expenses line item of the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income during the second quarter of Fiscal 2022.
Noll v. Flowers Foods, Inc., Lepage Bakeries Park Street, LLC, and CK Sales Co., LLC |  | 1:15-cv-00493 |  | U.S. District Court District of Maine |  | 12/3/2015 |  | On April 26, 2022, the Court approved an agreement to settle this and two companion cases pending in the U.S. District Court for the District of Maine – Bowen et al. v. Flowers Foods, Inc. et al. (No. 1:20-cv-00411); and Aucoin et al. v. Flowers Foods, Inc. et al (No. 1:20-cv-00410) – for a payment of $16.5 million, comprised of $9.0 million in settlement funds and $7.5 million in attorneys’ fees. The settlement was paid during the second quarter of Fiscal 2022. The settlement also required a phased repurchase of approximately 75 distribution territories in Maine, which the company began servicing using company sales employees. The company estimated this cost to be $6.6 million (of which $4.7 million was originally included in other accrued liabilities and the remainder as a contra account to notes receivable). These amounts were recorded in the selling, distribution, and administrative expenses line item of the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income during the third quarter of Fiscal 2021. The repurchase of distribution territories was completed during the first quarter of Fiscal 2023. The company remains committed to its IDP program.

See Note 13, Debt and Other Obligations, for additional information on the company’s commitments.

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16. EARNINGS PER SHARE

The following is a reconciliation of net income and weighted average shares for calculating basic and diluted earnings per common share for the sixteen weeks ended April 22, 2023 and April 23, 2022, respectively (amounts and shares in thousands, except per share data):

|  | For the Sixteen Weeks Ended |
|  | April 22, 2023 |  |  | April 23, 2022 |
Net income |  | $ | 70,710 |  |  | $ | 85,589 |
Basic Earnings Per Common Share: |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic weighted average shares outstanding for common stock |  |  | 211,769 |  |  |  | 211,999 |
Basic earnings per common share |  | $ | 0.33 |  |  | $ | 0.40 |
Diluted Earnings Per Common Share: |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic weighted average shares outstanding for common stock |  |  | 211,769 |  |  |  | 211,999 |
Add: Shares of common stock assumed issued upon exercise of stock options and vesting of restricted stock |  |  | 1,628 |  |  |  | 1,315 |
Diluted weighted average shares outstanding for common stock |  |  | 213,397 |  |  |  | 213,314 |
Diluted earnings per common share |  | $ | 0.33 |  |  | $ | 0.40 |

There were 326,690 and 330,140 anti-dilutive shares during the sixteen weeks ended April 22, 2023 and April 23, 2022, respectively.

17. STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION

On March 5, 2014, our Board of Directors approved and adopted the 2014 Omnibus Equity and Incentive Compensation Plan (“Omnibus Plan”). The Omnibus Plan was approved by our shareholders on May 21, 2014. The Omnibus Plan authorizes the compensation committee of the Board of Directors to provide equity-based compensation in the form of stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock, restricted stock units, performance shares, performance units, dividend equivalents and other awards to provide our officers, key employees, and non-employee directors’ incentives and rewards for performance. Equity awards granted after May 21, 2014 are governed by the Omnibus Plan. Awards granted under the Omnibus Plan are limited to the authorized amount of 8,000,000 shares.

The following is a summary of restricted stock and deferred stock outstanding under the Omnibus Plan described above. Information relating to the company’s stock appreciation rights, which were issued under a separate stock appreciation right plan, is also described below. The company typically grants awards at the beginning of its fiscal year. Information on grants to employees during the sixteen weeks ended April 22, 2023 is discussed below.

Performance-Contingent Restricted Stock Awards

Performance-Contingent Total Shareholder Return Shares (“TSR Shares”)

Certain key employees have been granted performance-contingent restricted stock under the Omnibus Plan in the form of TSR Shares. The awards vest approximately three years from the date of grant (after the filing of the company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K), and the shares become non-forfeitable if, and to the extent that, on that date the vesting conditions are satisfied. The total shareholder return (“TSR”) is the percent change in the company’s stock price over the measurement period plus the dividends paid to shareholders. The performance payout is calculated at the end of each of the last four quarters (averaged) in the measurement period. Once the TSR is determined for the company (“Company TSR”), it is compared to the TSR of our food company peers (“Peer Group TSR”). The Company TSR compared to the Peer Group TSR will determine the payout as set forth below:

Percentile |  | Payout as % of Target |
90 th |  |  | 200 | %
70 th |  |  | 150 | %
50 th |  |  | 100 | %
30 th |  |  | 50 | %
Below 30 th |  |  | 0 | %

For performance between the levels described above, the degree of vesting is interpolated on a linear basis.

The TSR Shares vest immediately if the grantee dies or becomes disabled. However, if the grantee retires at age 65 (or age 55 with at least 10 years of service with the company) or later, on the normal vesting date the grantee will receive a pro-rated number of

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shares based upon the retirement date and measured at the actual performance for the entire performance period. In addition, if the company undergoes a change in control, the TSR Shares will immediately vest at the target level, provided that if 12 months of the performance period have been completed, vesting will be determined based on Company TSR as of the date of the change in control without application of four-quarter averaging. During the vesting period, the grantee has none of the rights of a shareholder. Dividends declared during the vesting period will accrue and will be paid at vesting on the TSR Shares that ultimately vest. The fair value estimate was determined using a Monte Carlo simulation model, which utilizes multiple input variables to estimate the probability of the company achieving the market condition discussed above. Inputs into the model included the following for the company and comparator companies: (i) TSR from the beginning of the performance cycle through the measurement date; (ii) volatility; (iii) risk-free interest rates; and (iv) the correlation of the comparator companies’ TSR. The inputs are based on historical capital market data.

The following performance-contingent TSR Shares have been granted during the sixteen weeks ended April 22, 2023 under the Omnibus Plan (amounts in thousands, except price data):

Grant Date |  | Shares Granted |  |  | Vesting Date |  | Fair Value per Share |
1/1/2023 |  |  | 338 |  |  | 3/1/2026 |  | $ | 33.52 |

Performance-Contingent Return on Invested Capital Shares (“ROIC Shares”)

Certain key employees have been granted performance-contingent restricted stock under the Omnibus Plan in the form of ROIC Shares. The awards generally vest approximately three years from the date of grant (after the filing of the company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K), and the shares become non-forfeitable if, and to the extent that, on that date, the vesting conditions are satisfied. Return on Invested Capital (“ROIC”) is calculated by dividing our profit, as defined, by the invested capital. Generally, the performance condition requires the company’s average ROIC to exceed its average weighted cost of capital (“WACC”) by between 1.75 to 4.75 percentage points (the “ROI Target”) over the three fiscal year performance period. If the lowest ROI Target is not met, the awards are forfeited. The ROIC Shares can be earned based on a range from 0% to 125% of target as defined below:

•
ROIC above WACC by less than 1.75 percentage points pays 0% of ROI Target;
•
ROIC above WACC by 1.75 percentage points pays 50% of ROI Target;
•
ROIC above WACC by 3.75 percentage points pays 100% of ROI Target; or
•
ROIC above WACC by 4.75 percentage points pays 125% of ROI Target.

For performance between the levels described above, the degree of vesting is interpolated on a linear basis.

The ROIC Shares vest immediately if the grantee dies or becomes disabled. However, if the grantee retires at age 65 (or age 55 with at least 10 years of service with the company) or later, on the normal vesting date the grantee will receive a pro-rated number of ROIC Shares based upon the retirement date and actual performance for the entire performance period. In addition, if the company undergoes a change in control, the ROIC Shares will immediately vest at the target level. During the vesting period, the grantee has none of the rights of a shareholder. Dividends declared during the vesting period will accrue and will be paid at vesting on the ROIC Shares that ultimately vest. The fair value of this type of award is equal to the stock price on the grant date. Since these awards have a performance condition feature, the expense associated with these awards may change depending on the expected ROI Target attained at each reporting period. The 2021 award is being expensed at our current estimated payout percentage of 125% of ROI Target, and the 2022 and 2023 awards are being expensed at 100%.

The following performance-contingent ROIC Shares have been granted under the Omnibus Plan during the sixteen weeks ended April 22, 2023 (amounts in thousands, except price data):

Grant Date |  | Shares Granted |  |  | Vesting Date |  | Fair Value per Share |
1/1/2023 |  |  | 338 |  |  | 3/1/2026 |  | $ | 28.74 |

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Performance-Contingent Restricted Stock

The table below presents the TSR modifier share adjustment (a 148% final payout), ROIC modifier share adjustment (a 125% final payout), accumulated dividends on vested shares, and the tax benefit at vesting of the performance-contingent restricted stock awards (amounts in thousands, except per share data):

Award Granted |  |  | Fiscal Year Vested |  |  | TSR Modifier Increase Shares |  |  | ROIC Modifier Increase Shares |  |  | Dividends at Vesting |  |  | Tax Benefit |  |  | Fair Value at Vesting |
| 2020 |  |  |  | 2023 |  |  |  | 151,513 |  |  |  | 78,893 |  |  | $ | 2,154 |  |  | $ | 1,424 |  |  | $ | 24,652 |

The company’s performance-contingent restricted stock activity for the sixteen weeks ended April 22, 2023 is presented below (amounts in thousands, except price data):

|  | Shares |  |  | Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value |
Nonvested shares at December 31, 2022 |  |  | 2,009 |  |  | $ | 25.83 |
Granted |  |  | 676 |  |  | $ | 31.13 |
Grant increase for achieving the ROIC modifier |  |  | 79 |  |  | $ | 31.13 |
Grant increase for achieving the TSR modifier |  |  | 151 |  |  | $ | 31.13 |
Vested |  |  | (868 | ) |  | $ | 23.51 |
Forfeited |  |  | (59 | ) |  | $ | 27.96 |
Nonvested shares at April 22, 2023 |  |  | 1,988 |  |  | $ | 28.32 |

As of April 22, 2023, there was $34.2 million of total unrecognized compensation cost related to non-vested restricted stock granted under the Omnibus Plan. That cost is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 2.26 years.

Time-Based Restricted Stock Units

Certain key employees have been granted time-based restricted stock units (“TBRSU Shares”). The executive officers of the company did not receive any TBRSU Shares. These awards vest on January 5 th each year in equal installments over a three-year period which began in Fiscal 2020. Dividends earned on shares will be held by the company during the vesting period and paid in cash when the awards vest and shares are distributed.

The following TBRSU Shares have been granted under the Omnibus Plan during the sixteen weeks ended April 22, 2023 (amounts in thousands, except price data):

Grant Date |  | Shares Granted |  |  | Vesting Date |  | Fair Value per Share |
1/1/2023 |  |  | 220 |  |  | Equally over 3 years |  | $ | 28.74 |

The TBRSU Shares activity for the sixteen weeks ended April 22, 2023 is set forth below (amounts in thousands, except price data):

|  | TBRSU Shares |  |  | Weighted Average Fair Value |  |  | Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term (Years) |  |  | Unrecognized Compensation Cost |
Nonvested shares at December 31, 2022 |  |  | 462 |  |  | $ | 24.62 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Vested |  |  | (208 | ) |  | $ | 23.92 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Granted |  |  | 220 |  |  | $ | 28.74 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Forfeitures |  |  | (9 | ) |  | $ | 26.77 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Nonvested shares at April 22, 2023 |  |  | 465 |  |  | $ | 26.82 |  |  |  | 2.15 |  |  | $ | 9,784 |

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The table below presents the accumulated dividends on vested shares and the tax benefit/(expense) at vesting of the time-based restricted stock units (amounts in thousands).

Award Granted |  |  | Fiscal Year Vested |  |  | Dividends at Vesting |  |  | Tax Benefit |  |  | Fair Value at Vesting |
| 2022 |  |  |  | 2023 |  |  | $ | 58 |  |  | $ | 20 |  |  | $ | 1,949 |
| 2021 |  |  |  | 2023 |  |  | $ | 133 |  |  | $ | 118 |  |  | $ | 2,232 |
| 2020 |  |  |  | 2023 |  |  | $ | 153 |  |  | $ | 108 |  |  | $ | 1,782 |

Deferred Stock

Non-employee directors may convert their annual board retainers into deferred stock equal in value to 100% of the cash payments directors would otherwise receive and the vesting period is a one-year period to match the period that cash would have been received if no conversion existed. Accumulated dividends are paid upon delivery of the shares. During the sixteen weeks ended April 22, 2023, non-employee directors elected to receive, and were granted, an aggregate grant of 3,479 common shares for board retainer deferrals pursuant to the Omnibus Plan. During the first quarter of Fiscal 2022, non-employee directors elected to receive, and were granted, an aggregate grant of 3,640 shares for board retainer deferrals pursuant to the Omnibus Plan which vested during the first quarter of Fiscal 2023. Non-employee directors received 2,707 shares of previously deferred board retainer deferrals during the sixteen weeks ended April 22, 2023.

Non-employee directors also receive annual grants of deferred stock. This deferred stock vests one year from the grant date. The deferred stock will be distributed to the grantee at a time designated by the grantee at the date of grant. Compensation expense is recorded on this deferred stock over the one-year vesting period. During the second quarter of Fiscal 2022, non-employee directors were granted 58,300 shares for their annual grant pursuant to the Omnibus Plan. Non-employee directors received 5,780 shares of previously deferred annual grant awards during the sixteen weeks ended April 22, 2023.

The deferred stock activity for the sixteen weeks ended April 22, 2023 is set forth below (amounts in thousands, except price data):

|  | Shares |  |  | Weighted Average Fair Value |  |  | Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term (Years) |  |  | Unrecognized compensation cost |
Nonvested shares at December 31, 2022 |  |  | 62 |  |  | $ | 27.37 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Vested |  |  | (3 | ) |  | $ | 27.47 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Granted |  |  | 3 |  |  | $ | 28.74 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Nonvested shares at April 22, 2023 |  |  | 62 |  |  | $ | 27.44 |  |  |  | 0.29 |  |  | $ | 218 |

Stock-Based Payments Compensation Expense Summary

The following table summarizes the company’s stock-based compensation expense for the sixteen weeks ended April 22, 2023 and April 23, 2022, respectively (amounts in thousands):

|  | For the Sixteen Weeks Ended |
|  | April 22, 2023 |  |  | April 23, 2022 |
Performance-contingent restricted stock awards |  | $ | 7,510 |  |  | $ | 6,915 |
TBRSU Shares |  |  | 1,837 |  |  |  | 1,647 |
Deferred and restricted stock |  |  | 489 |  |  |  | 519 |
Total stock-based compensation |  | $ | 9,836 |  |  | $ | 9,081 |

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18. POSTRETIREMENT PLANS

The following summarizes the company’s Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets related pension and other postretirement benefit plan accounts at April 22, 2023 compared to accounts at December 31, 2022 (amounts in thousands):

|  | April 22, 2023 |  |  | December 31, 2022 |
Noncurrent benefit asset |  | $ | 4,801 |  |  | $ | 4,902 |
Current benefit liability |  | $ | 710 |  |  | $ | 710 |
Noncurrent benefit liability |  | $ | 5,801 |  |  | $ | 5,814 |
AOCI, net of tax |  | $ | (684 | ) |  | $ | (625 | )

Defined Benefit Plans and Nonqualified Plan

The company sponsors two pension plans, the Flowers Foods, Inc. Retirement Plan No. 2, and the Tasty Baking Company Supplemental Executive Retirement Plan (“Tasty SERP”). The Tasty SERP is frozen and has only retirees and beneficiaries remaining in the plan.

The company used a measurement date of December 31, 2022 for the defined benefit and postretirement benefit plans described below.

There were no contributions made by the company to any plan during the sixteen weeks ended April 22, 2023 and April 23, 2022.

The net periodic pension cost for the company’s plans include the following components (amounts in thousands):

|  | For the Sixteen Weeks Ended |
|  | April 22, 2023 |  |  | April 23, 2022 |
Service cost |  | $ | 210 |  |  | $ | 366 |
Interest cost |  |  | 401 |  |  |  | 272 |
Expected return on plan assets |  |  | (480 | ) |  |  | (577 | )
Amortization of prior service cost |  |  | 18 |  |  |  | 17 |
Amortization of net loss |  |  | 53 |  |  |  | 142 |
Total net periodic pension cost |  | $ | 202 |  |  | $ | 220 |

The components of net periodic benefit cost other than the service cost are included in the other components of net periodic pension and postretirement benefit plans credit line item on our Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income.

Postretirement Benefit Plan

The company provides certain health care and life insurance benefits for eligible retired employees covered under the active medical plans. The plan incorporates an up-front deductible, coinsurance payments and retiree contributions at various premium levels. Eligibility and maximum period of coverage is based on age and length of service.

The net periodic postretirement expense for the company includes the following components (amounts in thousands):

|  | For the Sixteen Weeks Ended |
|  | April 22, 2023 |  |  | April 23, 2022 |
Service cost |  | $ | 55 |  |  | $ | 66 |
Interest cost |  |  | 73 |  |  |  | 34 |
Amortization of prior service credit |  |  | (72 | ) |  |  | (72 | )
Amortization of net gain |  |  | (76 | ) |  |  | (54 | )
Total net periodic postretirement (credit) cost |  | $ | (20 | ) |  | $ | (26 | )

The components of net periodic postretirement benefits cost other than the service cost are included in the other components of net periodic pension and postretirement benefit plans credit line item on our Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income.

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401(k) Retirement Savings Plan

The Flowers Foods, Inc. 401(k) Retirement Savings Plan covers substantially all the company’s employees who have completed certain service requirements. The total cost and employer contributions were as follows (amounts in thousands):

|  | For the Sixteen Weeks Ended |
|  | April 22, 2023 |  |  | April 23, 2022 |
Total cost and employer contributions |  | $ | 9,974 |  |  | $ | 9,406 |

Multi-employer Pension Plan

On July 19, 2022, the company announced the closure of the Holsum Bakery in Phoenix, Arizona. The bakery produced bread and bun products and ceased production on October 31, 2022. As a result, the union participants of the IAM National Pension Fund (the “IAM Fund”) at the Phoenix bakery will withdraw from the IAM Fund. The company recorded a liability of $1.3 million for the withdrawal from the IAM Fund. While this is our best estimate of the ultimate cost of the withdrawal from this plan, additional withdrawal liability may be incurred based on the final IAM Fund assessment or in the event of a mass withdrawal, as defined by statute, occurring anytime within the next three years.

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19. INCOME TAXES

The company’s effective tax rate for the sixteen weeks ended April 22, 2023 was 21.4% compared to 22.3% for the sixteen weeks ended April 23, 2022. Discrete tax benefits in the current quarter reduced the effective rate and resulted in a larger benefit when compared to the discrete tax benefit for the prior year. During the sixteen weeks ended April 22, 2023 and April 23, 2022, the primary differences in the effective rate and the statutory rate were state income taxes and windfall tax benefits on stock-based compensation.

During the sixteen weeks ended April 22, 2023, the company’s activity with respect to its uncertain tax positions and related interest expense accrual was not significant to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements. As of April 22, 2023, we do not anticipate significant changes to the amount of gross unrecognized tax benefits over the next twelve months.

20. SUBSEQUENT EVENTS

The company has evaluated subsequent events since April 22, 2023, the date of these financial statements. We believe there were no material events or transactions discovered during this evaluation that require recognition or disclosure in the financial statements.

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ITEM 2. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

The following discussion of the financial condition and results of operations of the company as of and for the sixteen weeks ended April 22, 2023 should be read in conjunction with the Form 10-K.

Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations is segregated into four sections, including:

•
Executive overview — provides a summary of our business, operating performance and cash flows, and strategic initiatives.
•
Critical accounting estimates — describes the accounting areas where management makes critical estimates to report our financial condition and results of operations. There have been no changes to this section from the Form 10-K.
•
Results of operations — an analysis of the company’s consolidated results of operations for the comparative period presented in our Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
•
Liquidity and capital resources — an analysis of cash flow, contractual obligations, and certain other matters affecting the company’s financial position.

Matters Affecting Comparability

Comparative results from quarter to quarter are impacted by the company's fiscal reporting calendar. Internal financial results and key performance indicators are reported on a weekly basis to ensure the same number of Saturdays and Sundays in comparable months to allow for consistent four-week progression analysis. This results in our first quarter consisting of sixteen weeks while the remaining three quarters have twelve weeks (except in cases where there is an extra week every five or six years). Accordingly, interim results may not be indicative of subsequent interim period results, or comparable to prior or subsequent interim period results, due to differences in the lengths of the interim periods.

Additionally, detailed below are expense items affecting comparability that will provide greater context while reading this discussion:

| For the Sixteen Weeks Ended |  |  | Footnote
| April 22, 2023 |  |  | April 23, 2022 |  |  | Disclosure
| (Amounts in thousands) |  |  |
Business process improvement costs | $ | 6,219 |  |  | $ | 9,064 |  |  | Note 1
Restructuring charges |  | 4,195 |  |  |  | — |  |  | Note 3
Impairment of assets |  | — |  |  |  | 990 |  |  | Note 1
Acquisition-related costs |  | 3,223 |  |  |  | — |  |  | Note 4
| $ | 13,637 |  |  | $ | 10,054 |  |  |

•
Business process improvement costs related to the transformation strategy initiatives In the second half of Fiscal 2020, we launched initiatives to transform our business, including upgrading our information system to a more robust platform, as well as investments in e-commerce, autonomous planning, and our "bakery of the future" initiatives. These initiatives are further discussed in the “Transformation Strategy Initiatives” section below. The expensed portion of costs incurred related to these initiatives was $6.2 million and $9.1 million during the sixteen weeks ended April 22, 2023 and April 23, 2022, respectively. These costs are reflected in the selling, distribution, and administrative expenses line item of the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income. We currently expect costs (a portion of which may be expensed as incurred, capitalized, recognized as a cloud computing arrangement, or recognized as a prepaid service contract) related to the upgrade of our ERP system to be approximately $95.0 million to $105.0 million for Fiscal 2023.
•
Restructuring charges In February 2023, to improve operational effectiveness, increase profitable sales, and better meet customer requirements, the company announced a restructuring of plant operation responsibilities from the sales function to the supply chain function. Employee termination benefits and other cash charges were primarily for the voluntary employee separation incentive plan (the "VSIP") and employee relocation costs. During the sixteen weeks ended April 22, 2023, we recorded VSIP-related charges of $3.9 million of which $0.5 million were paid during the quarter. Relocation costs incurred during the current year quarter were $0.3 million and these and the VSIP costs are recorded in the restructuring charges line item of the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income.
•
Impairment of assets During the first quarter of Fiscal 2022, the company decided to sell two warehouses acquired at the end of Fiscal 2021 and recorded an impairment charge of $1.0 million. The company completed the sale of the impaired warehouse at the end of the first quarter of Fiscal 2022.

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•
Papa Pita bakery business acquisition On February 17, 2023, the company completed the acquisition of the Papa Pita bakery business ("Papa Pita") for total consideration of approximately $273.5 million, inclusive of a preliminary net working capital adjustment. The identifiable intangible assets, property and equipment, and certain financial assets and taxes are still under review. We funded the purchase price with cash on-hand and from our existing credit facilities. Papa Pita is a manufacturer and distributor of bagels, tortillas, breads, buns, English muffins, and flat breads with one production facility in West Jordan, Utah and, prior to the acquisition, Papa Pita co-manufactured certain products for us. Papa Pita has direct-store-delivery distribution in the western United States ("U.S."), expanding our geographic reach. We incurred additional acquisition costs of $3.2 million in the first quarter of Fiscal 2023 and these costs are reflected in the selling, distribution, and administrative expenses line item of the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income.

Executive Overview

Business

Flowers is the second-largest producer and marketer of packaged bakery foods in the U.S. Our principal products include breads, buns, rolls, snack cakes, bagels, English muffins, and tortillas and are sold under a variety of brand names, including Nature’s Own, Dave's Killer Bread ("DKB"), Wonder, Canyon Bakehouse, Tastykake, and Mrs. Freshley’s. Our brands are among the best known in the U.S. baking industry. Many of our brands have a major presence in the product categories in which they compete. We manage our business as one operating segment. The company defines EBITDA as earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization.

Flowers’ strategic priorities include developing our team, focusing on our brands, prioritizing our margins, and proactively seeking smart, disciplined acquisitions in the grain-based foods category. We believe executing on our strategic priorities will drive future growth and margin expansion and deliver meaningful shareholder value over time allowing us to achieve our long-term financial targets of 1% to 2% sales growth, 4% to 6% EBITDA growth, and 7% to 9% EPS growth.

Highlights

•
Nature’s Own is the best-selling loaf bread in the U.S., DKB is the #1 selling organic brand in the U.S., and Canyon Bakehouse is the #1 selling gluten-free bread brand in the U.S. (Source: IRI Total US MultiOutlet+C-Store 16 Weeks Ended 4/23/23)
•
Our branded retail sales comprised 63.8% of total sales for the sixteen weeks ended April 22, 2023 as compared to 66.5% for the sixteen weeks ended April 23, 2022.
•
We completed the Papa Pita acquisition on February 17, 2023, as discussed above.
•
As of April 22, 2023, we operate 46 bakeries, which produce fresh and frozen breads, buns, and rolls, as well as snack cakes, bagels, English muffins, and tortillas.
•
We utilize a direct-store-delivery distribution model for fresh bakery foods, whereby product is sold primarily by a network of independent distributor partners to retail and foodservice customers with access to more than 85% of the U.S. population.
•
We offer nationwide distribution of certain fresh snack cakes and frozen breads and rolls via contract carriers.

We are continuing to focus on optimization initiatives in our procurement, distribution, operations, and administrative functions and the company is projecting savings in the range of $20 million to $30 million from these activities in Fiscal 2023. Additionally, we are currently in the build phase of our multi-year ERP upgrade project and continue to implement our digital strategy initiatives as discussed further in the “Transformation Strategy Initiatives” section below.

Impact of the Inflationary Economic Environment and Other Macroeconomic Factors on Our Business

We continue to monitor the impact of the inflationary economic environment, supply chain disruptions, labor shortages, and the conflict between Russia and Ukraine on our business. Our results in the first quarter of Fiscal 2023 have continued to benefit from a more optimized sales mix of branded retail products as compared to pre-pandemic periods. We have experienced significant input cost inflation for commodities and, to a lesser extent, for transportation and labor in the current year period which has partially offset the more optimized sales mix. We expect these inflationary pressures to continue throughout the first half of Fiscal 2023. To mitigate the ongoing cost pressures, we implemented price increases at the beginning of Fiscal 2023.

Additionally, in the latter half of the first quarter and into the second quarter of Fiscal 2022, we experienced heightened supply chain disruptions that impacted our ability to procure adequate quantities of certain raw materials and particularly packaging items, resulting in lower production volumes. Although we were able to mitigate these packaging shortages earlier than originally anticipated, our operating results were negatively impacted. These and other supply chain disruptions could continue to negatively impact production volumes due to uncertainty in the global and U.S. supply chain. Although the conflict between Russia and Ukraine has not impacted us

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directly, we are closely monitoring its effects on the broader economy, including on the availability and price of commodities used in or for the production of our products. Disruptions in our operations, related to factors including, but not limited to, the procurement of raw materials and packaging items, transport of our products, and available workforce, have negatively impacted, and could continue to negatively impact, our operations, results of operations, cash flows, and liquidity.

Our operations continued to be negatively impacted by labor shortages and turnover at some of our bakeries in Fiscal 2023. These and other factors, including, but not limited to, high employment rates and additional government regulations, may continue to adversely affect labor availability and labor costs. These challenges may negatively affect our ability to operate our production lines efficiently or run at full capacity which could lead to increased labor costs, including additional overtime to meet demand and higher wage rates to attract and retain workers. An overall labor shortage, lack of skilled labor, or increased turnover could have a material adverse impact on the company’s operations, results of operations, liquidity, or cash flows.

We believe we have sufficient liquidity to satisfy our cash needs and we continue to execute on our strategic priorities, including our transformation strategy initiatives, as further discussed in the “Liquidity and Capital Resources” sections below.

Summary of Operating Results, Cash Flows and Financial Condition

Sales increased 6.9% for the sixteen weeks ended April 22, 2023 compared to the same quarter in the prior year, with price/mix contributing 13.6% and the Papa Pita acquisition contributing 0.6%, partially offset by volume declines of 7.3% and increased product returns. The benefits of inflation-driven pricing actions were partially offset by softer volumes. Volumes were impacted by inflationary pressure on consumer spending and targeted sales rationalization. For the sixteen weeks ended April 22, 2023, our leading brands, Nature's Own, DKB, and Canyon Bakehouse, continued to generate positive sales growth due to positive price/mix, partially offset by lower volumes.

Income from operations for the sixteen weeks ended April 22, 2023 was $93.8 million compared to $112.0 million in the prior year quarter. The decline was driven by significant input cost inflation, lower production volumes, increased marketing investments and the restructuring and acquisition-related costs incurred in the current year period. Those factors were partially offset by price increases and lower employee compensation costs.

Net income for the sixteen weeks ended April 22, 2023 was $70.7 million compared to $85.6 million in the prior year period. The decrease resulted primarily from lower income from operations, as described above, and higher interest expense, partly offset by a lower effective tax rate in the current year quarter.

During the sixteen weeks ended April 22, 2023, we generated net cash flows from operations of $58.0 million, paid $270.5 million for the Papa Pita acquisition and invested $34.0 million in capital expenditures. We increased our indebtedness by $171.0 million to fund the acquisition and paid $49.1 million in dividends to our shareholders. We anticipate paying additional consideration of $3.1 million for the Papa Pita acquisition related to the net working capital purchase price adjustment. During the first quarter of Fiscal 2023, we terminated the accounts receivable securitization facility (the "securitization facility") and entered into a two-year $200.0 million trade receivable repurchase facility (the "repurchase facility"). During the sixteen weeks ended April 23, 2022, we generated net cash flows from operations of $124.2 million, invested $50.5 million in capital expenditures and paid $46.7 million in dividends to our shareholders.

Transformation Strategy Initiatives

In the second half of Fiscal 2020, we launched initiatives to transform our business operations. The primary goals of these initiatives are: (1) enable a more agile business model, empowering the organization by fundamentally redesigning core business processes; (2) embed digital capabilities and transform the way we engage with our consumers, customers and employees; and (3) modernize and simplify our application and technology infrastructure landscape, inclusive of the upgrade of our ERP system.

As discussed above, in February 2023, we announced a restructuring of plant operation responsibilities from the sales function to the supply chain function to improve operational effectiveness, increase profitable sales, and better meet customer requirements. This restructuring of sales and supply chain functions is ongoing.

Digital Strategy Initiatives

Our digital strategy initiatives include investments in digital domains of e-commerce, autonomous planning, bakery of the future, digital logistics, and digital sales. In e-commerce, we strive to become a category and market share leader, engage with the consumer through digital platforms and marketplaces, and support our retail partners’ omnichannel strategies. The autonomous planning domain encompasses predictive ordering, cost-to-serve modeling, integrated business planning, and supply and demand forecasting, among

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other areas. Bakery of the future involves transforming our current manufacturing processes and operational visibility to apply industry-leading digital manufacturing tools, such as real-time performance management and visibility, automation of repetitive processes, standardization of processes and procedures, and sensor-based quality monitoring tools to improve consistency and quality. Digital logistics includes real-time operational visibility, improving our routing efficiency, and automating the freight bill pay audit process. Finally, digital sales will focus on improving our sales execution through improved visibility to in-store activities, streamlined reporting, and improved collaboration tools across our sales ecosystem.

These digital domains are expected to improve data visibility and efficiencies while automating many of our processes. When fully implemented, we expect this work will further our brand efforts, bring us closer to the consumer, increase operational efficiencies, and deliver higher-quality, real-time insights, which will in turn enable more predictive business decision-making. We transitioned into the implementation phase for the e-commerce, autonomous planning, and bakery of the future domains and selected two bakeries for the pilot program for bakery of the future and autonomous planning in Fiscal 2021. To date, we have rolled out these programs to more than 20 bakeries and plan to continue to invest in these new ways of working. Costs related to the digital initiatives are more fluid and cannot be estimated.

ERP Upgrade

This initiative includes upgrading our information system platform and is expected to improve data management and efficiencies while automating many of our processes. We completed the initial planning and road mapping phase of the ERP upgrade at the end of Fiscal 2020 and transitioned into the design phase in early Fiscal 2021 and the build phase at the beginning of Fiscal 2022. During the first quarter of Fiscal 2021, we engaged a leading, global consulting firm to assist us in planning and implementing the upgrade of our ERP platform and serve as the system integrator for the project.

We expect the transformation strategy initiatives to require significant capital investment and expense over the next several years. We currently anticipate the upgrade of our ERP system will cost approximately $350 million (of which approximately 34% has been or is anticipated to be capitalized) and anticipate the upgrade to be completed in 2026. As of April 22, 2023, we have incurred costs related to the project of approximately $172 million.

CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES:

Our financial statements are prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the U.S. ("GAAP"). These principles are numerous and complex. Our significant accounting policies are summarized in the Form 10-K. In many instances, the application of GAAP requires management to make estimates or to apply subjective principles to particular facts and circumstances. A variance in the estimates used or a variance in the application or interpretation of GAAP could yield a materially different accounting result. Refer to the Form 10-K for a discussion of the areas where we believe that the estimates, judgments or interpretations that we have made, if different, could yield the most significant differences in our financial statements. There have been no significant changes to our critical accounting policies from those disclosed in the Form 10-K.

RESULTS OF OPERATIONS:

Results of operations, expressed as a percentage of sales and the dollar and percentage change from period to period, for the sixteen weeks ended April 22, 2023 and April 23, 2022, respectively, are set forth in the table below (dollars in thousands):

|  | For the Sixteen Weeks Ended |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Percentage of Sales |  |  | Increase (Decrease) |
|  | April 22, 2023 |  |  | April 23, 2022 |  |  | April 22, 2023 |  |  | April 23, 2022 |  |  | Dollars |  |  | % |
Sales |  | $ | 1,534,493 |  |  | $ | 1,435,932 |  |  |  | 100.0 |  |  |  | 100.0 |  |  | $ | 98,561 |  |  |  | 6.9 |
Materials, supplies, labor and other production costs (exclusive of depreciation and amortization shown separately below) |  |  | 800,852 |  |  |  | 724,592 |  |  |  | 52.2 |  |  |  | 50.5 |  |  |  | 76,260 |  |  |  | 10.5 |
Selling, distribution and administrative expenses |  |  | 591,943 |  |  |  | 554,952 |  |  |  | 38.6 |  |  |  | 38.6 |  |  |  | 36,991 |  |  |  | 6.7 |
Restructuring charges |  |  | 4,195 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 0.3 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 4,195 |  |  | NM |
Impairment of assets |  |  | — |  |  |  | 990 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 0.1 |  |  |  | (990 | ) |  | NM |
Depreciation and amortization |  |  | 43,735 |  |  |  | 43,423 |  |  |  | 2.9 |  |  |  | 3.0 |  |  |  | 312 |  |  |  | 0.7 |
Income from operations |  |  | 93,768 |  |  |  | 111,975 |  |  |  | 6.1 |  |  |  | 7.8 |  |  |  | (18,207 | ) |  |  | (16.3 | )
Other components of net periodic pension and postretirement benefit plans credit |  |  | (83 | ) |  |  | (238 | ) |  |  | (0.0 | ) |  |  | (0.0 | ) |  |  | 155 |  |  | NM |
Interest expense, net |  |  | 3,886 |  |  |  | 2,101 |  |  |  | 0.3 |  |  |  | 0.1 |  |  |  | 1,785 |  |  |  | 85.0 |
Income before income taxes |  |  | 89,965 |  |  |  | 110,112 |  |  |  | 5.9 |  |  |  | 7.7 |  |  |  | (20,147 | ) |  |  | (18.3 | )
Income tax expense |  |  | 19,255 |  |  |  | 24,523 |  |  |  | 1.3 |  |  |  | 1.7 |  |  |  | (5,268 | ) |  |  | (21.5 | )
Net income |  | $ | 70,710 |  |  | $ | 85,589 |  |  |  | 4.6 |  |  |  | 6.0 |  |  | $ | (14,879 | ) |  |  | (17.4 | )
Comprehensive income |  | $ | 68,547 |  |  | $ | 95,865 |  |  |  | 4.5 |  |  |  | 6.7 |  |  | $ | (27,318 | ) |  |  | (28.5 | )

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NM - the computation is not meaningful.

Percentages may not add due to rounding.

SIXTEEN WEEKS ENDED APRIL 22, 2023 COMPARED TO SIXTEEN WEEKS ENDED APRIL 23, 2022

Sales (dollars in thousands)

|  | For the Sixteen Weeks Ended |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Percentage of Sales |  |  | Increase (Decrease) |
|  | April 22, 2023 |  |  | April 23, 2022 |  |  | April 22, 2023 |  |  | April 23, 2022 |  |  | Dollars |  |  | % |
Branded retail |  | $ | 979,345 |  |  | $ | 955,531 |  |  |  | 63.8 |  |  |  | 66.5 |  |  | $ | 23,814 |  |  |  | 2.5 |
Other |  |  | 555,148 |  |  |  | 480,401 |  |  |  | 36.2 |  |  |  | 33.5 |  |  |  | 74,747 |  |  |  | 15.6 |
Total |  | $ | 1,534,493 |  |  | $ | 1,435,932 |  |  |  | 100.0 |  |  |  | 100.0 |  |  | $ | 98,561 |  |  |  | 6.9 |

(The table above presents certain sales by category that have been reclassified from amounts previously reported to conform to the current period presentation.)

The change in sales was generally attributable to the following:

Percentage Point Change in Sales Attributed to: |  | Branded Retail |  |  | Other |  |  | Total |
|  | Favorable (Unfavorable) |
Pricing/Mix* |  |  | 8.3 |  |  |  | 23.1 |  |  |  | 13.6 |
Volume* |  |  | (6.3 | ) |  |  | (8.2 | ) |  |  | (7.3 | )
Acquisition |  |  | 0.5 |  |  |  | 0.7 |  |  |  | 0.6 |
Total percentage change in sales |  |  | 2.5 |  |  |  | 15.6 |  |  |  | 6.9 |
* Computations above are calculated as follows: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Price/Mix $ = Current year period units x change in price per unit |
Price/Mix % = Price/Mix $ ÷ P rior year period Sales $ |
Volume $ = Prior year period price per unit x change in units |
Volume % = Volume $ ÷ P rior year period Sales $ |

The company disaggregates its sales into two categories, Branded Retail and Other. These categories align with our brand-focused strategy to drive above-market growth via innovation and focusing on higher margin products. The Other category includes store branded retail and non-retail sales (foodservice, restaurant, institutional, vending, thrift stores, and contract manufacturing).

Sales increased quarter over quarter due to positive pricing actions implemented in the latter half of Fiscal 2022 and at the beginning of Fiscal 2023 to mitigate considerable cost inflation, partially offset by volume declines and increased product returns. The sales impact of the Papa Pita acquisition was relatively minor for the sixteen weeks ended April 22, 2023. The price increases we implemented in the first quarter of Fiscal 2023 were focused on our store branded and non-retail sales as the price increases implemented in the prior year quarter were predominantly targeted to branded retail sales. Volume decreases were most significant for non-retail items and to a lesser extent branded retail cake products and branded retail traditional loaf breads. The promotional environment has remained relatively stable in the first quarter of Fiscal 2023 as compared to the same quarter in the prior year, however, this trend may not continue in future periods.

We anticipate our Fiscal 2023 sales will be higher than Fiscal 2022 sales due to pricing actions taken in the latter half of Fiscal 2022 and at the beginning of the first quarter of Fiscal 2023 and sales attributed to the Papa Pita acquisition, somewhat offset by softer sales volumes.

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Branded Retail Sales

Branded retail sales increased 2.5% quarter over quarter due to favorable price/mix resulting from inflation-driven pricing actions in the latter half of Fiscal 2022 and improved promotional efficiency, partially offset by volume declines and increased product returns. Branded retail sales in the prior year quarter benefitted from strong demand at the beginning of the quarter as result of increased COVID-19 cases. The largest volume declines occurred in branded cake and branded traditional loaf breads. Declines in branded cake resulted from market share declines and targeted sales rationalization, partially offset by supply chain disruptions and labor shortages in the prior year quarter. Sales of our leading brands, Nature's Own, DKB, and Canyon Bakehouse, continued to perform well benefiting from inflation-driven price increases, partially offset by volume declines due to inflationary pressure on consumer spending. Nature's Own Hawaiian loaf bread, Nature's Own Perfectly Crafted Sourdough loaf bread, and DKB Organic Everything Bread, all introduced during Fiscal 2022, contributed to the branded retail sales increase. As announced in December 2022, we are continuing the nationwide rollout of certain varieties of DKB snack bars in Fiscal 2023.

Other Sales

Sales in the Other sales category grew significantly due to substantial price increases implemented to mitigate inflationary pressures, net of unit declines. Store branded retail sales increased quarter over quarter and comprised a larger portion of our total sales as compared to the prior year quarter. This sales increase was largely a result of inflation-driven price increases. However, store branded retail sales continue to comprise a smaller portion of our total sales mix as compared to pre-pandemic levels. Non-retail sales increased quarter over quarter from positive price/mix due to inflation-driven pricing actions, partially offset by volume declines. Foodservice and vending drove most of the volume decrease and primarily resulted from exiting certain lower margin business and targeted sales rationalization, net of production constraints from supply chain disruptions in the prior year quarter.

Materials, Supplies, Labor and Other Production Costs (exclusive of depreciation and amortization shown separately; as a percent of sales)

|  | For the Sixteen Weeks Ended |  |  | Increase |
Line Item Component |  | April 22, 2023 % of Sales |  |  | April 23, 2022 % of Sales |  |  | (Decrease) as a % of Sales |
Ingredients and packaging |  |  | 32.7 |  |  |  | 30.2 |  |  |  | 2.5 |
Workforce-related costs |  |  | 13.5 |  |  |  | 13.9 |  |  |  | (0.4 | )
Other |  |  | 6.0 |  |  |  | 6.4 |  |  |  | (0.4 | )
Total |  |  | 52.2 |  |  |  | 50.5 |  |  |  | 1.7 |

Materials, supplies, labor and other production costs as a percent of sales rose quarter over quarter due to considerable input cost inflation, partially mitigated by inflation-driven pricing actions. Supply chain constraints we experienced in the prior year quarter partially offset the overall increase as a percent of sales. In the current year quarter, ingredient and packaging costs continued to be impacted by the decades-high inflationary environment and these cost increases outpaced the sales price increases. We anticipate ingredient and packaging costs will continue to be volatile. Additionally, certain products purchased from Papa Pita in the prior year period and up until the acquisition date were reflected as outside purchases of product (sales with no associated ingredient costs) in the Other line item. We anticipate this shift in expense between cost categories will impact comparability for the remainder of Fiscal 2023. Lower employee compensation costs largely resulted in the decrease in workforce-related costs as a percent of sales. Also, sales increases outpaced wage inflation, however, lower production volumes and the competitive labor market impacted our operations and we expect this trend to continue. The decrease in the Other line item mostly reflects lower outside purchases of product, partially offset by reduced manufacturing efficiencies.

Prices of ingredients and packaging materials fluctuate and we continually monitor these markets. Ingredient and packaging costs continued to experience significant volatility in the current quarter and are expected to remain volatile for the remainder of Fiscal 2023. The cost of these inputs has fluctuated widely, and may continue to do so, due to government policy and regulation, weather conditions, domestic and international demand, or other unforeseen circumstances. We enter into forward purchase agreements and other financial instruments to manage the impact of volatility in certain raw material prices. Any decrease in the availability of these agreements and instruments could increase the price of these raw materials and significantly affect our earnings.

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Selling, Distribution and Administrative Expenses (as a percent of sales)

|  | For the Sixteen Weeks Ended |  |  | Increase |
Line Item Component |  | April 22, 2023 % of Sales |  |  | April 23, 2022 % of Sales |  |  | (Decrease) as a % of Sales |
Workforce-related costs |  |  | 10.8 |  |  |  | 11.2 |  |  |  | (0.4 | )
Distributor distribution fees |  |  | 14.1 |  |  |  | 14.8 |  |  |  | (0.7 | )
Other |  |  | 13.7 |  |  |  | 12.6 |  |  |  | 1.1 |
Total |  |  | 38.6 |  |  |  | 38.6 |  |  |  | — |

Lower employee compensation costs and sales increases in excess of wage inflation in the current year quarter primarily resulted in lower workforce-related costs as a percent of sales. Distributor distribution fees decreased as a percent of sales primarily due to a smaller portion of our sales being made through IDPs. The increase in the Other line item reflects greater marketing investments, increased amortization of cloud-based applications, and $3.2 million of Papa Pita acquisition-related costs, partially offset by reduced consulting costs. Transportation cost increases were mostly offset by sales price increases. See the “Matters Affecting Comparability” section above for a discussion of the project-related consulting costs and acquisition-related costs.

Restructuring Charges and Impairment of Assets

Refer to the discussion in the “Matters Affecting Comparability” section above regarding these items.

Depreciation and Amortization Expense

Depreciation and amortization expense for the first quarter of Fiscal 2023 was relatively unchanged as a percent of sales and in dollars as compared to the prior year quarter.

Income from Operations

Income from operations decreased as a percent of sales for the sixteen weeks ended April 22, 2023 compared to the sixteen weeks ended April 23, 2022 mostly due to substantial input cost inflation and the current year restructuring charges and acquisition-related costs, partially offset by inflation-driven sales price increases and lower workforce-related costs.

Net Interest Expense

Net interest expense increased in dollars and as a percent of sales as compared to the prior year quarter due to higher average amounts outstanding under our borrowing arrangements due to funding the Papa Pita acquisition and increased interest rates on our variable rate debt.

Income Tax Expense

The effective tax rate for the sixteen weeks ended April 22, 2023 was 21.4% compared to 22.3% in the prior year quarter. The decrease in the rate quarter over quarter was primarily due to the generation of state tax credits during the current year quarter. For both periods presented, the primary differences in the effective rate and the statutory rate were state income taxes and windfalls on stock-based compensation.

Comprehensive Income

The decrease in comprehensive income quarter over quarter resulted primarily from decreased net income and changes in the fair value of derivatives.

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LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES:

Strategy and Update on Impact of the Inflationary Economic Environment and Other Macroeconomic Factors on Our Business

We believe that our ability to consistently generate cash flows from operating activities to meet our liquidity needs is one of our key financial strengths. Furthermore, we strive to maintain a conservative financial position as we believe it allows us flexibility to make investments and acquisitions and is a strategic competitive advantage. Currently, our liquidity needs arise primarily from working capital requirements, capital expenditures, and obligated debt repayments. We believe that we currently have access to available funds and financing sources to meet our short and long-term capital requirements. The company’s strategy for use of its excess cash flows includes:

•
implementing our strategic priorities, including our transformation strategy initiatives;
•
paying dividends to our shareholders;
•
maintaining a conservative financial position;
•
making strategic acquisitions; and
•
repurchasing shares of our common stock.

Although there has been no material adverse impact on the company’s results of operations, liquidity or cash flows for the sixteen weeks ended April 22, 2023, volatility in global and U.S. economic environments, including as a result of, among other things, the inflationary economic environment, supply chain disruptions, labor shortages, and the conflict between Russia and Ukraine, could significantly impact our ability to generate future cash flows and w e continue to evaluate these various potential business risks. Those potential risks include the possibility of future economic downturns that could result in a significant shift away from our branded retail products to store branded products, supply chain disruptions that have impacted, and could continue to impact, the procurement of raw materials and packaging items, the workforce available to us, and our ability to implement additional pricing actions to offset rising inflation.

The macroeconomic-related factors discussed above remain fluid and the future impact on the company’s business, results of operations, liquidity or capital resources cannot be reasonably estimated with any degree of certainty. If the company experienced a significant reduction in revenues, the company would have additional alternatives to maintain liquidity, including amounts available on our debt facilities, capital expenditure reductions, adjustments to its capital allocation policy, and cost reductions. Although we do not currently anticipate a need, we also believe that we could access the capital markets to raise additional funds. During the first quarter of Fiscal 2023, we terminated the securitization facility and entered into the repurchase facility, a two-year $200.0 million trade receivable repurchase facility. We believe that we have sufficient liquidity on hand to continue business operations during this time of volatility in the global and U.S. economic environments. The company had total available liquidity of $548.3 million as of April 22, 2023, consisting of cash on hand and the available balances under the senior unsecured revolving credit facility (the "credit facility") and repurchase facility.

Liquidity Discussion for the Sixteen Weeks Ended April 22, 2023 and April 23, 2022

Cash and cash equivalents were $27.7 million at April 22, 2023 and $165.1 million at December 31, 2022. The cash and cash equivalents were derived from the activities presented in the tables below (amounts in thousands):

|  | For the Sixteen Weeks Ended |  |  |  |
Cash Flow Component |  | April 22, 2023 |  |  | April 23, 2022 |  |  | Change |
Cash provided by operating activities |  | $ | 57,952 |  |  | $ | 124,154 |  |  | $ | (66,202 | )
Cash disbursed for investing activities |  |  | (301,207 | ) |  |  | (41,895 | ) |  |  | (259,312 | )
Cash provided by (disbursed for) financing activities |  |  | 105,841 |  |  |  | (62,983 | ) |  |  | 168,824 |
Total change in cash |  | $ | (137,414 | ) |  | $ | 19,276 |  |  | $ | (156,690 | )

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Cash Flows Provided by Operating Activities. Net cash provided by operating activities consisted of the following items for non-cash adjustments to net income (amounts in thousands):

|  | For the Sixteen Weeks Ended |  |  |  |
|  | April 22, 2023 |  |  | April 23, 2022 |  |  | Change |
Depreciation and amortization |  | $ | 43,735 |  |  | $ | 43,423 |  |  | $ | 312 |
Impairment of assets |  |  | — |  |  |  | 990 |  |  |  | (990 | )
Loss (gain) reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income to net income |  |  | 1,407 |  |  |  | (1,138 | ) |  |  | 2,545 |
Allowances for accounts receivable |  |  | 4,341 |  |  |  | 1,798 |  |  |  | 2,543 |
Stock-based compensation |  |  | 9,836 |  |  |  | 9,081 |  |  |  | 755 |
Deferred income taxes |  |  | 1,868 |  |  |  | 9,248 |  |  |  | (7,380 | )
Other non-cash items |  |  | 1,788 |  |  |  | 1,267 |  |  |  | 521 |
Net non-cash adjustment to net income |  | $ | 62,975 |  |  | $ | 64,669 |  |  | $ | (1,694 | )

•
Refer to the Impairment of assets discussion in the “Matters Affecting Comparability” section above for additional information regarding this item.
•
For the sixteen weeks ended April 22, 2023, deferred income tax activity was composed of changes in temporary differences year over year, including the impact of the vesting of stock equity awards and activity related to the capitalization of research and development expenses as defined under Internal Revenue Code Section 174. For the sixteen weeks ended April 23, 2022, deferred income tax activity was composed of changes in temporary differences year over year, including the impact of the vesting of stock equity awards and legal settlement payments.
•
Other non-cash items include non-cash interest expense for the amortization of debt discounts and deferred financing costs (including $0.3 million related to the write-off of unamortized loan costs upon the early extinguishment of the securitization facility in the first quarter of Fiscal 2023) and gains or losses on the sale of assets.

Net changes in working capital consisted of the following items (amounts in thousands):

|  | For the Sixteen Weeks Ended |  |  |  |
|  | April 22, 2023 |  |  | April 23, 2022 |  |  | Change |
Changes in accounts receivable, net |  | $ | (18,201 | ) |  | $ | (24,774 | ) |  | $ | 6,573 |
Changes in inventories, net |  |  | (14,552 | ) |  |  | (14,082 | ) |  |  | (470 | )
Changes in hedging activities, net |  |  | (2,334 | ) |  |  | 11,616 |  |  |  | (13,950 | )
Changes in other assets and accrued liabilities, net |  |  | (31,361 | ) |  |  | (22,670 | ) |  |  | (8,691 | )
Changes in accounts payable, net |  |  | (9,285 | ) |  |  | 23,806 |  |  |  | (33,091 | )
Net changes in working capital |  | $ | (75,733 | ) |  | $ | (26,104 | ) |  | $ | (49,629 | )

•
Changes in accounts receivable and inventories were mainly attributable to significant price increases and cost inflation through the first quarter of Fiscal 2023. Changes in accounts payable were mainly attributable to higher capital spending in the prior year period largely due to the upgrade of the ERP system.
•
Hedging activities change due to market movements that affect the fair value and the associated required collateral of positions and the timing and recognition of deferred gains or losses. These changes will continue to occur, though the degree and financial impact cannot be currently estimated, as part of our hedging program.
•
The change in other assets primarily resulted from changes in prepaid assets and income tax receivables in each respective period. Changes in employee compensation accruals and legal settlement accruals primarily resulted in the change in other accrued liabilities. During the first quarter of Fiscal 2023 and Fiscal 2022, we paid $32.1 million and $43.8 million, respectively, including our share of employment taxes, in performance-based cash awards under our bonus plans. An additional $2.2 million and $1.8 million was paid during the first quarter of Fiscal 2023 and Fiscal 2022, respectively, for our share of employment taxes on the vesting of employee restricted stock awards in each respective year. During the sixteen weeks ended April 22, 2023, the company paid $5.5 million of legal settlements that had been accrued for in a prior period.

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Cash Flows Disbursed for Investing Activities. The table below presents net cash disbursed for investing activities for the sixteen weeks ended April 22, 2023 and April 23, 2022, respectively (amounts in thousands):

|  | For the Sixteen Weeks Ended |  |  |  |
|  | April 22, 2023 |  |  | April 23, 2022 |  |  | Change |
Purchases of property, plant, and equipment |  | $ | (33,958 | ) |  | $ | (50,497 | ) |  | $ | 16,539 |
Principal payments from notes receivable, net of repurchases of independent distributor territories |  |  | 3,106 |  |  |  | 7,171 |  |  |  | (4,065 | )
Proceeds from sale of property, plant and equipment |  |  | 96 |  |  |  | 1,431 |  |  |  | (1,335 | )
Acquisition of business |  |  | (270,451 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (270,451 | )
Net cash disbursed for investing activities |  | $ | (301,207 | ) |  | $ | (41,895 | ) |  | $ | (259,312 | )

•
We currently anticipate capital expenditures of $140.0 million to $150.0 million for Fiscal 2023 (inclusive of expenditures for the ERP upgrade of $30.0 million to $40.0 million).
•
As discussed in the Executive Overview section above, on February 17, 2023, we completed the Papa Pita acquisition for $270.5 million in cash and anticipate an additional cash payment of $3.1 million related to a net working capital purchase price adjustment. Papa Pita operates one manufacturing facility in West Jordan, Utah.

Cash Flows Provided by (Disbursed for) Financing Activities. The table below presents net cash provided by (disbursed for) financing activities for the sixteen weeks ended April 22, 2023 and April 23, 2022, respectively (amounts in thousands):

|  | For the Sixteen Weeks Ended |  |  |  |
|  | April 22, 2023 |  |  | April 23, 2022 |  |  | Change |
Dividends paid |  | $ | (49,100 | ) |  | $ | (46,747 | ) |  | $ | (2,353 | )
Payment of financing fees |  |  | (218 | ) |  |  | (48 | ) |  |  | (170 | )
Stock repurchases |  |  | (10,981 | ) |  |  | (10,049 | ) |  |  | (932 | )
Change in bank overdrafts |  |  | (4,261 | ) |  |  | (5,713 | ) |  |  | 1,452 |
Net change in debt obligations |  |  | 171,000 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 171,000 |
Payments on financing leases |  |  | (599 | ) |  |  | (426 | ) |  |  | (173 | )
Net cash provided by (disbursed for) financing activities |  | $ | 105,841 |  |  | $ | (62,983 | ) |  | $ | 168,824 |

•
Our Board of Directors declared the following quarterly dividend during the sixteen weeks ended April 22, 2023 (amounts in thousands, except per share data):

Date Declared |  | Record Date |  | Payment Date |  | Dividend per Common Share |  |  | Dividends Paid |
February 17, 2023 |  | March 3, 2023 |  | March 17, 2023 |  | $ | 0.2200 |  |  | $ | 46,602 |

Additionally, we paid dividends of $2.5 million at the time of vesting of certain restricted stock awards, director stock awards, and at issuance of deferred compensation shares. The increase in dividends paid resulted from an increase in the dividend rate compared to the prior year. While there are no requirements to increase our dividend rate, we have shown a recent historical trend to do so. We anticipate funding future dividend payments from cash flows from operations.

•
In the first quarter of Fiscal 2023, we paid financing fees associated with executing the repurchase facility and for the amendment to the credit facility. In the prior year period, we paid financing costs associated with the Fiscal 2021 amendment of the credit facility.
•
Stock repurchase decisions are made based on our stock price, our belief of relative value, and our cash projections at any given time. During the sixteen weeks ended April 22, 2023 and April 23, 2022, we repurchased 385,882 and 354,470 shares of our common stock for $11.0 million and $10.0 million, respectively, under a share repurchase plan approved by our Board of Directors. These shares were acquired to satisfy employees’ tax withholding and payment obligations in connection with the vesting of restricted stock awards, which are repurchased by the company based on the fair market value on the vesting date.
•
We made drawdowns on the credit facility to fund the Papa Pita acquisition in the first quarter of Fiscal 2023. See the discussion below under the “Capital Structure” section for additional details regarding changes in debt obligations.

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Capital Structure

Long-term debt and right-of-use lease obligations and stockholders’ equity were as follows at April 22, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. For additional information regarding our debt and right-of-use lease obligations, see Note 5, Leases, and Note 13, Debt and Other Obligations, of Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements of this Form 10-Q.

|  | Balance at |  |  | Fixed or |  | Final
|  | April 22, 2023 |  |  | December 31, 2022 |  |  | Variable Rate |  | Maturity
Long-term debt and right-of-use lease obligations |  | (Amounts in thousands) |  |  |  |  |
2031 notes |  | $ | 494,218 |  |  | $ | 493,994 |  |  | Fixed Rate |  | 2031
2026 notes |  |  | 398,024 |  |  |  | 397,848 |  |  | Fixed Rate |  | 2026
Credit facility |  |  | 111,000 |  |  |  | — |  |  | Variable Rate |  | 2026
Accounts receivable securitization facility |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  | Variable Rate |  |
Accounts receivable repurchase facility |  |  | 60,000 |  |  |  | — |  |  | Variable Rate |  | 2025
Right-of-use lease obligations |  |  | 287,829 |  |  |  | 282,862 |  |  |  |  | 2036
|  |  | 1,351,071 |  |  |  | 1,174,704 |  |  |  |  |
Less: Current maturities of long-term debt and right- of-use lease obligations |  |  | (50,838 | ) |  |  | (45,769 | ) |  |  |  |
Long-term debt and right-of-use lease obligations |  | $ | 1,300,233 |  |  | $ | 1,128,935 |  |  |  |  |
Total stockholders' equity |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total stockholders' equity |  | $ | 1,461,592 |  |  | $ | 1,443,290 |  |  |  |  |

The repurchase facility and the credit facility are generally used for short-term liquidity needs. On February 13, 2023, we amended the securitization facility and then on April 14, 2023, terminated the securitization facility and entered into the repurchase facility, a two-year $200.0 million trade receivable repurchase facility. Additionally, on April 12, 2023, we amended the credit facility to, among other things, replace the benchmark rate at which borrowings bear interest under the credit facility from LIBOR to Term SOFR and to allow for entry into permitted accounts receivable repurchase facilities. See Note 13, Debt and Other Obligations, of Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements of this Form 10-Q for additional information.

We believe we have sufficient liquidity to satisfy our cash needs, however, we continue to closely monitor our liquidity in light of the continued economic uncertainty in the U.S. and throughout the world due to, among other things, the impact of the inflationary economic environment, supply chain disruptions, labor shortages, and the conflict between Russia and Ukraine on our business. There is no current portion payable over the next year for our debt obligations. Amounts available for withdrawal under the repurchase facility are determined as the lesser of the total facility limit and a formula derived amount based on qualifying trade receivables.

The following table details the amounts available under the repurchase facility, the securitization facility, and the credit facility and the highest and lowest balances outstanding under these arrangements during the sixteen weeks ended April 22, 2023:

|  | Amount Available |  |  | For the Sixteen Weeks Ended April 22, 2023 |
|  | for Withdrawal at |  |  | Highest |  |  | Lowest |
Facility |  | April 22, 2023 |  |  | Balance |  |  | Balance |
|  | (Amounts in thousands) |
Accounts receivable repurchase facility |  | $ | 140,000 |  |  | $ | 60,000 |  |  | $ | — |
Accounts receivable securitization facility |  |  | — |  | * |  | 28,000 |  |  |  | — |
Credit facility (1) |  |  | 380,600 |  |  |  | 174,000 |  |  |  | — |
|  | $ | 520,600 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
* The securitization facility was terminated on April 14, 2023. |

(1)
Amount excludes a provision in the credit facility agreement which allows the company to request an additional $200.0 million in additional revolving commitments.

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Amounts outstanding under the credit facility can vary daily. Changes in the gross borrowings and repayments can be caused by cash flow activity from operations, capital expenditures, acquisitions, dividends, share repurchases, and tax payments, as well as derivative transactions which are part of the company’s overall risk management strategy as discussed in Note 9, Derivative Financial Instruments, of Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements of this Form 10-Q. During the sixteen weeks ended April 22, 2023, the company made $399.9 million in revolving borrowings and $288.9 million in payments on revolving borrowings under the credit facility primarily to fund the Papa Pita acquisition. The amount available under the credit facility is reduced by $8.4 million for letters of credit.

The securitization facility, the repurchase facility, and the credit facility are variable rate debt. In periods of rising interest rates, such as we are currently experiencing, the cost of using these facilities has and will become more expensive resulting in increased interest expense. Therefore, borrowings under these facilities provide us the greatest direct exposure to rising rates.

Restrictive financial covenants for our borrowings can include such ratios as a minimum interest coverage ratio and a maximum leverage ratio. Our debt may also contain certain customary representations and warranties, affirmative and negative covenants, and events of default. The company believes that, given its current cash position, its cash flow from operating activities and its available credit capacity, it can comply with the current terms of the debt agreements and can meet presently foreseeable financial requirements. As of April 22, 2023, the company was in compliance with all restrictive covenants under our debt agreements.

At April 22, 2023, the company did not have any relationships with unconsolidated entities or financial partnerships, such as entities often referred to as structured finance or special purpose entities, which are established to facilitate off-balance sheet arrangements or other contractually narrow or limited purposes.

Under our share repurchase plan, the company may repurchase its common stock in the open market or privately negotiated transactions at such times and at such prices as determined to be in the company’s best interest. These repurchases may be commenced or suspended without prior notice depending on then-existing business or market conditions and other factors. During the sixteen weeks ended April 22, 2023, 385,882 shares, at a cost of $11.0 million, of the company’s common stock were repurchased under the share repurchase plan. From the inception of the share repurchase plan through April 22, 2023, 70.5 million shares, at a cost of $698.5 million, have been repurchased.

Accounting Pronouncements Recently Adopted and Not Yet Adopted

See Note 2, Recent Accounting Pronouncements, of Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements of this Form 10-Q for information regarding recently adopted accounting pronouncements and accounting pronouncements not yet adopted.

ITEM 3. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATI VE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

The company uses derivative financial instruments as part of an overall strategy to manage market risk. The company uses forward, futures, swap and option contracts to hedge existing or future exposure to changes in interest rates and commodity prices. The company does not enter into these derivative financial instruments for trading or speculative purposes. If actual market conditions are less favorable than those anticipated, raw material prices could increase significantly, adversely affecting the margins from the sale of our products.

Commodity Price Risk

The company enters into commodity forward, futures and option contracts and swap agreements for wheat and, to a lesser extent, other commodities in an effort to provide a predictable and consistent commodity price and thereby reduce the impact of market volatility in its raw material and packaging prices. As of April 22, 2023, the company’s hedge portfolio contained commodity derivatives with a fair value (liability) of ($3.4) million, based on quoted market prices. Of this amount, approximately $2.9 million relates to instruments that will be utilized in Fiscal 2023 and $0.5 million in Fiscal 2024.

A sensitivity analysis has been prepared to quantify the company’s potential exposure to commodity price risk with respect to the derivative portfolio. Based on the company’s derivative portfolio as of April 22, 2023, a hypothetical ten percent increase (decrease) in commodity prices would increase (decrease) the fair value of the derivative portfolio by $3.5 million. The analysis disregards changes in the exposures inherent in the underlying hedged items; however, the company expects that any increase (decrease) in fair value of the portfolio would be substantially offset by increases (decreases) in raw material and packaging prices.

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ITEM 4. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

Management’s Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

We have established and maintain a system of disclosure controls and procedures that are designed to ensure that material information relating to the company, which is required to be timely disclosed by us in reports that we file or submit under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the "Exchange Act"), is accumulated and communicated to management in a timely fashion and is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified by the SEC’s rules and forms.

Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our Chief Executive Officer (“CEO”) and our Chief Financial Officer (“CFO”) and Chief Accounting Officer (“CAO”), we conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act) as of the end of the period covered by this report. Based upon that evaluation and as of the end of the period covered by this report, the CEO and the CFO and CAO concluded that the company’s disclosure controls and procedures were effective to allow timely decisions regarding disclosure in its reports that the company files or submits to the SEC under the Exchange Act.

Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

There were no changes in internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the fiscal quarter ended April 22, 2023 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, internal control over financial reporting.

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PART II. OTHER INFORMATION

ITEM 1. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

For a description of all material pending legal proceedings, see Note 15, Commitments and Contingencies, of Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements of this Form 10-Q.

ITEM 1A. RI SK FACTORS

Refer to Part I, Item 1A., Risk Factors, in the Form 10-K for information regarding factors that could affect the company’s results of operations, financial condition and liquidity. Additional risks and uncertainties not presently known to us or that we currently deem to be immaterial also may affect us. The occurrence of any of these known or unknown risks could have a material adverse ultimate impact on our business, financial condition, or results of operations.

ITEM 2. UNREGISTERED SALES OF EQUIT Y SECURITIES AND USE OF PROCEEDS

As originally announced on December 19, 2002, and subsequently increased, our Board of Directors had approved a plan that authorized share repurchases of up to 74.6 million shares. On May 26, 2022, the company announced that the Board of Directors increased the company's share repurchase authorization by 20.0 million shares. Under the share repurchase plan, the company may repurchase its common stock in open market or privately negotiated transactions or under an accelerated share repurchase program at such times and at such prices as determined to be in the company’s best interest. These repurchases may be commenced or suspended without prior notice depending on then-existing business or market conditions and other factors.

During the sixteen weeks ended April 22, 2023, 385,882 million shares, at a cost of $11.0 million, of the company’s common stock were repurchased under the share repurchase plan. From the inception of the share repurchase plan through April 22, 2023, 70.5 million shares, at a cost of $698.5 million, have been repurchased. The company currently has 24.0 million shares remaining available for repurchase under the share repurchase plan. The table below sets forth the common stock repurchased by the company during the sixteen weeks ended April 22, 2023 (amounts in thousands, except share price data):

Period |  | Total Number of Shares Purchased |  |  | Weighted Average Price Per Share |  |  | Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs |  |  | Maximum Number of Shares that May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs |
January 1, 2023 — January 28, 2023 |  |  | 65 |  | * | $ | 28.69 |  |  |  | 65 |  | * |  | 24,363 |
January 29, 2023 — February 25, 2023 |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 24,363 |
February 26, 2023 — March 25, 2023 |  |  | 321 |  | * | $ | 28.41 |  |  |  | 321 |  | * |  | 24,042 |
March 26, 2023 — April 22, 2023 |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 24,042 |
Total |  |  | 386 |  |  | $ | 28.46 |  |  |  | 386 |  |  |  |

* These shares were acquired to satisfy employees' tax withholding and payment obligations in connection with the vesting of restricted stock awards, which are repurchased by the company based on the fair market value on the vesting date.

ITEM 3. DEFAULTS UP ON SENIOR SECURITIES

Not applicable.

ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY D ISCLOSURES

Not applicable.

ITEM 5. OTHER INFORMATION

Not applicable.

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ITEM 6. E XHIBITS

The following documents are filed as exhibits hereto:

Exhibit |  |  |  |
No |  |  |  | Name of Exhibit
3.1 |  | — |  | Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation of Flowers Foods, Inc., as amended through May 21, 2020 (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to Flowers Foods’ Current Report on Form 8-K, dated May 28, 2020, File No. 1-16247).
3.2 |  | — |  | Amended and Restated Bylaws of Flowers Foods, Inc., as amended through May 21, 2020 (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 to Flowers Foods’ Current Report on Form 8-K, dated May 28, 2020, File No. 1-16247).
10.1 | * | — |  | Eighth Amendment to Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, dated as of April 12, 2023, among Flowers Foods, Inc., the Lenders party thereto and Deutsche Bank AG New York Branch, as existing administrative agent, the swingline lender and issuing lender, and Deutsche Bank Trust Company Americas, as successor administrative agent.
10.2 | * | — |  | Eleventh Amendment to Receivables Loan, Security and Servicing Agreement, dated as of February 13, 2023, among Flowers Finance II, LLC, Flowers Foods, Inc., Nieuw Amsterdam Receivables Corporation B.V., Coӧperatieve Rabobank U.A. (f/k/a Coӧperatieve Centrale Raiffeisen-Boerenleenbank B.A.), as facility agent for the Nieuw Amsterdam Lender Group and as a committed lender, Regions Bank, as facility agent for the Regions Bank Lender Group and as a committed lender, and Coӧperatieve Rabobank U.A., New York Branch (f/k/a Coӧperatieve Centrale Raiffeisen-Boerenleenbank B.A., New York Branch), as administrative agent.
10.3 | * | — |  | Master Framework Agreement, dated as of April 14, 2023, by and among Coöperatieve Rabobank U.A., New York Branch, and the other financial institutions listed on the signature pages thereof as “Buyer Funding Parties”, Coöperatieve Rabobank U.A., New York Branch, as repo counterparty, on behalf of itself and the other Buyer Funding Parties, the subsidiaries of Flowers Foods, Inc. listed on Annex I thereto, as Originators, and Flowers Foods, Inc., as repo seller.
10.4 | * | — |  | Receivables Sale and Distribution Agreement, dated as of April 14, 2023, among Flowers Foods, Inc. and each of the Primary Originators, Secondary Originators, Tertiary Originators and Quaternary Originators signatory thereto.
10.5 | * | — |  | Master Repurchase Agreement, dated as of April 14, 2023, between Flowers Foods, Inc. and Coöperatieve Rabobank U.A., New York Branch.
31.1 | * | — |  | Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
31.2 | * | — |  | Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
32 | * | — |  | Certification Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, by A. Ryals McMullian, President and Chief Executive Officer, and R. Steve Kinsey, Chief Financial Officer and Chief Accounting Officer, for the quarter ended April 22, 2023.
101.INS | * | — |  | Inline XBRL Instance Document - the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document.
101.SCH | * | — |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Linkbase.
101.CAL | * | — |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase.
101.DEF | * | — |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase.
101.LAB | * | — |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase.
101.PRE | * | — |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase.
104 |  | — |  | The cover page from Flowers Foods' Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended April 22, 2023 has been formatted in Inline XBRL.

* Filed herewith

50

SIGNAT URES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

| FLOWERS FOODS, INC.
| By: |  | /s/ A. R YALS M C M ULLIAN
| Name: |  | A. Ryals McMullian
| Title: |  | President and Chief Executive Officer

| By: |  | /s/ R. S TEVE K INSEY
| Name: |  | R. Steve Kinsey
| Title: |  | Chief Financial Officer and Chief Accounting Officer

Date: May 18, 2023

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