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UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

(Mark One)

☒ | QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended October 7, 2023

OR

☐ | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from to

Commission file number 1-16247

FLOWERS FOODS, INC.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Georgia |  | 58-2582379
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) |  | (I.R.S. Employer Identification Number)

1919 FLOWERS CIRCLE, THOMASVILLE, Georgia

(Address of principal executive offices)

31757

(Zip Code)

(229)-226-9110

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

N/A

(Former name, former address and former fiscal year, if changed since last report)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class |  | Trading Symbol(s) |  | Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, $0.01 par value |  | FLO |  | NYSE

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer | ☒ | Accelerated filer | ☐
Non-accelerated filer | ☐ | Smaller reporting company | ☐
Emerging growth company | ☐ |  |

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

As of November 3, 2023, the registrant had 211,120,226 shares of common stock, $0.01 par value per share, outstanding.

FLOWERS FOODS, INC.

INDEX

| PAGE NUMBER
PART I. Financial Information | 4
| Item 1. | Financial Statements (Unaudited) | 4
|  | Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets as of October 7, 2023 and December 31, 2022 | 4
|  | Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income (Loss) for the Twelve and Forty Weeks Ended October 7, 2023 and October 8, 2022 | 5
|  | Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) for the Twelve and Forty Weeks Ended October 7, 2023 and October 8, 2022 | 6
|  | Condensed Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity for the Twelve and Forty Weeks Ended October 7, 2023 and October 8, 2022 | 7
|  | Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Forty Weeks Ended October 7, 2023 and October 8, 2022 | 9
|  | Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited) | 10
| Item 2. | Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 37
| Item 3. | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk | 53
| Item 4. | Controls and Procedures | 53
PART II. Other Information | 54
| Item 1. | Legal Proceedings | 54
| Item 1A. | Risk Factors | 54
| Item 2. | Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities, Use of Proceeds, and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities | 54
| Item 3. | Defaults Upon Senior Securities | 54
| Item 4. | Mine Safety Disclosures | 54
| Item 5. | Other Information | 54
| Item 6. | Exhibits | 55
Signatures | 56

Forward-Looking Statements

Statements contained in this filing and certain other written or oral statements made from time to time by Flowers Foods, Inc. (the “company”, “Flowers Foods”, “Flowers”, “us”, “we”, or “our”) and its representatives that are not historical facts are forward-looking statements as defined in the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Forward-looking statements relate to current expectations regarding our business and our future financial condition and results of operations and are often identified by the use of words and phrases such as “anticipate,” “believe,” “continue,” “could,” “estimate,” “expect,” “intend,” “may,” “plan,” “predict,” “project,” “should,” “will,” “would,” “is likely to,” “is expected to” or “will continue,” or the negative of these terms or other comparable terminology. These forward-looking statements are based upon assumptions we believe are reasonable.

Forward-looking statements are based on current information and are subject to risks and uncertainties that could cause our actual results to differ materially from those projected. Certain factors that may cause actual results, performance, liquidity, and achievements to differ materially from those projected are discussed in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (this “Form 10-Q”) and may include, but are not limited to:

•
unexpected changes in any of the following: (i) general economic and business conditions; (ii) the competitive setting in which we operate, including advertising or promotional strategies by us or our competitors, as well as changes in consumer demand; (iii) interest rates and other terms available to us on our borrowings; (iv) supply chain conditions and any related impact on energy and raw materials costs and availability and hedging counter-party risks; (v) relationships with or increased costs related to our employees and third-party service providers; (vi) laws and regulations (including environmental and health-related issues); and (vii) accounting standards or tax rates in the markets in which we operate;
•
the loss or financial instability of any significant customer(s), including as a result of product recalls or safety concerns related to our products;
•
changes in consumer behavior, trends and preferences, including health and whole grain trends, and the movement toward less expensive store branded products;
•
the level of success we achieve in developing and introducing new products and entering new markets;
•
our ability to implement new technology and customer requirements as required;
•
our ability to operate existing, and any new, manufacturing lines according to schedule;
•
our ability to implement and achieve our environmental, social, and governance goals in accordance with regulatory requirements and expectations of stakeholders, suppliers, and customers;
•
our ability to execute our business strategies which may involve, among other things, (i) the ability to realize the intended benefits of completed, planned or contemplated acquisitions, dispositions or joint ventures, (ii) the deployment of new systems (e.g., our enterprise resource planning ("ERP") system), distribution channels and technology, and (iii) an enhanced organizational structure (e.g., our sales and supply chain reorganization);
•
consolidation within the baking industry and related industries;
•
changes in pricing, customer and consumer reaction to pricing actions (including decreased volumes), and the pricing environment among competitors within the industry;
•
our ability to adjust pricing to offset, or partially offset, inflationary pressure on the cost of our products, including ingredient and packaging costs;
•
disruptions in our direct-store-delivery distribution model, including litigation or an adverse ruling by a court or regulatory or governmental body that could affect the independent contractor classifications of the independent distributor partners, and changes to our direct-store-delivery distribution model in California;
•
increasing legal complexity and legal proceedings that we are or may become subject to;
•
labor shortages and turnover or increases in employee and employee-related costs;
•
the credit, business, and legal risks associated with independent distributor partners and customers, which operate in the highly competitive retail food and foodservice industries;
•
any business disruptions due to political instability, pandemics, armed hostilities (including the ongoing conflict between Russia and Ukraine and the conflict in Israel and Gaza), incidents of terrorism, natural disasters, labor strikes or work stoppages, technological breakdowns, product contamination, product recalls or safety concerns related to our products, or the responses to or repercussions from any of these or similar events or conditions and our ability to insure against such events;

2

•
the failure of our information technology (“IT”) systems to perform adequately, including any interruptions, intrusions, cyber-attacks or security breaches of such systems or risks associated with the implementation of the upgrade of our ERP system; and
•
the potential impact of climate change on the company, including physical and transition risks, availability or restriction of resources, higher regulatory and compliance costs, reputational risks, and availability of capital on attractive terms.

The foregoing list of important factors does not include all such factors, nor does it necessarily present them in order of importance. In addition, you should consult other disclosures made by the company (such as in our other filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) or in company press releases) for other factors that may cause actual results to differ materially from those projected by the company. Refer to Part I, Item 1A., Risk Factors, of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022 (the “Form 10-K”) for additional information regarding factors that could affect the company’s results of operations, financial condition and liquidity.

We caution you not to place undue reliance on forward-looking statements, as they speak only as of the date made and are inherently uncertain. The company undertakes no obligation to publicly revise or update such statements, except as required by law. You are advised, however, to consult any further public disclosures by the company (such as in our filings with the SEC or in company press releases) on related subjects.

We own or have rights to trademarks or trade names that we use in connection with the operation of our business, including our corporate names, logos and website names. In addition, we own or have the rights to copyrights, trade secrets and other proprietary rights that protect the content of our products and the formulations for such products. Solely for convenience, some of the trademarks, trade names and copyrights referred to in this Form 10-Q are listed without the © , ® and ™ symbols, but we will assert, to the fullest extent under applicable law, our rights to our trademarks, trade names and copyrights.

3

PART 1. FINA NCIAL INFORMATION

ITEM 1. FINANCIAL STA TEMENTS (UNAUDITED)

FLOWERS FOODS, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDA TED BALANCE SHEETS

(Amounts in thousands, except share data)

(Unaudited)

|  | October 7, 2023 |  |  | December 31, 2022 |
ASSETS |  |  |  |  |  |
Current assets: |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 14,561 |  |  | $ | 165,134 |
Accounts and notes receivable, net of allowances of $25,321 and $18,754, respectively |  |  | 364,539 |  |  |  | 349,477 |
Inventories, net: |  |  |  |  |  |
Raw materials |  |  | 70,831 |  |  |  | 71,058 |
Packaging materials |  |  | 29,536 |  |  |  | 28,202 |
Finished goods |  |  | 82,510 |  |  |  | 69,437 |
Inventories, net |  |  | 182,877 |  |  |  | 168,697 |
Spare parts and supplies |  |  | 83,273 |  |  |  | 73,614 |
Other |  |  | 69,329 |  |  |  | 48,018 |
Total current assets |  |  | 714,579 |  |  |  | 804,940 |
Property, plant and equipment: |  |  |  |  |  |
Property, plant and equipment |  |  | 2,489,518 |  |  |  | 2,296,721 |
Less: accumulated depreciation |  |  | (1,527,859 | ) |  |  | (1,447,396 | )
Property, plant and equipment, net |  |  | 961,659 |  |  |  | 849,325 |
Financing lease right-of-use assets |  |  | 494 |  |  |  | 1,778 |
Operating lease right-of-use assets |  |  | 262,652 |  |  |  | 273,436 |
Notes receivable from independent distributor partners |  |  | 114,492 |  |  |  | 136,882 |
Assets held for sale |  |  | 14,550 |  |  |  | 12,493 |
Other assets |  |  | 23,349 |  |  |  | 24,515 |
Goodwill |  |  | 677,796 |  |  |  | 545,244 |
Other intangible assets, net |  |  | 665,068 |  |  |  | 664,381 |
Total assets |  | $ | 3,434,639 |  |  | $ | 3,312,994 |
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY |  |  |  |  |  |
Current liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Current maturities of long-term debt |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Current maturities of financing leases |  |  | 381 |  |  |  | 1,779 |
Current maturities of operating leases |  |  | 49,346 |  |  |  | 43,990 |
Accounts payable |  |  | 328,614 |  |  |  | 343,380 |
Other accrued liabilities |  |  | 291,518 |  |  |  | 175,276 |
Total current liabilities |  |  | 669,859 |  |  |  | 564,425 |
Noncurrent long-term debt |  |  | 1,037,843 |  |  |  | 891,842 |
Noncurrent financing lease obligations |  |  | 34 |  |  |  | 116 |
Noncurrent operating lease obligations |  |  | 221,853 |  |  |  | 236,977 |
Total long-term debt and right-of-use lease liabilities |  |  | 1,259,730 |  |  |  | 1,128,935 |
Other liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Postretirement/post-employment obligations |  |  | 5,504 |  |  |  | 5,814 |
Deferred taxes |  |  | 90,528 |  |  |  | 134,832 |
Other long-term liabilities |  |  | 34,367 |  |  |  | 35,698 |
Total other long-term liabilities |  |  | 130,399 |  |  |  | 176,344 |
Commitments and Contingencies |  |  |  |  |  |
Stockholders’ equity: |  |  |  |  |  |
Preferred stock — $100 stated par value, 200,000 authorized shares and none issued |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Preferred stock — $.01 stated par value, 800,000 authorized shares and none issued |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Common stock — $.01 stated par value and $.001 current par value, 500,000,000 authorized shares and 228,729,585 shares issued |  |  | 199 |  |  |  | 199 |
Treasury stock — 17,609,359 shares and 17,595,619 shares, respectively |  |  | (266,408 | ) |  |  | (252,613 | )
Capital in excess of par value |  |  | 694,245 |  |  |  | 689,959 |
Retained earnings |  |  | 945,285 |  |  |  | 1,004,271 |
Accumulated other comprehensive income |  |  | 1,330 |  |  |  | 1,474 |
Total stockholders’ equity |  |  | 1,374,651 |  |  |  | 1,443,290 |
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity |  | $ | 3,434,639 |  |  | $ | 3,312,994 |

(See Accompanying Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements)

4

FLOWERS FOODS, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME (LOSS)

(Amounts in thousands, except per share data)

(Unaudited)

|  | For the Twelve Weeks Ended |  |  | For the Forty Weeks Ended |
|  | October 7, 2023 |  |  | October 8, 2022 |  |  | October 7, 2023 |  |  | October 8, 2022 |
Sales |  | $ | 1,199,260 |  |  | $ | 1,158,169 |  |  | $ | 3,961,803 |  |  | $ | 3,723,152 |
Materials, supplies, labor and other production costs (exclusive of depreciation and amortization shown separately below) |  |  | 617,468 |  |  |  | 615,621 |  |  |  | 2,044,417 |  |  |  | 1,926,297 |
Selling, distribution and administrative expenses |  |  | 603,954 |  |  |  | 447,363 |  |  |  | 1,671,813 |  |  |  | 1,440,665 |
Depreciation and amortization |  |  | 35,974 |  |  |  | 32,899 |  |  |  | 114,693 |  |  |  | 109,244 |
Plant closure costs and impairment of assets |  |  | 1,034 |  |  |  | 6,835 |  |  |  | 1,034 |  |  |  | 7,825 |
Restructuring charges |  |  | 179 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 6,873 |  |  |  | — |
(Loss) income from operations |  |  | (59,349 | ) |  |  | 55,451 |  |  |  | 122,973 |  |  |  | 239,121 |
Interest expense |  |  | 8,552 |  |  |  | 6,801 |  |  |  | 28,398 |  |  |  | 22,239 |
Interest income |  |  | (4,542 | ) |  |  | (5,459 | ) |  |  | (16,251 | ) |  |  | (17,292 | )
Other components of net periodic pension and postretirement benefit plans credit |  |  | (62 | ) |  |  | (178 | ) |  |  | (207 | ) |  |  | (594 | )
(Loss) income before income taxes |  |  | (63,297 | ) |  |  | 54,287 |  |  |  | 111,033 |  |  |  | 234,768 |
Income tax (benefit) expense |  |  | (16,567 | ) |  |  | 13,759 |  |  |  | 23,293 |  |  |  | 54,971 |
Net (loss) income |  | $ | (46,730 | ) |  | $ | 40,528 |  |  | $ | 87,740 |  |  | $ | 179,797 |
Net (loss) income per common share: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net (loss) income per common share |  | $ | (0.22 | ) |  | $ | 0.19 |  |  | $ | 0.41 |  |  | $ | 0.85 |
Weighted average shares outstanding |  |  | 211,522 |  |  |  | 212,016 |  |  |  | 211,773 |  |  |  | 212,060 |
Diluted: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net (loss) income per common share |  | $ | (0.22 | ) |  | $ | 0.19 |  |  | $ | 0.41 |  |  | $ | 0.84 |
Weighted average shares outstanding |  |  | 211,522 |  |  |  | 213,326 |  |  |  | 213,455 |  |  |  | 213,317 |
Cash dividends paid per common share |  | $ | 0.2300 |  |  | $ | 0.2200 |  |  | $ | 0.6800 |  |  | $ | 0.6500 |

(See Accompanying Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements)

5

FLOWERS FOODS, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEM ENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)

(Amounts in thousands)

(Unaudited)

|  | For the Twelve Weeks Ended |  |  | For the Forty Weeks Ended |
|  | October 7, 2023 |  |  | October 8, 2022 |  |  | October 7, 2023 |  |  | October 8, 2022 |
Net (loss) income |  | $ | (46,730 | ) |  | $ | 40,528 |  |  | $ | 87,740 |  |  | $ | 179,797 |
Other comprehensive (loss) income, net of tax: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pension and postretirement plans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Amortization of prior service credit included in net (loss) income |  |  | (30 | ) |  |  | (32 | ) |  |  | (102 | ) |  |  | (104 | )
Amortization of actuarial (gain) loss included in net (loss) income |  |  | (14 | ) |  |  | 50 |  |  |  | (43 | ) |  |  | 165 |
Pension and postretirement plans, net of tax |  |  | (44 | ) |  |  | 18 |  |  |  | (145 | ) |  |  | 61 |
Derivative instruments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net change in fair value of derivatives |  |  | (1,579 | ) |  |  | 7,851 |  |  |  | (1,531 | ) |  |  | 2,654 |
Loss (gain) reclassified to net (loss) income |  |  | 297 |  |  |  | (1,908 | ) |  |  | 1,532 |  |  |  | (4,507 | )
Derivative instruments, net of tax |  |  | (1,282 | ) |  |  | 5,943 |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | (1,853 | )
Other comprehensive (loss) income, net of tax |  |  | (1,326 | ) |  |  | 5,961 |  |  |  | (144 | ) |  |  | (1,792 | )
Comprehensive (loss) income |  | $ | (48,056 | ) |  | $ | 46,489 |  |  | $ | 87,596 |  |  | $ | 178,005 |

(See Accompanying Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements)

6

FLOWERS FOODS, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS O F CHANGES IN STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY

(Amounts in thousands, except share data)

(Unaudited)

|  | For the Twelve Weeks Ended October 7, 2023 |
|  | Common Stock |  |  | Capital in |  |  |  |  |  | Accumulated |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Number of |  |  |  |  |  | Excess |  |  |  |  |  | Other |  |  | Treasury Stock |  |  |  |
|  | Shares Issued |  |  | Par Value |  |  | of Par Value |  |  | Retained Earnings |  |  | Comprehensive Income (Loss) |  |  | Number of Shares |  |  | Cost |  |  | Total |
Balances at July 15, 2023 |  |  | 228,729,585 |  |  | $ | 199 |  |  | $ | 688,281 |  |  | $ | 1,040,618 |  |  | $ | 2,656 |  |  |  | (17,409,777 | ) |  | $ | (261,680 | ) |  | $ | 1,470,074 |
Net loss |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (46,730 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (46,730 | )
Derivative instruments, net of tax |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (1,282 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (1,282 | )
Pension and postretirement plans, net of tax |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (44 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (44 | )
Amortization of stock-based compensation awards |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 5,883 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 5,883 |
Issuance of deferred compensation |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (6 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 418 |  |  |  | 6 |  |  |  | — |
Share repurchases |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (200,000 | ) |  |  | (4,647 | ) |  |  | (4,647 | )
Issuance of deferred stock awards |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 87 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (87 | ) |  |  | — |
Dividends paid — $0.2300 per common share |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (48,603 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (48,603 | )
Balances at October 7, 2023 |  |  | 228,729,585 |  |  | $ | 199 |  |  | $ | 694,245 |  |  | $ | 945,285 |  |  | $ | 1,330 |  |  |  | (17,609,359 | ) |  | $ | (266,408 | ) |  | $ | 1,374,651 |

|  | For the Forty Weeks Ended October 7, 2023 |
|  | Common Stock |  |  | Capital in |  |  |  |  |  | Accumulated |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Number of |  |  |  |  |  | Excess |  |  |  |  |  | Other |  |  | Treasury Stock |  |  |  |
|  | Shares Issued |  |  | Par Value |  |  | of Par Value |  |  | Retained Earnings |  |  | Comprehensive Income (Loss) |  |  | Number of Shares |  |  | Cost |  |  | Total |
Balances at December 31, 2022 |  |  | 228,729,585 |  |  | $ | 199 |  |  | $ | 689,959 |  |  | $ | 1,004,271 |  |  | $ | 1,474 |  |  |  | (17,595,619 | ) |  | $ | (252,613 | ) |  | $ | 1,443,290 |
Net income |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 87,740 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 87,740 |
Derivative instruments, net of tax |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1 |
Pension and postretirement plans, net of tax |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (145 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (145 | )
Amortization of stock-based compensation awards |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 21,382 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 21,382 |
Issuance of deferred compensation |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (38 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2,557 |  |  |  | 38 |  |  |  | — |
Time-based restricted stock units issued (Note 17) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (3,623 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 251,222 |  |  |  | 3,623 |  |  |  | — |
Performance-contingent restricted stock awards issued (Note 17) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (12,508 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 867,944 |  |  |  | 12,508 |  |  |  | — |
Issuance of deferred stock awards |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (927 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 63,266 |  |  |  | 927 |  |  |  | — |
Share repurchases |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (1,198,729 | ) |  |  | (30,891 | ) |  |  | (30,891 | )
Dividends paid on vested stock-based payment awards |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (2,780 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (2,780 | )
Dividends paid — $0.6800 per common share |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (143,946 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (143,946 | )
Balances at October 7, 2023 |  |  | 228,729,585 |  |  | $ | 199 |  |  | $ | 694,245 |  |  | $ | 945,285 |  |  | $ | 1,330 |  |  |  | (17,609,359 | ) |  | $ | (266,408 | ) |  | $ | 1,374,651 |

(See Accompanying Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements)

7

FLOWERS FOODS, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY

(Amounts in thousands, except share data)

(Unaudited)

|  | For the Twelve Weeks Ended October 8, 2022 |
|  | Common Stock |  |  | Capital in |  |  |  |  |  | Accumulated |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Number of |  |  |  |  |  | Excess |  |  |  |  |  | Other |  |  | Treasury Stock |  |  |  |
|  | Shares Issued |  |  | Par Value |  |  | of Par Value |  |  | Retained Earnings |  |  | Comprehensive Income |  |  | Number of Shares |  |  | Cost |  |  | Total |
Balances at July 16, 2022 |  |  | 228,729,585 |  |  | $ | 199 |  |  | $ | 678,901 |  |  | $ | 1,008,200 |  |  | $ | (5,166 | ) |  |  | (16,898,017 | ) |  | $ | (234,666 | ) |  | $ | 1,447,468 |
Net income |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 40,528 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 40,528 |
Derivative instruments, net of tax |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 5,943 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 5,943 |
Pension and postretirement plans, net of tax |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 18 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 18 |
Amortization of stock-based compensation awards |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 5,485 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 5,485 |
Issuance of deferred compensation |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (12 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 852 |  |  |  | 12 |  |  |  | — |
Issuance of deferred stock awards |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (101 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 7,253 |  |  |  | 101 |  |  |  | — |
Share repurchases |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (706,559 | ) |  |  | (18,072 | ) |  |  | (18,072 | )
Dividends paid on vested share-based payment awards |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | - |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |
Dividends paid — $0.2200 per common share |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (46,605 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (46,605 | )
Balances at October 8, 2022 |  |  | 228,729,585 |  |  | $ | 199 |  |  | $ | 684,273 |  |  | $ | 1,002,123 |  |  | $ | 795 |  |  |  | (17,596,471 | ) |  | $ | (252,625 | ) |  | $ | 1,434,765 |

|  | For the Forty Weeks Ended October 8, 2022 |
|  | Common Stock |  |  | Capital in |  |  |  |  |  | Accumulated |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Number of |  |  |  |  |  | Excess |  |  |  |  |  | Other |  |  | Treasury Stock |  |  |  |
|  | Shares Issued |  |  | Par Value |  |  | of Par Value |  |  | Retained Earnings |  |  | Comprehensive Income (Loss) |  |  | Number of Shares |  |  | Cost |  |  | Total |
Balances at January 1, 2022 |  |  | 228,729,585 |  |  | $ | 199 |  |  | $ | 678,414 |  |  | $ | 962,378 |  |  | $ | 2,587 |  |  |  | (17,334,804 | ) |  | $ | (232,304 | ) |  | $ | 1,411,274 |
Net income |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 179,797 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 179,797 |
Derivative instruments, net of tax |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (1,853 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (1,853 | )
Pension and postretirement plans, net of tax |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 61 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 61 |
Amortization of stock-based compensation awards |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 20,124 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 20,124 |
Issuance of deferred compensation |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (34 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2,554 |  |  |  | 34 |  |  |  | — |
Time-based restricted stock units issued (Note 17) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (2,860 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 213,436 |  |  |  | 2,860 |  |  |  | — |
Performance-contingent restricted stock awards issued (Note 17) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (10,469 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 777,773 |  |  |  | 10,469 |  |  |  | — |
Issuance of deferred stock awards |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (902 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 65,687 |  |  |  | 902 |  |  |  | — |
Share repurchases |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (1,321,117 | ) |  |  | (34,586 | ) |  |  | (34,586 | )
Dividends paid on vested stock-based payment awards |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (2,260 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (2,260 | )
Dividends paid — $.6500 per common share |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (137,792 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (137,792 | )
Balances at October 8, 2022 |  |  | 228,729,585 |  |  | $ | 199 |  |  | $ | 684,273 |  |  | $ | 1,002,123 |  |  | $ | 795 |  |  |  | (17,596,471 | ) |  | $ | (252,625 | ) |  | $ | 1,434,765 |

(See Accompanying Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements)

8

FLOWERS FOODS, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED S TATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

(Amounts in thousands)

(Unaudited)

|  | For the Forty Weeks Ended |
|  | October 7, 2023 |  |  | October 8, 2022 |
CASH FLOWS PROVIDED BY (DISBURSED FOR) OPERATING ACTIVITIES: |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income |  | $ | 87,740 |  |  | $ | 179,797 |
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Loss on foreign currency exchange rates |  |  | — |  |  |  | 8,371 |
Stock-based compensation |  |  | 21,382 |  |  |  | 20,124 |
Loss (gain) reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income to net income |  |  | 2,426 |  |  |  | (5,625 | )
Depreciation and amortization |  |  | 114,693 |  |  |  | 109,244 |
Deferred income taxes |  |  | (44,256 | ) |  |  | 11,519 |
Impairment of assets |  |  | 3,347 |  |  |  | 3,897 |
Provision for inventory obsolescence |  |  | 2,387 |  |  |  | 1,521 |
Allowances for accounts receivable |  |  | 10,071 |  |  |  | 5,811 |
Pension and postretirement plans cost |  |  | 455 |  |  |  | 485 |
Other |  |  | 1,309 |  |  |  | 2,167 |
Qualified pension plan contributions |  |  | (1,000 | ) |  |  | (1,000 | )
Changes in operating assets and liabilities, net of acquisitions: |  |  |  |  |  |
Accounts receivable |  |  | (17,364 | ) |  |  | (71,882 | )
Inventories |  |  | (13,552 | ) |  |  | (33,476 | )
Hedging activities |  |  | (332 | ) |  |  | 2,654 |
Accounts payable |  |  | (17,788 | ) |  |  | 78,351 |
Other assets and accrued liabilities |  |  | 107,800 |  |  |  | (20,424 | )
NET CASH PROVIDED BY OPERATING ACTIVITIES |  |  | 257,318 |  |  |  | 291,534 |
CASH FLOWS PROVIDED BY (DISBURSED FOR) INVESTING ACTIVITIES: |  |  |  |  |  |
Purchases of property, plant and equipment |  |  | (97,003 | ) |  |  | (128,372 | )
Proceeds from sale of property, plant and equipment |  |  | 2,278 |  |  |  | 3,335 |
Repurchase of independent distribution rights |  |  | (5,129 | ) |  |  | (6,534 | )
Cash paid at issuance of notes receivable |  |  | (15,212 | ) |  |  | (9,645 | )
Principal payments from notes receivable |  |  | 25,204 |  |  |  | 30,558 |
Acquisition of business |  |  | (274,755 | ) |  |  | — |
Investment in unconsolidated affiliate |  |  | (1,981 | ) |  |  | (9,000 | )
Other investing activities |  |  | 63 |  |  |  | 402 |
NET CASH DISBURSED FOR INVESTING ACTIVITIES |  |  | (366,535 | ) |  |  | (119,256 | )
CASH FLOWS PROVIDED BY (DISBURSED FOR) FINANCING ACTIVITIES: |  |  |  |  |  |
Dividends paid, including dividends on stock-based payment awards |  |  | (146,726 | ) |  |  | (140,052 | )
Stock repurchases |  |  | (30,891 | ) |  |  | (34,586 | )
Change in bank overdrafts |  |  | (6,693 | ) |  |  | (817 | )
Proceeds from debt borrowings |  |  | 805,100 |  |  |  | 330,000 |
Debt obligation payments |  |  | (660,100 | ) |  |  | (330,000 | )
Payments on financing leases |  |  | (1,513 | ) |  |  | (1,306 | )
Payments for financing fees |  |  | (533 | ) |  |  | (273 | )
NET CASH DISBURSED FOR FINANCING ACTIVITIES |  |  | (41,356 | ) |  |  | (177,034 | )
Effect of exchange rates on cash |  |  | — |  |  |  | (8,371 | )
Net decrease in cash and cash equivalents |  |  | (150,573 | ) |  |  | (4,756 | )
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period |  |  | 165,134 |  |  |  | 185,871 |
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period |  | $ | 14,561 |  |  | $ | 172,744 |

(See Accompanying Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements)

9

FLOWERS FOODS, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED F INANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)

1. BASIS OF PRESENTATION

BASIS OF ACCOUNTING — The accompanying unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements of Flowers Foods, Inc. (the “company”, “Flowers Foods”, “Flowers”, “us”, “we”, or “our”) have been prepared by the company’s management in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America (“GAAP”) for interim financial information and applicable rules and regulations of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”). Accordingly, they do not include all the information and footnotes required by GAAP for audited financial statements. In the opinion of management, the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements included herein contain all adjustments (consisting of only normal recurring adjustments) necessary to state fairly the company’s financial position, results of operations and cash flows. The results of operations for the twelve and forty weeks ended October 7, 2023 and October 8, 2022 are not necessarily indicative of the results to be expected for a full fiscal year. The Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet at December 31, 2022 has been derived from the audited financial statements at that date but does not include all the information and footnotes required by GAAP for complete financial statements. These financial statements should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022 (the “Form 10-K”).

INFLATIONARY ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT AND MACROECONOMIC FACTORS — We continue to monitor the impact of the inflationary economic environment, supply chain disruptions, labor shortages, the conflict between Russia and Ukraine and the conflict in Israel and Gaza on our business. Our results through the third quarter of Fiscal 2023 have continued to benefit from a more optimized sales mix of branded retail products as compared to pre-pandemic periods. We have experienced significant input cost inflation for commodities and, to a lesser extent, transportation and labor in the current year which has partially offset the more optimized sales mix. We implemented price increases during the first quarter of Fiscal 2023 and in the second quarter of Fiscal 2023 to mitigate these cost pressures.

INVESTMENT IN UNCONSOLIDATED AFFILIATE — In the second quarter of Fiscal 2022, we invested $9.0 million in Base Culture, a Clearwater, Florida-based company with one manufacturing facility. We made an additional investment of $2.0 million in Base Culture during the second quarter of Fiscal 2023. Base Culture's product offerings include better-for-you, gluten-free, and grain-free sliced breads and baked goods and are all-natural, 100% Paleo-certified, kosher-certified, dairy-free, soy-free, and non-GMO verified. The investment is being accounted for at cost, less any impairment, adjusted for changes resulting from observable price changes in orderly transactions involving the affiliate, as we do not control nor do we have the ability to significantly influence the affiliate, nor is there a readily determinable fair value. Should circumstances indicate a change in the fair value, a fair value adjustment may be necessary.

ESTIMATES — The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. The company believes the following critical accounting estimates affect its more significant judgments and estimates used in the preparation of its consolidated financial statements: revenue recognition, derivative financial instruments, valuation of long-lived assets, goodwill and other intangible assets, leases, self-insurance reserves, income tax expense and accruals, postretirement plans, stock-based compensation, and commitments and contingencies. These estimates are summarized in Form 10-K.

REPORTING PERIODS — Fiscal Year End. Our fiscal year ends on the Saturday nearest December 31, resulting in a 53 rd reporting week every five or six years. The last 53-week year was our Fiscal 2020. The next 53-week year will be Fiscal 2025. Our internal financial results and key performance indicators are reported on a weekly calendar basis to ensure the same numbers of Saturdays and Sundays in comparable months and to allow for a consistent four-week progression analysis. The company has elected the first quarter to report the extra four-week period. As such, our quarters are divided as follows:

Quarter |  | Number of Weeks
First Quarter |  | Sixteen
Second Quarter |  | Twelve
Third Quarter |  | Twelve
Fourth Quarter |  | Twelve (or Thirteen in fiscal years with an extra week)

Accordingly, interim results may not be indicative of subsequent interim period results, or comparable to prior or subsequent interim period results, due to differences in the lengths of the interim periods.

Fiscal 2023 consists of 52 weeks, with the company’s quarterly reporting periods as follows: first quarter ended April 22, 2023 (sixteen weeks), second quarter ended July 15, 2023 (twelve weeks), third quarter ended October 7, 2023 (twelve weeks) and fourth quarter ending December 30, 2023 (twelve weeks).

10

REPORTING SEGMENT — The company has one operating segment based on the nature of products the company sells, intertwined production and distribution model, the internal management structure and information that is regularly reviewed by the chief executive officer (“CEO”), who is the chief operating decision maker, for the purpose of assessing performance and allocating resources.

SIGNIFICANT CUSTOMER — Below is the effect that our largest customer, Walmart/Sam’s Club, had on the company’s sales for the twelve and forty weeks ended October 7, 2023 and October 8, 2022. Walmart/Sam’s Club is the only customer to account for greater than 10% of the company’s sales.

|  | For the Twelve Weeks Ended |  |  | For the Forty Weeks Ended |
|  | October 7, 2023 |  |  | October 8, 2022 |  |  | October 7, 2023 |  |  | October 8, 2022 |
|  | (% of Sales) |  |  | (% of Sales) |
Total |  |  | 22.4 |  |  |  | 22.1 |  |  |  | 22.4 |  |  |  | 21.7 |

Walmart/Sam’s Club is our only customer with greater than 10% of outstanding trade receivables, representing 19.4% and 24.3%, on a consolidated basis, as of October 7, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively, of our trade receivables.

BUSINESS PROCESS IMPROVEMENT COSTS — In the second half of Fiscal 2020, we launched initiatives to transform our business operations, which include upgrading our information system to a more robust platform, as well as investments in e-commerce, autonomous planning, and our “bakery of the future” initiatives. These costs may be expensed as incurred, capitalized, recognized as a cloud computing arrangement, or recognized as a prepaid service contract. The expensed portion of these costs incurred related to these initiatives was $5.8 million and $18.6 million for the twelve and forty weeks ended October 7, 2023, respectively. The expensed portion of these costs incurred was $8.1 million and $28.9 million for the twelve and forty weeks ended October 8, 2022, respectively. These costs are reflected in the selling, distribution and administrative expenses line item of the Condensed Consolidated Statements of (Loss) Income.

PLANT CLOSURE COSTS AND IMPAIRMENT OF ASSETS — During the third quarter of Fiscal 2023, the company entered into an agreement to sell a warehouse classified as held for sale and recorded an impairment charge of $1.0 million. The company completed the sale of the impaired warehouse for a nominal loss at the end of the third quarter of Fiscal 2023.

On July 19, 2022, the company announced the closure of the Holsum Bakery in Phoenix, Arizona. The bakery produced bread and bun products and ceased production on October 31, 2022. This closure is part of our strategy to optimize our sales portfolio and improve supply chain and manufacturing efficiency. The company r ecognized severance costs of $1.7 million, multi-employer pension plan withdrawal costs of $1.3 million, and asset impairment and equipment relocation charges for bakery equipment of $3.8 million in the third quarter of Fiscal 2022. See Note 18, Postretirement Plans, for details on the multi-employer pension plan withdrawal costs. During the first quarter of Fiscal 2022, the company decided to sell two warehouses acquired at the end of Fiscal 2021 and recorded an impairment charge of $1.0 million. The company completed the sale of the impaired warehouse at the end of the first quarter of Fiscal 2022.

ACQUISITION-RELATED COSTS - On February 17, 2023, the company completed the acquisition of the Papa Pita bakery business ("Papa Pita") for total consideration of approximately $274.8 million, inclusive of a net working capital adjustment. Papa Pita is a manufacturer and distributor of bagels, tortillas, breads, buns, English muffins, and flat breads with one production facility in West Jordan, Utah and, prior to the acquisition, Papa Pita co-manufactured certain products for the company. Papa Pita has direct-store-delivery distribution in the western United States ("U.S."), expanding our geographic reach. We incurred additional acquisition costs of $3.7 million during the forty weeks ended October 7, 2023. The company also recognized an immaterial $1.5 million goodwill measurement period adjustment related to the final net working capital amount during the second quarter of Fiscal 2023. These costs are reflected in the selling, distribution, and administrative expenses line item of the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income (Loss).

In the third quarter of Fiscal 2022, we incurred $11.6 million in costs from the pursuit of an acquisition that failed to materialize. Of this amount, $8.4 million related to realized foreign currency exchange losses. Although the majority of the target company's sales were made in the U.S., the target company's foreign domicile required us to convert funds from U.S. dollars to complete the transaction. Following that conversion, a significant strengthening of the U.S. dollar relative to the target company's currency resulted in the foreign currency exchange loss upon conversion back into U.S. dollars following the failure of the deal. These costs are reflected in the selling, distribution and administrative expenses line item of the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income (Loss).

2. RECENT ACCOUNTING PRONOUNCEMENTS

Recently adopted accounting pronouncements

The company did not adopt any accounting pronouncements during the forty weeks ended October 7, 2023.

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Accounting pronouncements not yet adopted

In August, the FASB issued ASU 2023-05, which requires a joint venture to initially measure all contributions received upon its formation at fair value. This accounting will largely be consistent with ASC 805, Business Combinations, although there are some specific exceptions. This new guidance is intended to reduce diversity in practice and provide users of the joint venture’s financial statements with more decision-useful information. It may also reduce the amount of basis differences that an investor in a joint venture needs to track. The standard is effective for all joint venture entities with a formation date on or after January 1, 2025, with early adoption permitted. Joint ventures formed prior to the adoption date may elect to apply the new guidance retrospectively back to their original formation date. The company is determining the impact on our business.

We have reviewed other recently issued accounting pronouncements and concluded that either they are not applicable to our business, or no material effect is expected upon future adoption.

3. RESTRUCTURING ACTIVITIES

In February 2023, to improve operational effectiveness, increase profitable sales, and better meet customer requirements, the company announced a restructuring of plant operation responsibilities from the sales function to the supply chain function. Employee termination benefits and other cash charges were primarily for the voluntary employee separation incentive plan (the "VSIP"), reduction-in-force ("RIF") and employee relocation costs. These costs are recorded in the restructuring charges line item of the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income (Loss).

The table below presents the components of costs associated with the restructuring (amounts in thousands):

|  | For the Twelve Weeks Ended |  |  | For the Forty Weeks Ended |
|  | October 7, 2023 |  |  | October 7, 2023 |
Restructuring charges: |  |  |  |  |  |
VSIP |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 5,229 |
RIF |  |  | — |  |  |  | 899 |
Relocation costs |  |  | 179 |  |  |  | 745 |
Total restructuring charges |  | $ | 179 |  |  | $ | 6,873 |

The table below presents the components of, and changes in, our restructuring accruals (amounts in thousands):

|  | VSIP |  |  | Relocation Costs |  |  | RIF |  |  | Total |
Liability balance at December 31, 2022 |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Charges |  |  | 5,229 |  |  |  | 745 |  |  |  | 899 |  |  |  | 6,873 |
Cash payments |  |  | (3,800 | ) |  |  | (745 | ) |  |  | (899 | ) |  |  | (5,444 | )
Liability balance(1) at October 7, 2023 |  | $ | 1,429 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,429 |

(1) Recorded in the other accrued liabilities line item of our Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets.

4. ACQUISITION

On February 17, 2023, the company completed the acquisition of the Papa Pita for total consideration of approximately $274.8 million, inclusive of a net working capital adjustment. Papa Pita is a manufacturer and distributor of bagels, tortillas, breads, buns, English muffins, and flat breads with one production facility in West Jordan, Utah and, prior to the acquisition, Papa Pita co-manufactured certain products for the company. Papa Pita has direct-store-delivery distribution in the western U.S., expanding our geographic reach. We incurred additional acquisition costs of $3.7 million during the forty weeks ended October 7, 2023. The company also recognized an immaterial $1.5 million goodwill measurement period adjustment related to the final net working capital amount during the second quarter of Fiscal 2023. These costs are reflected in the selling, distribution, and administrative expenses line item of the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income (Loss).

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The following table summarizes the consideration paid for Papa Pita based on the fair value at the acquisition date. This table is based on preliminary valuations for the assets acquired (the company did no t acquire any cash) and liabilities assumed. The identifiable intangible assets, property and equipment, and certain financial assets and taxes are still under review. We will continue reviewing the final recognized amounts of identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed until the first quarter of Fiscal 2024 when the allocation will be final (amounts in thousands):

Fair Value of consideration transferred: |  |  |
Cash consideration paid |  | $ | 270,258 |
Working capital adjustments |  |  | 4,497 |
Total consideration |  | $ | 274,755 |
Recognized amounts of identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed: |  |  |
Property, plant, and equipment |  | $ | 104,118 |
Identifiable intangible assets |  |  | 27,100 |
Financial assets |  |  | 14,250 |
Liabilities assumed |  |  | (3,265 | )
Net recognized amounts of identifiable assets acquired |  |  | 142,203 |
Goodwill |  | $ | 132,552 |

The following table presents the acquired intangible assets subject to amortization (amounts in thousands, except amortization periods):

|  | Total |  |  | Weighted average amortization years |  |  | Amortization Method
Trademarks |  | $ | 4,600 |  |  |  | 20.0 |  |  | Straight-line
Customer relationships |  |  | 22,200 |  |  |  | 25.0 |  |  | Sum of year digits
Noncompete agreements |  |  | 300 |  |  |  | 4.0 |  |  | Straight-line
Total intangible assets |  | $ | 27,100 |  |  |  | 23.9 |  |  |

5. LEASES

The company’s leases consist of the following types of assets: two bakeries, corporate office space, warehouses, bakery equipment, transportation and IT equipment. The quantitative disclosures for our leases follow below.

The following table details lease modifications and renewals and lease terminations (amounts in thousands):

|  | For the Twelve Weeks Ended |  |  | For the Forty Weeks Ended |
|  | October 7, 2023 |  |  | October 8, 2022 |  |  | October 7, 2023 |  |  | October 8, 2022 |
Lease modifications and renewals |  | $ | 3,820 |  |  | $ | 3,353 |  |  | $ | 28,585 |  |  | $ | 22,007 |
Lease terminations |  | $ | 71 |  |  | $ | 155 |  |  | $ | 277 |  |  | $ | 5,883 |

The lease modifications and renewals for the forty weeks ended October 7, 2023 include $10.6 million related to a 10-year extension for a freezer storage lease that occurred during our first quarter of Fiscal 2023. For the forty weeks ended October 8, 2022, the lease modifications and renewals include $11.2 million related to a 10-year extension for a warehouse lease.

Lease costs incurred by lease type, and/or type of payment, and other supplemental quantitative disclosures as of and for the twelve and forty weeks ended October 7, 2023 and October 8, 2022 were as follows (amounts in thousands):

|  | For the Twelve Weeks Ended |  |  | For the Forty Weeks Ended |
|  | October 7, 2023 |  |  | October 8, 2022 |  |  | October 7, 2023 |  |  | October 8, 2022 |
Lease cost: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Amortization of right-of-use assets |  | $ | 396 |  |  | $ | 394 |  |  | $ | 1,313 |  |  | $ | 1,311 |
Interest on lease liabilities |  |  | 5 |  |  |  | 20 |  |  |  | 30 |  |  |  | 77 |
Operating lease cost |  |  | 14,397 |  |  |  | 13,886 |  |  |  | 48,212 |  |  |  | 48,165 |
Short-term lease cost |  |  | 755 |  |  |  | 748 |  |  |  | 2,367 |  |  |  | 2,121 |
Variable lease cost |  |  | 8,802 |  |  |  | 7,517 |  |  |  | 28,515 |  |  |  | 25,378 |
Total lease cost |  | $ | 24,355 |  |  | $ | 22,565 |  |  | $ | 80,437 |  |  | $ | 77,052 |

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|  | For the Forty Weeks Ended |
|  | October 7, 2023 |  |  | October 8, 2022 |
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Operating cash flows from financing leases |  | $ | 30 |  |  | $ | 77 |
Operating cash flows from operating leases |  | $ | 52,134 |  |  | $ | 46,982 |
Financing cash flows from financing leases |  | $ | 1,513 |  |  | $ | 1,306 |
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for new financing lease liabilities |  | $ | 21 |  |  | $ | — |
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for new operating lease liabilities |  | $ | 28,566 |  |  | $ | 21,357 |

Weighted-average remaining lease term (years): |  |  |
Financing leases |  |  | 0.8 |
Operating leases |  |  | 7.4 |
Weighted-average IBR (percentage): |  |  |
Financing leases |  |  | 3.3 |
Operating leases |  |  | 4.0 |

Estimated undiscounted future lease payments under non-cancelable operating leases and financing leases, along with a reconciliation of the undiscounted cash flows to operating and financing lease liabilities, respectively, as of October 7, 2023 (in thousands) were as follows:

|  | Operating lease liabilities |  |  | Financing lease liabilities |
Remainder of 2023 |  | $ | 10,901 |  |  | $ | 294 |
2024 |  |  | 58,910 |  |  |  | 98 |
2025 |  |  | 56,267 |  |  |  | 18 |
2026 |  |  | 39,796 |  |  |  | 7 |
2027 |  |  | 33,465 |  |  |  | 3 |
2028 and thereafter |  |  | 121,566 |  |  |  | — |
Total minimum lease payments |  |  | 320,905 |  |  |  | 420 |
Less: amount of lease payments representing interest |  |  | (49,706 | ) |  |  | (5 | )
Present value of future minimum lease payments |  |  | 271,199 |  |  |  | 415 |
Less: current obligations under leases |  |  | (49,346 | ) |  |  | (381 | )
Long-term lease obligations |  | $ | 221,853 |  |  | $ | 34 |

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6. ACCUMULATED OTHER COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS) (“AOCI”)

The company’s total comprehensive income presently consists of net income, adjustments for our derivative financial instruments accounted for as cash flow hedges, and various pension and other postretirement benefit related items.

During the twelve and forty weeks ended October 7, 2023 and October 8, 2022, reclassifications out of AOCI were as follows (amounts in thousands):

|  | Amount Reclassified from AOCI |  |  |
|  | For the Twelve Weeks Ended |  |  | Affected Line Item in the Statement
Details about AOCI Components (Note 2) |  | October 7, 2023 |  |  | October 8, 2022 |  |  | Where Net Income is Presented
Derivative instruments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate contracts |  | $ | 115 |  |  | $ | 115 |  |  | Interest expense
Commodity contracts |  |  | (511 | ) |  |  | 2,428 |  |  | Cost of sales, Note 3
Total before tax |  |  | (396 | ) |  |  | 2,543 |  |  | Total before tax
Tax benefit (expense) |  |  | 99 |  |  |  | (635 | ) |  | Income tax expense
Total net of tax |  |  | (297 | ) |  |  | 1,908 |  |  | Net of tax
Pension and postretirement plans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Prior-service credits |  |  | 40 |  |  |  | 41 |  |  | Note 1
Actuarial gain (losses) |  |  | 17 |  |  |  | (66 | ) |  | Note 1
Total before tax |  |  | 57 |  |  |  | (25 | ) |  | Total before tax
Tax (expense) benefit |  |  | (13 | ) |  |  | 7 |  |  | Income tax expense
Total net of tax |  |  | 44 |  |  |  | (18 | ) |  | Net of tax
Total reclassifications |  | $ | (253 | ) |  | $ | 1,890 |  |  | Net of tax

|  | Amount Reclassified from AOCI |  |  |
|  | For the Forty Weeks Ended |  |  | Affected Line Item in the Statement
Details about AOCI Components (Note 2) |  | October 7, 2023 |  |  | October 8, 2022 |  |  | Where Net Income is Presented
Derivative instruments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate contracts |  | $ | 383 |  |  | $ | 383 |  |  | Interest expense
Commodity contracts |  |  | (2,426 | ) |  |  | 5,625 |  |  | Cost of sales, Note 3
Total before tax |  |  | (2,043 | ) |  |  | 6,008 |  |  | Total before tax
Tax benefit (expense) |  |  | 511 |  |  |  | (1,501 | ) |  | Income tax expense
Total net of tax |  |  | (1,532 | ) |  |  | 4,507 |  |  | Net of tax
Pension and postretirement plans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Prior-service credits |  |  | 135 |  |  |  | 137 |  |  | Note 1
Actuarial gain (losses) |  |  | 57 |  |  |  | (220 | ) |  | Note 1
Total before tax |  |  | 192 |  |  |  | (83 | ) |  | Total before tax
Tax (expense) benefit |  |  | (47 | ) |  |  | 22 |  |  | Income tax expense
Total net of tax |  |  | 145 |  |  |  | (61 | ) |  | Net of tax
Total reclassifications |  | $ | (1,387 | ) |  | $ | 4,446 |  |  | Net of tax

Note 1: These items are included in the computation of net periodic pension cost and are reported in the other components of net periodic pension and postretirement benefits credit line item on the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income (Loss). See Note 18, Postretirement Plans, for additional information.

Note 2: Amounts in parentheses indicate debits to determine net income.

Note 3: Amounts are presented as an adjustment to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities on the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows.

During the forty weeks ended October 7, 2023, changes to AOCI, net of income tax, by component were as follows (amounts in thousands and parentheses denote a debit balance):

|  | Cash Flow Hedge Items |  |  | Defined Benefit Pension Plan Items |  |  | Total |
AOCI at December 31, 2022 |  | $ | 2,099 |  |  | $ | (625 | ) |  | $ | 1,474 |
Other comprehensive loss before reclassifications |  |  | (1,531 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (1,531 | )
Reclassified to earnings from AOCI |  |  | 1,532 |  |  |  | (145 | ) |  |  | 1,387 |
AOCI at October 7, 2023 |  | $ | 2,100 |  |  | $ | (770 | ) |  | $ | 1,330 |

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During the forty weeks ended October 8, 2022, changes to AOCI, net of income tax, by component were as follows (amounts in thousands and parentheses denote a debit balance):

|  | Cash Flow Hedge Items |  |  | Defined Benefit Pension Plan Items |  |  | Total |
AOCI at January 1, 2022 |  | $ | 6,043 |  |  | $ | (3,456 | ) |  | $ | 2,587 |
Other comprehensive income before reclassifications |  |  | 2,654 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2,654 |
Reclassified to earnings from AOCI |  |  | (4,507 | ) |  |  | 61 |  |  |  | (4,446 | )
AOCI at October 8, 2022 |  | $ | 4,190 |  |  | $ | (3,395 | ) |  | $ | 795 |

Amounts reclassified out of AOCI to net income that relate to commodity contracts are presented as an adjustment to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities on the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows. The following table presents the net of tax amount reclassified from AOCI for our commodity contracts (amounts in thousands and positive value indicates credits to determine net income):

|  | For the Forty Weeks Ended |
|  | October 7, 2023 |  |  | October 8, 2022 |
Gross (loss) gain reclassified from AOCI into net income |  | $ | (2,426 | ) |  | $ | 5,625 |
Tax benefit (expense) |  |  | 607 |  |  |  | (1,406 | )
Net of tax |  | $ | (1,819 | ) |  | $ | 4,219 |

7. GOODWILL AND OTHER INTANGIBLE ASSETS

The table below summarizes our goodwill and other intangible assets at October 7, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively, each of which is explained in additional detail below (amounts in thousands):

|  | October 7, 2023 |  |  | December 31, 2022 |
Goodwill |  | $ | 677,796 |  |  | $ | 545,244 |
Amortizable intangible assets, net |  |  | 537,968 |  |  |  | 537,281 |
Indefinite-lived intangible assets |  |  | 127,100 |  |  |  | 127,100 |
Total goodwill and other intangible assets |  | $ | 1,342,864 |  |  | $ | 1,209,625 |

The changes in the carrying amount of goodwill during the forty weeks ended October 7, 2023, during which time we completed the acquisition of Papa Pita, are as follows (amounts in thousands):

|  | Total |
Balance as of December 31, 2022 |  | $ | 545,244 |
Acquisition |  |  | 132,552 |
Balance as of October 7, 2023 |  | $ | 677,796 |

On February 17, 2023, the company completed the acquisition of Papa Pita for total consideration of approximately $274.8 million, inclusive of a net working capital adjustment payment. The acquisition included several amortizable intangible assets which total $27.1 million and are included in the table below. See Note 4, Acquisition, for details of the assets and the respective amortization period by category.

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As of October 7, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively, the company had the following amounts related to amortizable intangible assets (amounts in thousands):

|  | October 7, 2023 |  |  | December 31, 2022 |
Asset |  | Cost |  |  | Accumulated Amortization |  |  | Net Value |  |  | Cost |  |  | Accumulated Amortization |  |  | Net Value |
Trademarks |  | $ | 481,715 |  |  | $ | 104,131 |  |  | $ | 377,584 |  |  | $ | 477,115 |  |  | $ | 92,763 |  |  | $ | 384,352 |
Customer relationships |  |  | 340,221 |  |  |  | 180,378 |  |  |  | 159,843 |  |  |  | 318,021 |  |  |  | 167,688 |  |  |  | 150,333 |
Non-compete agreements |  |  | 5,454 |  |  |  | 5,179 |  |  |  | 275 |  |  |  | 5,154 |  |  |  | 5,114 |  |  |  | 40 |
Distributor relationships |  |  | 4,123 |  |  |  | 3,857 |  |  |  | 266 |  |  |  | 4,123 |  |  |  | 3,673 |  |  |  | 450 |
Distributor routes held and used |  |  | 4,040 |  |  |  | 4,040 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 3,249 |  |  |  | 1,143 |  |  |  | 2,106 |
Total |  | $ | 835,553 |  |  | $ | 297,585 |  |  | $ | 537,968 |  |  | $ | 807,662 |  |  | $ | 270,381 |  |  | $ | 537,281 |

Aggregate amortization expense for the twelve and forty weeks ended October 7, 2023 and October 8, 2022 was as follows (amounts in thousands):

|  | Amortization Expense |
For the twelve weeks ended October 7, 2023 |  | $ | 7,572 |
For the twelve weeks ended October 8, 2022 |  | $ | 7,334 |
For the forty weeks ended October 7, 2023 |  | $ | 24,891 |
For the forty weeks ended October 8, 2022 |  | $ | 24,415 |

Estimated amortization of intangibles for each of the next five years is as follows (amounts in thousands):

|  | Amortization of Intangibles |
Remainder of 2023 |  | $ | 7,336 |
2024 |  | $ | 31,409 |
2025 |  | $ | 30,746 |
2026 |  | $ | 28,891 |
2027 |  | $ | 27,242 |

There were $127.1 million of indefinite-lived intangible trademark assets separately identified from goodwill at October 7, 2023 and December 31, 2022. These trademarks are classified as indefinite-lived because we believe they are well established brands with a long history and well-defined markets. We believe these factors support an indefinite life. We perform an annual impairment analysis, or on an interim basis if the facts and circumstances change, to determine if the trademarks are realizing their expected economic benefits. Additionally, the company fully impaired the California distribution rights classified as held and used and recorded a charge of $2.3 million in the selling, distribution, and administrative expenses of the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income (Loss) during the twelve weeks ended October 7, 2023.

8. FAIR VALUE OF FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS

The carrying value of cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, and short-term debt approximates fair value because of the short-term maturity of the instruments. Notes receivable are entered into in connection with the purchase of independent distributors’ distribution rights by independent distributor partners (“IDPs”). These notes receivable are recorded in the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets at carrying value, which represents the closest approximation of fair value. Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. The company financed approximately 3,200 and 3,400 IDPs’ distribution rights as of October 7, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively, all with varied financial histories and credit risks. However, the current stated interest rates used to record the carrying values are appropriately reflective of our estimated interest rates that would be made to borrowers with similar credit ratings for the remaining maturities of the distributor notes receivable. The distribution rights are generally purchased by the IDP with a 5% down payment with the remainder financed for up to 10 years. The distributor notes receivable are collateralized by the IDPs’ distribution rights. The company maintains a wholly-owned subsidiary to assist in financing the distribution rights purchase activities if requested by new IDPs, using the distribution rights and certain associated assets as collateral. These notes receivable earn interest at a fixed rate.

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Interest income was primarily related to the IDPs’ notes receivable and was as follows (amounts in thousands):

|  | Interest Income |
For the twelve weeks ended October 7, 2023 |  | $ | 4,542 |
For the twelve weeks ended October 8, 2022 |  | $ | 5,459 |
For the forty weeks ended October 7, 2023 |  | $ | 16,251 |
For the forty weeks ended October 8, 2022 |  | $ | 17,292 |

At October 7, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively, the carrying value of the distributor notes receivable was as follows (amounts in thousands):

|  | October 7, 2023 |  |  | December 31, 2022 |
Distributor notes receivable |  | $ | 139,836 |  |  | $ | 163,354 |
Less: current portion of distributor notes receivable recorded in accounts and notes receivable, net |  |  | (25,344 | ) |  |  | (26,472 | )
Long-term portion of distributor notes receivable |  | $ | 114,492 |  |  | $ | 136,882 |

During the third quarter of Fiscal 2023, the company recorded a reserve of $14.9 million for the distributor notes receivable related to a legal settlement. See Note 15, Commitments and Contingencies, for additional information.

During the third quarter of Fiscal 2021, the company recorded a reserve of $1.9 million for the distributor notes receivable related to a legal settlement. The company commenced repurchasing the distribution rights during the second quarter of Fiscal 2022 and completed the repurchases during the first quarter of Fiscal 2023. See Note 15, Commitments and Contingencies, for additional information. Payments on these distributor notes receivable are collected by the company weekly in conjunction with the distributor settlement process.

The fair value of the company’s variable rate debt at October 7, 2023 approximates the recorded value. The fair value of the company’s 2.400% senior notes due 2031 (the "2031 notes") and 3.500% senior notes due 2026 (the “2026 notes”), as discussed in Note 13, Debt and Other Obligations, of this Form 10-Q, are estimated using yields obtained from independent pricing sources for similar types of borrowing arrangements and are considered a Level 2 valuation. The fair value of the 2031 notes and 2026 notes are presented in the table below (amounts in thousands, except level classification):

|  | Carrying Value |  |  | Fair Value |  |  | Level
2031 notes |  | $ | 494,555 |  |  | $ | 383,883 |  |  | 2
2026 notes |  | $ | 398,288 |  |  | $ | 372,433 |  |  | 2

For fair value disclosure information about our derivative assets and liabilities see Note 9, Derivative Financial Instruments.

9. DERIVATIVE FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS

The company measures the fair value of its derivative portfolio by using the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in the principal market for that asset or liability. These measurements are classified into a hierarchy by the inputs used to perform the fair value calculation as follows:

Level 1: Fair value based on unadjusted quoted prices for identical assets or liabilities at the measurement date

Level 2: Modeled fair value with model inputs other than quoted prices included within Level 1 that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly

Level 3: Modeled fair value with unobservable model inputs that are used to estimate the fair value of the asset or liability

Commodity Risk

The company enters into commodity derivatives designated as cash-flow hedges of existing or future exposure to changes in commodity prices. The company’s primary raw materials are flour, sweeteners and shortening, along with pulp, paper and petroleum-based packaging products. Natural gas, which is used as oven fuel, and diesel fuel are also important commodity inputs.

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As of October 7, 2023, the company’s hedge portfolio contained commodity derivatives, which are recorded in the following accounts with fair values measured as indicated (amounts in thousands):

|  | Level 1 |  |  | Level 2 |  |  | Level 3 |  |  | Total |
Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Other current |  | $ | 302 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 302 |
Other long-term |  |  | 109 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 109 |
Total |  |  | 411 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 411 |
Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Other current |  |  | (744 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (744 | )
Other long-term |  |  | (1 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (1 | )
Total |  |  | (745 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (745 | )
Net Fair Value |  | $ | (334 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (334 | )

As of December 31, 2022, the company’s hedge portfolio contained commodity derivatives, which are recorded in the following accounts with fair values measured as indicated (amounts in thousands):

|  | Level 1 |  |  | Level 2 |  |  | Level 3 |  |  | Total |
Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Other current |  | $ | 782 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 782 |
Other long-term |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2 |
Total |  |  | 784 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 784 |
Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Other current |  |  | (1,149 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (1,149 | )
Other long-term |  |  | (86 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (86 | )
Total |  |  | (1,235 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (1,235 | )
Net Fair Value |  | $ | (451 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (451 | )

The positions held in the portfolio are used to hedge economic exposure to changes in various raw material prices and effectively fix, or limit increases in, prices for a period extending into Fiscal 2024. These instruments are designated as cash-flow hedges. The change in the fair value for these derivatives is reported in AOCI. All the company-held commodity derivatives at October 7, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively, qualified for hedge accounting.

Interest Rate Risk

During the first quarter of Fiscal 2021, the company entered into treasury locks to fix the interest rate for the 2031 notes issued on March 9, 2021. The derivative positions were closed when the debt was priced on March 2, 2021 with a cash settlement net receipt of $3.9 million that offset changes in the benchmark treasury rate between execution of the treasury rate locks and the debt pricing date. These rate locks were designated as a cash flow hedge and the deferred amount reported in AOCI is being reclassified to interest expense as interest payments are made on the notes through the maturity date.

The company previously entered into treasury rate locks at the time we executed the 2026 notes. These rate locks were designated as a cash flow hedge and the fair value at termination was deferred in AOCI. The deferred amount reported in AOCI is being reclassified to interest expense as interest payments are made on the related notes through the maturity date.

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Derivative Assets and Liabilities

The company has the following derivative instruments located on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets, which are utilized for the risk management purposes detailed above (amounts in thousands):

|  | Derivative Assets |  |  | Derivative Liabilities |
|  | October 7, 2023 |  |  | December 31, 2022 |  |  | October 7, 2023 |  |  | December 31, 2022 |
Derivatives Designated as Hedging Instruments |  | Balance Sheet Location |  | Fair Value |  |  | Balance Sheet Location |  | Fair Value |  |  | Balance Sheet Location |  | Fair Value |  |  | Balance Sheet Location |  | Fair Value |
Commodity contracts |  | Other current assets |  | $ | 302 |  |  | Other current assets |  | $ | 782 |  |  | Other accrued liabilities |  | $ | 744 |  |  | Other accrued liabilities |  | $ | 1,149 |
Commodity contracts |  | Other assets |  |  | 109 |  |  | Other assets |  |  | 2 |  |  | Other long-term liabilities |  |  | 1 |  |  | Other long-term liabilities |  |  | 86 |
Total |  |  |  | $ | 411 |  |  |  |  | $ | 784 |  |  |  |  | $ | 745 |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,235 |

Derivative AOCI transactions

The company had the following derivative instruments for deferred gains and (losses) on closed contracts and the effective portion for changes in fair value recorded in AOCI (no amounts were excluded from the effectiveness test), all of which are utilized for the risk management purposes detailed above (amounts in thousands and net of tax):

|  | Amount of (Loss) or Gain |  |  |  |  | Amount of Gain or (Loss) |
|  | Recognized in AOCI on Derivatives |  |  |  |  | Reclassified from AOCI |
|  | (Effective Portion) |  |  | Location of Gain or (Loss) |  | into Income (Effective Portion) |
Derivatives in Cash Flow |  | For the Twelve Weeks Ended |  |  | Reclassified from AOCI |  | For the Twelve Weeks Ended |
Hedge Relationships(1) |  | October 7, 2023 |  |  | October 8, 2022 |  |  | into Income (Effective Portion)(2) |  | October 7, 2023 |  |  | October 8, 2022 |
Interest rate contracts |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | Interest expense |  | $ | 86 |  |  | $ | 86 |
Commodity contracts |  |  | (1,579 | ) |  |  | 7,851 |  |  | Production costs(3) |  |  | (383 | ) |  |  | 1,822 |
Total |  | $ | (1,579 | ) |  | $ | 7,851 |  |  |  |  | $ | (297 | ) |  | $ | 1,908 |

|  | Amount of (Loss) or Gain |  |  |  |  | Amount of Gain or (Loss) |
|  | Recognized in AOCI on Derivatives |  |  |  |  | Reclassified from AOCI |
|  | (Effective Portion) |  |  | Location of Gain or (Loss) |  | into Income (Effective Portion) |
Derivatives in Cash Flow |  | For the Forty Weeks Ended |  |  | Reclassified from AOCI |  | For the Forty Weeks Ended |
Hedge Relationships(1) |  | October 7, 2023 |  |  | October 8, 2022 |  |  | into Income (Effective Portion)(2) |  | October 7, 2023 |  |  | October 8, 2022 |
Interest rate contracts |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | Interest expense |  | $ | 287 |  |  | $ | 287 |
Commodity contracts |  |  | (1,531 | ) |  |  | 2,654 |  |  | Production costs(3) |  |  | (1,819 | ) |  |  | 4,220 |
Total |  | $ | (1,531 | ) |  | $ | 2,654 |  |  |  |  | $ | (1,532 | ) |  | $ | 4,507 |

1.
Amounts in parentheses indicate debits to determine net income.
2.
Amounts in parentheses, if any, indicate credits to determine net income.
3.
Included in materials, supplies, labor and other production costs (exclusive of depreciation and amortization shown separately).

There was no hedging ineffectiveness, and no amounts were excluded from the ineffectiveness testing, during the twelve and forty weeks ended October 7, 2023 and October 8, 2022, respectively, related to the company’s commodity risk hedges.

At October 7, 2023, the balance in AOCI related to commodity price risk and interest rate risk derivative transactions that closed or will expire over the following years are as follows (amounts in thousands and net of tax) (amounts in parenthesis indicate a debit balance):

|  | Commodity Price Risk Derivatives |  |  | Interest Rate Risk Derivatives |  |  | Totals |
Closed contracts |  | $ | (52 | ) |  | $ | 2,403 |  |  | $ | 2,351 |
Expiring in 2023 |  |  | (185 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (185 | )
Expiring in 2024 |  |  | (66 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (66 | )
Total |  | $ | (303 | ) |  | $ | 2,403 |  |  | $ | 2,100 |

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Derivative Transactions Notional Amounts

As of October 7, 2023, the company had the following outstanding financial contracts that were entered to hedge commodity risk (amounts in thousands):

|  | Notional Amount |
Wheat contracts |  | $ | 4,792 |
Soybean oil contracts |  |  | 17,417 |
Natural gas contracts |  |  | 3,600 |
Corn contracts |  |  | 520 |
Total |  | $ | 26,329 |

The company’s derivative instruments contain no credit-risk related contingent features at October 7, 2023. As of October 7, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the company had $5.7 million and $7.2 million, respectively, in other current assets representing collateral for hedged positions. As of October 7, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the company had $3.4 million and $3.1 million, respectively, recorded in other accrued liabilities representing collateral due to counterparties for hedged positions.

10. OTHER CURRENT AND NON-CURRENT ASSETS

Other current assets consist of (amounts in thousands):

|  | October 7, 2023 |  |  | December 31, 2022 |
Prepaid assets |  | $ | 4,002 |  |  | $ | 4,589 |
Service contracts |  |  | 21,031 |  |  |  | 25,595 |
Prepaid insurance |  |  | 9,327 |  |  |  | 5,709 |
Prepaid marketing and promotions |  |  | 15,829 |  |  |  | 3,917 |
Fair value of derivative instruments |  |  | 302 |  |  |  | 782 |
Collateral to counterparties for derivative positions |  |  | 5,705 |  |  |  | 7,210 |
Income taxes receivable |  |  | 12,602 |  |  |  | — |
Other |  |  | 531 |  |  |  | 216 |
Total |  | $ | 69,329 |  |  | $ | 48,018 |

Other non-current assets consist of (amounts in thousands):

|  | October 7, 2023 |  |  | December 31, 2022 |
Unamortized financing fees |  | $ | 1,249 |  |  | $ | 1,356 |
Investments |  |  | 2,364 |  |  |  | 2,506 |
Investment in unconsolidated affiliate |  |  | 10,981 |  |  |  | 9,000 |
Deposits |  |  | 2,331 |  |  |  | 2,444 |
Unamortized cloud computing arrangement costs |  |  | 91 |  |  |  | 258 |
Noncurrent postretirement benefit plan asset |  |  | 5,650 |  |  |  | 4,902 |
Noncurrent service contracts |  |  | 491 |  |  |  | 3,957 |
Other |  |  | 192 |  |  |  | 92 |
Total |  | $ | 23,349 |  |  | $ | 24,515 |

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11. OTHER ACCRUED LIABILITIES AND OTHER LONG-TERM LIABILITIES

Other accrued liabilities consist of (amounts in thousands):

|  | October 7, 2023 |  |  | December 31, 2022 |
Employee compensation |  | $ | 29,559 |  |  | $ | 26,762 |
Employee vacation |  |  | 17,953 |  |  |  | 16,058 |
VSIP |  |  | 1,429 |  |  |  | — |
Employee bonus |  |  | 22,945 |  |  |  | 29,526 |
Fair value of derivative instruments |  |  | 744 |  |  |  | 1,149 |
Self-insurance reserves |  |  | 34,292 |  |  |  | 30,599 |
Bank overdraft |  |  | 11,268 |  |  |  | 17,960 |
Accrued interest |  |  | 1,671 |  |  |  | 7,127 |
Accrued utilities |  |  | 6,188 |  |  |  | 6,861 |
Accrued taxes |  |  | 21,546 |  |  |  | 11,970 |
Accrued advertising |  |  | 5,142 |  |  |  | 4,813 |
Accrued legal settlements |  |  | 55,000 |  |  |  | 5,500 |
Accrued legal costs |  |  | 4,940 |  |  |  | 3,021 |
Accrued short-term deferred income |  |  | 3,314 |  |  |  | 3,893 |
Collateral due to counterparties for derivative positions |  |  | 3,407 |  |  |  | 3,085 |
Acquisition consideration adjustment |  |  | 753 |  |  |  | 753 |
Multi-employer pension plan withdrawal liability |  |  | 1,297 |  |  |  | 1,297 |
Repurchase obligations of distribution rights |  |  | 65,332 |  |  |  | 432 |
Other |  |  | 4,738 |  |  |  | 4,470 |
Total |  | $ | 291,518 |  |  | $ | 175,276 |

The repurchase of distribution rights is part of a legal settlement which requires a phased repurchase of approximately 350 distribution rights. The company estimated the cost of these repurchases, and an additional 50 other California distribution rights that are not part of the settlement, in accordance with the settlement agreement and the amount is net of the remaining notes receivable balance. See Note 15, Commitments and Contingencies, for details on this settlement.

The acquisition consideration adjustment is in connection with an acquisition completed in Fiscal 2012, the company agreed to make the sellers whole for certain taxes incurred by the sellers on the sale. In Fiscal 2021, there was a tax determination that the sellers owed additional taxes of $3.4 million, and the company recorded this cost in the selling, distribution and administrative expenses line item of the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income during the second quarter of Fiscal 2021. During Fiscal 2022, the company reached an agreement to settle this issue and made a partial payment in Fiscal 2022 and anticipates making the final payment in Fiscal 2023.

Other long-term liabilities consist of (amounts in thousands):

|  | October 7, 2023 |  |  | December 31, 2022 |
Deferred income |  | $ | 8,404 |  |  | $ | 11,235 |
Deferred compensation |  |  | 25,435 |  |  |  | 23,675 |
Other deferred credits |  |  | 217 |  |  |  | 382 |
Other |  |  | 311 |  |  |  | 406 |
Total |  | $ | 34,367 |  |  | $ | 35,698 |

12. ASSETS HELD FOR SALE

The company repurchases distribution rights from IDPs in circumstances when the company decides to exit a territory or, in some cases, when the IDP elects to terminate its relationship with the company. In most of the distributor agreements, if the company decides to exit a territory or stop using the independent distribution model in a territory, the company is contractually required to purchase the distribution rights from the IDP. In the event an IDP terminates its relationship with the company, the company, although not legally obligated, may repurchase and operate those distribution rights as a company-owned territory. The IDPs may also sell their distribution rights to another person or entity. Distribution rights purchased from IDPs and operated as company-owned territories are recorded on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets in the line item assets held for sale while the company actively seeks another IDP to purchase the distribution rights for the territory. Distribution rights held for sale and operated by the company are sold to IDPs at fair market value pursuant to the terms of a distributor agreement. There are multiple versions of the distributor agreement in place at any given time and the terms of such distributor agreements vary.

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Additional assets recorded in assets held for sale are for property, plant and equipment. The carrying values of assets held for sale are not amortized and are evaluated for impairment as required at the end of the reporting period. The table below presents the assets held for sale as of October 7, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively (amounts in thousands):

|  | October 7, 2023 |  |  | December 31, 2022 |
Distribution rights |  | $ | 12,674 |  |  | $ | 7,608 |
Property, plant and equipment |  |  | 1,876 |  |  |  | 4,885 |
Total assets held for sale |  | $ | 14,550 |  |  | $ | 12,493 |

During the third quarter of Fiscal 2023, the company entered into an agreement to sell a warehouse classified as held for sale and recorded an impairment charge of $1.0 million. The company completed the sale of the impaired warehouse for proceeds of $1.3 million at the end of the third quarter of Fiscal 2023.

13. DEBT AND OTHER OBLIGATIONS

Long-term debt (net of issuance costs and debt discounts excluding line-of-credit arrangements) (leases are separately discussed in Note 5, Leases) consisted of the following at October 7, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively (amounts in thousands):

|  | October 7, 2023 |  |  | December 31, 2022 |
Unsecured credit facility |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
2031 notes |  |  | 494,555 |  |  |  | 493,994 |
2026 notes |  |  | 398,288 |  |  |  | 397,848 |
Accounts receivable repurchase facility |  |  | 145,000 |  |  |  | — |
Accounts receivable securitization facility |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
|  |  | 1,037,843 |  |  |  | 891,842 |
Less current maturities of long-term debt |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Total long-term debt |  | $ | 1,037,843 |  |  | $ | 891,842 |

Bank overdrafts occur when checks have been issued but have not been presented to the bank for payment. Certain of our banks allow us to delay funding of issued checks until the checks are presented for payment. The delay in funding results in a temporary source of financing from the bank. The activity related to bank overdrafts is shown as a financing activity in our Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows. Bank overdrafts are included in other accrued liabilities on our Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets.

The company also had standby letters of credit (“LOCs”) outstanding of $8.4 million at October 7, 2023 and December 31, 2022, which reduce the availability of funds under the senior unsecured revolving credit facility (the "credit facility"). The outstanding LOCs are for the benefit of certain insurance companies and lessors. None of the outstanding LOCs are recorded as a liability on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets.

2031 Notes, 2026 Notes, Accounts Receivable Repurchase Facility, Accounts Receivable Securitization Facility, and Credit Facility

2031 Notes. On March 9, 2021, the company issued $500.0 million of senior notes. The company will pay semiannual interest on the 2031 notes on each March 15 and September 15 and the 2031 notes will mature on March 15, 2031. The notes bear interest at 2.400% per annum. On any date prior to December 15, 2030, the company may redeem some or all of the notes at a price equal to the greater of (1) 100% of the principal amount of the notes redeemed and (2) a “make-whole” amount plus, in each case, accrued and unpaid interest. The make-whole amount is equal to the sum of the present values of the remaining scheduled payments of principal and interest on the 2031 notes to be redeemed that would be due if such notes matured December 15, 2030 (exclusive of interest accrued to, but not including, the date of redemption), discounted to the date of redemption on a semi-annual basis (assuming a 360-day year consisting of twelve 30-day months) at a rate equal to the sum of the applicable treasury rate (as defined in the indenture governing the notes), plus 20 basis points, plus, in each case, accrued and unpaid interest. At any time on or after December 15, 2030, the company may redeem some or all of the 2031 notes at a price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the notes redeemed plus accrued and unpaid interest. If the company experiences a “change of control triggering event” (which involves a change of control of the company and the related rating of the notes below investment grade), it is required to offer to purchase the notes at a purchase price equal to 101% of the principal amount, plus accrued and unpaid interest thereon unless the company has exercised its option to redeem the notes in whole. The 2031 notes are also subject to customary restrictive covenants for investment grade debt, including certain limitations on liens and sale and leaseback transactions.

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The face value of the 2031 notes is $500.0 million. There was a debt discount of $2.4 million representing the difference between the net proceeds, after expenses, received upon issuance of debt and the amount repayable at its maturity. The company also accrued issuance costs of $4.8 million (including underwriting fees and other fees) on the 2031 notes. Debt issuance costs and the debt discount are being amortized to interest expense over the term of the 2031 notes. As of October 7, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively, the company was in compliance with all restrictive covenants under the indenture governing the 2031 notes.

2026 Notes. On September 28, 2016, the company issued $400.0 million of senior notes. The company pays semiannual interest on the 2026 notes on each April 1 and October 1 and the 2026 notes will mature on October 1, 2026. The notes bear interest at 3.500% per annum. The 2026 notes are subject to interest rate adjustments if either Moody’s or S&P downgrades (or downgrades and subsequently upgrades) the credit rating assigned to the 2026 notes. On any date prior to July 1, 2026, the company may redeem some or all of the notes at a price equal to the greater of (1) 100% of the principal amount of the notes redeemed and (2) a “make-whole” amount plus, in each case, accrued and unpaid interest. The make-whole amount is equal to the sum of the present values of the remaining scheduled payments of principal and interest on the 2026 notes to be redeemed that would be due if such notes matured July 1, 2026 (exclusive of interest accrued to, but not including, the date of redemption), discounted to the date of redemption on a semi-annual basis (assuming a 360-day year consisting of twelve 30-day months) at the treasury rate (as defined in the indenture governing the notes), plus 30 basis points, plus in each case accrued and unpaid interest. At any time on or after July 1, 2026, the company may redeem some or all of the 2026 notes at a price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the notes redeemed plus accrued and unpaid interest. If the company experiences a “change of control triggering event” (which involves a change of control of the company and the related rating of the notes below investment grade), it is required to offer to purchase the notes at a purchase price equal to 101% of the principal amount, plus accrued and unpaid interest thereon unless the company exercised its option to redeem the notes in whole. The 2026 notes are also subject to customary restrictive covenants for investment grade debt, including certain limitations on liens and sale and leaseback transactions.

The face value of the 2026 notes is $400.0 million. There was a debt discount of $2.1 million representing the difference between the net proceeds, after expenses, received upon issuance of debt and the amount repayable at its maturity. The company also paid issuance costs of $3.6 million (including underwriting fees and other fees) on the 2026 notes. Debt issuance costs and the debt discount are being amortized to interest expense over the term of the 2026 notes. As of October 7, 2023, and December 31, 2022, respectively, the company was in compliance with all restrictive covenants under the indenture governing the 2026 notes.

Accounts Receivable Repurchase Facility. On April 14, 2023, the company terminated the securitization facility (as defined below) and entered into a two-year $200.0 million accounts receivable repurchase facility (the "repurchase facility"). Under the repurchase facility, certain subsidiaries of the company sell or distribute, on an ongoing basis, substantially all of their trade receivables to the company. The company may at its option onward sell all of its qualifying receivables to the funding parties under the repurchase facility with an agreement to repurchase the receivables on a monthly basis for a repurchase price equal to the purchase price paid and an interest component based on Term SOFR (as defined below) plus a margin. There is an unused fee applicable on the daily unused portion of the repurchase facility. The repurchase facility contains certain customary representations and warranties, affirmative and negative covenants, and events of default. As of October 7, 2023, the company was in compliance with all restrictive covenants under the repurchase facility.

The table below presents the borrowings and repayments under the repurchase facility during the forty weeks ended October 7, 2023:

|  | Amount (thousands) |
Balance at December 31, 2022 |  | $ | — |
Borrowings |  |  | 250,000 |
Payments |  |  | (105,000 | )
Balance at October 7, 2023 |  | $ | 145,000 |

The table below presents the net amount available for working capital and general corporate purposes under the repurchases facility as of October 7, 2023:

|  | Amount (thousands) |
Gross amount available |  | $ | 200,000 |
Outstanding |  |  | (145,000 | )
Available for withdrawal |  | $ | 55,000 |

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Amounts available for withdrawal under the repurchase facility are determined as the lesser of the total repurchase facility limit and a formula derived amount based on qualifying trade receivables. The table below presents the highest and lowest outstanding balance under the repurchase facility during the forty weeks ended October 7, 2023:

|  | Amount (thousands) |
High balance |  | $ | 180,000 |
Low balance |  | $ | — |

Financing costs paid at inception of the repurchase facility are being amortized over the life of the repurchase facility. The company incurred $0.8 million in financing costs during the first quarter of Fiscal 2023. The balance of unamortized financing costs was $0.3 million on October 7, 2023 and is recorded in other assets on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets.

Accounts Receivable Securitization Facility. On July 17, 2013, the company entered into the accounts receivable securitization facility (the "securitization facility"). The company amended the securitization facility 11 times since execution, most recently on February 13, 2023. On April 14, 2023, the company terminated the securitization facility with no outstanding borrowings. Under the securitization facility, a wholly-owned, bankruptcy-remote subsidiary purchased, on an ongoing basis, substantially all trade receivables of the company’s subsidiaries. The subsidiary pledged the receivables as collateral for the obligations under the securitization facility. In the event of liquidation of the subsidiary, its creditors were entitled to satisfy their claims from the subsidiary’s pledged receivables prior to distributions of collections to the company. We include the subsidiary in our Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements. The securitization facility contained certain customary representations and warranties, affirmative and negative covenants, and events of default. As of December 31, 2022, the company was in compliance with all restrictive covenants under the securitization facility.

The table below presents the borrowings and repayments under the securitization facility during the forty weeks ended October 7, 2023:

|  | Amount (thousands) |
Balance at December 31, 2022 |  | $ | — |
Borrowings |  |  | 28,000 |
Payments |  |  | (28,000 | )
Balance at October 7, 2023 |  | $ | — |

Optional principal repayments could be made at any time without premium or penalty. Interest was due 18 days after our reporting periods end in arrears on the outstanding borrowings and was computed as SOFR plus an applicable margin of 95 basis points. An unused fee of 40 basis points was applicable on the unused commitment at each reporting period. Financing costs paid at inception of the securitization facility and at the time amendments are executed were being amortized over the life of the securitization facility. The company incurred $0.2 million in financing costs during the third quarter of Fiscal 2022 for the tenth amendment. The balance of unamortized financing costs was $0.3 million on December 31, 2022, and is recorded in other assets on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets. During the first quarter of Fiscal 2023, the company recognized $0.3 million in unamortized loan costs as a loss on extinguishment of debt upon the early termination of the securitization facility. These costs are recorded in interest expense on the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income (Loss).

Amounts available for withdrawal under the securitization facility were determined as the lesser of the total commitments and a formula derived amount based on qualifying trade receivables. The table below presents the highest and lowest outstanding balance under the securitization facility during the forty weeks ended October 7, 2023:

|  | Amount (thousands) |
High balance |  | $ | 28,000 |
Low balance |  | $ | — |

Credit Facility. The company is party to an amended and restated credit agreement, dated as of October 24, 2003, with the lenders party thereto and Deutsche Bank Trust Company Americas, as administrative agent, (as amended, restated, modified or supplemented from time to time, the “amended and restated credit agreement”). The company has amended the amended and restated credit agreement eight times since execution, most recently on April 12, 2023 (the “eighth amendment”). Under the amended and restated credit agreement, our credit facility is a five-year, $500.0 million senior unsecured revolving loan facility with the following terms and conditions: (i) a maturity date of July 30, 2026; (ii) an applicable margin for revolving loans maintained as (1) base rate loans and swingline loans with a range of 0.00% to 0.525% and (2) SOFR loans with a range of 0.815% to 1.525%, in each case, based on the more favorable (to the company) of (x) the leverage ratio of the company and its subsidiaries and (y) the company’s debt rating; (iii) an applicable facility fee with a range of 0.06% to 0.225%, due quarterly on all commitments under the amended and restated credit agreement, based on the more favorable (to the company) of (x) the leverage ratio of the company and its subsidiaries and (y) the

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company’s debt rating; and (iv) a maximum leverage ratio covenant to permit the company, at its option, in connection with certain acquisitions and investments and subject to the terms and conditions provided in the amended and restated credit agreement, to increase the maximum ratio permitted thereunder on one or more occasions to 4.00 to 1.00 for a period of four consecutive fiscal quarters, including and/or immediately following the fiscal quarter in which such acquisitions or investments were completed (the “covenant holiday”), provided that each additional covenant holiday will not be available to the company until it has achieved and maintained a leverage ratio of at least 3.75 to 1.00 and has been complied with for at least two fiscal quarters. Additionally, the eighth amendment replaced the benchmark rate at which borrowings under the amended and restated credit agreement bear interest from LIBOR to the forward-looking SOFR term rate administered by CME Group Benchmark Administration Limited ("Term SOFR"). As a result of these amendments and with respect to SOFR Loans, we can borrow at Term SOFR, plus a credit spread adjustment of 0.10% subject to a floor of zero.

In addition, the credit facility contains a provision that permits the company to request up to $200.0 million in additional revolving commitments, for a total of up to $700.0 million, subject to the satisfaction of certain conditions. Proceeds from the credit facility may be used for working capital and general corporate purposes, including capital expenditures, acquisition financing, refinancing of indebtedness, dividends and share repurchases. The credit facility includes certain customary restrictions, which, among other things, require maintenance of financial covenants and limit encumbrance of assets and creation of indebtedness. Restrictive financial covenants include such ratios as a minimum interest coverage ratio and a maximum leverage ratio. The company believes that, given its current cash position, its cash flow from operating activities and its available credit capacity, it can comply with the current terms of the amended credit facility and can meet its presently foreseeable financial requirements. As of October 7, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively, the company was in compliance with all restrictive covenants under the credit facility.

Financing costs paid at inception of the credit facility and at the time amendments are executed are being amortized over the life of the credit facility. The company incurred additional financing costs of $0.1 million during the first quarter of Fiscal 2023 for the eighth amendment. There was an additional financing cost paid in the first quarter of Fiscal 2022 that was less than $0.1 million. The balance of unamortized financing costs was $0.9 million on October 7, 2023 and December 31, 2022 and is recorded in other assets on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets.

Amounts outstanding under the credit facility can vary daily. Changes in the gross borrowings and repayments can be caused by cash flow activity from operations, capital expenditures, acquisitions, dividends, share repurchases, and tax payments, as well as derivative transactions, which are part of the company’s overall risk management strategy as discussed in Note 9, Derivative Financial Instruments, of this Form 10-Q. The table below presents the borrowings and repayments under the credit facility during the forty weeks ended October 7, 2023.

|  | Amount (thousands) |
Balance at December 31, 2022 |  | $ | — |
Borrowings |  |  | 527,100 |
Payments |  |  | (527,100 | )
Balance at October 7, 2023 |  | $ | — |

The table below presents the net amount available under the credit facility as of October 7, 2023:

|  | Amount (thousands) |
Gross amount available |  | $ | 500,000 |
Outstanding |  |  | — |
Letters of credit |  |  | (8,400 | )
Available for withdrawal |  | $ | 491,600 |

The table below presents the highest and lowest outstanding balance under the credit facility during the forty weeks ended October 7, 2023:

|  | Amount (thousands) |
High balance |  | $ | 174,000 |
Low balance |  | $ | — |

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Aggregate maturities of debt outstanding as of October 7, 2023 are as follows (excluding unamortized debt discount and issuance costs) (amounts in thousands):

Remainder of 2023 |  | $ | — |
2024 |  |  | — |
2025 |  |  | 145,000 |
2026 |  |  | 400,000 |
2027 |  |  | — |
2028 and thereafter |  |  | 500,000 |
Total |  | $ | 1,045,000 |

Debt discount and issuance costs are being amortized straight-line (which approximates the effective method) over the term of the underlying debt outstanding. The table below reconciles the debt issuance costs and debt discounts to the net carrying value of each of our debt obligations (excluding line-of-credit arrangements) at October 7, 2023 (amounts in thousands):

|  |  |  |  | Debt Issuance Costs |  |  |  |
|  | Face Value |  |  | and Debt Discount |  |  | Net Carrying Value |
2031 notes |  | $ | 500,000 |  |  | $ | 5,445 |  |  | $ | 494,555 |
2026 notes |  |  | 400,000 |  |  |  | 1,712 |  |  |  | 398,288 |
Total |  | $ | 900,000 |  |  | $ | 7,157 |  |  | $ | 892,843 |

The table below reconciles the debt issuance costs and debt discounts to the net carrying value of each of our debt obligations (excluding line-of-credit arrangements) at December 31, 2022 (amounts in thousands):

|  |  |  |  | Debt Issuance Costs |  |  |  |
|  | Face Value |  |  | and Debt Discount |  |  | Net Carrying Value |
2031 notes |  | $ | 500,000 |  |  | $ | 6,006 |  |  | $ | 493,994 |
2026 notes |  |  | 400,000 |  |  |  | 2,152 |  |  |  | 397,848 |
Total |  | $ | 900,000 |  |  | $ | 8,158 |  |  | $ | 891,842 |

14. VARIABLE INTEREST ENTITIES

Distribution rights agreement VIE analysis

The incorporated IDPs qualify as variable interest entities ("VIEs"). The IDPs who are formed as sole proprietorships are excluded from the following VIE accounting analysis and discussion.

Incorporated IDPs acquire distribution rights and enter into a contract with the company to sell the company’s products in the IDPs’ defined geographic territory. The incorporated IDPs have the option to finance the acquisition of their distribution rights with the company. They can also pay cash or obtain external financing at the time they acquire the distribution rights. The combination of the company’s loans to the incorporated IDPs and the ongoing distributor arrangements with the incorporated IDPs provide a level of funding to the equity owners of the various incorporated IDPs that would not otherwise be available. As of October 7, 2023 and December 31, 2022, there was $139.8 million and $144.6 million, respectively, in gross distribution rights notes receivable outstanding from incorporated IDPs.

The company is not considered to be the primary beneficiary of the VIEs because the company does not (i) have the ability to direct the significant activities of the VIEs that would affect their ability to operate their respective businesses and (ii) provide any implicit or explicit guarantees or other financial support to the VIEs, other than the financing described above, for specific return or performance benchmarks. The activities controlled by the incorporated IDPs that are deemed to most significantly impact the ultimate success of the incorporated IDP entities relate to those decisions inherent in operating the distribution business in the territory, including acquiring trucks and trailers, managing fuel costs, employee matters and other strategic decisions. In addition, we do not provide, nor do we intend to provide, financial or other support to the IDP. The IDPs are responsible for the operations of their respective territories.

The company’s maximum contractual exposure to loss for the incorporated IDP relates to the distributor rights note receivable for the portion of the territory the incorporated IDPs financed at the time they acquired the distribution rights. The incorporated IDPs remit payment on their distributor rights note receivable each week during the settlement process of their weekly activity. The company will operate a territory on behalf of an incorporated IDP in situations where the IDP has abandoned its distribution rights. Any remaining balance outstanding on the distribution rights notes receivable is relieved once the distribution rights have been sold on the IDPs behalf. The company’s collateral from the territory distribution rights mitigates the potential losses.

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15. COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES

Self-insurance reserves and other commitments and contingencies

The company records self-insurance reserves as an other accrued liability on our Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets. The reserves include an estimate of expected settlements on pending claims, defense costs and a provision for claims incurred but not reported. These estimates are based on the company’s assessment of potential liability using an analysis of available information with respect to pending claims, historical experience and current cost trends. The amount of the company’s ultimate liability in respect of these matters may differ materially from these estimates.

In the event the company ceases to utilize the independent distributor model or exits a geographic market, the company is contractually required in some situations to purchase the distribution rights from the independent distributor. The company expects to continue operating under this model and has concluded for the litigation described below that none require loss contingency recognition pursuant to our policy. See Note 2, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, of our Form 10-K.

The company’s facilities are subject to various federal, state and local laws and regulations regarding the discharge of material into the environment and the protection of the environment in other ways. The company is not a party to any material proceedings arising under these laws and regulations. The company believes that compliance with existing environmental laws and regulations will not materially affect the consolidated financial condition, results of operations, cash flows or the competitive position of the company. The company believes it is currently in substantial compliance with all material environmental laws and regulations affecting the company and its properties.

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Litigation

The company and its subsidiaries from time to time are parties to, or targets of, lawsuits, claims, investigations and proceedings, including personal injury, commercial, contract, environmental, antitrust, product liability, health and safety and employment matters, which are being handled and defended in the ordinary course of business. At this time, the company is defending 21 complaints filed by IDPs alleging that such distributors were misclassified as independent contractors. Seven of these lawsuits seek class and/or collective action treatment. The remaining fourteen cases either allege individual claims or do not seek class or collective action treatment or, in cases in which class treatment was sought, the court denied class certification. The respective courts have ruled on plaintiffs’ motions for class certification in three of the pending cases, each of which is discussed below. Unless otherwise noted, a class was conditionally certified under the Fair Labor Standards Act ("FLSA") in each of the cases described below, although the company has the ability to petition the court to decertify that class at a later date:

Case Name |  | Case No. |  | Venue |  | Date Filed |  | Status
Richard et al. v. Flowers Foods, Inc., Flowers Baking Co. of Lafayette, LLC, Flowers Baking Co. of Baton Rouge, LLC, Flowers Baking Co. of Tyler, LLC and Flowers Baking Co. of New Orleans, LLC |  | 6:15-cv-02557 |  | U.S. District Court Western District of Louisiana |  | 10/21/2015 |  | On April 9, 2021, the court decertified the FLSA collective action and denied plaintiffs' motion to certify under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 23 a state law class of distributors who operated in the state of Louisiana.
Martins v. Flowers Foods, Inc., Flowers Baking Co. of Bradenton, LLC and Flowers Baking Co. of Villa Rica, LLC |  | 8:16-cv-03145 |  | U.S. District Court Middle District of Florida |  | 11/8/2016 |  |
Ludlow et al. v. Flowers Foods, Inc., Flowers Bakeries, LLC and Flowers Finance, LLC |  | 3:18-cv-01190 |  | U.S. District Court Southern District of California |  | 6/6/2018 |  | On August 29, 2023, the company reached an agreement to settle this and two companion cases – Maciel et al. v. Flowers Foods, Inc. et al., No. 3:20-cv-02059-JO-JLB (U.S. District Court for the Southern District of California) and Maciel v. Flowers Foods, Inc. et al., No. 20-CIV-02959 (Superior Court of San Mateo County, California). The settlement provides for a $55 million common fund to cover settlement payments to a class of approximately 475 plaintiffs, service awards, attorneys’ fees and settlement administration expenses. The settlement also requires a phased repurchase of approximately 350 distribution rights in California. Once completed, the company plans to service its California market with an employment model. The repurchase of distribution rights is anticipated to be completed by the fourth quarter of Fiscal 2024. The company estimates the repurchase cost of the 350 distribution rights, along with 50 additional California distribution rights that are not part of the settlement, to be approximately $80.2 million (of which $65.3 million is included in other accrued liabilities and $14.9 million in a contra account to notes receivable). These amounts were recorded in the selling, distribution, and administrative expenses line item of the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income (Loss) during the third quarter of fiscal 2023. The terms of the settlement require court approval.

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The company and/or its respective subsidiaries contests the allegations and are vigorously defending all of these lawsuits. Given the stage of the complaints and the claims and issues presented, except for lawsuits disclosed herein that have reached a settlement or agreement in principle, the company cannot reasonably estimate at this time the possible loss or range of loss that may arise from the unresolved lawsuits.

Since the beginning of Fiscal 2021, the company has settled, and the appropriate court has approved, the following collective/class action lawsuits filed by IDPs alleging that such IDPs were misclassified as independent contractors:

Case Name |  | Case No. |  | Venue |  | Date Filed |  | Comments
Coronado v. Flowers Foods, Inc. and Flowers Baking Co. of El Paso, LLC |  | 1:16-cv-00350 |  | U.S. District Court District of New Mexico |  | 4/27/2016 |  | On June 7, 2022, the Court approved an agreement to settle this matter for $137,500, inclusive of attorneys’ fees, costs, damages and incentives for class members who are active distributors to enter into an amendment to their distributor agreements. The settlement was paid and the expense was recorded in the selling, distribution, and administrative expenses line item of the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income during the second quarter of Fiscal 2022.
Noll v. Flowers Foods, Inc., Lepage Bakeries Park Street, LLC, and CK Sales Co., LLC |  | 1:15-cv-00493 |  | U.S. District Court District of Maine |  | 12/3/2015 |  | On April 26, 2022, the Court approved an agreement to settle this and two companion cases pending in the U.S. District Court for the District of Maine – Bowen et al. v. Flowers Foods, Inc. et al. (No. 1:20-cv-00411); and Aucoin et al. v. Flowers Foods, Inc. et al (No. 1:20-cv-00410) – for a payment of $16.5 million, comprised of $9.0 million in settlement funds and $7.5 million in attorneys’ fees. The settlement was paid during the second quarter of Fiscal 2022. The settlement also required a phased repurchase of approximately 75 distribution rights in Maine, which the company began servicing using company sales employees. The company estimated this cost to be $6.6 million (of which $4.7 million was originally included in other accrued liabilities and the remainder as a contra account to notes receivable). These amounts were recorded in the selling, distribution, and administrative expenses line item of the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income during the third quarter of Fiscal 2021. The repurchase of distribution rights was completed during the first quarter of Fiscal 2023.

See Note 13, Debt and Other Obligations, for additional information on the company’s commitments.

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16. EARNINGS PER SHARE

The following is a reconciliation of net (loss) income and weighted average shares for calculating basic and diluted earnings per common share for the twelve and forty weeks ended October 7, 2023 and October 8, 2022, respectively (amounts and shares in thousands, except per share data):

|  | For the Twelve Weeks Ended |  |  | For the Forty Weeks Ended |
|  | October 7, 2023 |  |  | October 8, 2022 |  |  | October 7, 2023 |  |  | October 8, 2022 |
Net (loss) income |  | $ | (46,730 | ) |  | $ | 40,528 |  |  | $ | 87,740 |  |  | $ | 179,797 |
Basic (Loss) Earnings Per Common Share: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic weighted average shares outstanding for common stock |  |  | 211,522 |  |  |  | 212,016 |  |  |  | 211,773 |  |  |  | 212,060 |
Basic (loss) earnings per common share |  | $ | (0.22 | ) |  | $ | 0.19 |  |  | $ | 0.41 |  |  | $ | 0.85 |
Diluted (Loss) Earnings Per Common Share: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic weighted average shares outstanding for common stock |  |  | 211,522 |  |  |  | 212,016 |  |  |  | 211,773 |  |  |  | 212,060 |
Add: Shares of common stock assumed issued upon exercise of stock options and vesting of restricted stock |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,310 |  |  |  | 1,682 |  |  |  | 1,257 |
Diluted weighted average shares outstanding for common stock |  |  | 211,522 |  |  |  | 213,326 |  |  |  | 213,455 |  |  |  | 213,317 |
Diluted (loss) earnings per common share |  | $ | (0.22 | ) |  | $ | 0.19 |  |  | $ | 0.41 |  |  | $ | 0.84 |

There were 302,770 anti-dilutive shares during the twelve and forty weeks ended October 7, 2023. There were no anti-dilutive shares and 327,950 anti-dilutive shares during the twelve and forty weeks ended October 8, 2022, respectively.

17. STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION

On March 5, 2014, our Board of Directors approved and adopted the 2014 Omnibus Equity and Incentive Compensation Plan (“Omnibus Plan”). The Omnibus Plan was approved by our shareholders on May 21, 2014 and authorized 8,000,000 shares to be used for awards under the Omnibus Plan. The Omnibus Plan authorizes the compensation committee of the Board of Directors to provide equity-based compensation in the form of stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock, restricted stock units, performance shares, performance units, dividend equivalents and other awards to provide our officers, key employees, and non-employee directors’ incentives and rewards for performance. Equity awards granted after May 21, 2014 are governed by the Omnibus Plan. On May 25, 2023, the company amended and restated the Omnibus Plan to register an additional 9,340,000 shares of common stock.

The following is a summary of restricted stock and deferred stock outstanding under the Omnibus Plan described above. Information relating to the company’s stock appreciation rights, which were issued under a separate stock appreciation right plan, is also described below. The company typically grants awards at the beginning of its fiscal year. Information on grants to employees during the forty weeks ended October 7, 2023 is discussed below.

Performance-Contingent Restricted Stock Awards

Performance-Contingent Total Shareholder Return Shares (“TSR Shares”)

Certain key employees have been granted performance-contingent restricted stock under the Omnibus Plan in the form of TSR Shares. The awards vest approximately three years from the date of grant (after the filing of the company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K), and the shares become non-forfeitable if, and to the extent that, on that date the vesting conditions are satisfied. The total shareholder return (“TSR”) is the percent change in the company’s stock price over the measurement period plus the dividends paid to shareholders. The performance payout is calculated at the end of each of the last four quarters (averaged) in the measurement period. Once the TSR is determined for the company (“Company TSR”), it is compared to the TSR of our food company peers (“Peer Group TSR”). The Company TSR compared to the Peer Group TSR will determine the payout as set forth below:

Percentile |  | Payout as % of Target |
90 th |  |  | 200 | %
70 th |  |  | 150 | %
50 th |  |  | 100 | %
30 th |  |  | 50 | %
Below 30 th |  |  | 0 | %

For performance between the levels described above, the degree of vesting is interpolated on a linear basis.

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The TSR Shares vest immediately if the grantee dies or becomes disabled. However, if the grantee retires at age 65 (or age 55 with at least 10 years of service with the company) or later, on the normal vesting date the grantee will receive a pro-rated number of shares based upon the retirement date and measured at the actual performance for the entire performance period. In addition, if the company undergoes a change in control, the TSR Shares will immediately vest at the target level, provided that if 12 months of the performance period have been completed, vesting will be determined based on Company TSR as of the date of the change in control without application of four-quarter averaging. During the vesting period, the grantee has none of the rights of a shareholder. Dividends declared during the vesting period will accrue and will be paid at vesting on the TSR Shares that ultimately vest. The fair value estimate was determined using a Monte Carlo simulation model, which utilizes multiple input variables to estimate the probability of the company achieving the market condition discussed above. Inputs into the model included the following for the company and comparator companies: (i) TSR from the beginning of the performance cycle through the measurement date; (ii) volatility; (iii) risk-free interest rates; and (iv) the correlation of the comparator companies’ TSR. The inputs are based on historical capital market data.

The following performance-contingent TSR Shares have been granted during the forty weeks ended October 7, 2023 under the Omnibus Plan (amounts in thousands, except price data):

Grant Date |  | Shares Granted |  |  | Vesting Date |  | Fair Value per Share |
1/1/2023 |  |  | 338 |  |  | 3/1/2026 |  | $ | 33.52 |
4/23/2023 |  |  | 9 |  |  | 3/1/2026 |  | $ | 26.11 |
9/1/2023 |  |  | 25 |  |  | 3/1/2026 |  | $ | 23.04 |

Performance-Contingent Return on Invested Capital Shares (“ROIC Shares”)

Certain key employees have been granted performance-contingent restricted stock under the Omnibus Plan in the form of ROIC Shares. The awards generally vest approximately three years from the date of grant (after the filing of the company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K), and the shares become non-forfeitable if, and to the extent that, on that date, the vesting conditions are satisfied. Return on Invested Capital (“ROIC”) is calculated by dividing our profit, as defined, by the invested capital. Generally, the performance condition requires the company’s average ROIC to exceed its average weighted cost of capital (“WACC”) by between 1.75 to 4.75 percentage points (the “ROI Target”) over the three fiscal year performance period. If the lowest ROI Target is not met, the awards are forfeited. The ROIC Shares can be earned based on a range from 0% to 125% of target as defined below:

•
ROIC above WACC by less than 1.75 percentage points pays 0% of ROI Target;
•
ROIC above WACC by 1.75 percentage points pays 50% of ROI Target;
•
ROIC above WACC by 3.75 percentage points pays 100% of ROI Target; or
•
ROIC above WACC by 4.75 percentage points pays 125% of ROI Target.

For performance between the levels described above, the degree of vesting is interpolated on a linear basis.

The ROIC Shares vest immediately if the grantee dies or becomes disabled. However, if the grantee retires at age 65 (or age 55 with at least 10 years of service with the company) or later, on the normal vesting date the grantee will receive a pro-rated number of ROIC Shares based upon the retirement date and actual performance for the entire performance period. In addition, if the company undergoes a change in control, the ROIC Shares will immediately vest at the target level. During the vesting period, the grantee has none of the rights of a shareholder. Dividends declared during the vesting period will accrue and will be paid at vesting on the ROIC Shares that ultimately vest. The fair value of this type of award is equal to the stock price on the grant date. Since these awards have a performance condition feature, the expense associated with these awards may change depending on the expected ROI Target attained at each reporting period. The 2021 award is being expensed at our current estimated payout percentage of 125% of ROI Target, and the 2022 and 2023 awards are being expensed at 100%.

The following performance-contingent ROIC Shares have been granted under the Omnibus Plan during the forty weeks ended October 7, 2023 (amounts in thousands, except price data):

Grant Date |  | Shares Granted |  |  | Vesting Date |  | Fair Value per Share |
1/1/2023 |  |  | 338 |  |  | 3/1/2026 |  | $ | 28.74 |
4/23/2023 |  |  | 9 |  |  | 3/1/2026 |  | $ | 26.11 |
9/1/2023 |  |  | 25 |  |  | 3/1/2026 |  | $ | 23.04 |

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Performance-Contingent Restricted Stock

The table below presents the TSR modifier share adjustment (a 148% final payout), ROIC modifier share adjustment (a 125% final payout), accumulated dividends on vested shares, and the tax benefit at vesting of the performance-contingent restricted stock awards (amounts in thousands, except per share data):

Award Granted |  |  | Fiscal Year Vested |  |  | TSR Modifier Increase Shares |  |  | ROIC Modifier Increase Shares |  |  | Dividends at Vesting |  |  | Tax Benefit |  |  | Fair Value at Vesting |
| 2020 |  |  |  | 2023 |  |  |  | 151,513 |  |  |  | 78,893 |  |  | $ | 2,154 |  |  | $ | 1,424 |  |  | $ | 24,652 |

The company’s performance-contingent restricted stock activity for the forty weeks ended October 7, 2023 is presented below (amounts in thousands, except price data):

|  | Shares |  |  | Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value |
Nonvested shares at December 31, 2022 |  |  | 2,009 |  |  | $ | 25.83 |
Granted |  |  | 744 |  |  | $ | 30.32 |
Grant increase for achieving the ROIC modifier |  |  | 79 |  |  | $ | 31.13 |
Grant increase for achieving the TSR modifier |  |  | 151 |  |  | $ | 31.13 |
Vested |  |  | (868 | ) |  | $ | 23.51 |
Forfeited |  |  | (146 | ) |  | $ | 27.71 |
Nonvested shares at October 7, 2023 |  |  | 1,969 |  |  | $ | 28.04 |

As of October 7, 2023, there was $25.5 million of total unrecognized compensation cost related to non-vested restricted stock granted under the Omnibus Plan. That cost is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 1.94 years.

Time-Based Restricted Stock Units

Certain key employees have been granted time-based restricted stock units (“TBRSU Shares”) at the beginning of the year. These awards vest on January 5 th each year in equal installments over a three-year period which began in Fiscal 2020. Occasionally, awards may be issued that have a vesting period of less than three years. Dividends earned on shares will be held by the company during the vesting period and paid in cash when the awards vest and shares are distributed.

The following TBRSU Shares have been granted under the Omnibus Plan during the forty weeks ended October 7, 2023 (amounts in thousands, except price data):

Grant Date |  | Shares Granted |  |  | Vesting Date |  | Fair Value per Share |
1/1/2023 |  |  | 220 |  |  | Equally over 3 years |  | $ | 28.74 |
2/27/2023 |  |  | 11 |  |  | 1/5/2024 |  | $ | 28.33 |
9/1/2023 |  |  | 54 |  |  | Equally over 18 months |  | $ | 23.04 |
9/17/2023 |  |  | 10 |  |  | Equally over 3 years |  | $ | 22.90 |

The TBRSU Shares activity for the forty weeks ended October 7, 2023 is set forth below (amounts in thousands, except price data):

|  | TBRSU Shares |  |  | Weighted Average Fair Value |  |  | Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term (Years) |  |  | Unrecognized Compensation Cost |
Nonvested shares at December 31, 2022 |  |  | 462 |  |  | $ | 24.62 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Vested |  |  | (249 | ) |  | $ | 23.77 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Granted |  |  | 295 |  |  | $ | 27.47 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Forfeitures |  |  | (29 | ) |  | $ | 26.88 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Nonvested shares at October 7, 2023 |  |  | 479 |  |  | $ | 26.67 |  |  |  | 1.71 |  |  | $ | 8,256 |

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The table below presents the accumulated dividends on vested shares and the tax benefit/(expense) at vesting of the time-based restricted stock units (amounts in thousands).

Award Granted |  |  | Fiscal Year Vested |  |  | Dividends at Vesting |  |  | Tax Benefit |  |  | Fair Value at Vesting |
| 2022 |  |  |  | 2023 |  |  | $ | 58 |  |  | $ | 20 |  |  | $ | 1,949 |
| 2021 |  |  |  | 2023 |  |  | $ | 133 |  |  | $ | 118 |  |  | $ | 2,232 |
| 2020 |  |  |  | 2023 |  |  | $ | 153 |  |  | $ | 108 |  |  | $ | 1,782 |
| 2019 |  |  |  | 2023 |  |  | $ | 142 |  |  | $ | 32 |  |  | $ | 1,127 |

Deferred Stock

Non-employee directors may convert their annual board retainers into deferred stock equal in value to 100% of the cash payments directors would otherwise receive and the vesting period is a one-year period to match the period that cash would have been received if no conversion existed. Accumulated dividends are paid upon delivery of the shares. During the forty weeks ended October 7, 2023, non-employee directors elected to receive, and were granted, an aggregate grant of 3,479 common shares for board retainer deferrals pursuant to the Omnibus Plan. During the first quarter of Fiscal 2022, non-employee directors elected to receive, and were granted, an aggregate grant of 3,640 shares for board retainer deferrals pursuant to the Omnibus Plan which vested during the first quarter of Fiscal 2023. Non-employee directors received 14,249 shares of previously deferred board retainer deferrals during the forty weeks ended October 7, 2023.

Non-employee directors also receive annual grants of deferred stock. This deferred stock vests one year from the grant date. The deferred stock will be distributed to the grantee at a time designated by the grantee at the date of grant. Compensation expense is recorded on this deferred stock over the one-year vesting period. During the second quarter of Fiscal 2023, non-employee directors were granted 59,400 shares for their annual grant pursuant to the Omnibus Plan. Additionally, during the third quarter of Fiscal 2023, an aggregate of 4,660 shares were granted to two newly elected non-employee directors, representing a prorated portion of the annual grant pursuant to the Omnibus Plan. During the second quarter of Fiscal 2022, non-employee directors were granted 58,300 shares, of which 15,900 were deferred, for their annual grant pursuant to the Omnibus Plan that vested during the second quarter of Fiscal 2023. Non-employee directors received 5,780 shares of previously deferred annual grant awards during the forty weeks ended October 7, 2023. A prorated amount of 1,980 shares vested on August 31, 2023 at the time a non-employee director resigned from the Board of Directors.

The deferred stock activity for the forty weeks ended October 7, 2023 is set forth below (amounts in thousands, except price data):

|  | Shares |  |  | Weighted Average Fair Value |  |  | Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term (Years) |  |  | Unrecognized compensation cost |
Nonvested shares at December 31, 2022 |  |  | 62 |  |  | $ | 27.37 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Vested |  |  | (62 | ) |  | $ | 27.37 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Granted |  |  | 68 |  |  | $ | 26.26 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Nonvested shares at October 7, 2023 |  |  | 68 |  |  | $ | 26.26 |  |  |  | 0.62 |  |  | $ | 1,103 |

Stock-Based Payments Compensation Expense Summary

The following table summarizes the company’s stock-based compensation expense for the twelve and forty weeks ended October 7, 2023 and October 8, 2022, respectively (amounts in thousands):

|  | For the Twelve Weeks Ended |
|  | October 7, 2023 |  |  | October 8, 2022 |
Performance-contingent restricted stock awards |  | $ | 3,915 |  |  | $ | 3,917 |
TBRSU Shares |  |  | 1,536 |  |  |  | 1,179 |
Deferred and restricted stock |  |  | 432 |  |  |  | 389 |
Total stock-based compensation |  | $ | 5,883 |  |  | $ | 5,485 |
|  | For the Forty Weeks Ended |
|  | October 7, 2023 |  |  | October 8, 2022 |
Performance-contingent restricted stock awards |  | $ | 15,482 |  |  | $ | 14,778 |
TBRSU Shares |  |  | 4,611 |  |  |  | 4,040 |
Deferred and restricted stock |  |  | 1,289 |  |  |  | 1,306 |
Total stock-based compensation |  | $ | 21,382 |  |  | $ | 20,124 |

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18. POSTRETIREMENT PLANS

The following summarizes the company’s Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets related pension and other postretirement benefit plan accounts at October 7, 2023 compared to accounts at December 31, 2022 (amounts in thousands):

|  | October 7, 2023 |  |  | December 31, 2022 |
Noncurrent benefit asset |  | $ | 5,650 |  |  | $ | 4,902 |
Current benefit liability |  | $ | 710 |  |  | $ | 710 |
Noncurrent benefit liability |  | $ | 5,504 |  |  | $ | 5,814 |
AOCI, net of tax |  | $ | (770 | ) |  | $ | (625 | )

Defined Benefit Plans and Nonqualified Plan

The company sponsors two pension plans, the Flowers Foods, Inc. Retirement Plan No. 2, and the Tasty Baking Company Supplemental Executive Retirement Plan (“Tasty SERP”). The Tasty SERP is frozen and has only retirees and beneficiaries remaining in the plan.

The company used a measurement date of December 31, 2022 for the defined benefit and postretirement benefit plans described below.

The company made voluntary contributions of $1.0 million to Plan No. 2 during the third quarter of Fiscal 2023 and Fiscal 2022.

The net periodic pension cost for the company’s plans include the following components (amounts in thousands):

|  | For the Twelve Weeks Ended |  |  | For the Forty Weeks Ended |
|  | October 7, 2023 |  |  | October 8, 2022 |  |  | October 7, 2023 |  |  | October 8, 2022 |
Service cost |  | $ | 157 |  |  | $ | 274 |  |  | $ | 524 |  |  | $ | 914 |
Interest cost |  |  | 301 |  |  |  | 204 |  |  |  | 1,003 |  |  |  | 680 |
Expected return on plan assets |  |  | (360 | ) |  |  | (432 | ) |  |  | (1,200 | ) |  |  | (1,441 | )
Amortization of prior service cost |  |  | 13 |  |  |  | 13 |  |  |  | 44 |  |  |  | 43 |
Amortization of net loss |  |  | 40 |  |  |  | 107 |  |  |  | 133 |  |  |  | 356 |
Total net periodic pension cost |  | $ | 151 |  |  | $ | 166 |  |  | $ | 504 |  |  | $ | 552 |

The components of total net periodic benefit cost other than the service cost are included in the other components of net periodic pension and postretirement benefit plans credit line item on our Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income (Loss).

Postretirement Benefit Plan

The company provides certain health care and life insurance benefits for eligible retired employees covered under the active medical plans. The plan incorporates an up-front deductible, coinsurance payments and retiree contributions at various premium levels. Eligibility and maximum period of coverage is based on age and length of service.

The net periodic postretirement expense for the company includes the following components (amounts in thousands):

|  | For the Twelve Weeks Ended |  |  | For the Forty Weeks Ended |
|  | October 7, 2023 |  |  | October 8, 2022 |  |  | October 7, 2023 |  |  | October 8, 2022 |
Service cost |  | $ | 41 |  |  | $ | 50 |  |  | $ | 137 |  |  | $ | 165 |
Interest cost |  |  | 54 |  |  |  | 25 |  |  |  | 182 |  |  |  | 85 |
Amortization of prior service credit |  |  | (53 | ) |  |  | (54 | ) |  |  | (179 | ) |  |  | (180 | )
Amortization of net gain |  |  | (57 | ) |  |  | (41 | ) |  |  | (190 | ) |  |  | (137 | )
Total net periodic postretirement credit |  | $ | (15 | ) |  | $ | (20 | ) |  | $ | (50 | ) |  | $ | (67 | )

The components of total net periodic postretirement benefits credit other than the service cost are included in the other components of net periodic pension and postretirement benefit plans credit line item on our Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income (Loss).

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401(k) Retirement Savings Plan

The Flowers Foods, Inc. 401(k) Retirement Savings Plan covers substantially all the company’s employees who have completed certain service requirements. The total cost and employer contributions were as follows (amounts in thousands):

|  | For the Twelve Weeks Ended |  |  | For the Forty Weeks Ended |
|  | October 7, 2023 |  |  | October 8, 2022 |  |  | October 7, 2023 |  |  | October 8, 2022 |
Total cost and employer contributions |  | $ | 7,083 |  |  | $ | 6,511 |  |  | $ | 24,152 |  |  | $ | 22,664 |

Multi-employer Pension Plan

On July 19, 2022, the company announced the closure of the Holsum Bakery in Phoenix, Arizona. The bakery produced bread and bun products and ceased production on October 31, 2022. As a result, the union participants of the IAM National Pension Fund (the “IAM Fund”) at the Phoenix bakery will withdraw from the IAM Fund. The company recorded a liability of $1.3 million for the withdrawal from the IAM Fund. While this is our best estimate of the ultimate cost of the withdrawal from this plan, additional withdrawal liability may be incurred based on the final IAM Fund assessment or in the event of a mass withdrawal, as defined by statute, occurring anytime up to July 19, 2025.

19. INCOME TAXES

The company’s effective tax rate for the twelve weeks ended October 7, 2023 was 26.2% compared to 25.3% for the twelve weeks ended October 8, 2022. The increase in the rate was primarily due to larger net favorable discrete items applied to the loss in the current year quarter. During the twelve weeks ended October 7, 2023, the primary differences in the effective rate and the statutory rate were state income taxes and windfall benefits on stock-based compensation.

The company's effective tax rate for the forty weeks ended October 7, 2023 was 21.0% compared to 23.4% for the forty weeks ended October 8, 2022. The decrease in the rate was primarily due to year-over-year differences in the impact of the net favorable discrete items. During the forty weeks ended October 7, 2023, the primary differences in the effective rate and the statutory rate were state income taxes including the recognition of discrete tax credits and windfall tax benefits on stock-based compensation.

During the forty weeks ended October 7, 2023, the company’s activity with respect to its uncertain tax positions and related interest expense accrual was not significant to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements. As of October 7, 2023, we do not anticipate significant changes to the amount of gross unrecognized tax benefits over the next twelve months.

20. SUBSEQUENT EVENTS

The company has evaluated subsequent events since October 7, 2023, the date of these financial statements. We believe there were no material events or transactions discovered during this evaluation that require recognition or disclosure in the financial statements.

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ITEM 2. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

The following discussion of the financial condition and results of operations of the company as of and for the twelve and forty weeks ended October 7, 2023 should be read in conjunction with the Form 10-K.

Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations is segregated into four sections, including:

•
Executive overview — provides a summary of our business, operating performance and cash flows, and strategic initiatives.
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Critical accounting estimates — describes the accounting areas where management makes critical estimates to report our financial condition and results of operations. There have been no changes to this section from the Form 10-K.
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Results of operations — an analysis of the company’s consolidated results of operations for the two comparative periods presented in our Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
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Liquidity and capital resources — an analysis of cash flow, contractual obligations, and certain other matters affecting the company’s financial position.

Matters Affecting Comparability

Comparative results from quarter to quarter are impacted by the company's fiscal reporting calendar. Internal financial results and key performance indicators are reported on a weekly basis to ensure the same number of Saturdays and Sundays in comparable months to allow for consistent four-week progression analysis. This results in our first quarter consisting of sixteen weeks while the remaining three quarters have twelve weeks (except in cases where there is an extra week every five or six years). Accordingly, interim results may not be indicative of subsequent interim period results, or comparable to prior or subsequent interim period results, due to differences in the lengths of the interim periods.

Additionally, detailed below are expense items affecting comparability that will provide greater context while reading this discussion:

| For the Twelve Weeks Ended |  |  | For the Forty Weeks Ended |  |  | Footnote
| October 7, 2023 |  |  | October 8, 2022 |  |  | October 7, 2023 |  |  | October 8, 2022 |  |  | Disclosure
| (Amounts in thousands) |  |  | (Amounts in thousands) |  |  |
Business process improvement costs | $ | 5,814 |  |  | $ | 8,144 |  |  | $ | 18,621 |  |  | $ | 28,866 |  |  | Note 1
Restructuring charges |  | 179 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 6,873 |  |  |  | — |  |  | Note 3
Severance and lease termination costs |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,717 |  |  |
Plant closure costs and impairment of assets |  | 1,034 |  |  |  | 6,835 |  |  |  | 1,034 |  |  |  | 7,825 |  |  | Note 1
Legal settlements and related costs |  | 137,529 |  |  |  | 5,500 |  |  |  | 137,529 |  |  |  | 7,500 |  |  | Note 15
Acquisition-related costs |  | — |  |  |  | 11,582 |  |  |  | 3,712 |  |  |  | 11,582 |  |  | Note 1, 4
| $ | 144,556 |  |  | $ | 32,061 |  |  | $ | 167,769 |  |  | $ | 57,490 |  |  |

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Business process improvement costs related to the transformation strategy initiatives In the second half of Fiscal 2020, we launched initiatives to transform our business, including upgrading our information system to a more robust platform, as well as investments in e-commerce, autonomous planning, and our "bakery of the future" initiatives. Implementation of the ERP upgrade is anticipated to be completed in Fiscal 2026. These initiatives are further discussed in the “Transformation Strategy Initiatives” section below. The expensed portion of costs incurred related to these initiatives, which was primarily consulting costs, was $5.8 million and $18.6 million during the twelve and forty weeks ended October 7, 2023, respectively. We recognized $8.1 million and $28.9 million during the prior year third quarter and year to date periods, respectively. These costs are reflected in the selling, distribution, and administrative expenses line item of the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income (Loss). We currently expect costs (a portion of which may be expensed as incurred, capitalized, recognized as a cloud computing arrangement, or recognized as a prepaid service contract) related to the upgrade of our ERP system to be approximately $70.0 million to $80.0 million for Fiscal 2023.
•
Restructuring charges In February 2023, to improve operational effectiveness, increase profitable sales, and better meet customer requirements, the company announced a restructuring of plant operation responsibilities from the sales function to the supply chain function. Employee termination benefits and other cash charges were primarily for the voluntary employee separation incentive plan (the "VSIP") and employee relocation costs. During the first quarter of Fiscal 2023, we recorded VSIP-related charges of $3.9 million and made VSIP-related payments of $0.5 million. In the second quarter of Fiscal 2023, we recorded reduction-in-force ("RIF") and VSIP charges of $2.2 million and made payments of $2.9 million. We made VSIP payments of $1.3 million in the third quarter of Fiscal 2023. Relocation costs incurred during the first,

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second and third quarters of Fiscal 2023 were $0.3 million, $0.3 million and $0.2 million, respectively, and these and the VSIP and RIF costs are recorded in the restructuring charges line item of the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income (Loss).
•
Severance and lease termination costs In the second quarter of Fiscal 2022, the company committed to a plan to outsource its aviation services and recorded severance and lease termination charges totaling $1.7 million, which are reflected in the selling, distribution, and administrative expenses line item of the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income. The lease termination costs were paid in the second quarter of Fiscal 2022 and the severance payments were completed by the end of Fiscal 2022.
•
Plant closure costs and impairment of assets During the third quarter of Fiscal 2023, the company entered into an agreement to sell a warehouse classified as held for sale and recorded an impairment charge of $1.0 million. The company completed the sale of the impaired warehouse at the end of the third quarter of Fiscal 2023.

On July 19, 2022, the company announced the closure of the Holsum Bakery in Phoenix, Arizona. The bakery produced bread and bun products and ceased production on October 31, 2022. This closure is part of our strategy to optimize our sales portfolio and improve supply chain and manufacturing efficiency. The company recognized severance costs of $1.7 million, multi-employer pension plan withdrawal costs of $1.3 million, and asset impairment and equipment relocation charges for bakery equipment of $3.8 million in the third quarter of Fiscal 2022. As a result of the manufacturing line closures, the union participants of the IAM National Pension Fund (the "IAM Fund") at the Phoenix, Arizona bakery will withdraw from the IAM Fund. While this is our best estimate of the ultimate cost of the withdrawal from this plan, additional withdrawal liability may be incurred based on the final IAM Fund assessment or in the event of a mass withdrawal, as defined by statute, occurring anytime within the next three years. During the first quarter of Fiscal 2022, the company decided to sell two warehouses acquired at the end of Fiscal 2021 and recorded an impairment charge of $1.0 million. The company completed the sale of the impaired warehouse at the end of the first quarter of Fiscal 2022.

•
Legal settlements and related costs In the third quarter of Fiscal 2023, we reached an agreement to settle certain distributor-related litigation for a settlement payment, inclusive of plaintiffs’ attorney fees, of $55.0 million. The settlement also requires a phased repurchase of approximately 350 distribution rights in California and the company estimates this cost, along with the cost to repurchase approximately 50 other California distribution rights that are not part of the settlement, to be approximately $80.2 million. Additional costs of $2.3 million were recognized to fully impair held and used distribution rights classified as intangibles assets. The terms of the settlement require court approval. The legal settlement and related costs are higher than originally estimated in the Form 8-K filed by the company on September 1, 2023 due to the planned repurchase of the additional distribution rights that were not part of the settlement.

During the second and third quarters of Fiscal 2022, we reached agreements to settle certain distributor-related litigation in the aggregate amount of $7.5 million, inclusive of attorney fees. We paid the settlement accrued for in the second quarter of Fiscal 2022 in the third quarter of Fiscal 2022. All of these amounts are reflected in the selling, distribution, and administrative expenses line item of the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income (Loss).

•
Acquisition-related costs On February 17, 2023, the company completed the acquisition of the Papa Pita bakery business ("Papa Pita") for total consideration of approximately $274.8 million, inclusive of a net working capital purchase price adjustment. The identifiable intangible assets, property and equipment, and certain financial assets and taxes are still under review. We funded the purchase price with cash on-hand and from our existing credit facilities. Papa Pita is a manufacturer and distributor of bagels, tortillas, breads, buns, English muffins, and flat breads with one production facility in West Jordan, Utah and, prior to the acquisition, Papa Pita co-manufactured certain products for us. Papa Pita has direct-store-delivery distribution in the western United States ("U.S."), expanding our geographic reach. We incurred additional acquisition costs during the forty weeks ended October 7, 2023 of $3.7 million and these costs are reflected in the selling, distribution, and administrative expenses line item of the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income (Loss).

In the third quarter of Fiscal 2022, we incurred $11.6 million in costs from the pursuit of an acquisition that failed to materialize. Of this amount, $8.4 million related to realized foreign currency exchange losses. Although the majority of the target company's sales were made in the U.S., the target company's foreign domicile required us to convert funds from U.S. dollars to complete the transaction. Following that conversion, a significant strengthening of the U.S. dollar relative to the target company's currency resulted in the foreign currency exchange loss upon conversion back into U.S. dollars following the failure of the deal.

Executive Overview

Business

Flowers is the second-largest producer and marketer of packaged bakery foods in the U.S. Our principal products include breads, buns, rolls, snack cakes, bagels, English muffins, and tortillas and are sold under a variety of brand names, including Nature’s Own, Dave's Killer Bread ("DKB"), Wonder, Canyon Bakehouse, Tastykake, and Mrs. Freshley’s. Our brands are among the best known in

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the U.S. baking industry. Many of our brands have a major presence in the product categories in which they compete. We manage our business as one operating segment. The company defines EBITDA as earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization.

Flowers’ strategic priorities include developing our team, focusing on our brands, prioritizing our margins, and proactively seeking smart, disciplined acquisitions in the grain-based foods category. We believe executing on our strategic priorities will drive future growth and margin expansion and deliver meaningful shareholder value over time allowing us to achieve our long-term financial targets of 1% to 2% sales growth, 4% to 6% EBITDA growth, and 7% to 9% EPS growth.

Highlights

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Nature’s Own is the best-selling loaf bread in the U.S., DKB is the #1 selling organic brand in the U.S., and Canyon Bakehouse is the #1 selling gluten-free bread brand in the U.S. (Source: Circana Total US MultiOutlet+C-Store 12 Weeks Ended 10/8/23)
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Our branded retail sales comprised 64.1% of total sales for the forty weeks ended October 7, 2023 as compared to 65.5% for the forty weeks ended October 8, 2022.
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We completed the Papa Pita acquisition on February 17, 2023, as discussed above.
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As of October 7, 2023, we operated 46 bakeries, which produce fresh and frozen breads, buns, and rolls, as well as snack cakes, bagels, English muffins, and tortillas.
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We utilize a direct-store-delivery distribution model for fresh bakery foods, whereby product is sold by a network of independent distributor partners or company employees to retail and foodservice customers with access to more than 85% of the U.S. population.
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We offer nationwide distribution of certain fresh snack cakes and frozen breads and rolls via contract carriers.

We are continuing to focus on optimization initiatives in our procurement, distribution, operations, and administrative functions and the company is projecting savings in the range of $30 million to $35 million from these activities in Fiscal 2023. In the second quarter of Fiscal 2023, we completed the build phase of our ERP upgrade project and began the deployment, which is anticipated to be completed in Fiscal 2026. Additionally, we continue to implement our digital strategy initiatives as discussed further in the “Transformation Strategy Initiatives” section below.

Impact of the Inflationary Economic Environment and Other Macroeconomic Factors on Our Business

We continue to monitor the impact of the inflationary economic environment, supply chain disruptions, labor shortages, the conflict between Russia and Ukraine, and the conflict in Israel and Gaza on our business. Our results through the third quarter of Fiscal 2023 have continued to benefit from a more optimized sales mix of branded retail products as compared to pre-pandemic periods. We have experienced significant input cost inflation for commodities and, to a lesser extent, for transportation and labor in the current and prior year periods which has partially offset the improved sales mix. We expect these inflationary pressures to continue throughout the remainder of Fiscal 2023. To mitigate the ongoing cost pressures, we implemented price increases during the first quarter of Fiscal 2023 and midway through the second quarter of Fiscal 2023.

Additionally, in both the current and prior year periods, we experienced supply chain disruptions resulting in lower production volumes and sales. These supply chain and other disruptions could continue to negatively impact production volumes due to uncertainty in the global and U.S. supply chain. Although the conflict between Russia and Ukraine and the conflict in Israel and Gaza have not impacted us directly, we are closely monitoring these conflicts' effects on the broader economy, including on the availability and price of commodities used in or for the production of our products. Disruptions in our operations, related to factors including, but not limited to, the procurement of raw materials and packaging items, transport of our products, and available workforce, have negatively impacted, and could continue to negatively impact, our operations, results of operations, cash flows, and liquidity.

Our operations continued to be negatively impacted by labor shortages and turnover at some of our bakeries in Fiscal 2023. These and other factors, including, but not limited to, high employment rates and additional government regulations, may continue to adversely affect labor availability and labor costs. These challenges may negatively affect our ability to operate our production lines efficiently or run at full capacity which could lead to increased labor costs, including additional overtime to meet demand, and higher wage rates to attract and retain workers. An overall labor shortage, lack of skilled labor, or increased turnover could have a material adverse impact on the company’s operations, results of operations, liquidity, or cash flows.

We believe we have sufficient liquidity to satisfy our cash needs and we continue to execute on our strategic priorities, including our transformation strategy initiatives, as further discussed in the “Liquidity and Capital Resources” section below.

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Summary of Operating Results, Cash Flows and Financial Condition

Sales increased 3.5% for the twelve weeks ended October 7, 2023 compared to the same quarter in the prior year, with price/mix contributing 6.3% and the Papa Pita acquisition contributing 1.3%, partially offset by volume declines of 4.1%. The benefits of inflation-driven pricing actions were partially offset by softer volumes. Inflationary pressure on consumer spending, targeted sales rationalization, and exiting certain lower margin business contributed to the volume decreases.

For the forty weeks ended October 7, 2023, sales increased 6.4% compared to the same period in the prior year. Price/mix contributed 11.3% and the Papa Pita acquisition contributed 1.1% to the sales growth, partially offset by volume declines of 6.0%. The benefits of inflation-driven pricing actions were partially offset by softer volumes. Volumes were impacted by inflationary pressure on consumer spending, targeted sales rationalization, and exiting certain lower margin business. For the forty weeks ended October 7, 2023, sales of our leading brands, Nature's Own, DKB, and Canyon Bakehouse, continued to increase due to positive price/mix, partially offset by lower volumes except for DKB.

For the twelve weeks ended October 7, 2023, loss from operations was $59.3 million compared to income from operations of $55.5 million in the prior year quarter. The loss in the current quarter resulted from legal settlements and related costs increasing $132.0 million as well as greater marketing investments, increased repairs and maintenance costs, and lower production volumes period over period. The loss was partially offset by sales increases from positive pricing actions, moderating ingredient costs, and the prior year plant closure and acquisition costs.

Income from operations for the forty weeks ended October 7, 2023 was $123.0 million compared to $239.1 million in the prior year period. The decline resulted from the $130.0 million increase in legal settlements and related costs, significant input cost inflation, lower production volumes, increased marketing investments, and higher maintenance costs in the current year period. Those factors were partially offset by price increases and lower consulting and acquisition-related costs year over year.

Net loss for the twelve weeks ended October 7, 2023 was $46.7 million compared to net income of $40.5 million in the prior year period. The change resulted primarily from the change in (loss) income from operations, as described above, and higher interest expense.

Net income for the forty weeks ended October 7, 2023 was $87.7 million compared to $179.8 million in the prior year period. The decrease resulted primarily from lower income from operations, as described above, and higher interest expense, net of a lower effective tax rate.

During the forty weeks ended October 7, 2023, we generated net cash flows from operations of $257.3 million, paid $274.8 million for the Papa Pita acquisition, inclusive of the net working capital purchase price adjustment, and invested $97.0 million in capital expenditures. We increased our indebtedness by $145.0 million primarily to fund the acquisition and paid $146.7 million in dividends to our shareholders. During the first quarter of Fiscal 2023, we terminated the accounts receivable securitization facility (the "securitization facility") and entered into a two-year $200.0 million trade receivable repurchase facility (the "repurchase facility"). During the forty weeks ended October 8, 2022, we generated net cash flows from operations of $291.5 million, invested $128.4 million in capital expenditures and paid $140.1 million in dividends to our shareholders.

During the second quarter of the prior year, we invested $9.0 million in Base Culture, a Clearwater, Florida-based company with one manufacturing facility. We made an additional investment of $2.0 million in Base Culture in the second quarter of Fiscal 2023. Base Culture's product offerings include better-for-you, gluten-free, and grain-free sliced breads and baked goods and are all-natural, 100% Paleo-certified, kosher-certified, dairy-free, soy-free, and non-GMO verified. These investments are being accounted for at cost as we do not control, nor do we have the ability to significantly influence Base Culture.

Transformation Strategy Initiatives

In the second half of Fiscal 2020, we launched initiatives to transform our business operations. The primary goals of these initiatives are: (1) enable a more agile business model, empowering the organization by fundamentally redesigning core business processes; (2) embed digital capabilities and transform the way we engage with our consumers, customers and employees; and (3) modernize and simplify our application and technology infrastructure landscape, inclusive of the upgrade of our ERP system.

As discussed above, in February 2023, we announced a restructuring of plant operation responsibilities from the sales function to the supply chain function to improve operational effectiveness, increase profitable sales, and better meet customer requirements. This restructuring is ongoing.

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Digital Strategy Initiatives

Our digital strategy initiatives include investments in digital domains of e-commerce, autonomous planning, bakery of the future, digital logistics, and digital sales. In e-commerce, we strive to become a category and market share leader, engage with the consumer through digital platforms and marketplaces, and support our retail partners’ omnichannel strategies. The autonomous planning domain encompasses predictive ordering, cost-to-serve modeling, integrated business planning, and supply and demand forecasting, among other areas. Bakery of the future involves transforming our current manufacturing processes and operational visibility to apply industry-leading digital manufacturing tools, such as real-time performance management and visibility, automation of repetitive processes, standardization of processes and procedures, and sensor-based quality monitoring tools to improve consistency and quality. Digital logistics includes real-time operational visibility, improving our routing efficiency, and automating the freight bill pay audit process. Finally, digital sales will focus on improving our sales execution through improved visibility to in-store activities, streamlined reporting, and improved collaboration tools across our sales ecosystem.

These digital domains are expected to improve data visibility and efficiencies while automating many of our processes. When fully implemented, we expect this work will further our brand efforts, bring us closer to the consumer, increase operational efficiencies, and deliver higher-quality, real-time insights, which will in turn enable more predictive business decision-making. We transitioned into the implementation phase for the e-commerce, autonomous planning, and bakery of the future domains and selected two bakeries for the pilot program for bakery of the future and autonomous planning in Fiscal 2021. To date, we have rolled out these programs to more than 29 bakeries and plan to continue to invest in these new ways of working. Costs related to the digital initiatives are fluid and cannot be currently estimated.

ERP Upgrade

This initiative includes upgrading our information system platform and is expected to improve data management and efficiencies while automating many of our processes. We completed the initial planning and road mapping phase of the ERP upgrade at the end of Fiscal 2020. In the first quarter of Fiscal 2021, we transitioned into the design phase and engaged a leading, global consulting firm to assist us in designing and implementing the upgrade of our ERP platform and to serve as the system integrator for the project. We transitioned into the build phase at the beginning of Fiscal 2022 and during the second quarter of Fiscal 2023, we began deploying the ERP upgrade. We plan to continue the deployment across the organization over the next few years.

We expect the transformation strategy initiatives to require significant capital investment and expense over the next several years. We currently anticipate the upgrade of our ERP system will cost approximately $350 million (of which approximately 34% has been or is anticipated to be capitalized) and anticipate the upgrade to be completed in 2026. As of October 7, 2023, we have incurred costs related to the project of approximately $201 million.

CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES:

Our financial statements are prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the U.S. ("GAAP"). These principles are numerous and complex. Our significant accounting policies are summarized in the Form 10-K. In many instances, the application of GAAP requires management to make estimates or to apply subjective principles to particular facts and circumstances. A variance in the estimates used or a variance in the application or interpretation of GAAP could yield a materially different accounting result. Refer to the Form 10-K for a discussion of the areas where we believe that the estimates, judgments or interpretations that we have made, if different, could yield the most significant differences in our financial statements. There have been no significant changes to our critical accounting policies from those disclosed in the Form 10-K.

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RESULTS OF OPERATIONS:

Results of operations, expressed as a percentage of sales and the dollar and percentage change from period to period, for the twelve and forty weeks ended October 7, 2023 and October 8, 2022, respectively, are set forth in the table below (dollars in thousands):

|  | For the Twelve Weeks Ended |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Percentage of Sales |  |  | Increase (Decrease) |
|  | October 7, 2023 |  |  | October 8, 2022 |  |  | October 7, 2023 |  |  | October 8, 2022 |  |  | Dollars |  |  | % |
Sales |  | $ | 1,199,260 |  |  | $ | 1,158,169 |  |  |  | 100.0 |  |  |  | 100.0 |  |  | $ | 41,091 |  |  |  | 3.5 |
Materials, supplies, labor and other production costs (exclusive of depreciation and amortization shown separately below) |  |  | 617,468 |  |  |  | 615,621 |  |  |  | 51.5 |  |  |  | 53.2 |  |  |  | 1,847 |  |  |  | 0.3 |
Selling, distribution and administrative expenses |  |  | 603,954 |  |  |  | 447,363 |  |  |  | 50.4 |  |  |  | 38.6 |  |  |  | 156,591 |  |  |  | 35.0 |
Restructuring charges |  |  | 179 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 0.0 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 179 |  |  | NM |
Plant closure costs and impairment of assets |  |  | 1,034 |  |  |  | 6,835 |  |  |  | 0.1 |  |  |  | 0.6 |  |  |  | (5,801 | ) |  | NM |
Depreciation and amortization |  |  | 35,974 |  |  |  | 32,899 |  |  |  | 3.0 |  |  |  | 2.8 |  |  |  | 3,075 |  |  |  | 9.3 |
(Loss) income from operations |  |  | (59,349 | ) |  |  | 55,451 |  |  |  | (4.9 | ) |  |  | 4.8 |  |  |  | (114,800 | ) |  |  | (207.0 | )
Other components of net periodic pension and postretirement benefit plans credit |  |  | (62 | ) |  |  | (178 | ) |  |  | (0.0 | ) |  |  | (0.0 | ) |  |  | 116 |  |  | NM |
Interest expense, net |  |  | 4,010 |  |  |  | 1,342 |  |  |  | 0.3 |  |  |  | 0.1 |  |  |  | 2,668 |  |  |  | 198.8 |
(Loss) income before income taxes |  |  | (63,297 | ) |  |  | 54,287 |  |  |  | (5.3 | ) |  |  | 4.7 |  |  |  | (117,584 | ) |  |  | (216.6 | )
Income tax (benefit) expense |  |  | (16,567 | ) |  |  | 13,759 |  |  |  | (1.4 | ) |  |  | 1.2 |  |  |  | (30,326 | ) |  |  | (220.4 | )
Net (loss) income |  | $ | (46,730 | ) |  | $ | 40,528 |  |  |  | (3.9 | ) |  |  | 3.5 |  |  | $ | (87,258 | ) |  |  | (215.3 | )
Comprehensive (loss) income |  | $ | (48,056 | ) |  | $ | 46,489 |  |  |  | (4.0 | ) |  |  | 4.0 |  |  | $ | (94,545 | ) |  |  | (203.4 | )

|  | For the Forty Weeks Ended |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Percentage of Sales |  |  | Increase (Decrease) |
|  | October 7, 2023 |  |  | October 8, 2022 |  |  | October 7, 2023 |  |  | October 8, 2022 |  |  | Dollars |  |  | % |
Sales |  | $ | 3,961,803 |  |  | $ | 3,723,152 |  |  |  | 100.0 |  |  |  | 100.0 |  |  | $ | 238,651 |  |  |  | 6.4 |
Materials, supplies, labor and other production costs (exclusive of depreciation and amortization shown separately below) |  |  | 2,044,417 |  |  |  | 1,926,297 |  |  |  | 51.6 |  |  |  | 51.7 |  |  |  | 118,120 |  |  |  | 6.1 |
Selling, distribution and administrative expenses |  |  | 1,671,813 |  |  |  | 1,440,665 |  |  |  | 42.2 |  |  |  | 38.7 |  |  |  | 231,148 |  |  |  | 16.0 |
Restructuring charges |  |  | 6,873 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 0.2 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 6,873 |  |  | NM |
Plant closure costs and impairment of assets |  |  | 1,034 |  |  |  | 7,825 |  |  |  | 0.0 |  |  |  | 0.2 |  |  |  | (6,791 | ) |  | NM |
Depreciation and amortization |  |  | 114,693 |  |  |  | 109,244 |  |  |  | 2.9 |  |  |  | 2.9 |  |  |  | 5,449 |  |  |  | 5.0 |
Income from operations |  |  | 122,973 |  |  |  | 239,121 |  |  |  | 3.1 |  |  |  | 6.4 |  |  |  | (116,148 | ) |  |  | (48.6 | )
Other components of net periodic pension and postretirement benefit plans credit |  |  | (207 | ) |  |  | (594 | ) |  |  | (0.0 | ) |  |  | (0.0 | ) |  |  | 387 |  |  | NM |
Interest expense, net |  |  | 12,147 |  |  |  | 4,947 |  |  |  | 0.3 |  |  |  | 0.1 |  |  |  | 7,200 |  |  |  | 145.5 |
Income before income taxes |  |  | 111,033 |  |  |  | 234,768 |  |  |  | 2.8 |  |  |  | 6.3 |  |  |  | (123,735 | ) |  |  | (52.7 | )
Income tax expense |  |  | 23,293 |  |  |  | 54,971 |  |  |  | 0.6 |  |  |  | 1.5 |  |  |  | (31,678 | ) |  |  | (57.6 | )
Net income |  | $ | 87,740 |  |  | $ | 179,797 |  |  |  | 2.2 |  |  |  | 4.8 |  |  | $ | (92,057 | ) |  |  | (51.2 | )
Comprehensive income |  | $ | 87,596 |  |  | $ | 178,005 |  |  |  | 2.2 |  |  |  | 4.8 |  |  | $ | (90,409 | ) |  |  | (50.8 | )

NM - the computation is not meaningful.

Percentages may not add due to rounding.

TWELVE WEEKS ENDED OCTOBER 7, 2023 COMPARED TO TWELVE WEEKS ENDED OCTOBER 8, 2022

Sales (dollars in thousands)

|  | For the Twelve Weeks Ended |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Percentage of Sales |  |  | Increase (Decrease) |
|  | October 7, 2023 |  |  | October 8, 2022 |  |  | October 7, 2023 |  |  | October 8, 2022 |  |  | Dollars |  |  | % |
Branded retail |  | $ | 771,165 |  |  | $ | 748,474 |  |  |  | 64.3 |  |  |  | 64.6 |  |  | $ | 22,691 |  |  |  | 3.0 |
Other |  |  | 428,095 |  |  |  | 409,695 |  |  |  | 35.7 |  |  |  | 35.4 |  |  |  | 18,400 |  |  |  | 4.5 |
Total |  | $ | 1,199,260 |  |  | $ | 1,158,169 |  |  |  | 100.0 |  |  |  | 100.0 |  |  | $ | 41,091 |  |  |  | 3.5 |

(The table above presents certain sales by category that have been reclassified from amounts previously reported to conform to the current period presentation.)

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The change in sales was generally attributable to the following:

Percentage Point Change in Sales Attributed to: |  | Branded Retail |  |  | Other |  |  | Total |
|  | Favorable (Unfavorable) |
Pricing/Mix* |  |  | 2.8 |  |  |  | 10.4 |  |  |  | 6.3 |
Volume* |  |  | (1.1 | ) |  |  | (7.4 | ) |  |  | (4.1 | )
Acquisition |  |  | 1.3 |  |  |  | 1.5 |  |  |  | 1.3 |
Total percentage change in sales |  |  | 3.0 |  |  |  | 4.5 |  |  |  | 3.5 |
* Computations above are calculated as follows: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Price/Mix $ = Current year period units x change in price per unit |
Price/Mix % = Price/Mix $ ÷ P rior year period Sales $ |
Volume $ = Prior year period price per unit x change in units |
Volume % = Volume $ ÷ P rior year period Sales $ |

The company disaggregates its sales into two categories, Branded Retail and Other. These categories align with our brand-focused strategy to drive above-market growth via innovation and focusing on higher-margin products. The Other category includes store branded retail and non-retail sales (foodservice, restaurant, institutional, vending, thrift stores, and contract manufacturing).

Sales increased quarter over quarter due to positive pricing actions implemented during the first quarter of Fiscal 2023 and midway through the second quarter of Fiscal 2023 to mitigate considerable cost inflation, and, to a lesser extent, the Papa Pita acquisition contribution. These increases were partially offset by volume declines. Price increases implemented during the first quarter of Fiscal 2023 were focused on store branded and non-retail sales, whereas the price increases implemented in the second quarter were predominantly targeted to branded retail sales. Volume decreases were most significant for non-retail items, and, to a lesser extent, branded retail traditional loaf breads. Our promotional activity increased in the third quarter of Fiscal 2023 as compared to the same quarter in the prior year, largely due to inflationary pressure on consumer spending, but remained lower than pre-pandemic levels.

Branded Retail Sales

Branded retail sales increased 3.0% quarter over quarter due to favorable price/mix resulting from inflation-driven pricing actions taken in the second quarter of the current year and improved mix from greater branded organic product sales along with the acquisition contribution. Volume declines partially offset the increase, partly due to lapping increased hurricane-related demand in the prior year period. The largest volume declines were in branded traditional loaf breads, partially offset by increases for branded organic products and branded Keto bread. Our Nature's Own and DKB brands continued to perform well benefiting from inflation-driven price increases and growth in recently introduced products, such as Nature's Own Keto bread, introduced in Fiscal 2023, and Hawaiian loaf bread, introduced in Fiscal 2022, and DKB snack bars. Nature's Own did experience volume declines quarter over quarter largely due to inflationary pressure on consumer spending and cycling increased hurricane-related demand in the prior year period. We are continuing the nationwide rollout of certain varieties of the DKB snack bars, which commenced in January 2023.

Other Sales

Sales in the Other sales category grew 4.5% due to substantial price increases to mitigate inflationary pressures implemented at the beginning of Fiscal 2023, and the acquisition contribution, partially offset by volume declines. Store branded retail sales comprised a larger portion of our total sales as compared to the prior year quarter largely due to significantly higher price/mix, partly offset by softer volumes. The largest volume declines were in store branded retail cake. Non-retail sales increased quarter over quarter due to inflation-driven pricing actions and the acquisition contribution, partially offset by volume declines. Foodservice and vending drove most of the volume decrease, largely due to exiting certain lower margin business and targeted sales rationalization. Increased contract manufacturing volume partially mitigated the non-retail volume decline.

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Materials, Supplies, Labor and Other Production Costs (exclusive of depreciation and amortization shown separately; as a percent of sales)

|  | For the Twelve Weeks Ended |  |  | Increase |
Line Item Component |  | October 7, 2023 % of Sales |  |  | October 8, 2022 % of Sales |  |  | (Decrease) as a % of Sales |
Ingredients and packaging |  |  | 32.1 |  |  |  | 32.9 |  |  |  | (0.8 | )
Workforce-related costs |  |  | 13.9 |  |  |  | 13.5 |  |  |  | 0.4 |
Other |  |  | 5.5 |  |  |  | 6.8 |  |  |  | (1.3 | )
Total |  |  | 51.5 |  |  |  | 53.2 |  |  |  | (1.7 | )

Materials, supplies, labor and other production costs as a percent of sales decreased quarter over quarter due to the impact of inflation-driven pricing actions more than offsetting input cost inflation, the impact of lower production volumes, increased product returns, and higher maintenance and labor costs. Although costs for certain ingredients have moderated compared to the prior year period, prices of other ingredients remain elevated. However, sales price increases more than offset higher ingredient and packaging costs as a percent of sales. Additionally, certain products purchased from Papa Pita in the prior year period were reflected as outside purchases of product (sales with no associated ingredient costs) in the Other line item. The decrease in the Other line item mostly reflects the reduction in outside purchases of product and the impact of mix shift in product inventories, partially offset by increased bakery maintenance costs. We anticipate this shift in expense between cost categories will impact comparability for the remainder of Fiscal 2023. Wage inflation and lower production volumes resulted in the increase in workforce-related costs as a percent of sales. We expect the impact of lower production volumes and the competitive labor market to continue to negatively impact our operations.

Prices of ingredient and packaging materials fluctuate due to government policy and regulation, weather conditions, domestic and international demand, or other unforeseen circumstances, and we monitor these markets closely. Ingredient and packaging costs continued to experience volatility in the current quarter and are expected to remain volatile for the remainder of Fiscal 2023. We enter into forward purchase agreements and other financial instruments to manage the impact of volatility in certain raw material prices. Any decrease in the availability of these agreements and instruments could increase the price of these raw materials and significantly affect our earnings.

Selling, Distribution and Administrative Expenses (as a percent of sales)

|  | For the Twelve Weeks Ended |  |  | Increase |
Line Item Component |  | October 7, 2023 % of Sales |  |  | October 8, 2022 % of Sales |  |  | (Decrease) as a % of Sales |
Workforce-related costs |  |  | 11.0 |  |  |  | 10.3 |  |  |  | 0.7 |
Distributor distribution fees |  |  | 14.1 |  |  |  | 14.5 |  |  |  | (0.4 | )
Other |  |  | 25.3 |  |  |  | 13.8 |  |  |  | 11.5 |
Total |  |  | 50.4 |  |  |  | 38.6 |  |  |  | 11.8 |

Distributor distribution fees decreased as a percent of sales primarily due to a smaller portion of our sales being made through IDPs. This decrease was more than offset by the increase in workforce-related costs as a percent of sales. Additionally, a competitive labor market contributed to the increase in workforce-related costs. We anticipate a continued shift from distributor distribution fees to workforce-related costs as the company completes a phased repurchase of the California distribution rights and converts to an employee-based model in that state in Fiscal 2024. The increase in the Other line item mostly reflects the $132.0 million increase in legal settlements and related costs (1,110 basis point impact), and to a lesser extent, greater marketing investments and increased amortization of cloud-based applications. These items were partially offset by acquisition costs incurred in the prior year period. Transportation cost increases were mostly offset by sales price increases. See the “Matters Affecting Comparability” section above for a discussion of the legal settlement and related-costs and acquisition-related costs.

Restructuring Charges and Plant Closure Costs and Impairment of Assets

Refer to the discussion in the “Matters Affecting Comparability” section above regarding these items.

Depreciation and Amortization Expense

Depreciation and amortization expense for the third quarter of Fiscal 2023 increased in dollars and as a percent of sales as compared to the prior year period due to assets being placed in service and the Papa Pita assets acquired in the first quarter of Fiscal 2023, net of certain assets becoming fully depreciated. We anticipate depreciation and amortization expense to be higher than the prior

44

year period for the remainder of Fiscal 2023 as a result of the ERP-related assets being placed in service and the Papa Pita acquired assets.

(Loss) Income from Operations

Loss from operations for the twelve weeks ended October 7, 2023 was $59.3 million compared to income of $55.5 million for the twelve weeks ended October 8, 2022. The decrease was due primarily to increased selling, distribution, and administrative expenses, as discussed above, partially offset by sales increases from positive pricing actions to mitigate cost inflation and the prior year plant closure costs.

Net Interest Expense

Net interest expense increased in dollars and as a percent of sales as compared to the prior year quarter primarily due to higher average amounts outstanding under our borrowing arrangements primarily from funding the Papa Pita acquisition and increased interest rates on our variable rate debt.

Income Tax (Benefit) Expense

The effective tax rate for the twelve weeks ended October 7, 2023 was 26.2% compared to 25.3% in the prior year quarter. The increase in the rate quarter over quarter was primarily due to larger net favorable discrete items including windfall tax benefits on stock-based compensation when applied to the loss in the current year quarter. The primary differences in the effective rate and statutory rate for the current year period were state income taxes and windfall benefits on stock-based compensation, while the primary differences for the prior year period were state income taxes.

Comprehensive (Loss) Income

The change in comprehensive (loss) income quarter over quarter resulted primarily from the change in net earnings and changes in the fair value of derivatives.

FORTY WEEKS ENDED OCTOBER 7, 2023 COMPARED TO FORTY WEEKS ENDED OCTOBER 8, 2022

Sales (dollars in thousands)

|  | Forty Weeks Ended |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Percentage of Sales |  |  | Increase (Decrease) |
|  | October 7, 2023 |  |  | October 8, 2022 |  |  | October 7, 2023 |  |  | October 8, 2022 |  |  | Dollars |  |  | % |
Branded retail |  | $ | 2,538,711 |  |  | $ | 2,439,739 |  |  |  | 64.1 |  |  |  | 65.5 |  |  | $ | 98,972 |  |  |  | 4.1 |
Other |  |  | 1,423,092 |  |  |  | 1,283,413 |  |  |  | 35.9 |  |  |  | 34.5 |  |  |  | 139,679 |  |  |  | 10.9 |
Total |  | $ | 3,961,803 |  |  | $ | 3,723,152 |  |  |  | 100.0 |  |  |  | 100.0 |  |  | $ | 238,651 |  |  |  | 6.4 |

(The table above presents certain sales by category that have been reclassified from amounts previously reported to conform to the current period presentation.)

The change in sales was generally attributable to the following:

Percentage Point Change in Sales Attributed to: |  | Branded Retail |  |  | Other |  |  | Total |
|  | Favorable (Unfavorable) |
Pricing/Mix* |  |  | 6.3 |  |  |  | 18.3 |  |  |  | 11.3 |
Volume* |  |  | (3.3 | ) |  |  | (8.7 | ) |  |  | (6.0 | )
Acquisition |  |  | 1.1 |  |  |  | 1.3 |  |  |  | 1.1 |
Total percentage change in sales |  |  | 4.1 |  |  |  | 10.9 |  |  |  | 6.4 |
* Computations above are calculated as follows: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Price/Mix $ = Current year period units x change in price per unit |
Price/Mix % = Price/Mix $ ÷ P rior year period Sales $ |
Volume $ = Prior year period price per unit x change in units |
Volume % = Volume $ ÷ P rior year period Sales $ |

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The company disaggregates its sales into two categories, Branded Retail and Other. These categories align with our brand-focused strategy to drive above-market growth via innovation and focusing on higher margin products. The Other category includes store branded retail and non-retail sales (foodservice, restaurant, institutional, vending, thrift stores, and contract manufacturing).

Sales increased year over year due to positive pricing actions implemented in the first quarter of Fiscal 2023 and midway through both the second quarter of Fiscal 2023 and Fiscal 2022, to mitigate cost inflation, combined with the Papa Pita acquisition contribution. These increases were partially offset by volume declines. The price increases implemented in the first quarter of Fiscal 2023 were focused on our store branded and non-retail sales, whereas the price increases implemented in the second quarter of Fiscal 2023 predominately targeted branded retail sales. Volume decreases were most significant for non-retail items and, to a lesser extent, branded retail traditional loaf breads and branded retail cake products. Year over year, the promotional environment remained relatively stable, however, promotional activity was higher in the third quarter of Fiscal 2023 as compared to the same quarter in the prior year.

We anticipate our Fiscal 2023 sales will be higher than Fiscal 2022 sales due to pricing actions taken midway through Fiscal 2022 and during the current year to date period and sales attributed to the Papa Pita acquisition, somewhat offset by softer sales volumes.

Branded Retail Sales

Branded retail sales increased 4.1% year over year due to favorable price/mix resulting from inflation-driven pricing actions in the second quarter of both Fiscal 2022 and Fiscal 2023 and the acquisition contribution, partially offset by volume declines. Branded retail sales in the prior year period benefitted from strong demand at the beginning of the year as a result of increased COVID-19 cases. The largest volume declines occurred in branded traditional loaf breads and branded cake. Declines in branded cake resulted from market share declines and targeted sales rationalization, partially offset by supply chain disruptions and labor shortages in the prior year period. Sales of our leading brands, Nature's Own, DKB, and Canyon Bakehouse, benefitted from inflation-driven price increases, partially offset by volume declines due to inflationary pressure on consumer spending with the exception of DKB which had volume gains. Nature's Own Keto bread and Hawaiian loaf bread along with DKB organic snack bars and Organic Everything Bread, all introduced within the last two years, contributed to the branded retail sales increase. As announced in December 2022, we are continuing the nationwide rollout of certain varieties of DKB snack bars.

Other Sales

The significant increase in the Other sales category was due to price increases implemented in the second quarter of Fiscal 2022 and in the first quarter of Fiscal 2023 to mitigate inflationary pressures, and the acquisition contribution, partially offset by volume declines. Store branded retail sales increased year over year, largely from inflation-driven price increases, and comprised a larger portion of our total sales as compared to the prior year period. However, store branded retail sales continue to comprise a smaller portion of our total sales mix as compared to pre-pandemic levels. Non-retail sales increased year over year from positive price/mix, mostly due to inflation-driven pricing actions, and the acquisition contribution, partially offset by volume declines. Foodservice and vending drove most of the volume decrease, primarily due to exiting certain lower margin business and targeted sales rationalization. Supply chain disruptions experienced in both periods negatively impacted sales volumes. These volume declines were partially offset by increased contract manufacturing volume.

Materials, Supplies, Labor and Other Production Costs (exclusive of depreciation and amortization shown separately; as a percent of sales)

|  | For the Forty Weeks Ended |  |  | Increase |
Line item component |  | October 7, 2023 % of sales |  |  | October 8, 2022 % of sales |  |  | (Decrease) as a % of sales |
Ingredients and packaging |  |  | 32.2 |  |  |  | 31.6 |  |  |  | 0.6 |
Workforce-related costs |  |  | 13.6 |  |  |  | 13.7 |  |  |  | (0.1 | )
Other |  |  | 5.8 |  |  |  | 6.4 |  |  |  | (0.6 | )
Total |  |  | 51.6 |  |  |  | 51.7 |  |  |  | (0.1 | )

Materials, supplies, labor and other production costs as a percent of sales decreased slightly year over year due to inflation-driven pricing actions that mostly offset considerable input cost inflation, increased product returns and lower production volumes. We experienced supply chain disruptions in both periods. In the current year period, ingredient costs continued to be impacted by the highly inflationary environment. Costs for certain ingredients began to moderate in the third quarter of Fiscal 2023 as compared to the prior year third quarter. Additionally, certain products purchased from Papa Pita in the prior year period and up until the acquisition date were reflected as outside purchases of product (sales with no associated ingredient costs) in the Other line item. We anticipate this shift in expense between cost categories will impact comparability for the remainder of Fiscal 2023. Workforce-related costs were slightly

46

lower as a percent of sales due to sales increases outpacing wage inflation. However, lower production volumes and the competitive labor market impacted our operations and we expect this trend to continue. The decrease in the Other line item mostly reflects lower outside purchases of product, partly due to the Papa Pita acquisition.

Prices of ingredient and packaging materials fluctuate due to government policy and regulation, weather conditions, domestic and international demand, or other unforeseen circumstances, and we monitor these markets closely. Ingredient and packaging costs continued to experience volatility in the current quarter and are expected to remain volatile for the remainder of Fiscal 2023. We enter into forward purchase agreements and other financial instruments to manage the impact of volatility in certain raw material prices. Any decrease in the availability of these agreements and instruments could increase the price of these raw materials and significantly affect our earnings.

Selling, Distribution and Administrative Expenses (as a percent of sales)

|  | For the Forty Weeks Ended |  |  | Increase |
Line item component |  | October 7, 2023 % of sales |  |  | October 8, 2022 % of sales |  |  | (Decrease) as a % of sales |
Workforce-related costs |  |  | 10.8 |  |  |  | 10.8 |  |  |  | — |
Distributor distribution fees |  |  | 14.1 |  |  |  | 14.7 |  |  |  | (0.6 | )
Other |  |  | 17.3 |  |  |  | 13.2 |  |  |  | 4.1 |
Total |  |  | 42.2 |  |  |  | 38.7 |  |  |  | 3.5 |

Distributor distribution fees decreased as a percent of sales primarily due to a smaller portion of our sales being made through IDPs. We anticipate this trend to continue as we convert to an employee-based model in California. Workforce-related costs were unchanged as a percent of sales as the increase from the shift from distributor distribution fees was more than offset by lower employee compensation costs and sales increases outpacing wage inflation. The increase in the Other line item mostly reflects the $130.0 million increase in legal settlements and related costs (330 basis point impact), greater marketing investments, and increased amortization of cloud-based applications, net of the $7.9 million decrease in acquisition-related costs and reduced consulting costs. Transportation cost increases were mostly offset by sales price increases. See the “Matters Affecting Comparability” section above for a discussion of legal settlements and related costs, project-related consulting costs, and acquisition-related costs.

Restructuring Charges and Plant Closure Costs and Impairment of Assets

Refer to the discussion in the “Matters Affecting Comparability” section above regarding these items.

Depreciation and Amortization Expense

Depreciation and amortization expense for the forty weeks ended October 7, 2023 increased in dollars as compared to the prior year period due to assets being placed in service and the Papa Pita assets acquired, net of assets becoming fully depreciated. We anticipate higher depreciation and amortization expense for the remainder of Fiscal 2023 due to the ERP-related assets being placed in service during the second quarter of Fiscal 2023 and the Papa Pita assets acquired.

Income from Operations

Income from operations decreased year over year as a percent of sales mostly due to the significant increase in selling, distribution, and administrative expenses, substantial input cost inflation, and lower production volumes. These items were partially offset by inflation-driven sales price increases.

Net Interest Expense

Net interest expense increased in dollars and as a percent of sales as compared to the prior year period due to higher average amounts outstanding under our borrowing arrangements primarily due to funding the Papa Pita acquisition, and increased interest rates on our variable rate debt.

Income Tax Expense

The effective tax rate for the forty weeks ended October 7, 2023 was 21.0% compared to 23.4% in the prior year period. The decrease in the rate was primarily due to year over year differences in the impact of the net favorable discrete items. For both periods presented, the primary differences in the effective rate and the statutory rate were state income taxes including the recognition of discrete tax credits and windfall tax benefits on stock-based compensation.

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Comprehensive Income

The decrease in comprehensive income year over year resulted primarily from decreased net income.

LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES:

Strategy and Update on Impact of the Inflationary Economic Environment and Other Macroeconomic Factors on Our Business

We believe that our ability to consistently generate cash flows from operating activities to meet our liquidity needs is one of our key financial strengths. Furthermore, we strive to maintain a conservative financial position as we believe it allows us flexibility to make investments and acquisitions and is a strategic competitive advantage. Currently, our liquidity needs arise primarily from working capital requirements, capital expenditures, and obligated debt repayments. We believe that we currently have access to available funds and financing sources to meet our short and long-term capital requirements. The company’s strategy for use of its excess cash flows includes:

•
implementing our strategic priorities, including our transformation strategy initiatives;
•
paying dividends to our shareholders;
•
maintaining a conservative financial position;
•
making strategic acquisitions; and
•
repurchasing shares of our common stock.

Although there has been no material adverse impact on our results of operations, liquidity or cash flows for the forty weeks ended October 7, 2023, volatility in global and U.S. economic environments, including as a result of, among other things, the inflationary economic environment, supply chain disruptions, labor shortages, the conflict between Russia and Ukraine, and the conflict in Israel and Gaza, could significantly impact our ability to generate future cash flows and w e continue to evaluate these various potential business risks. Those potential risks include the possibility of future economic downturns that could result in a significant shift away from our branded retail products to store branded products, supply chain disruptions that have impacted, and could continue to impact, the procurement of raw materials and packaging items, the workforce available to us, and our ability to implement additional pricing actions to offset inflation.

The macroeconomic-related factors discussed above remain fluid and the future impact on our business, results of operations, liquidity or capital resources cannot be reasonably estimated with any degree of certainty. If we experienced a significant reduction in revenues, we would have additional alternatives to maintain liquidity, including amounts available on our debt facilities, capital expenditure reductions, adjustments to our capital allocation policy, and cost reductions. Although we do not currently anticipate a need, we also believe that we could access the capital markets to raise additional funds. During the first quarter of Fiscal 2023, we terminated the securitization facility and entered into the repurchase facility, a two-year $200.0 million trade receivable repurchase facility. We believe that we have sufficient liquidity on hand to continue business operations during this time of volatility in the global and U.S. economic environments. We had total available liquidity of $561.2 million as of October 7, 2023, consisting of cash on hand and the available balances under the senior unsecured revolving credit facility (the "credit facility") and repurchase facility.

Liquidity Discussion for the Forty Weeks Ended October 7, 2023 and October 8, 2022

Cash and cash equivalents were $14.6 million at October 7, 2023 and $165.1 million at December 31, 2022. The cash and cash equivalents were derived from the activities presented in the tables below (amounts in thousands):

|  | For the Forty Weeks Ended |  |  |  |
Cash Flow Component |  | October 7, 2023 |  |  | October 8, 2022 |  |  | Change |
Cash provided by operating activities |  | $ | 257,318 |  |  | $ | 291,534 |  |  | $ | (34,216 | )
Cash disbursed for investing activities |  |  | (366,535 | ) |  |  | (119,256 | ) |  |  | (247,279 | )
Cash disbursed for financing activities |  |  | (41,356 | ) |  |  | (177,034 | ) |  |  | 135,678 |
Effect of exchange rates on cash |  |  | — |  |  |  | (8,371 | ) |  |  | 8,371 |
Total change in cash |  | $ | (150,573 | ) |  | $ | (13,127 | ) |  | $ | (137,446 | )

48

Cash Flows Provided by Operating Activities. Net cash provided by operating activities consisted of the following items for non-cash adjustments to net income (amounts in thousands):

|  | For the Forty Weeks Ended |  |  |  |
|  | October 7, 2023 |  |  | October 8, 2022 |  |  | Change |
Depreciation and amortization |  | $ | 114,693 |  |  | $ | 109,244 |  |  | $ | 5,449 |
Loss on foreign currency exchange rates |  |  | — |  |  |  | 8,371 |  |  |  | (8,371 | )
Impairment of assets |  |  | 3,347 |  |  |  | 3,897 |  |  |  | (550 | )
Loss (gain) reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income to net income |  |  | 2,426 |  |  |  | (5,625 | ) |  |  | 8,051 |
Allowances for accounts receivable |  |  | 10,071 |  |  |  | 5,811 |  |  |  | 4,260 |
Stock-based compensation |  |  | 21,382 |  |  |  | 20,124 |  |  |  | 1,258 |
Deferred income taxes |  |  | (44,256 | ) |  |  | 11,519 |  |  |  | (55,775 | )
Other non-cash items |  |  | 4,151 |  |  |  | 4,173 |  |  |  | (22 | )
Net non-cash adjustment to net income |  | $ | 111,814 |  |  | $ | 157,514 |  |  | $ | (45,700 | )

•
Refer to the Plant closure costs and impairment of assets discussion in the “Matters Affecting Comparability” section above for additional information regarding this item.
•
The increase in the allowances for accounts receivable period over period correlates with the increase in accounts receivable from sales increases.
•
For the forty weeks ended October 7, 2023, deferred income tax activity was comprised of changes year over year, including the impact of the capitalization of research and development and certain information technology costs, the vesting of stock equity awards, and accrued legal settlements and related costs. For the forty weeks ended October 8, 2022, deferred income tax activity was composed of changes year over year, including the impact of the vesting of stock equity awards and legal settlement payments.
•
Other non-cash items include non-cash interest expense for the amortization of debt discounts and deferred financing costs (including $0.3 million related to the write-off of unamortized loan costs upon the early extinguishment of the securitization facility in the first quarter of Fiscal 2023) and gains or losses on the sale of assets.

Net changes in working capital consisted of the following items (amounts in thousands):

|  | For the Forty Weeks Ended |  |  |  |
|  | October 7, 2023 |  |  | October 8, 2022 |  |  | Change |
Changes in accounts receivable |  | $ | (17,364 | ) |  | $ | (71,882 | ) |  | $ | 54,518 |
Changes in inventories |  |  | (13,552 | ) |  |  | (33,476 | ) |  |  | 19,924 |
Changes in hedging activities |  |  | (332 | ) |  |  | 2,654 |  |  |  | (2,986 | )
Changes in other assets and accrued liabilities |  |  | 107,800 |  |  |  | (20,424 | ) |  |  | 128,224 |
Changes in accounts payable |  |  | (17,788 | ) |  |  | 78,351 |  |  |  | (96,139 | )
Qualified pension plan contributions |  |  | (1,000 | ) |  |  | (1,000 | ) |  |  | — |
Net changes in working capital and pension plan contributions |  | $ | 57,764 |  |  | $ | (45,777 | ) |  | $ | 103,541 |

•
Changes in accounts receivable were mainly attributable to significant price increases period over period. Changes in inventories resulted from volatility in input costs. Changes in accounts payable were mainly attributable to higher capital spending in the prior year period largely due to the upgrade of the ERP system and volatility in input costs.
•
Hedging activities change due to market movements that affect the fair value and the associated required collateral of positions and the timing and recognition of deferred gains or losses. We expect these changes will continue to occur as part of our hedging program, though the degree and financial impact cannot be currently estimated.
•
The change in other assets primarily resulted from changes in prepaid assets and income tax receivables in each respective period. Changes in employee compensation, insurance reserves, and legal settlement accruals primarily resulted in the change in other accrued liabilities. During the first quarter of Fiscal 2023 and Fiscal 2022, we paid $32.1 million and $43.8 million, respectively, including our share of employment taxes, in performance-based cash awards under our bonus plans. An additional $2.2 million and $1.8 million was paid during the first quarter of Fiscal 2023 and Fiscal 2022, respectively, for our share of employment taxes on the vesting of employee restricted stock awards in each respective year. During the forty weeks ended October 7, 2023, the company recorded a legal settlement and related costs of $137.5 million (of which $120.3 million is included in other accrued liabilities, $14.9 million as a contra account to other assets, and $2.3 million was a non-cash impairment charge) and paid a $5.5 million legal settlement that had been accrued for in a prior period. Additionally, the company accrued $7.5 million related to an insurance liability claim in the current year period. During

49

the forty weeks ended October 8, 2022, the company accrued $7.5 million of legal settlements and paid a $2.0 million legal settlement accrued during that period and a $16.5 million settlement that had been accrued for in Fiscal 2021.
•
The company made voluntary defined benefit pension plan contributions of $1.0 million to Plan No. 2 in the third quarter of Fiscal 2023 and Fiscal 2022.

Cash Flows Disbursed for Investing Activities. The table below presents net cash disbursed for investing activities for the forty weeks ended October 7, 2023 and October 8, 2022, respectively (amounts in thousands):

|  | For the Forty Weeks Ended |  |  |  |
|  | October 7, 2023 |  |  | October 8, 2022 |  |  | Change |
Purchases of property, plant, and equipment |  | $ | (97,003 | ) |  | $ | (128,372 | ) |  | $ | 31,369 |
Principal payments from notes receivable, net of repurchases of independent distribution rights |  |  | 4,863 |  |  |  | 14,379 |  |  |  | (9,516 | )
Proceeds from sale of property, plant and equipment |  |  | 2,278 |  |  |  | 3,335 |  |  |  | (1,057 | )
Acquisition of business |  |  | (274,755 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (274,755 | )
Investment in unconsolidated affiliate |  |  | (1,981 | ) |  |  | (9,000 | ) |  |  | 7,019 |
Other |  |  | 63 |  |  |  | 402 |  |  |  | (339 | )
Net cash disbursed for investing activities |  | $ | (366,535 | ) |  | $ | (119,256 | ) |  | $ | (247,279 | )

•
We currently anticipate capital expenditures of $135.0 million to $145.0 million for Fiscal 2023 (inclusive of expenditures for the ERP upgrade of $25.0 million to $35.0 million). Capital expenditures were higher in the prior year period mostly due to spending for the ERP upgrade.
•
As discussed in the Executive Overview section above, on February 17, 2023, we completed the Papa Pita acquisition for $274.8 million in cash (inclusive of a net working capital purchase price adjustment). Papa Pita operates one manufacturing facility in West Jordan, Utah.
•
As discussed in the Executive Overview section above, we made an initial investment of $9.0 million in Base Culture, a Clearwater, Florida-based company with one manufacturing facility, in the second quarter of Fiscal 2022. We made an additional investment of $2.0 million in the second quarter of Fiscal 2023.

Cash Flows Disbursed for Financing Activities. The table below presents net cash disbursed for financing activities for the forty weeks ended October 7, 2023 and October 8, 2022, respectively (amounts in thousands):

|  | For the Forty Weeks Ended |  |  |  |
|  | October 7, 2023 |  |  | October 8, 2022 |  |  | Change |
Dividends paid |  | $ | (146,726 | ) |  | $ | (140,052 | ) |  | $ | (6,674 | )
Payment of financing fees |  |  | (533 | ) |  |  | (273 | ) |  |  | (260 | )
Stock repurchases |  |  | (30,891 | ) |  |  | (34,586 | ) |  |  | 3,695 |
Change in bank overdrafts |  |  | (6,693 | ) |  |  | (817 | ) |  |  | (5,876 | )
Net change in debt obligations |  |  | 145,000 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 145,000 |
Payments on financing leases |  |  | (1,513 | ) |  |  | (1,306 | ) |  |  | (207 | )
Net cash disbursed for financing activities |  | $ | (41,356 | ) |  | $ | (177,034 | ) |  | $ | 135,678 |

•
Our Board of Directors declared the following quarterly dividends during the forty weeks ended October 7, 2023 (amounts in thousands, except per share data):

Date Declared |  | Record Date |  | Payment Date |  | Dividend per Common Share |  |  | Dividends Paid |
August 18, 2023 |  | September 1, 2023 |  | September 15, 2023 |  | $ | 0.2300 |  |  | $ | 48,603 |
May 25, 2023 |  | June 8, 2023 |  | June 22, 2023 |  | $ | 0.2300 |  |  | $ | 48,741 |
February 17, 2023 |  | March 3, 2023 |  | March 17, 2023 |  | $ | 0.2200 |  |  | $ | 46,602 |

Additionally, we paid dividends of $2.8 million at the time of vesting of certain restricted stock awards, director stock awards, and at issuance of deferred compensation shares. The increase in dividends paid resulted from an increase in the dividend rate compared to the prior year. While there are no requirements to increase our dividend rate, we have shown a recent historical trend to do so. We anticipate funding future dividend payments from cash flows from operations.

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•
During the forty weeks ended October 7, 2023, we paid financing fees associated with executing the repurchase facility and for the amendment to the credit facility. In the prior year period, we paid financing costs associated with the Fiscal 2021 amendment of the credit facility.
•
Stock repurchase decisions are made based on our stock price, our belief of relative value, and our cash projections at any given time. During the forty weeks ended October 7, 2023 and October 8, 2022, we repurchased 1,198,729 and 1,321,117 shares of our common stock for $30.9 million and $34.6 million, respectively, under a share repurchase plan approved by our Board of Directors. A portion of these shares were acquired to satisfy employees’ tax withholding and payment obligations in connection with the vesting of restricted stock awards, which are repurchased by the company based on the fair market value on the vesting date.
•
Changes in debt obligations primarily related to drawdowns made to fund the Papa Pita acquisition in the first quarter of Fiscal 2023. See the discussion below under the “Capital Structure” section for additional details regarding changes in debt obligations.

Capital Structure

Long-term debt and right-of-use lease obligations and stockholders’ equity were as follows at October 7, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. For additional information regarding our debt and right-of-use lease obligations, see Note 5, Leases, and Note 13, Debt and Other Obligations, of Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements of this Form 10-Q.

|  | Balance at |  |  | Fixed or |  | Final
|  | October 7, 2023 |  |  | December 31, 2022 |  |  | Variable Rate |  | Maturity
Long-term debt and right-of-use lease obligations |  | (Amounts in thousands) |  |  |  |  |
2031 notes |  | $ | 494,555 |  |  | $ | 493,994 |  |  | Fixed Rate |  | 2031
2026 notes |  |  | 398,288 |  |  |  | 397,848 |  |  | Fixed Rate |  | 2026
Unsecured credit facility |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  | Variable Rate |  | 2026
Accounts receivable securitization facility |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  | Variable Rate |  |
Accounts receivable repurchase facility |  |  | 145,000 |  |  |  | — |  |  | Variable Rate |  | 2025
Right-of-use lease obligations |  |  | 271,614 |  |  |  | 282,862 |  |  |  |  | 2036
|  |  | 1,309,457 |  |  |  | 1,174,704 |  |  |  |  |
Less: Current maturities of long-term debt and right- of-use lease obligations |  |  | (49,727 | ) |  |  | (45,769 | ) |  |  |  |
Long-term debt and right-of-use lease obligations |  | $ | 1,259,730 |  |  | $ | 1,128,935 |  |  |  |  |
Total stockholders' equity |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total stockholders' equity |  | $ | 1,374,651 |  |  | $ | 1,443,290 |  |  |  |  |

The repurchase facility and the credit facility are generally used for short-term liquidity needs. On February 13, 2023, we amended the securitization facility and then on April 14, 2023, terminated the securitization facility and entered into the repurchase facility, a two-year $200.0 million trade receivable repurchase facility. Additionally, on April 12, 2023, we amended the credit facility to, among other things, replace the benchmark rate at which borrowings bear interest under the credit facility from LIBOR to Term SOFR and to allow for entry into permitted accounts receivable repurchase facilities. See Note 13, Debt and Other Obligations, of Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements of this Form 10-Q for additional information.

We believe we have sufficient liquidity to satisfy our cash needs, however, we continue to closely monitor our liquidity in light of the continued economic uncertainty in the U.S. and throughout the world due to, among other things, the impact of the inflationary economic environment, supply chain disruptions, labor shortages, the conflict between Russia and Ukraine, and the conflict in Israel and Gaza on our business. There is no current portion payable over the next year for our debt obligations. Amounts available for withdrawal under the repurchase facility are determined as the lesser of the total facility limit and a formula derived amount based on qualifying trade receivables.

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The following table details the amounts available under the repurchase facility, the securitization facility, and the credit facility and the highest and lowest balances outstanding under these arrangements during the forty weeks ended October 7, 2023:

|  | Amount Available |  |  | For the Forty Weeks Ended October 7, 2023 |
|  | for Withdrawal at |  |  | Highest |  |  | Lowest |
Facility |  | October 7, 2023 |  |  | Balance |  |  | Balance |
|  | (Amounts in thousands) |
Accounts receivable repurchase facility |  | $ | 55,000 |  |  | $ | 180,000 |  |  | $ | — |
Accounts receivable securitization facility |  |  | — |  | * |  | 28,000 |  |  |  | — |
Unsecured credit facility (1) |  |  | 491,600 |  |  |  | 174,000 |  |  |  | — |
|  | $ | 546,600 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
* The securitization facility was terminated on April 14, 2023. |

(1)
Amount excludes a provision in the credit facility agreement which allows the company to request an additional $200.0 million in additional revolving commitments.

Amounts outstanding under the credit facility can vary daily. Changes in the gross borrowings and repayments can be caused by cash flow activity from operations, capital expenditures, acquisitions, dividends, share repurchases, and tax payments, as well as derivative transactions which are part of the company’s overall risk management strategy as discussed in Note 9, Derivative Financial Instruments, of Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements of this Form 10-Q. During the forty weeks ended October 7, 2023, the company made $527.1 million in revolving borrowings and $527.1 million in payments on revolving borrowings under the credit facility primarily to fund the Papa Pita acquisition. The amount available under the credit facility is reduced by $8.4 million for letters of credit.

The securitization facility, the repurchase facility, and the credit facility are variable rate debt, and provide us the greatest direct exposure to changing interest rates. In periods of rising interest rates, such as we are currently experiencing, the cost of using these facilities has and will result in increased interest expense.

Restrictive financial covenants for our borrowings can include such ratios as a minimum interest coverage ratio and a maximum leverage ratio. Our debt may also contain certain customary representations and warranties, affirmative and negative covenants, and events of default. The company believes that, given its current cash position, its cash flow from operating activities, and its available credit capacity, it can comply with the current terms of the debt agreements and can meet presently foreseeable financial requirements. As of October 7, 2023, the company was in compliance with all restrictive covenants under our debt agreements.

At October 7, 2023, the company did not have any relationships with unconsolidated entities or financial partnerships, such as entities often referred to as structured finance or special purpose entities, which are established to facilitate off-balance sheet arrangements or other contractually narrow or limited purposes.

Under our share repurchase plan, the company may repurchase its common stock in the open market or privately negotiated transactions at such times and at such prices as determined to be in the company’s best interest. These repurchases may be commenced or suspended without prior notice depending on then-existing business or market conditions and other factors. During the forty weeks ended October 7, 2023, 1,198,729 shares, at a cost of $30.9 million, of the company’s common stock were repurchased under the share repurchase plan. From the inception of the share repurchase plan through October 7, 2023, 71.3 million shares, at a cost of $718.4 million, have been repurchased.

Accounting Pronouncements Recently Adopted and Not Yet Adopted

See Note 2, Recent Accounting Pronouncements, of Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements of this Form 10-Q for information regarding recently adopted accounting pronouncements and accounting pronouncements not yet adopted.

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ITEM 3. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATI VE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

The company uses derivative financial instruments as part of an overall strategy to manage market risk. The company uses forward, futures, swap and option contracts to hedge existing or future exposure to changes in interest rates and commodity prices. The company does not enter into these derivative financial instruments for trading or speculative purposes. If actual market conditions are less favorable than those anticipated, raw material prices could increase significantly, adversely affecting the margins from the sale of our products.

Commodity Price Risk

The company enters into commodity forward, futures and option contracts and swap agreements for wheat and, to a lesser extent, other commodities in an effort to provide a predictable and consistent commodity price and thereby reduce the impact of market volatility in its raw material and packaging prices. As of October 7, 2023, the company’s hedge portfolio contained commodity derivatives with a fair value (liability) of $(0.3) million, based on quoted market prices. Of this amount, approximately $(0.2) million relates to instruments that will be utilized in Fiscal 2023 and $(0.1) million in Fiscal 2024.

A sensitivity analysis has been prepared to quantify the company’s potential exposure to commodity price risk with respect to the derivative portfolio. Based on the company’s derivative portfolio as of October 7, 2023, a hypothetical ten percent increase (decrease) in commodity prices would increase (decrease) the fair value of the derivative portfolio by $2.6 million. The analysis disregards changes in the exposures inherent in the underlying hedged items; however, the company expects that any increase (decrease) in fair value of the portfolio would be substantially offset by increases (decreases) in raw material and packaging prices.

ITEM 4. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

Management’s Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

We have established and maintain a system of disclosure controls and procedures that are designed to ensure that material information relating to the company, which is required to be timely disclosed by us in reports that we file or submit under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the "Exchange Act"), is accumulated and communicated to management in a timely fashion and is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified by the SEC’s rules and forms.

Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our Chief Executive Officer (“CEO”) and our Chief Financial Officer (“CFO”) and Chief Accounting Officer (“CAO”), we conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act) as of the end of the period covered by this report. Based upon that evaluation and as of the end of the period covered by this report, the CEO and the CFO and CAO concluded that the company’s disclosure controls and procedures were effective to allow timely decisions regarding disclosure in its reports that the company files or submits to the SEC under the Exchange Act.

Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

During the second quarter of Fiscal 2023, we began deploying an upgrade to our ERP system which is anticipated to enhance our operating and financial processes. This upgrade will be deployed in phases over the next few years. Processes and internal controls have been updated with the implementation, and we have evaluated the operating effectiveness of related key controls. Throughout the deployment schedule, control processes will be evaluated to give appropriate consideration of modifications needed to maintain the effectiveness of internal controls over financial reporting.

Except as described above, there were no other changes in internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the fiscal quarter ended October 7, 2023 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, internal control over financial reporting.

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PART II. OTHER INFORMATION

ITEM 1. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

For a description of all material pending legal proceedings, see Note 15, Commitments and Contingencies, of Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements of this Form 10-Q.

ITEM 1A. RI SK FACTORS

Refer to Part I, Item 1A., Risk Factors, in the Form 10-K for information regarding factors that could affect the company’s results of operations, financial condition and liquidity. Additional risks and uncertainties not presently known to us or that we currently deem to be immaterial also may affect us. The occurrence of any of these known or unknown risks could have a material adverse ultimate impact on our business, financial condition, or results of operations.

ITEM 2. UNREGISTERED SALES OF EQUIT Y SECURITIES, USE OF PROCEEDS, AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES

As originally announced on December 19, 2002, and subsequently increased, our Board of Directors had approved a plan that authorized share repurchases of up to 74.6 million shares. On May 26, 2022, the company announced that the Board of Directors increased the company's share repurchase authorization by 20.0 million shares. Under the share repurchase plan, the company may repurchase its common stock in open market or privately negotiated transactions or under an accelerated share repurchase program at such times and at such prices as determined to be in the company’s best interest. These repurchases may be commenced or suspended without prior notice depending on then-existing business or market conditions and other factors.

During the twelve weeks ended October 7, 2023, 0.2 million shares, at a cost of $4.6 million, of the company’s common stock were repurchased under the share repurchase plan. From the inception of the share repurchase plan through October 7, 2023, 71.3 million shares, at a cost of $718.4 million, have been repurchased. The company currently has 23.2 million shares remaining available for repurchase under the share repurchase plan. The table below sets forth the common stock repurchased by the company during the twelve weeks ended October 7, 2023 (amounts in thousands, except share price data):

Period |  | Total Number of Shares Purchased |  |  | Weighted Average Price Per Share |  |  | Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs |  |  | Maximum Number of Shares that May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs |
July 16, 2023 — August 12, 2023 |  |  | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 23,429 |
August 13, 2023 — September 9, 2023 |  |  | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 23,429 |
September 10, 2023 — October 7, 2023 |  |  | 200 |  |  | $ | 23.23 |  |  |  | 200 |  |  |  | 23,229 |
Total |  |  | 200 |  |  | $ | 23.23 |  |  |  | 200 |  |  |  |

ITEM 3. DEFAULTS UP ON SENIOR SECURITIES

Not applicable.

ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY D ISCLOSURES

Not applicable.

ITEM 5. OTHER INFORMATION

None of the company's directors or officers adopted, modified, or terminated a "Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement" or a "non-rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement," as each term is defined in Item 408 of Regulation S-K, during the company's fiscal quarter ended October 7, 2023.

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ITEM 6. E XHIBITS

The following documents are filed as exhibits hereto:

Exhibit |  |  |  |
No |  |  |  | Name of Exhibit
3.1 |  | — |  | Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation of Flowers Foods, Inc., as amended through May 21, 2020 (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to Flowers Foods’ Current Report on Form 8-K, dated May 28, 2020, File No. 1-16247).
3.2 |  | — |  | Amended and Restated Bylaws of Flowers Foods, Inc., as amended through August 18, 2023 (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to Flowers Foods’ Current Report on Form 8-K, dated August 21, 2023, File No. 1-16247).
10.1 | * | — |  | Transition and Consulting Agreement, dated August 10, 2023, by and between Flowers Bakeries, LLC and D. Keith Wheeler.
31.1 | * | — |  | Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
31.2 | * | — |  | Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
32 | * | — |  | Certification Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, by A. Ryals McMullian, Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, and R. Steve Kinsey, Chief Financial Officer and Chief Accounting Officer, for the quarter ended October 7, 2023.
101.INS | * | — |  | Inline XBRL Instance Document - the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document.
101.SCH | * | — |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Linkbase.
101.CAL | * | — |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase.
101.DEF | * | — |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase.
101.LAB | * | — |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase.
101.PRE | * | — |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase.
104 |  | — |  | The cover page from Flowers Foods' Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended October 7, 2023 has been formatted in Inline XBRL.

* Filed herewith

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SIGNAT URES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

| FLOWERS FOODS, INC.
| By: |  | /s/ A. R YALS M C M ULLIAN
| Name: |  | A. Ryals McMullian
| Title: |  | Chairman and Chief Executive Officer

| By: |  | /s/ R. S TEVE K INSEY
| Name: |  | R. Steve Kinsey
| Title: |  | Chief Financial Officer and Chief Accounting Officer

Date: November 9, 2023

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