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Table of Contents
UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

(Mark One)

☒ | QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended March 31, 2020
or

☐ | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from to
Commission file number 001-35522

BANC OF CALIFORNIA, INC.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Maryland
(State or other jurisdiction of
incorporation or organization)
04-3639825
(IRS Employer Identification No.)
3 MacArthur Place, Santa Ana, California
(Address of principal executive offices)
92707
(Zip Code)
(855) 361-2262
(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (Section 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer |  | ☒ |  | Accelerated filer |  | ☐
Non-accelerated filer |  | ☐ |  | Smaller reporting company |  | ☐
|  |  |  | Emerging growth company |  | ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.) Yes ☐ No ☒

Table of Contents
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class |  | Trading Symbol(s) |  | Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, par value $0.01 per share |  | BANC |  | New York Stock Exchange
Depositary Shares each representing a 1/40th interest in a share of 7.375% Non-Cumulative Perpetual Preferred Stock, Series D |  | BANC PRD |  | New York Stock Exchange
Depositary Shares each representing a 1/40th interest in a share of 7.00% Non-Cumulative Perpetual Preferred Stock, Series E |  | BANC PRE |  | New York Stock Exchange

Indicate the number of shares outstanding of each of the issuer’s classes of common stock as of the latest practicable date.
As of May 6, 2020, the registrant had outstanding 49,680,697 shares of voting common stock and 477,321 shares of Class B non-voting common stock.

Table of Contents
BANC OF CALIFORNIA, INC.
FORM 10-Q QUARTERLY REPORT
March 31, 2020
Table of Contents

|  | Page
Part I – Financial Information | 4
Item 1 – | Financial Statements | 4
| Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition | 4
| Consolidated Statements of Operations | 5
| Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive (Loss) Income | 6
| Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity | 7
| Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows | 8
| Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | 9
Item 2 – | Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 44
Item 3 – | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk | 69
Item 4 – | Controls and Procedures | 71
Part II – Other Information | 72
Item 1 – | Legal Proceedings | 72
Item 1A – | Risk Factors | 72
Item 2 – | Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds | 73
Item 3 – | Defaults Upon Senior Securities | 74
Item 4 – | Mine Safety Disclosures | 74
Item 5 – | Other Information | 74
Item 6 – | Exhibits | 75
Signatures | 76

2

Table of Contents
Forward-Looking Statements
When used in this report and in public stockholder communications, in other documents of Banc of California, Inc. (the Company, we, us and our) filed with or furnished to the Securities and Exchange Commission (the SEC), or in oral statements made with the approval of an authorized executive officer, the words or phrases “believe,” “will,” “should,” “will likely result,” “are expected to,” “will continue,” “is anticipated,” “estimate,” “project,” “plans,” “guidance” or similar expressions are intended to identify “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. You are cautioned not to place undue reliance on any forward-looking statements, which speak only as of the date made. These statements may relate to our future financial performance, strategic plans or objectives, revenue, expense or earnings projections, or other financial items of Banc of California Inc. and its affiliates (the "Company", "we", "us" or "our"), as well as the potential effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Company’s business, operations, financial performance and prospects. By their nature, these statements are subject to numerous uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from those anticipated in the statements.
Factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from the results anticipated or projected include, but are not limited to, the following:

i. | the costs and effects of litigation, including legal fees and other expenses, settlements and judgments;

ii. | the effect of the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic and steps taken by governmental and other authorities to contain, mitigate, and combat the pandemic on our business, operations, financial performance and prospects;

iii. | the risk that the benefits we realize from exiting the third party mortgage origination and brokered single-family residential lending business will be less than anticipated and that the costs we incur from exiting that business will be greater than anticipated;

iv. | the risk that we will not be successful in the implementation of our capital utilization strategy and our other strategies for transitioning to a traditional community bank;

v. | risks that any merger and acquisition transactions of the Company may disrupt current plans and operations and lead to difficulties in customer and employee retention, risks that the costs, fees, expenses and charges related to these transactions could be significantly higher than anticipated and risks that the expected revenues, cost savings, synergies and other benefits of these transactions might not be realized to the extent anticipated, within the anticipated timetables, or at all;

vi. | the credit risks of lending activities, which may be affected by deterioration in real estate markets and the financial condition of borrowers, and the operational risk of lending activities, including but not limited to the effectiveness of our underwriting practices and the risk of fraud, any of which may lead to increased loan delinquencies, losses and nonperforming assets in our loan portfolio, and may result in our allowance for credit losses not being adequate and require us to materially increase our credit loss reserves;

vii. | fluctuations in the demand for loans and fluctuations in commercial and residential real estate values in our market area;

viii. | the new accounting standard adopted by the Financial Accounting Standards Board, referred to as Current Expected Credit Loss, which requires financial institutions to determine periodic estimates of lifetime expected credit losses on loans, and provide for the expected credit losses as allowances for loan losses;

ix. | the quality and composition of our securities portfolio, particularly the credit risks within our collateralized loan obligation investment portfolio and other asset classes;

x. | errors in estimates of the fair values of certain of our assets and liabilities, which may result in significant changes in valuation;

xi. | changes in general economic conditions, either nationally or in our market areas, or changes in financial markets;

xii. | continuation of or changes in the short-term interest rate environment, changes in the levels of general interest rates, volatility in the interest rate environment, the relative differences between short- and long-term interest rates, deposit interest rates, our net interest margin and funding sources;

xiii. | our ability to develop and maintain a strong core deposit base or other low cost funding sources necessary to fund our activities;

xiv. | results of examinations of us by regulatory authorities and the possibility that any such regulatory authority may, among other things, limit our business activities, require us to change our business mix, increase our allowance for credit losses, write-down asset values, increase our capital levels, or affect our ability to borrow funds or maintain or increase deposits, any of which could adversely affect our liquidity and earnings;

xv. | legislative or regulatory changes that adversely affect our business, including, without limitation, changes in tax laws and policies and changes in regulatory capital or other rules, and the availability of resources to address or respond to such changes;

xvi. | our ability to control operating costs and expenses;

xvii. | staffing fluctuations in response to product demand or the implementation of corporate strategies that affect our work force and potential associated charges;

xviii. | the risk that our enterprise risk management framework may not be effective in mitigating risk and reducing the potential for losses;

xix. | failures or security breaches with respect to the network and computer systems on which we depend;

xx. | our ability to attract and retain key members of our senior management team;

xxi. | increased competitive pressures among financial services companies;

xxii. | changes in consumer spending, borrowing and saving habits;

xxiii. | the effects of severe weather, natural disasters, pandemics, acts of war or terrorism and other external events on our business;

xxiv. | the ability of key third-party providers to perform their obligations to us;

xxv. | changes in accounting policies and practices, as may be adopted by the financial institution regulatory agencies or the Financial Accounting Standards Board or their application to our business, including additional guidance and interpretation on accounting issues and details of the implementation of new accounting methods;

xxvi. | share price volatility and reputational risks, related to, among other things, speculative trading and certain traders shorting our common shares and attempting to generate negative publicity about us; and

xxvii. | other economic, competitive, governmental, regulatory, and technological factors affecting our operations, pricing, products and services and the other risks described in this report and from time to time in other documents that we file with or furnish to the SEC, including, without limitation, the risks described under “Part I. Item 1A. Risk Factors” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019 and under “Part II. Item 1A. Risk Factors” of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

Further, statements about the potential effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on our business, operations, financial performance and prospects may constitute forward-looking statements and are subject to the risk that the actual effects may differ, possibly materially, from what is reflected in those forward-looking statements due to factors and future developments that are uncertain, unpredictable and in many cases beyond our control, including the scope and duration of the pandemic, actions taken by governmental authorities in response to the pandemic, and the direct and indirect impact of the pandemic on our clients, third parties and us.
We undertake no obligation to update any such statement to reflect circumstances or events that occur after the date, on which the forward-looking statement is made, except as required by law.
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PART I – FINANCIAL INFORMATION
ITEM 1 – FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
BANC OF CALIFORNIA, INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION
(Amounts in thousands, except share and per share data)
(Unaudited)

| March 31, 2020 |  | December 31, 2019
ASSETS |  |  |
Cash and due from banks | $ | 28,491 |  |  | $ | 28,890 |
Interest-earning deposits in financial institutions | 407,501 |  |  | 344,582 |
Total cash and cash equivalents | 435,992 |  |  | 373,472 |
Securities available-for-sale, at fair value | 969,427 |  |  | 912,580 |
Loans held-for-sale, carried at fair value | 20,234 |  |  | 22,642 |
Loans receivable | 5,667,464 |  |  | 5,951,885 |
Allowance for credit losses - loans | (78,243 | ) |  | (57,649 | )
Loans receivable, net | 5,589,221 |  |  | 5,894,236 |
Federal Home Loan Bank and other bank stock, at cost | 57,237 |  |  | 59,420 |
Premises, equipment, net | 127,379 |  |  | 128,021 |
Bank owned life insurance | 110,397 |  |  | 109,819 |
Operating lease right-of-use-assets | 20,882 |  |  | 22,540 |
Investments in alternative energy partnerships, net | 27,347 |  |  | 29,300 |
Deferred income taxes, net | 63,849 |  |  | 44,906 |
Income tax receivable | 7,198 |  |  | 4,233 |
Goodwill | 37,144 |  |  | 37,144 |
Other intangible assets, net | 3,722 |  |  | 4,151 |
Other assets | 192,578 |  |  | 185,946 |
Total assets | $ | 7,662,607 |  |  | $ | 7,828,410 |
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY |  |  |
Noninterest-bearing deposits | $ | 1,256,081 |  |  | $ | 1,088,516 |
Interest-bearing deposits | 4,306,757 |  |  | 4,338,651 |
Total deposits | 5,562,838 |  |  | 5,427,167 |
Federal Home Loan Bank advances | 978,000 |  |  | 1,195,000 |
Long term debt, net | 173,479 |  |  | 173,421 |
Reserve for loss on repurchased loans | 5,601 |  |  | 6,201 |
Operating lease liabilities | 22,075 |  |  | 23,692 |
Accrued expenses and other liabilities | 85,612 |  |  | 95,684 |
Total liabilities | 6,827,605 |  |  | 6,921,165 |
Commitments and contingent liabilities |  |  |
Preferred stock | 187,687 |  |  | 189,825 |
Common stock, $0.01 par value per share, 446,863,844 shares authorized; 52,004,041 shares issued and 49,593,077 shares outstanding at March 31, 2020; 51,997,061 shares issued and 50,413,681 shares outstanding at December 31, 2019 | 520 |  |  | 520 |
Class B non-voting non-convertible common stock, $0.01 par value per share, 3,136,156 shares authorized; 477,321 shares issued and outstanding at March 31, 2020 and at December 31, 2019 | 5 |  |  | 5 |
Additional paid-in capital | 631,125 |  |  | 629,848 |
Retained earnings | 110,640 |  |  | 127,733 |
Treasury stock, at cost (2,410,964 and 1,583,380 shares at March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019) | (40,827 | ) |  | (28,786 | )
Accumulated other comprehensive loss, net | (54,148 | ) |  | (11,900 | )
Total stockholders’ equity | 835,002 |  |  | 907,245 |
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity | $ | 7,662,607 |  |  | $ | 7,828,410 |

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements (unaudited)
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BANC OF CALIFORNIA, INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS
(Amounts in thousands, except per share data)
(Unaudited)

| Three Months Ended
| March 31, 2020 |  | December 31, 2019 |  | March 31, 2019
Interest and dividend income |  |  |  |  |
Loans, including fees | $ | 65,534 |  |  | $ | 73,930 |  |  | $ | 90,558 |
Securities | 7,820 |  |  | 7,812 |  |  | 17,841 |
Other interest-earning assets | 1,360 |  |  | 1,960 |  |  | 2,313 |
Total interest and dividend income | 74,714 |  |  | 83,702 |  |  | 110,712 |
Interest expense |  |  |  |  |
Deposits | 14,611 |  |  | 18,247 |  |  | 31,443 |
Federal Home Loan Bank advances | 5,883 |  |  | 6,396 |  |  | 9,081 |
Securities sold under repurchase agreements | — |  |  | 15 |  |  | 18 |
Long term debt and other interest-bearing liabilities | 2,359 |  |  | 2,384 |  |  | 2,362 |
Total interest expense | 22,853 |  |  | 27,042 |  |  | 42,904 |
Net interest income | 51,861 |  |  | 56,660 |  |  | 67,808 |
Provision for (reversal of) credit losses | 15,761 |  |  | (2,976 | ) |  | 2,098 |
Net interest income after provision for credit losses | 36,100 |  |  | 59,636 |  |  | 65,710 |
Noninterest income |  |  |  |  |
Customer service fees | 1,096 |  |  | 1,451 |  |  | 1,515 |
Loan servicing income | 75 |  |  | 312 |  |  | 118 |
Income from bank owned life insurance | 578 |  |  | 599 |  |  | 525 |
Net gain on sale of securities available-for-sale | — |  |  | 3 |  |  | 208 |
Fair value adjustment for loans held for sale | (1,586 | ) |  | 30 |  |  | 1 |
Net (loss) gain on sale of loans | (27 | ) |  | (863 | ) |  | 1,552 |
Other income | 1,925 |  |  | 3,398 |  |  | 2,376 |
Total noninterest income | 2,061 |  |  | 4,930 |  |  | 6,295 |
Noninterest expense |  |  |  |  |
Salaries and employee benefits | 23,436 |  |  | 24,036 |  |  | 28,439 |
Occupancy and equipment | 7,243 |  |  | 7,900 |  |  | 7,686 |
Professional fees | 5,964 |  |  | 2,611 |  |  | 11,041 |
Outside service fees | 362 |  |  | 285 |  |  | 403 |
Data processing | 1,773 |  |  | 1,684 |  |  | 1,496 |
Advertising and promotion | 1,756 |  |  | 2,227 |  |  | 2,057 |
Regulatory assessments | 484 |  |  | 1,854 |  |  | 2,482 |
Loss on investments in alternative energy partnerships | 1,905 |  |  | 1,039 |  |  | 1,950 |
Reversal of provision for loan repurchases | (600 | ) |  | (360 | ) |  | (116 | )
Amortization of intangible assets | 429 |  |  | 454 |  |  | 620 |
Restructuring expense | — |  |  | 1,626 |  |  | 2,795 |
All other expense | 4,167 |  |  | 4,127 |  |  | 3,396 |
Total noninterest expense | 46,919 |  |  | 47,483 |  |  | 62,249 |
(Loss) income from operations before income taxes | (8,758 | ) |  | 17,083 |  |  | 9,756 |
Income tax (benefit) expense | (2,165 | ) |  | 2,811 |  |  | 2,719 |
Net (loss) income | (6,593 | ) |  | 14,272 |  |  | 7,037 |
Preferred stock dividends | 3,533 |  |  | 3,540 |  |  | 4,308 |
Income allocated to participating securities | — |  |  | 224 |  |  | — |
Participating securities dividends | 94 |  |  | 93 |  |  | 202 |
Impact of preferred stock redemption | (526 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |
Net (loss) income available to common stockholders | $ | (9,694 | ) |  | $ | 10,415 |  |  | $ | 2,527 |
(Loss) earnings per common share: |  |  |  |  |
Basic | $ | (0.19 | ) |  | $ | 0.21 |  |  | $ | 0.05 |
Diluted | $ | (0.19 | ) |  | $ | 0.20 |  |  | $ | 0.05 |
(Loss) earnings per class B common share: |  |  |  |  |
Basic | $ | (0.19 | ) |  | $ | 0.21 |  |  | $ | 0.05 |
Diluted | $ | (0.19 | ) |  | $ | 0.21 |  |  | $ | 0.05 |

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements (unaudited)
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BANC OF CALIFORNIA, INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE (LOSS) INCOME
(Amounts in thousands)
(Unaudited)

| Three Months Ended
| March 31, 2020 |  | December 31, 2019 |  | March 31, 2019
Net (loss) income | $ | (6,593 | ) |  | $ | 14,272 |  |  | $ | 7,037 |
Other comprehensive (loss) income, net of tax: |  |  |  |  |
Unrealized (loss) gain on available-for-sale securities: |  |  |  |  |
Unrealized (loss) gain arising during the period | (42,248 | ) |  | (2,317 | ) |  | 6,173 |
Reclassification adjustment for OTTI loss included in net (loss) income | — |  |  | (10 | ) |  | — |
Reclassification adjustment for loss (gain) included in net (loss) income | — |  |  | (2 | ) |  | (147 | )
Total change in unrealized (loss) gain on available-for-sale securities | (42,248 | ) |  | (2,329 | ) |  | 6,026 |
Total other comprehensive (loss) income | (42,248 | ) |  | (2,329 | ) |  | 6,026 |
Comprehensive (loss) income | $ | (48,841 | ) |  | $ | 11,943 |  |  | $ | 13,063 |

See Accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)
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BANC OF CALIFORNIA, INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
(Amounts in thousands)
(Unaudited)

| Preferred Stock |  | Common Stock |  | Additional Paid-in Capital |  | Retained Earnings |  | Treasury Stock |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss |  | Total Stockholders' Equity
|  | Voting |  | Class B Non-Voting |  |  |  |  |
Balance at December 31, 2018 | $ | 231,128 |  |  | $ | 518 |  |  | $ | 5 |  |  | $ | 625,834 |  |  | $ | 140,952 |  |  | $ | (28,786 | ) |  | $ | (24,117 | ) |  | $ | 945,534 |
Comprehensive income: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 7,037 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 7,037 |
Other comprehensive income, net | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 6,026 |  |  | 6,026 |
Share-based compensation expense | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 853 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 853 |
Restricted stock surrendered due to employee tax liability | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (79 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (79 | )
Shares purchased under the Dividend Reinvestment Plan | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (50 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (50 | )
Stock appreciation right dividend equivalents | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (202 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (202 | )
Dividends declared ($0.13 per common share) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (6,486 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (6,486 | )
Preferred stock dividends | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (4,308 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (4,308 | )
Balance at March 31, 2019 | $ | 231,128 |  |  | $ | 518 |  |  | $ | 5 |  |  | $ | 626,608 |  |  | $ | 136,943 |  |  | $ | (28,786 | ) |  | $ | (18,091 | ) |  | $ | 948,325 |
Balance at December 31, 2019 | $ | 189,825 |  |  | $ | 520 |  |  | $ | 5 |  |  | $ | 629,848 |  |  | $ | 127,733 |  |  | $ | (28,786 | ) |  | $ | (11,900 | ) |  | $ | 907,245 |
Impact of adoption of ASU No. 2016-13 | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (4,503 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (4,503 | )
Comprehensive loss: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net loss | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (6,593 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (6,593 | )
Other comprehensive loss, net | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (42,248 | ) |  | (42,248 | )
Redemption of preferred stock | (2,138 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 526 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1,612 | )
Purchase of 827,584 shares of treasury stock | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (12,041 | ) |  | — |  |  | (12,041 | )
Share-based compensation expense | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,576 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,576 |
Restricted stock surrendered due to employee tax liability | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (299 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (299 | )
Shares purchased under the Dividend Reinvestment Plan | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (19 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (19 | )
Stock appreciation right dividend equivalents | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (94 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (94 | )
Dividends declared ($0.06 per common share) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (2,877 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (2,877 | )
Preferred stock dividends | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (3,533 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (3,533 | )
Balance at March 31, 2020 | $ | 187,687 |  |  | $ | 520 |  |  | $ | 5 |  |  | $ | 631,125 |  |  | $ | 110,640 |  |  | $ | (40,827 | ) |  | $ | (54,148 | ) |  | $ | 835,002 |

See Accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)
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BANC OF CALIFORNIA, INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(Amounts in thousands)
(Unaudited)

| Three Months Ended March 31,
| 2020 |  | 2019
Cash flows from operating activities: |  |  |
Net (loss) income | $ | (6,593 | ) |  | $ | 7,037 |
Adjustments to reconcile net (loss) income to net cash provided by operating activities |  |  |
Provision for credit losses | 15,761 |  |  | 2,098 |
Reversal of provision for loan repurchases | (600 | ) |  | (116 | )
Depreciation on premises and equipment | 4,524 |  |  | 2,683 |
Amortization of intangible assets | 429 |  |  | 620 |
Amortization of debt issuance costs | 58 |  |  | 29 |
Net amortization of premium on securities | 77 |  |  | 286 |
Net amortization of deferred loan costs and fees | 587 |  |  | 289 |
Accretion of discounts on purchased loans | (8 | ) |  | (97 | )
Deferred income tax expense | 573 |  |  | 1,785 |
Bank owned life insurance income | (578 | ) |  | (525 | )
Share-based compensation expense | 1,576 |  |  | 853 |
Loss on interest rate swaps | 182 |  |  | 98 |
Loss on investments in alternative energy partnerships and affordable housing investments | 3,052 |  |  | 2,587 |
Impairment on capitalized software projects | 157 |  |  | 38 |
Fair value adjustment for loans held for sale | 1,586 |  |  | (1 | )
Net loss (gain) on sale of loans | 27 |  |  | (1,552 | )
Net gain on sale of securities available for sale | — |  |  | (208 | )
Loss on sale or disposal of property and equipment | 106 |  |  | 4 |
Proceeds from sales of and principal collected on loans held-for-sale from mortgage banking | 822 |  |  | 2,139 |
Change in accrued interest receivable and other assets | (5,865 | ) |  | (4,864 | )
Change in accrued interest payable and other liabilities | (8,824 | ) |  | 5,353 |
Net cash provided by operating activities | 7,049 |  |  | 18,536 |
Cash flows from investing activities: |  |  |
Proceeds from sales of securities available-for-sale | — |  |  | 502,606 |
Proceeds from maturities and calls of securities available-for-sale | 30,000 |  |  | 19,078 |
Proceeds from principal repayments of securities available-for-sale | 602 |  |  | 7,969 |
Purchases of securities available-for-sale | (147,410 | ) |  | — |
Loan originations and principal collections, net | 282,116 |  |  | (100,702 | )
Redemption of Federal Home Loan Bank stock | 11,490 |  |  | 23,341 |
Purchase of Federal Home Loan Bank and other bank stock | (9,307 | ) |  | (11,041 | )
Proceeds from sale of loans | — |  |  | 245,013 |
Proceeds from sale of other real estate owned | — |  |  | 489 |
Purchases of premises and equipment | (2,487 | ) |  | (3,748 | )
Payments of capital lease obligations | (134 | ) |  | (86 | )
Funding of equity investment | (4,437 | ) |  | (574 | )
Increase in investments in alternative energy partnerships | (3,177 | ) |  | — |
Net cash provided by investing activities | 157,256 |  |  | 682,345 |
Cash flows from financing activities: |  |  |
Net increase (decrease) in deposits | 135,671 |  |  | (191,712 | )
Net decrease in short-term Federal Home Loan Bank advances | (193,000 | ) |  | (585,000 | )
Repayment of long-term Federal Home Loan Bank advances | (24,000 | ) |  | — |
Redemption of preferred stock | (1,612 | ) |  | — |
Purchase of treasury stock | (12,041 | ) |  | — |
Purchase of restricted stock surrendered due to employee tax liability | (299 | ) |  | (79 | )
Dividend equivalents paid on stock appreciation rights | (94 | ) |  | (202 | )
Dividends paid on preferred stock | (3,533 | ) |  | (4,308 | )
Dividends paid on common stock | (2,877 | ) |  | (6,467 | )
Net cash used in financing activities | (101,785 | ) |  | (787,768 | )
Net change in cash and cash equivalents | 62,520 |  |  | (86,887 | )
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period | 373,472 |  |  | 391,592 |
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period | $ | 435,992 |  |  | $ | 304,705 |
Supplemental cash flow information |  |  |
Interest paid on deposits and borrowed funds | 20,331 |  |  | 39,436 |
Income taxes paid | — |  |  | 2,372 |
Supplemental disclosure of non-cash activities |  |  |
Transfer from loans to other real estate owned, net | — |  |  | 276 |
Transfer of loans held-for-investment to loans held-for-sale | — |  |  | 243,364 |
Equipment acquired under capital leases | 30 |  |  | 30 |
Operating lease right of use assets recognized | — |  |  | 26,365 |
Operating lease liabilities recognized | — |  |  | 27,766 |
Impact of adoption of ASU 2016-13 on retained earnings | (4,503 | ) |  | — |

See Accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)
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BANC OF CALIFORNIA, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)
March 31, 2020
NOTE 1 – SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES
Nature of Operations: Banc of California, Inc. (collectively, with its consolidated subsidiaries, the Company, we, us and our) is a financial holding company under the Bank Holding Company Act of 1956, as amended, headquartered in Santa Ana, California and incorporated under the laws of Maryland. Banc of California, Inc. is subject to regulation by the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (FRB) and its wholly-owned subsidiary, Banc of California, National Association (the Bank), operates under a national bank charter issued by the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (OCC), the Bank's primary regulator. The Bank is a member of the Federal Home Loan Bank (FHLB) system, and maintains insurance on deposit accounts with the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC).
The Bank offers a variety of financial services to meet the banking and financial needs of the communities it serves, with operations conducted through 31 full-service branches located throughout Southern California as of March 31, 2020.
Basis of Presentation: The accompanying unaudited interim consolidated financial statements have been prepared pursuant to Article 10 of SEC Regulation S-X and other SEC rules and regulations for reporting on the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. Accordingly, certain disclosures required by U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) are not included herein. These interim statements should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and notes included in the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019 filed by us with the SEC. The December 31, 2019 consolidated statements of financial condition presented herein has been derived from the audited financial statements included in the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019 filed with the SEC. Certain prior period amounts have been reclassified to conform to current period presentation, including showing the unrealized fair value adjustment for loans held for sale separate from the realized net (loss) gain on sale of loans in the statement of operations..
In the opinion of management of the Company, the accompanying unaudited interim consolidated financial statements reflect all of the adjustments (consisting of normal recurring adjustments) necessary for a fair presentation of the consolidated financial condition and consolidated results of operations as of the dates and for the periods presented. The results of operations for the three months ended March 31, 2020 are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for the year ending December 31, 2020.
Principles of Consolidation: The accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its consolidated subsidiaries as of March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019 and for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019 and December 31, 2019. Significant intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. Unless the context requires otherwise, all references to the Company include its then wholly-owned subsidiaries.
Adopted Accounting Pronouncements:
On January 1, 2020, we adopted Accounting Standards Update (ASU) 2016-13, Financial Instruments-Credit Losses (Topic 326) (ASU 2016-13), which replaces the incurred loss impairment methodology with a methodology that reflects current expected credit losses (CECL) and requires consideration of a broader range of reasonable and supportable information to estimate expected credit losses. The measurement of expected credit losses under the CECL model is applicable to financial assets measured at amortized cost, including loan receivables, held-to-maturity debt securities and off-balance sheet credit exposures. ASU 2016-13 also requires credit losses relating to available-for-sale debt securities to be recorded through an allowance for credit losses. In addition, ASU 2016-13 modifies the other-than-temporary impairment (OTTI) model for available-for-sale (AFS) debt securities to require an allowance for credit impairment instead of a direct write-down, which allows for reversal of credit impairments in future periods based on improvements in credit.
We adopted ASU 2016-13 using the modified retrospective method for our financial assets measured at cost, including loans receivable and off-balance sheet credit exposures. Results for reporting periods beginning January 1, 2020 are reported under ASU 2016-13 (or Accounting Standards Codification 326), while prior period results continue to be reported under the previously applicable GAAP. The adoption of ASU 2016-13 on January 1, 2020 resulted in an increase of $6.4 million to our allowance for credit losses and an after-tax net decrease in retained earnings of $4.5 million. This transition adjustment reflects the development of our models to estimate lifetime expected credit losses on our loans, unfunded commitments and other off-balance sheet credit exposure primarily using a lifetime loss methodology.
The following table presents the impact of adopting ASU 2016-13 on January 1, 2020:
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($ in thousands) |  | As Reported Under ASC 326 |  | Pre- ASC 326 Adoption |  | Impact of ASC 326 Adoption
Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |
Allowance for credit losses - loans |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial: |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial and industrial |  | $ | 23,015 |  |  | $ | 22,353 |  |  | $ | 662 |
Commercial real estate |  | 10,788 |  |  | 5,941 |  |  | 4,847 |
Multi-family |  | 13,214 |  |  | 11,405 |  |  | 1,809 |
SBA |  | 3,508 |  |  | 3,120 |  |  | 388 |
Construction |  | 4,009 |  |  | 3,906 |  |  | 103 |
Consumer: |  |  |  |  |  |
Single family residential mortgage |  | 10,066 |  |  | 10,486 |  |  | (420 | )
Other consumer |  | 658 |  |  | 438 |  |  | 220 |
Total |  | 65,258 |  |  | 57,649 |  |  | 7,609 |
Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Allowance for credit losses - unfunded loan commitments |  | $ | 2,838 |  |  | $ | 4,064 |  |  | $ | (1,226 | )

Significant Accounting Policies: The accounting and reporting policies of the Company are based upon GAAP and conform to predominant practices within the banking industry. We have not made any significant changes in our critical accounting policies from those disclosed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019 filed with the SEC, except for the accounting for loans and the allowance for credit losses, the allowance for credit losses on unfunded loan commitments, troubled debt restructurings and available-for-sale debt securities as described below.
Allowance for Credit Losses (ACL): The ACL is a reserve established through a provision for credit loss expense, and represents management’s best estimate of the net amount expected to be collected from loans receivable as of the date of the consolidated statements of financial condition. Confirmed losses are charged against the ACL. Subsequent recoveries, if any, are credited to the ACL. We perform an analysis of the adequacy of the ACL at least quarterly. Management estimates the required ACL balance using past loan loss experience, the nature and volume of the portfolio, information about specific borrower situations and estimated collateral values, economic conditions, and other factors. The ACL consists of; (i) a specific allowance established for probable losses on individually identified impaired loans, (ii) a quantitative allowance for current expected loan losses based on the portfolio and expected economic conditions over a reasonable and supportable forecast period that reverts back to long-term trends to cover the life of loan; and (iii) a qualitative allowance to capture factors and trends that are not adequately reflected in the quantitative allowance, including an evaluation of our underwriting and other credit-related processes and other credit risk factors such as concentration risk. Accrued interest is excluded from our expected credit loss estimates.
Expected credit losses are estimated over the contractual term of the loans, adjusted for prepayments as appropriate. The contractual term excludes expected extensions and renewals unless those extension or renewal options are included in the underlying contract and we do not have the ability to unconditionally cancel. The contractual term also excludes expected modifications, unless management has a reasonable expectation at the reporting period that a troubled debt restructuring will be executed.
A loan is deemed impaired when, based on current information and events, it is probable that we will be unable to collect all amounts due according to the contractual terms of the loan agreement. We measure expected credit losses on all impaired loans individually under the guidance of ASC 326, Receivables, primarily through the evaluation of collateral values and estimated cash flows expected to be collected. Cash receipts on impaired loans for which the accrual of interest has been discontinued are applied first to principal and then to interest income. Loans for which the terms have been modified by granting a concession that normally would not be provided and where the borrower is experiencing financial difficulties are considered TDRs and classified as impaired.
Factors considered by management in determining impairment include payment status, collateral value, and the probability of collecting scheduled principal and interest payments when due. Loans that experience insignificant payment delays and payment shortfalls generally are not classified as impaired. Management determines the significance of payment delays and payment shortfalls on a case-by-case basis, taking into consideration all of the circumstances surrounding the loan and the borrower, including the length of the delay, the reasons for the delay, the borrower’s prior payment record, and the amount of
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the shortfall in relation to the principal and interest owed. The impairment amount on a collateral dependent loan is generally charged-off to the ACL, and the impairment amount on a loan that is not collateral dependent is set-up as a specific reserve. TDRs are also measured at the present value of estimated future cash flows using the loan’s effective rate at inception or at the fair value of collateral, less costs to sell, if repayment is expected solely from the collateral. For TDRs that subsequently default, we determine the amount of reserve in accordance with the accounting policy for the ACL.
At March 31, 2020, the following loan portfolio segments have been identified:

• | Commercial and industrial (general commercial and industrial, warehouse lending, and indirect/direct leveraged lending)

• | Commercial real estate

• | Multifamily

• | SBA

• | Construction

• | SFR - 1st deeds of trust (generally SFR mortgage and other)

• | Other consumer (HELOC and other)

We categorize loans into risk categories based on relevant information about the ability of borrowers to service their obligations such as current financial information, historical payment experience, credit documentation, public information, and current economic trends, among other factors. We analyze loans individually by classifying the loans as to credit risk.
Loans secured by multifamily and commercial real estate properties generally involve a greater degree of credit risk than SFR mortgage loans. Because payments on loans secured by multifamily and commercial real estate properties are often dependent on the successful operation or management of the properties, repayment of these loans may be subject to adverse conditions in the real estate market or the economy. Commercial and industrial loans are also considered to have a greater degree of credit risk than SFR mortgage loans due to the fact commercial and industrial loans are typically made on the basis of the borrower’s ability to make repayment from the cash flow of the borrower’s business. As a result, the availability of funds for the repayment of commercial and industrial loans may be substantially dependent on the success of the business itself (which, in turn, is often dependent in part upon general economic conditions). SBA loans are similar to commercial and industrial loans, but have additional credit enhancement provided by the U.S. Small Business Administration, for up to 85% of the loan amount for loans up to $150 thousand and 75% of the loan amount for loans of more than $150 thousand. SBA loans originated as part of the Payment Protection Program implemented by the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (CARES Act) have additional credit enhancement provided by the U.S. Small Business Administration for up to 100% of the loan amount. As of March 31, 2020, there were no PPP loans. The availability of funds for the repayment of financing may be substantially dependent on the success of the business itself (which, in turn, is often dependent in part upon general economic conditions). Consumer loans may entail greater risk than SFR mortgage loans given that collection of these loans is dependent on the borrower’s continuing financial stability and, thus, are more likely to be adversely affected by job loss, divorce, illness, or personal bankruptcy.
Green Loans are also considered to carry a higher degree of credit risk due to their unique cash flows. Credit risk on this asset class is also managed through the completion of regular third party automated valuation models (AVMs) of the underlying collateral and monitoring of the borrower’s usage of this account to determine if the borrower is making monthly payments from external sources or “drawdowns” on their line. In cases where the property values have declined to levels less than the original LTV ratios, or other levels deemed prudent by us, we may curtail the line and/or require monthly payments or principal reductions to bring the loan in balance.
On interest only loans, we project future payment changes to determine if there will be a material increase in the required payment and then monitor the loans for possible delinquency. Individual loans are monitored for possible downgrading of risk rating.
Troubled Debt Restructurings: A loan is identified as a troubled debt restructuring (TDR) when a borrower is experiencing financial difficulties and for economic or legal reasons related to these difficulties, we grant a concession to the borrower in the restructuring that we would not otherwise consider. We have granted a concession when, as a result of the restructuring to a troubled borrower, we do not expect to collect all amounts due, including principal and/or interest accrued at the original terms of the loan. The concessions may be granted in various forms, including a below-market change in the stated interest rate, a reduction in the loan balance or accrued interest, an extension of the maturity date, or a note split with principal forgiveness. Loans for which the borrower has been discharged under Chapter 7 bankruptcy are considered collateral dependent TDRs, impaired at the date of discharge, and charged down to the fair value of collateral less cost to sell. A restructuring executed at an interest rate that is at market interest rates based on the current credit characteristics of the borrower is not a TDR.
Our policy is to place consumer loan TDRs, except those that were performing prior to TDR status, on non-accrual status for a minimum period of 6 months. Commercial TDRs are evaluated on a case-by-case basis for determination whether or not to place them on non-accrual status. Loans qualify for return to accrual status once they have demonstrated performance under the
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restructured terms of the loan for a minimum of 6 months. Initially, all TDRs are reported as impaired. Generally, TDRs are classified as impaired loans and reported as TDRs for the remaining life of the loan. Impaired and TDR classification may be removed if the borrower demonstrates compliance with the modified terms for a minimum of 6 months and through one fiscal year-end and the restructuring agreement specifies a market rate of interest equal to that which would be provided to a borrower with similar credit at the time of restructuring. In the limited circumstance that a loan is removed from TDR classification, it is our policy to continue to base our measure of loan impairment on the contractual terms specified by the loan agreement.
Troubled Debt Restructuring (TDR) Relief: Under U.S. GAAP, banks are required to assess modifications to a loan’s terms for potential classification as a TDR. A loan to a borrower experiencing financial difficulty is classified as a TDR when a lender grants a concession that it would otherwise not consider, such as a payment deferral or interest concession. In order to encourage banks to work with impacted borrowers, the CARES Act and U.S. banking agencies have provided relief from TDR accounting. The main benefits of TDR relief include a capital benefit in the form of reduced risk-weighted assets, as TDRs are more heavily risk-weighted for capital purposes; aging of the loans is frozen, i.e., they will continue to be reported in the same delinquency bucket they were in at the time of modification; and the loans are generally not reported as non-accrual during the modification period.
Reserve for Unfunded Loan Commitments: The reserve for unfunded loan commitments provides for estimated credit losses for the unused portion of lending commitments expected to be funded, except for unconditionally cancellable commitments for which no reserve is required under ASC 326. The reserve for unfunded loan commitments includes factors that are consistent with ACL methodology for loans using the expected loss factors and a draw down factor applied to the underlying borrower risk and facility grades. Changes in the reserve for unfunded loan commitments are reported as a component of provision for credit losses in the consolidated statements of operations and the reserve for unfunded loan commitments is included in other liabilities in the consolidated statements of financial condition.
Available-for-Sale Debt Securities: Available-for-sale debt securities are analyzed for credit losses under ASC 326, which requires the Company to determine whether impairment exists as of the reporting date and whether that impairment is due to credit losses. An allowance for credit losses is established for losses on available-for-sale debt securities due to credit losses and are reported as a component of provision for credit losses. Accrued interest is excluded from our expected credit loss estimates. Available-for-sale debt securities are typically classified as nonaccrual when the contractual payment of principal or interest has become 90 days past due or management has serious doubts about the further collectability of principal or interest. When available-for-sale debt securities are placed on nonaccrual status, unpaid interest credited to income is reversed.
Use of Estimates in the Preparation of Financial Statements: The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions based on available information. These estimates and assumptions affect the amounts reported in the consolidated financial statements and disclosures provided, and actual results could differ. The ACL, reserve for loss on repurchased loans, reserve for unfunded loan commitments, realization of deferred tax assets, the valuation of goodwill and other intangible assets, mortgage banking and other derivatives, Hypothetical Liquidation at Book Value (HLBV) of investments in alternative energy partnerships, and the fair value measurement of financial instruments are particularly subject to change and such change could have a material effect on the consolidated financial statements.
Recent Accounting Guidance, Not Yet Effective: In December 2019, the FASB issued ASU 2019-12, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Simplifying the Accounting for Income Taxes (ASU 2019-12). The amendments in this Update simplify the accounting for income taxes by removing certain exceptions for investments, intraperiod allocations, and interim calculations, and add guidance to reduce the complexity of applying Topic 740. This ASU will be effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after beginning after December 15, 2020. We will adopt this guidance on January 1, 2021. We do not expect that the adoption of these amendments will have a material effect on our consolidated financial statements.
In March 2020, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued ASU 2020-04, Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848), which provides optional guidance for a limited period of time to ease the potential burden in accounting for (or recognizing the benefits of) reference rate reform on financial reporting. The amendments in ASU 2020-04 are elective and apply to all entities, subject to meeting certain criteria, that have contract, hedging relationships, and other transactions that reference London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR) or another reference rate expected to be discontinued because of reference rate reform. ASU 2020-04 provides optional expedients and exceptions for applying GAAP to contract modifications and hedging relationships, subject to meeting certain criteria. When elected, the optional expedients for contract modifications must be applied consistently for all eligible contracts or eligible transactions within the relevant topic or industry subtopic within the codification that contains the guidance that otherwise would be required to be applied. The amendments in ASU 2020-04 are effective for all entities as of March 12, 2020 through December 31, 2022. We are in the process of evaluating the potential impact the discontinuation of LIBOR will have on our contracts and expect to elect the optional expedients and exceptions set forth in the amendments.
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NOTE 2 – FAIR VALUES OF FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS
Fair Value Hierarchy
ASC 820-10 establishes a fair value hierarchy which requires an entity to maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value. The topic describes three levels of inputs that may be used to measure fair value:

• | Level 1: Quoted prices (unadjusted) for identical assets or liabilities in active markets that the entity has the ability to access as of the measurement date.

• | Level 2: Significant observable inputs other than Level 1 prices such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities; quoted prices in markets that are not active; or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data.

• | Level 3: Significant unobservable inputs that reflect a reporting entity’s own assumptions about the assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability.

Categorization within the valuation hierarchy is based upon the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement.
Assets and Liabilities Measured on a Recurring Basis
Securities Available-for-Sale: The fair values of securities available-for-sale are generally determined by quoted market prices in active markets, if available (Level 1). If quoted market prices are not available, we primarily employ independent pricing services that utilize pricing models to calculate fair value. Such fair value measurements consider observable data such as dealer quotes, market spreads, cash flows, yield curves, live trading levels, trade execution data, market consensus prepayment speeds, credit information, and respective terms and conditions for debt instruments. We employ procedures to monitor the pricing service's assumptions and establish processes to challenge the pricing service's valuations that appear unusual or unexpected. Multiple quotes or prices may be obtained in this process and we determine which fair value is most appropriate based on market information and analysis. Quotes obtained through this process are generally non-binding. We follow established procedures to ensure that assets and liabilities are properly classified in the fair value hierarchy. Level 2 securities include SBA loan pool securities, U.S. government agency and U.S. government sponsored enterprise residential mortgage-backed securities, non-agency residential mortgage-backed securities, non-agency commercial mortgage-backed securities, collateralized loan obligations, and corporate debt securities. When a market is illiquid or there is a lack of transparency around the inputs to valuation, including at least one unobservable input, the securities are classified as Level 3 and reliance is placed upon internally developed models, and management judgment and evaluation for valuation. We had no securities available-for-sale classified as Level 3 at March 31, 2020 or December 31, 2019.
Loans Held-for-Sale, Carried at Fair Value: The fair value of loans held-for-sale is based on commitments outstanding from investors and current offerings in the secondary market for portfolios with similar characteristics, except for loans that are repurchased out of GNMA loan pools that become severely delinquent which are valued based on an internal model. Loans held-for-sale subject to recurring fair value adjustments are classified as Level 2, or in the case of loans repurchased, Level 3. The fair value includes the servicing value of the loans and any accrued interest.
Derivative Assets and Liabilities:
Interest Rate Swaps and Caps. We offer interest rate swaps and caps products to certain loan clients to allow them to hedge the risk of rising interest rates on their variable rate loans. We originate a variable rate loan and enter into a variable-to-fixed interest rate swap with the client. We also enter into an offsetting swap with a correspondent bank. These back-to-back agreements are intended to offset each other and allow us to originate a variable rate loan, while providing a contract for fixed interest payments for the client. The net cash flow for us is equal to the interest income received from a variable rate loan originated with the client plus a fee. The fair value of these derivatives is based on a discounted cash flow approach. Due to the observable nature of the inputs used in deriving the fair value of these derivative contracts, the valuation of interest rate swaps is classified as Level 2.
Foreign Exchange Contracts.
We offer short-term foreign exchange contracts to its customers to purchase and/or sell foreign currencies at set rates in the future. These products allow customers to hedge the foreign exchange rate risk of their deposits and loans denominated in foreign currencies. In conjunction with these products, we also enter into offsetting contracts with institutional counterparties to hedge the Company’s foreign exchange rate risk. These back-to-back contracts allow us to offer its customers foreign exchange products while minimizing its exposure to foreign exchange rate fluctuations. The fair value of these instruments is determined at each reporting period based on the change in the foreign exchange rate. Given the short-term nature of the contracts, the counterparties’ credit risks are considered nominal and resulted in no adjustments to the valuation of the short-term foreign
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exchange contracts. Due to the observable nature of the inputs used in deriving the fair value of these derivative contracts, the valuation of these contracts is classified as Level 2.
The following table presents our financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of the dates indicated:

|  |  |  | Fair Value Measurement Level
($ in thousands) |  | Carrying Value |  | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) |  | Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) |  | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
March 31, 2020 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Securities available-for-sale: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. government agency and U.S. government sponsored enterprise residential mortgage-backed securities |  | $ | 104,021 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 104,021 |  |  | $ | — |
U.S. government agency and U.S. government sponsored enterprise collateralized mortgage obligations |  | 139,419 |  |  | — |  |  | 139,419 |  |  | — |
Municipal securities |  | 54,385 |  |  | — |  |  | 54,385 |  |  | — |
Non-agency residential mortgage-backed securities |  | 160 |  |  | — |  |  | 160 |  |  | — |
Collateralized loan obligations |  | 623,571 |  |  | — |  |  | 623,571 |  |  | — |
Corporate debt securities |  | 47,871 |  |  | — |  |  | 47,871 |  |  | — |
Loans held-for-sale, carried at fair value |  | 20,234 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,107 |  |  | 17,127 |
Derivative assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate swaps and caps (1) |  | 8,242 |  |  | — |  |  | 8,242 |  |  | — |
Foreign exchange contracts (1) |  | 369 |  |  | — |  |  | 369 |  |  | — |
Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Derivative liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate swaps and caps (2) |  | 8,881 |  |  | — |  |  | 8,881 |  |  | — |
Foreign exchange contracts (2) |  | 182 |  |  | — |  |  | 182 |  |  | — |
December 31, 2019 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Securities available-for-sale: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. government agency and U.S. government sponsored enterprise residential mortgage-backed securities |  | $ | 36,456 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 36,456 |  |  | $ | — |
U.S. government agency and U.S. government sponsored enterprise collateralized mortgage obligations |  | 91,299 |  |  | — |  |  | 91,299 |  |  | — |
Municipal securities |  | 52,689 |  |  | — |  |  | 52,689 |  |  | — |
Non-agency residential mortgage-backed securities |  | 196 |  |  | — |  |  | 196 |  |  | — |
Collateralized loan obligations |  | 718,361 |  |  | — |  |  | 718,361 |  |  | — |
Corporate debt securities |  | 13,579 |  |  | — |  |  | 13,579 |  |  | — |
Loans held-for-sale, carried at fair value |  | 22,642 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,409 |  |  | 19,233 |
Derivative assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate swaps and caps (1) |  | 3,445 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,445 |  |  | — |
Foreign exchange contracts (1) |  | 138 |  |  | — |  |  | 138 |  |  | — |
Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Derivative liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate swaps and caps (2) |  | 3,717 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,717 |  |  | — |
Foreign exchange contracts (2) |  | 136 |  |  | — |  |  | 136 |  |  | — |

(1) | Included in Other assets in the Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition.

(2) | Included in Accrued expenses and Other liabilities in the Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition.

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The following table presents a reconciliation of assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3), on a consolidated operations basis, for the periods indicated:

|  | Three Months Ended March 31,
($ in thousands) |  | 2020 |  | 2019
Loans repurchased from GNMA Loan Pools |  |  |  |
Balance at beginning of period |  | $ | 19,233 |  |  | $ | 25,040 |
Total (losses) gains (realized/unrealized): |  |  |  |
Included in earnings—fair value adjustment |  | (1,391 | ) |  | 3 |
Additions |  | — |  |  | — |
Sales, settlements, and other |  | (715 | ) |  | (1,974 | )
Balance at end of period |  | $ | 17,127 |  |  | $ | 23,069 |

Loans repurchased from GNMA loan pools had aggregate unpaid principal balances of $19.1 million and $19.8 million as of March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019. The significant unobservable inputs used in the fair value measurement of our loans repurchased from GNMA loan pools at March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019 included an expected loss rate of 1.55 percent for insured loans and 20.00 percent for uninsured loans. There may be inherent weaknesses in any calculation technique, and changes in the underlying assumptions used, including discount rates and estimates of future cash flows, could significantly affect the results.
Fair Value Option
Loans Held-for-Sale, Carried at Fair Value: We elected the fair value option for certain SFR mortgage loans held-for-sale. Electing to measure SFR mortgage loans held-for-sale at fair value reduces certain timing differences and better matches changes in the value of these assets with changes in the value of derivatives used as economic hedges for these assets. We also elected to record loans repurchased from GNMA at fair value, as we intend to sell them after curing any defects and, accordingly, they are classified as held-for-sale. Loans previously sold to GNMA that are delinquent more than 90 days are subject to a repurchase option when that condition exists and typically are repurchased by us. To the extent loans are subject to a repurchase option and not repurchased, the loans are re-recognized at fair value and offset by a secured borrowing, as the loans are still legally owned by GNMA. As of March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, there are no loans subject to such repurchase option and accordingly no related secured borrowings.
The following table presents the fair value and aggregate principal balance of certain assets, on a consolidated operations basis, under the fair value option:

|  | March 31, 2020 |  | December 31, 2019
($ in thousands) |  | Fair Value |  | Unpaid Principal Balance |  | Difference |  | Fair Value |  | Unpaid Principal Balance |  | Difference
Loans held-for-sale, carried at fair value: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total loans |  | $ | 20,234 |  |  | $ | 22,675 |  |  | $ | (2,441 | ) |  | $ | 22,642 |  |  | $ | 23,455 |  |  | $ | (813 | )
Non-accrual loans (1) |  | 5,795 |  |  | 6,901 |  |  | (1,106 | ) |  | 8,125 |  |  | 8,370 |  |  | (245 | )

(1) | Includes loans guaranteed by the U.S. government of $4.5 million and $6.7 million, respectively, at March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019.

There were no loans held-for-sale that were 90 days or more past due and still accruing interest as of March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019.
The assets accounted for under the fair value option are initially measured at fair value. Gains and losses from initial measurement and subsequent changes in fair value are recognized in earnings. The following table presents changes in fair value related to initial measurement and subsequent changes in fair value included in earnings for these assets measured at fair
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value for the periods indicated:

|  | Three Months Ended March 31,
($ in thousands) |  | 2020 |  | 2019
Net (losses) gains from fair value changes: |  |  |  |
Fair value adjustment for loans held for sale |  | $ | (1,586 | ) |  | $ | 1 |

Interest income on loans held-for-sale under the fair value option is measured based on the contractual interest rate and reported in interest income on loans, including fees in the consolidated statements of operations.
Assets and Liabilities Measured on a Non-Recurring Basis
Impaired Loans: The fair value of impaired loans with specific allocations of the ACL based on collateral is generally based on recent real estate appraisals and automated valuation models (AVMs). These appraisals may utilize a single valuation approach or a combination of approaches including comparable sales and the income approach. Adjustments are routinely made in the appraisal process by the appraisers to adjust for differences between the comparable sales and income data available. Such adjustments are typically deemed significant unobservable inputs used for determining fair value and result in a Level 3 classification.
The following table presents our financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis as of the dates indicated:

|  |  |  | Fair Value Measurement Level
($ in thousands) |  | Carrying Value |  | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) |  | Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) |  | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
March 31, 2020 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Impaired loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial and industrial |  | $ | 18,275 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 18,275 |
SBA |  | 3,866 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,866 |
December 31, 2019 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Impaired loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Single family residential mortgage |  | $ | 3,678 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 3,678 |
Commercial and industrial |  | 15,409 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 15,409 |
SBA |  | 1,711 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,711 |

The following table presents the losses recognized on assets measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis for the periods indicated:

|  | Three Months Ended March 31,
($ in thousands) |  | 2020 |  | 2019
Impaired loans: |  |  |  |
Single family residential mortgage |  | $ | (553 | ) |  | $ | (490 | )
Commercial and industrial |  | (965 | ) |  | — |
SBA |  | (112 | ) |  | (54 | )
Other consumer |  | — |  |  | (88 | )

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Estimated Fair Values of Financial Instruments
The following table presents the carrying amounts and estimated fair values of financial assets and liabilities as of the dates indicated:

|  | Carrying Amount |  | Fair Value Measurement Level
($ in thousands) |  |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Total
March 31, 2020 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Financial assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 435,992 |  |  | $ | 435,992 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 435,992 |
Securities available-for-sale |  | 969,427 |  |  | — |  |  | 969,427 |  |  | — |  |  | 969,427 |
Federal Home Loan Bank and other bank stock |  | 57,237 |  |  | — |  |  | 57,237 |  |  | — |  |  | 57,237 |
Loans held-for-sale, carried at fair value |  | 20,234 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,107 |  |  | 17,127 |  |  | 20,234 |
Loans receivable, net of allowance for loan losses |  | 5,589,221 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5,711,245 |  |  | 5,711,245 |
Accrued interest receivable |  | 24,639 |  |  | 24,639 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 24,639 |
Derivative assets |  | 8,611 |  |  | — |  |  | 8,611 |  |  | — |  |  | 8,611 |
Financial liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Deposits |  | 5,562,838 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5,570,289 |  |  | 5,570,289 |
Advances from Federal Home Loan Bank |  | 978,000 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,023,811 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,023,811 |
Long term debt |  | 173,479 |  |  | — |  |  | 184,104 |  |  | — |  |  | 184,104 |
Derivative liabilities |  | 9,063 |  |  | — |  |  | 9,063 |  |  | — |  |  | 9,063 |
Accrued interest payable |  | 7,210 |  |  | 7,210 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 7,210 |
December 31, 2019 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Financial assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 373,472 |  |  | $ | 373,472 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 373,472 |
Securities available-for-sale |  | 912,580 |  |  | — |  |  | 912,580 |  |  | — |  |  | 912,580 |
Federal Home Loan Bank and other bank stock |  | 59,420 |  |  | — |  |  | 59,420 |  |  | — |  |  | 59,420 |
Loans held-for-sale |  | 22,642 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,409 |  |  | 19,233 |  |  | 22,642 |
Loans receivable, net of allowance for credit losses |  | 5,894,236 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5,894,732 |  |  | 5,894,732 |
Accrued interest receivable |  | 24,523 |  |  | 24,523 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 24,523 |
Derivative assets |  | 3,583 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,583 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,583 |
Financial liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Deposits |  | 5,427,167 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5,430,536 |  |  | 5,430,536 |
Advances from Federal Home Loan Bank |  | 1,195,000 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,222,709 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,222,709 |
Long-term debt |  | 173,421 |  |  | — |  |  | 180,213 |  |  | — |  |  | 180,213 |
Derivative liabilities |  | 3,853 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,853 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,853 |
Accrued interest payable |  | 4,687 |  |  | 4,687 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4,687 |

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NOTE 3 – INVESTMENT SECURITIES
The following table presents the amortized cost and fair value of the investment securities portfolio as of the dates indicated:

($ in thousands) |  | Amortized Cost |  | Gross Unrealized Gains |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  | Fair Value
March 31, 2020 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Securities available-for-sale: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. government agency and U.S. government sponsored enterprise residential mortgage-backed securities |  | $ | 100,971 |  |  | $ | 3,050 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 104,021 |
U.S. government agency and U.S. government sponsored enterprise collateralized mortgage obligations |  | 140,797 |  |  | 299 |  |  | (1,677 | ) |  | 139,419 |
Municipal securities |  | 52,985 |  |  | 1,400 |  |  | — |  |  | 54,385 |
Non-agency residential mortgage-backed securities |  | 163 |  |  | — |  |  | (3 | ) |  | 160 |
Collateralized loan obligations |  | 703,605 |  |  | — |  |  | (80,034 | ) |  | 623,571 |
Corporate debt securities |  | 47,658 |  |  | 586 |  |  | (373 | ) |  | 47,871 |
Total securities available-for-sale |  | $ | 1,046,179 |  |  | $ | 5,335 |  |  | $ | (82,087 | ) |  | $ | 969,427 |
December 31, 2019 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Securities available-for-sale: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. government agency and U.S. government sponsored enterprise residential mortgage-backed securities |  | $ | 37,613 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (1,157 | ) |  | $ | 36,456 |
U.S. government agency and U.S. government sponsored enterprise collateralized mortgage obligations |  | 91,543 |  |  | 16 |  |  | (260 | ) |  | 91,299 |
Municipal securities |  | 52,997 |  |  | 51 |  |  | (359 | ) |  | 52,689 |
Non-agency residential mortgage-backed securities |  | 191 |  |  | 5 |  |  | — |  |  | 196 |
Collateralized loan obligations |  | 733,605 |  |  | — |  |  | (15,244 | ) |  | 718,361 |
Corporate debt securities |  | 13,500 |  |  | 79 |  |  | — |  |  | 13,579 |
Total securities available-for-sale |  | $ | 929,449 |  |  | $ | 151 |  |  | $ | (17,020 | ) |  | $ | 912,580 |

At March 31, 2020, our investment securities portfolio consisted of agency securities, municipal securities, mortgage-backed securities, collateralized loan obligations and corporate debt securities. The expected maturities of these types of securities may differ from contractual maturities because borrowers may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties.
There was no allowance for credit losses for debt securities as of March 31, 2020. Accrued interest receivable on debt securities available-for-sale totaled $5.7 million and $5.6 million at March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, and is included within other assets in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. This amount is excluded from the estimate of expected credit losses.
At March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, there were no holdings of any one issuer, other than the U.S. Government and its agencies, in an amount greater than 10 percent of our stockholders’ equity.
The following table presents proceeds from sales and calls of securities available-for-sale and the associated gross gains and losses realized through earnings upon the sales and calls of securities available-for-sale for the periods indicated:

|  | Three Months Ended March 31,
($ in thousands) |  | 2020 |  | 2019
Gross realized gains on sales and calls of securities available-for-sale |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 208 |
Gross realized losses on sales and calls of securities available-for-sale |  | — |  |  | — |
Net realized gains on sales and calls of securities available-for-sale |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 208 |
Proceeds from sales and calls of securities available-for-sale |  | $ | 30,000 |  |  | $ | 521,684 |

Investment securities with carrying values of $39.9 million and $44.0 million as of March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019 were pledged to secure FHLB advances, public deposits and for other purposes as required or permitted by law.
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The following table summarizes the investment securities with unrealized losses by security type and length of time in a continuous unrealized loss position as of the dates indicated:

|  | Less Than 12 Months |  | 12 Months or Longer |  | Total
($ in thousands) |  | Fair Value |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  | Fair Value |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  | Fair Value |  | Gross Unrealized Losses
March 31, 2020 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Securities available-for-sale: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. government agency and U.S. government sponsored enterprise residential mortgage-backed securities |  | $ | 104,520 |  |  | $ | (1,677 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 104,520 |  |  | $ | (1,677 | )
Non-agency residential mortgage-backed securities |  | 160 |  |  | (3 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 160 |  |  | (3 | )
Collateralized loan obligations |  | 58,887 |  |  | (6,113 | ) |  | 564,684 |  |  | (73,921 | ) |  | 623,571 |  |  | (80,034 | )
Corporate debt securities |  | 17,045 |  |  | (373 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 17,045 |  |  | (373 | )
Total securities available-for-sale |  | $ | 180,612 |  |  | $ | (8,166 | ) |  | $ | 564,684 |  |  | $ | (73,921 | ) |  | $ | 745,296 |  |  | $ | (82,087 | )
December 31, 2019 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Securities available-for-sale: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. government agency and U.S. government sponsored enterprise residential mortgage-backed securities |  | $ | 35,872 |  |  | $ | (1,157 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 35,872 |  |  | $ | (1,157 | )
U.S. government agency and U.S. government sponsored enterprise collateralized mortgage obligations |  | 73,379 |  |  | (260 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 73,379 |  |  | (260 | )
Municipal securities |  | 31,723 |  |  | (359 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 31,723 |  |  | (359 | )
Collateralized loan obligations |  | 49,553 |  |  | (447 | ) |  | 668,808 |  |  | (14,797 | ) |  | 718,361 |  |  | (15,244 | )
Total securities available-for-sale |  | $ | 190,527 |  |  | $ | (2,223 | ) |  | $ | 668,808 |  |  | $ | (14,797 | ) |  | $ | 859,335 |  |  | $ | (17,020 | )

At March 31, 2020, our securities available-for-sale portfolio consisted of 85 securities, 54 of which were in an unrealized loss position. At December 31, 2019, our securities available-for-sale portfolio consisted of 70 securities, 60 of which were in an unrealized loss position.
We monitor our securities portfolio to ensure it has adequate credit support. The majority of unrealized losses are related to our collateralized loan obligations. We also consider the lowest credit rating for identification of credit impairment for other securities. As of March 31, 2020, nearly all of our non-agency mortgage-backed securities and collateralized loan obligations investment securities in an unrealized loss position received an investment grade credit rating. Although credit spreads widened during the quarter, the decline in fair value is attributable to a combination of changes in interest rates and general volatility in the credit market conditions. We do not have the intent to sell these 54 securities in an unrealized loss position and further believe it is more likely that not that we will not be required to sell these securities before their anticipated recovery.
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The following table presents maturities, based on the earlier of maturity dates or next repricing date, and yield information of the investment securities portfolio as of March 31, 2020:

|  | One year or less |  | More than One Year through Five Years |  | More than Five Years through Ten Years |  | More than Ten Years |  | Total
($ in thousands) |  | Fair Value |  | Weighted-Average Yield |  | Fair Value |  | Weighted-Average Yield |  | Fair Value |  | Weighted-Average Yield |  | Fair Value |  | Weighted-Average Yield |  | Fair Value |  | Weighted-Average Yield
Securities available-for-sale: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. government agency and U.S. government sponsored enterprise residential mortgage-backed securities |  | $ | — |  |  | — | % |  | $ | — |  |  | — | % |  | $ | 29,993 |  |  | 2.20 | % |  | $ | 74,028 |  |  | 2.36 | % |  | $ | 104,021 |  |  | 2.32 | %
U.S. government agency and U.S. government sponsored enterprise collateralized mortgage obligations |  | 118,165 |  |  | 2.09 | % |  | 11,060 |  |  | 2.34 | % |  | 10,194 |  |  | 2.43 | % |  | — |  |  | — | % |  | 139,419 |  |  | 2.14 | %
Municipal securities |  | — |  |  | — | % |  | — |  |  | — | % |  | — |  |  | — | % |  | 54,385 |  |  | 2.79 | % |  | 54,385 |  | — |  | 2.79 | %
Non-agency residential mortgage-backed securities |  | — |  |  | — | % |  | — |  |  | — | % |  | — |  |  | — | % |  | 160 |  |  | 5.46 | % |  | 160 |  |  | 5.46 | %
Collateralized loan obligations |  | 623,571 |  |  | 3.43 | % |  | — |  |  | — | % |  | — |  |  | — | % |  | — |  |  | — | % |  | 623,571 |  |  | 3.43 | %
Corporate debt securities |  | — |  |  | — | % |  | 28,207 |  |  | 3.70 | % |  | 19,664 |  |  | 4.21 | % |  | — |  |  | — | % |  | 47,871 |  |  | 3.91 | %
Total securities available-for-sale |  | $ | 741,736 |  |  | 3.22 | % |  | $ | 39,267 |  |  | 3.32 | % |  | $ | 59,851 |  |  | 2.90 | % |  | $ | 128,573 |  |  | 2.55 | % |  | $ | 969,427 |  |  | 3.14 | %

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NOTE 4 – LOANS AND ALLOWANCE FOR CREDIT LOSSES
The following table presents the balances in our loan portfolio as of the dates indicated:

($ in thousands) |  | March 31, 2020 |  | December 31, 2019
Commercial: |  |  |  |
Commercial and industrial |  | $ | 1,578,223 |  |  | $ | 1,691,270 |
Commercial real estate |  | 810,024 |  |  | 818,817 |
Multifamily |  | 1,466,083 |  |  | 1,494,528 |
SBA |  | 70,583 |  |  | 70,981 |
Construction |  | 227,947 |  |  | 231,350 |
Consumer: |  |  |  |
Single family residential mortgage |  | 1,467,375 |  |  | 1,590,774 |
Other consumer |  | 47,229 |  |  | 54,165 |
Total loans(1) |  | $ | 5,667,464 |  |  | $ | 5,951,885 |
Allowance for loan losses |  | (78,243 | ) |  | (57,649 | )
Loans receivable, net |  | $ | 5,589,221 |  |  | $ | 5,894,236 |

(1) | Total loans include deferred loan origination costs/(fees) and premiums/(discounts), net, of $13.2 million and $14.3 million, respectively, at March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019.

Credit Quality Indicators
We categorize loans into risk categories based on relevant information about the ability of borrowers to service their debt such as current financial information, historical payment experience, credit documentation, public information, and current economic trends, among other factors. We perform a historical loss analysis that is combined with a comprehensive loan to value analysis to analyze the associated risks in the current loan portfolio. We analyze loans individually by classifying the loans as to credit risk. This analysis includes all loans delinquent over 60 days and non-homogeneous loans such as commercial and commercial real estate loans. We use the following definitions for risk ratings:
Pass: Loans classified as pass are in compliance in all respects with the Bank’s credit policy and regulatory requirements, and do not exhibit any potential or defined weakness as defined under “Special Mention”, “Substandard” or “Doubtful”.
Special Mention: Loans classified as special mention have a potential weakness that deserves management’s close attention. If left uncorrected, these potential weaknesses may result in deterioration of the repayment prospects for the loan or lease or of our credit position at some future date.
Substandard: Loans classified as substandard are inadequately protected by the current net worth and paying capacity of the obligor or of the collateral pledged, if any. Loans so classified have a well-defined weakness or weaknesses that jeopardize the liquidation of the debt. They are characterized by the distinct possibility that we will sustain some loss if the deficiencies are not corrected.
Doubtful: Loans classified as doubtful have all the weaknesses inherent in those classified as substandard, with the added characteristic that the weaknesses make collection or liquidation in full, on the basis of currently existing facts, conditions, and values, highly questionable and improbable.
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The following table presents the risk categories for total loans by class of loans and origination year as of March 31, 2020:

|  | Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year |  |  |  |  |  |
($ in thousands) |  | 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | Prior |  | Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis |  | Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis Converted to Term |  | Total
March 31, 2020 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial and industrial |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass |  | $ | 15,168 |  |  | $ | 121,892 |  |  | $ | 112,591 |  |  | $ | 69,585 |  |  | $ | 44,205 |  |  | $ | 138,326 |  |  | $ | 983,178 |  |  | $ | 4,743 |  |  | $ | 1,489,688 |
Special mention |  | — |  |  | 6,473 |  |  | 1,341 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 12,776 |  |  | 2,284 |  |  | 22,874 |
Substandard |  | 2,546 |  |  | 17,425 |  |  | — |  |  | 194 |  |  | 21,555 |  |  | 2,605 |  |  | 13,087 |  |  | 8,249 |  |  | 65,661 |
Doubtful |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Commercial and industrial |  | 17,714 |  |  | 145,790 |  |  | 113,932 |  |  | 69,779 |  |  | 65,760 |  |  | 140,931 |  |  | 1,009,041 |  |  | 15,276 |  |  | 1,578,223 |
Commercial real estate |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass |  | 15,189 |  |  | 152,789 |  |  | 229,702 |  |  | 73,134 |  |  | 102,913 |  |  | 218,978 |  |  | 8,011 |  |  | 1,588 |  |  | 802,304 |
Special mention |  | — |  |  | 1,803 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 742 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,545 |
Substandard |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5,175 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5,175 |
Doubtful |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Commercial real estate |  | 15,189 |  |  | 154,592 |  |  | 229,702 |  |  | 73,134 |  |  | 102,913 |  |  | 224,895 |  |  | 8,011 |  |  | 1,588 |  |  | 810,024 |
Multifamily |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass |  | 49,455 |  |  | 440,695 |  |  | 338,904 |  |  | 276,075 |  |  | 151,406 |  |  | 197,596 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,454,131 |
Special mention |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 8,960 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 8,960 |
Substandard |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,992 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,992 |
Doubtful |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Multifamily |  | 49,455 |  |  | 440,695 |  |  | 347,864 |  |  | 276,075 |  |  | 151,406 |  |  | 200,588 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,466,083 |
SBA |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass |  | 1,787 |  |  | 16,067 |  |  | 1,388 |  |  | 5,300 |  |  | 15,105 |  |  | 19,797 |  |  | 1,667 |  |  | 515 |  |  | 61,626 |
Special mention |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 229 |  |  | 479 |  |  | 987 |  |  | — |  |  | 7 |  |  | 1,702 |
Substandard |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,060 |  |  | 1,529 |  |  | 1,515 |  |  | 336 |  |  | 1,197 |  |  | 5,637 |
Doubtful |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 390 |  |  | — |  |  | 208 |  |  | 633 |  |  | — |  |  | 387 |  |  | 1,618 |
SBA |  | 1,787 |  |  | 16,067 |  |  | 1,778 |  |  | 6,589 |  |  | 17,321 |  |  | 22,932 |  |  | 2,003 |  |  | 2,106 |  |  | 70,583 |
Construction |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass |  | 12,948 |  |  | 39,120 |  |  | 76,619 |  |  | 87,270 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 215,957 |
Special mention |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 8,012 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,978 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 11,990 |
Substandard |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |

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Doubtful |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Construction |  | 12,948 |  |  | 39,120 |  |  | 84,631 |  |  | 87,270 |  |  | 3,978 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 227,947 |
Consumer: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Single family residential mortgage |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass |  | 5,431 |  |  | 177,908 |  |  | 371,674 |  |  | 221,287 |  |  | 328,033 |  |  | 304,408 |  |  | 21,157 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,429,898 |
Special mention |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,157 |  |  | 668 |  |  | 5,070 |  |  | 4,057 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 10,952 |
Substandard |  | — |  |  | 1,074 |  |  | 498 |  |  | 3,420 |  |  | 3,253 |  |  | 17,763 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 26,008 |
Doubtful |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 517 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 517 |
Single family residential mortgage |  | 5,431 |  |  | 178,982 |  |  | 373,329 |  |  | 225,375 |  |  | 336,873 |  |  | 326,228 |  |  | 21,157 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,467,375 |
Other consumer |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass |  | 55 |  |  | 95 |  |  | 86 |  |  | — |  |  | 14 |  |  | 5,332 |  |  | 37,992 |  |  | 2,941 |  |  | 46,515 |
Special mention |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 224 |  |  | 224 |
Substandard |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 35 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 34 |  |  | 322 |  |  | 99 |  |  | 490 |
Doubtful |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Other consumer |  | 55 |  |  | 95 |  |  | 121 |  |  | — |  |  | 14 |  |  | 5,366 |  |  | 38,314 |  |  | 3,264 |  |  | 47,229 |
Total loans |  | $ | 102,579 |  |  | $ | 975,341 |  |  | $ | 1,151,357 |  |  | $ | 738,222 |  |  | $ | 678,265 |  |  | $ | 920,940 |  |  | $ | 1,078,526 |  |  | $ | 22,234 |  |  | $ | 5,667,464 |

The following table presents the risk categories for total loans by class of loans as of December 31, 2019:

($ in thousands) |  | Pass |  | Special Mention |  | Substandard |  | Doubtful |  | Total
December 31, 2019 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial and industrial |  | 1,580,269 |  |  | 45,323 |  |  | 65,678 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,691,270 |
Commercial real estate |  | 813,846 |  |  | 2,532 |  |  | 2,439 |  |  | — |  |  | 818,817 |
Multifamily |  | 1,484,931 |  |  | 4,256 |  |  | 5,341 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,494,528 |
SBA |  | 60,982 |  |  | 2,760 |  |  | 5,621 |  |  | 1,618 |  |  | 70,981 |
Construction |  | 229,771 |  |  | 1,579 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 231,350 |
Consumer: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Single family residential mortgage |  | 1,559,253 |  |  | 10,735 |  |  | 20,269 |  |  | 517 |  |  | 1,590,774 |
Other consumer |  | 53,331 |  |  | 346 |  |  | 488 |  |  | — |  |  | 54,165 |
Total |  | $ | 5,782,383 |  |  | $ | 67,531 |  |  | $ | 99,836 |  |  | $ | 2,135 |  |  | $ | 5,951,885 |

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Past Due Loans
The following table presents the aging of the recorded investment in past due loans, excluding accrued interest receivable (which is not considered to be material), by class of loans as of the dates indicated:

($ in thousands) |  | 30 - 59 Days Past Due |  | 60 - 89 Days Past Due |  | Greater than 89 Days Past due |  | Total Past Due |  | Current |  | Total
March 31, 2020 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Non-Traditional Mortgage (NTM) loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Single family residential mortgage |  | $ | 8,043 |  |  | $ | 5,383 |  |  | $ | 14,577 |  |  | $ | 28,003 |  |  | $ | 530,161 |  |  | $ | 558,164 |
Other consumer |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,894 |  |  | 1,894 |
Total NTM loans |  | 8,043 |  |  | 5,383 |  |  | 14,577 |  |  | 28,003 |  |  | 532,055 |  |  | 560,058 |
Traditional loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial and industrial |  | 649 |  |  | 3,687 |  |  | 2,601 |  |  | 6,937 |  |  | 1,571,286 |  |  | 1,578,223 |
Commercial real estate |  | — |  |  | 264 |  |  | — |  |  | 264 |  |  | 809,760 |  |  | 810,024 |
Multifamily |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,466,083 |  |  | 1,466,083 |
SBA |  | 2,009 |  |  | 222 |  |  | 2,643 |  |  | 4,874 |  |  | 65,709 |  |  | 70,583 |
Construction |  | 734 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 734 |  |  | 227,213 |  |  | 227,947 |
Consumer: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Single family residential mortgage |  | 32,993 |  |  | 1,600 |  |  | 8,771 |  |  | 43,364 |  |  | 865,847 |  |  | 909,211 |
Other consumer |  | 754 |  |  | — |  |  | 40 |  |  | 794 |  |  | 44,541 |  |  | 45,335 |
Total traditional loans |  | 37,139 |  |  | 5,773 |  |  | 14,055 |  |  | 56,967 |  |  | 5,050,439 |  |  | 5,107,406 |
Total |  | $ | 45,182 |  |  | $ | 11,156 |  |  | $ | 28,632 |  |  | $ | 84,970 |  |  | $ | 5,582,494 |  |  | $ | 5,667,464 |
December 31, 2019 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
NTM loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Single family residential mortgage |  | $ | 3,973 |  |  | $ | 3,535 |  |  | $ | 13,019 |  |  | $ | 20,527 |  |  | $ | 577,830 |  |  | $ | 598,357 |
Other consumer |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,299 |  |  | 2,299 |
Total NTM loans |  | 3,973 |  |  | 3,535 |  |  | 13,019 |  |  | 20,527 |  |  | 580,129 |  |  | 600,656 |
Traditional loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial and industrial |  | 780 |  |  | 5,670 |  |  | 3,862 |  |  | 10,312 |  |  | 1,680,958 |  |  | 1,691,270 |
Commercial real estate |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 818,817 |  |  | 818,817 |
Multifamily |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,494,528 |  |  | 1,494,528 |
SBA |  | 586 |  |  | 842 |  |  | 2,152 |  |  | 3,580 |  |  | 67,401 |  |  | 70,981 |
Construction |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 231,350 |  |  | 231,350 |
Consumer: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Single family residential mortgage |  | 13,752 |  |  | 3,496 |  |  | 5,606 |  |  | 22,854 |  |  | 969,563 |  |  | 992,417 |
Other consumer |  | 199 |  |  | 40 |  |  | 95 |  |  | 334 |  |  | 51,532 |  |  | 51,866 |
Total traditional loans |  | 15,317 |  |  | 10,048 |  |  | 11,715 |  |  | 37,080 |  |  | 5,314,149 |  |  | 5,351,229 |
Total |  | $ | 19,290 |  |  | $ | 13,583 |  |  | $ | 24,734 |  |  | $ | 57,607 |  |  | $ | 5,894,278 |  |  | $ | 5,951,885 |

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Non-accrual Loans
The following table presents non-accrual loans as of the dates indicated:

| March 31, 2020 |  | December 31, 2019
($ in thousands) | NTM Loans |  | Traditional Loans |  | Total Non-accrual Loans |  | Non-accrual Loans with no ACL |  | NTM Loans |  | Traditional Loans |  | Total Non-accrual Loans |  | Non-accrual Loans with no ACL
Non-accrual loans |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial and industrial | $ | — |  |  | $ | 23,638 |  |  | $ | 23,638 |  |  | $ | 5,364 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 19,114 |  |  | $ | 19,114 |  |  | $ | 337 |
Commercial real estate | — |  |  | 2,763 |  |  | 2,763 |  |  | 2,763 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
SBA | — |  |  | 5,374 |  |  | 5,374 |  |  | 1,508 |  |  | — |  |  | 5,230 |  |  | 5,230 |  |  | 1,474 |
Construction | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Consumer: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Single family residential mortgage | 15,605 |  |  | 8,771 |  |  | 24,376 |  |  | 24,376 |  |  | 13,019 |  |  | 5,606 |  |  | 18,625 |  |  | 14,373 |
Other consumer | — |  |  | 320 |  |  | 320 |  |  | 320 |  |  | — |  |  | 385 |  |  | 385 |  |  | 380 |
Total non-accrual loans | $ | 15,605 |  |  | $ | 40,866 |  |  | $ | 56,471 |  |  | $ | 34,331 |  |  | $ | 13,019 |  |  | $ | 30,335 |  |  | $ | 43,354 |  |  | $ | 16,564 |

At March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, there were no loans were past due 90 days or more and still accruing.
The non-traditional mortgage ("NTM") loans on non-accrual status included $4.7 million of Green loans and $10.9 million of interest-only loans at March 31, 2020 compared to $1.5 million of Green loans and $11.5 million of interest-only loans at December 31, 2019.
Loans in Process of Foreclosure
At March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, consumer mortgage loans of $15.7 million and $15.7 million, respectively, were secured by residential real estate properties for which formal foreclosure proceedings were in process according to local requirements of the applicable jurisdiction.
Allowance for Credit Losses
Our ACL is comprised of our allowance for loan losses (ALL) and reserve for unfunded loan commitments. Our ACL and resulting provision was significantly impacted by the current economic uncertainty and volatility caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. Our ACL methodology uses a nationally-recognized, third party model that includes many assumptions based on our historical and peer loss data, our current loan portfolio risk profile, and economic forecasts. Loan-level data and credit-risk attributes are incorporated into the model and adjusted based on a peer-multiplier and economic forecasts. The forecasts are based on critical macroeconomic variables with relevant ranges of one to three years which then revert to long-term trends over the life of the loan. We utilized economic forecasts published by our model provider to determine the ACL on January 1, 2020. Subsequent to adoption, we used economic forecasts released by our model provider during the last week of March which included the onset of the pandemic. These latter forecasts included a sharp contraction in annualized GDP growth and a sharp spike in near-term unemployment rates ranging from 8% to 13%, before returning to moderate long-term economic trends. Our visibility at the end of the quarter indicated that local unemployment was heading higher and that the economic recovery would likely be slower. Accordingly, we incorporated qualitative factors to account for this visibility at quarter end related to actual conditions and an economic outlook that was worse than the late March forecasts incorporated into the CECL model. As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic and adoption of CECL, we expect our allowance for credit losses to continue to be impacted in future periods by economic volatility, changing economic forecasts, as well as the related impacts to CECL model assumptions, all of which may be better than or worse than our current estimate.
We have established credit risk management processes that include regular management review of the loan portfolio to identify problem loans. During the ordinary course of business, management may become aware of borrowers who may not be able to fulfill the contractual payment requirements of the loan agreements. Such loans are subject to increased monitoring. Consideration is given to placing the loan on non-accrual status, assessing the need for additional allowance for loan loss, and partial or full charge off the principal balance. We maintain the allowance for loan losses at a level that is considered adequate to cover the expected credit losses in the loan portfolio.
We maintain a reserve for unfunded loan commitments at a level that is considered adequate to cover expected credit losses for the portion of commitments that ultimately fund. The estimated funding of the loan commitments and credit risk factors are determined based on outstanding loans that share similar credit risk exposure are used to determine the adequacy of the reserve.
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At March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, the reserve for unfunded loan commitments was $3.9 million and $4.1 million, respectively, and are included in accrued expenses and other liabilities on the consolidated statements of financial condition.
The credit risk monitoring system is designed to identify impaired and potential problem loans, and to perform periodic evaluation of impairment and the adequacy of the allowance for credit losses in a timely manner. In addition, management has adopted a credit policy that includes a credit review and control system that it believes should be effective in ensuring that we maintain an adequate allowance for credit losses. In addition, the Board of Directors provides oversight and guidance for management’s allowance evaluation process.
The following table presents a summary of activity in the ACL for the periods indicated:

|  | Three Months Ended March 31,
($ in thousands) |  | 2020 |  | 2019
|  | Allowance for Loan Losses |  | Reserve for Unfunded Loan Commitments |  | Allowance for Credit Losses |  | Allowance for Loan Losses |  | Reserve for Unfunded Loan Commitments |  | Allowance for Credit Losses
Balance at beginning of period |  | $ | 57,649 |  |  | $ | 4,064 |  |  | $ | 61,713 |  |  | $ | 62,192 |  |  | $ | 4,622 |  |  | $ | 66,814 |
Impact of adopting ASU 2016-13 |  | 7,609 |  |  | (1,226 | ) |  | 6,383 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Loans charged off |  | (2,076 | ) |  | — |  |  | (2,076 | ) |  | (1,063 | ) |  | — |  |  | (1,063 | )
Recoveries of loans previously charged off |  | 350 |  |  | — |  |  | 350 |  |  | 244 |  |  | — |  |  | 244 |
Net charge-offs |  | (1,726 | ) |  | — |  |  | (1,726 | ) |  | (819 | ) |  | — |  |  | (819 | )
Provision for (reversal of) credit losses |  | 14,711 |  |  | 1,050 |  |  | 15,761 |  |  | 2,512 |  |  | (414 | ) |  | 2,098 |
Balance at end of period |  | $ | 78,243 |  |  | $ | 3,888 |  |  | $ | 82,131 |  |  | $ | 63,885 |  |  | $ | 4,208 |  |  | $ | 68,093 |

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Accrued interest receivable on loans receivable, net totaled $18.8 million and $18.9 million at March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, and is included within other assets in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. This amount is excluded from the estimate of expected credit losses.
The following table presents the activity and balance in the ALL and the recorded investment, excluding accrued interest, in loans based on the impairment methodology as of or for the three months ended March 31, 2020:

($ in thousands) |  | Commercial and Industrial |  | Commercial Real Estate |  | Multifamily |  | SBA |  | Construction |  | Single Family Residential Mortgage |  | Other Consumer |  | Total
ALL: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance at December 31, 2019 |  | $ | 22,353 |  |  | $ | 5,941 |  |  | $ | 11,405 |  |  | $ | 3,120 |  |  | $ | 3,906 |  |  | $ | 10,486 |  |  | $ | 438 |  |  | $ | 57,649 |
Impact of adopting ASC 326 |  | 662 |  |  | 4,847 |  |  | 1,809 |  |  | 388 |  |  | 103 |  |  | (420 | ) |  | 220 |  |  | 7,609 |
Charge-offs |  | (1,164 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (356 | ) |  | — |  |  | (552 | ) |  | (4 | ) |  | (2,076 | )
Recoveries |  | 30 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 121 |  |  | — |  |  | 151 |  |  | 48 |  |  | 350 |
Net (charge-offs) recoveries |  | (1,134 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (235 | ) |  | — |  |  | (401 | ) |  | 44 |  |  | (1,726 | )
Provision for (reversal of) credit losses |  | 1,692 |  |  | 2,832 |  |  | 6,858 |  |  | 379 |  |  | 3,043 |  |  | (72 | ) |  | (21 | ) |  | 14,711 |
Balance at March 31, 2020 |  | $ | 23,573 |  |  | $ | 13,620 |  |  | $ | 20,072 |  |  | $ | 3,652 |  |  | $ | 7,052 |  |  | $ | 9,593 |  |  | $ | 681 |  |  | $ | 78,243 |
Individually evaluated for impairment |  | $ | 3,606 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,208 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 5,814 |
Collectively evaluated for impairment |  | 19,967 |  |  | 13,620 |  |  | 20,072 |  |  | 1,444 |  |  | 7,052 |  |  | 9,593 |  |  | 681 |  |  | 72,429 |
Total ending ALL balance |  | $ | 23,573 |  |  | $ | 13,620 |  |  | $ | 20,072 |  |  | $ | 3,652 |  |  | $ | 7,052 |  |  | $ | 9,593 |  |  | $ | 681 |  |  | $ | 78,243 |
Loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Individually evaluated for impairment |  | $ | 24,594 |  |  | $ | 2,763 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 5,292 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 29,183 |  |  | $ | 614 |  |  | $ | 62,446 |
Collectively evaluated for impairment |  | 1,553,629 |  |  | 807,261 |  |  | 1,466,083 |  |  | 65,291 |  |  | 227,947 |  |  | 1,438,192 |  |  | 46,615 |  |  | 5,605,018 |
Total ending loan balances |  | $ | 1,578,223 |  |  | $ | 810,024 |  |  | $ | 1,466,083 |  |  | $ | 70,583 |  |  | $ | 227,947 |  |  | $ | 1,467,375 |  |  | $ | 47,229 |  |  | $ | 5,667,464 |

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The following table presents the activity and balance in the ALL and the recorded investment, excluding accrued interest, in loans based on the impairment methodology as of or for the three months ended March 31, 2019:

($ in thousands) |  | Commercial and Industrial |  | Commercial Real Estate |  | Multifamily |  | SBA |  | Construction |  | Lease Financing |  | Single Family Residential Mortgage |  | Other Consumer |  | Total
ALL: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance at December 31, 2018 |  | $ | 18,191 |  |  | $ | 6,674 |  |  | $ | 17,970 |  |  | $ | 1,827 |  |  | $ | 3,461 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 13,128 |  |  | $ | 941 |  |  | $ | 62,192 |
Charge-offs |  | (93 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (356 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (526 | ) |  | (88 | ) |  | (1,063 | )
Recoveries |  | 33 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 41 |  |  | — |  |  | 3 |  |  | 150 |  |  | 17 |  |  | 244 |
Net (charge-offs) recoveries |  | (60 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (315 | ) |  | — |  |  | 3 |  |  | (376 | ) |  | (71 | ) |  | (819 | )
Provision for (reversal of) credit losses |  | 762 |  |  | 164 |  |  | 928 |  |  | 1,545 |  |  | (8 | ) |  | (3 | ) |  | (610 | ) |  | (266 | ) |  | 2,512 |
Balance at March 31, 2019 |  | $ | 18,893 |  |  | $ | 6,838 |  |  | $ | 18,898 |  |  | $ | 3,057 |  |  | $ | 3,453 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 12,142 |  |  | $ | 604 |  |  | $ | 63,885 |
Individually evaluated for impairment |  | $ | 48 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,634 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 230 |  |  | $ | 33 |  |  | $ | 1,945 |
Collectively evaluated for impairment |  | 18,845 |  |  | 6,838 |  |  | 18,898 |  |  | 1,423 |  |  | 3,453 |  |  | — |  |  | 11,912 |  |  | 571 |  |  | 61,940 |
Total ending ALL balance |  | $ | 18,893 |  |  | $ | 6,838 |  |  | $ | 18,898 |  |  | $ | 3,057 |  |  | $ | 3,453 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 12,142 |  |  | $ | 604 |  |  | $ | 63,885 |
Loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Individually evaluated for impairment |  | $ | 4,861 |  |  | $ | 573 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 3,808 |  |  | $ | 2,519 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 20,362 |  |  | $ | 841 |  |  | $ | 32,964 |
Collectively evaluated for impairment |  | 1,902,241 |  |  | 864,948 |  |  | 2,332,527 |  |  | 71,190 |  |  | 209,030 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,082,332 |  |  | 61,968 |  |  | 7,524,236 |
Total ending loan balances |  | $ | 1,907,102 |  |  | $ | 865,521 |  |  | $ | 2,332,527 |  |  | $ | 74,998 |  |  | $ | 211,549 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,102,694 |  |  | $ | 62,809 |  |  | $ | 7,557,200 |

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The following table presents loans individually evaluated for impairment by class of loans as of the dates indicated. The recorded investment, excluding accrued interest, presents customer balances net of any partial charge-offs recognized on the loans and net of any deferred fees and costs and any purchase premium or discount.

|  | March 31, 2020 |  | December 31, 2019
($ in thousands) |  | Unpaid Principal Balance |  | Recorded Investment |  | Allowance for Loan Losses |  | Unpaid Principal Balance |  | Recorded Investment |  | Allowance for Loan Losses
With no related ALL recorded: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial and industrial |  | $ | 6,332 |  |  | $ | 6,319 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,471 |  |  | $ | 1,460 |  |  | $ | — |
Commercial real estate |  | 2,968 |  |  | 2,763 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
SBA |  | 1,489 |  |  | 1,426 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,439 |  |  | 1,379 |  |  | — |
Consumer: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Single family residential mortgage |  | 29,024 |  |  | 29,183 |  |  | — |  |  | 19,319 |  |  | 19,405 |  |  | — |
Other consumer |  | 611 |  |  | 614 |  |  | — |  |  | 671 |  |  | 675 |  |  | — |
With an ALL recorded: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial and industrial |  | 18,268 |  |  | 18,275 |  |  | 3,606 |  |  | 18,776 |  |  | 18,776 |  |  | 3,367 |
SBA |  | 4,050 |  |  | 3,866 |  |  | 2,208 |  |  | 3,921 |  |  | 3,757 |  |  | 2,045 |
Consumer: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Single family residential mortgage |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4,213 |  |  | 4,252 |  |  | 574 |
Other consumer |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4 |  |  | 4 |  |  | 4 |
Total |  | $ | 62,742 |  |  | $ | 62,446 |  |  | $ | 5,814 |  |  | $ | 49,814 |  |  | $ | 49,708 |  |  | $ | 5,990 |

The following table presents information on impaired loans, disaggregated by class, for the periods indicated:

|  | Three Months Ended
($ in thousands) |  | Average Recorded Investment |  | Interest Income Recognized |  | Cash Basis Interest Recognized
March 31, 2020 |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial: |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial and industrial |  | $ | 22,912 |  |  | $ | 21 |  |  | $ | 21 |
Commercial real estate |  | 2,774 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
SBA |  | 5,414 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 3 |
Consumer: |  |  |  |  |  |
Single family residential mortgage |  | 29,483 |  |  | 54 |  |  | 45 |
Other consumer |  | 617 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 3 |
Total |  | $ | 61,200 |  |  | $ | 81 |  |  | $ | 72 |
March 31, 2019 |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial: |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial and industrial |  | $ | 5,048 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Commercial real estate |  | 577 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
SBA |  | 3,845 |  |  | 4 |  |  | 4 |
Construction |  | 2,519 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Consumer: |  |  |  |  |  |
Single family residential mortgage |  | 19,323 |  |  | 58 |  |  | 49 |
Other consumer |  | 844 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 3 |
Total |  | $ | 32,156 |  |  | $ | 65 |  |  | $ | 56 |

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Troubled Debt Restructurings
A modification of a loan constitutes a TDR when we, for economic or legal reasons related to a borrower’s financial difficulties, grant a concession to the borrower that we would not otherwise consider. A concession or concessions may be granted in various forms, including a below-market change in the stated interest rate, a reduction in the loan balance or accrued interest, an extension of the maturity date, or a note split with principal forgiveness. In order to determine whether a borrower is experiencing financial difficulty, an evaluation is performed of the probability that the borrower will be in payment default on any of its debt in the foreseeable future without the modification. This evaluation is performed under our internal underwriting policy.
TDR loans consisted of the following as of the dates indicated:

|  | March 31, 2020 |  | December 31, 2019
($ in thousands) |  | NTM Loans |  | Traditional Loans |  | Total |  | NTM Loans |  | Traditional Loans |  | Total
Commercial: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial and industrial |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 21,586 |  |  | $ | 21,586 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 16,245 |  |  | $ | 16,245 |
SBA |  | — |  |  | 266 |  |  | 266 |  |  | — |  |  | 266 |  |  | 266 |
Consumer: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Single family residential mortgage |  | 2,630 |  |  | 2,176 |  |  | 4,806 |  |  | 2,638 |  |  | 2,394 |  |  | 5,032 |
Other consumer |  | 294 |  |  | — |  |  | 294 |  |  | 294 |  |  | — |  |  | 294 |
Total |  | $ | 2,924 |  |  | $ | 24,028 |  |  | $ | 26,952 |  |  | $ | 2,932 |  |  | $ | 18,905 |  |  | $ | 21,837 |

We had commitments to lend to customers with outstanding loans that were classified as TDRs of $135 thousand and $135 thousand as of March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively. Accruing TDRs were $6.1 million and non-accrual TDRs were $20.9 million at March 31, 2020 compared to accruing TDRs of $6.6 million and non-accrual TDRs of $15.2 million at December 31, 2019. The increase in TDRs during the three months ended March 31, 2020 was primarily due to one commercial and industrial relationship.
The following table summarizes the pre-modification and post-modification balances of the new TDRs for the periods indicated:

|  | Three Months Ended
($ in thousands) |  | Number of Loans |  | Pre-Modification Outstanding Recorded Investment |  | Post-Modification Outstanding Recorded Investment
March 31, 2020 |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial: |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial and industrial |  | 1 |  |  | $ | 5,000 |  |  | $ | 5,000 |
Total |  | 1 |  |  | 5,000 |  |  | 5,000 |
March 31, 2019 |  |  |  |  |  |
Total |  | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |

We consider a TDR to be in payment default once it becomes 30 days or more past due following a modification. During the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, there were no loans that were modified as TDRs during the past 12 months that had subsequent payment defaults during the periods.
The following table summarizes TDRs by modification type for the periods indicated:
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|  | Three Months Ended
|  | Modification Type
|  | Change in Principal Payments and Interest Rates |  | Change in Principal Payments |  | Total
($ in thousands) |  | Count |  | Amount |  | Count |  | Amount |  | Count |  | Amount
March 31, 2020 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial and industrial |  | 1 |  |  | $ | 5,000 |  |  | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | $ | 5,000 |
Total |  | 1 |  |  | $ | 5,000 |  |  | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | $ | 5,000 |
March 31, 2019 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total |  | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | — |  |  | $ | — |

Purchases, Sales, and Transfers
From time to time, we purchase and sell loans in the secondary market. Certain loans are transferred from held-for-investment to held-for-sale at the lower of cost or fair value and any reductions in value on transfer are reflected as write-downs to allowance for credit losses. We had no purchases of loans for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019. The following table presents loans transferred from (to) loans held-for-sale by portfolio segment for the periods indicated:

|  | Three Months Ended
($ in thousands) |  | Transfers from Held-For-Sale |  | Transfers (to) Held-For-Sale
March 31, 2020 |  |  |  |
Total |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
March 31, 2019 |  |  |  |
Commercial: |  |  |  |
Commercial and industrial |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Multifamily |  | — |  |  | — |
Consumer: |  |  |  |
Single family residential mortgage |  | — |  |  | (243,364 | )
Other consumer |  | — |  |  | — |
Total |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (243,364 | )

There were no sales of loans during the three months ended March 31, 2020. Loss on sale of loans during the three months ended totaled $27 thousand and related to certain adjustments for previously sold loans.
During the three months ended March 31, 2019, we sold $243.4 million in SFR loans, resulting in a gain of $1.6 million.
Non-Traditional Mortgage Loans ("NTM")
Our NTM portfolio is comprised of three interest only products: Green Loans, Interest Only loans and a small number of additional loans with the potential for negative amortization. The initial credit guidelines for the NTM portfolio were established based on the borrower's Fair Isaac Corporation (FICO) score, LTV ratio, property type, occupancy type, loan amount, and geography. Additionally, from an ongoing credit risk management perspective, we have determined that the most significant performance indicators for NTMs are LTV ratios and FICO scores. We review the NTM loan portfolio periodically, which includes refreshing FICO scores on the Green Loans and HELOCs and ordering third party automated valuation models (AVMs) to confirm collateral values. We no longer originate NTM loans.
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The following table presents the composition of the NTM portfolio, which are included in the single family residential mortgage portfolio, as of the dates indicated:

|  | March 31, 2020 |  | December 31, 2019
($ in thousands) |  | Count |  | Amount |  | Percent |  | Count |  | Amount |  | Percent
Consumer: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Single family residential mortgage: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Green Loans (HELOC) - first liens |  | 65 |  |  | $ | 45,913 |  |  | 8.2 | % |  | 69 |  |  | $ | 49,959 |  |  | 8.3 | %
Interest-only - first liens |  | 349 |  |  | 509,892 |  |  | 91.0 | % |  | 376 |  |  | 545,371 |  |  | 90.8 | %
Negative amortization |  | 8 |  |  | 2,359 |  |  | 0.4 | % |  | 9 |  |  | 3,027 |  |  | 0.5 | %
Total NTM - first liens |  | 422 |  |  | 558,164 |  |  | 99.7 | % |  | 454 |  |  | 598,357 |  |  | 99.6 | %
Other consumer: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Green Loans (HELOC) - second liens |  | 6 |  |  | 1,894 |  |  | 0.3 | % |  | 7 |  |  | 2,299 |  |  | 0.4 | %
Total NTM - second liens |  | 6 |  |  | 1,894 |  |  | 0.3 | % |  | 7 |  |  | 2,299 |  |  | 0.4 | %
Total NTM loans |  | 428 |  |  | $ | 560,058 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | 461 |  |  | $ | 600,656 |  |  | 100.0 | %
Total loans receivable |  |  |  | $ | 5,667,464 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 5,951,885 |  |  |
% of total NTM loans to total loans receivable |  |  |  | 9.9 | % |  |  |  |  |  | 10.1 | % |  |

The NTM loans on non-accrual status included $4.7 million of Green loans and $10.9 million of interest-only loans at March 31, 2020 compared to $1.5 million of Green loans and $11.5 million of interest only loans at December 31, 2019.
NOTE 5 – GOODWILL AND OTHER INTANGIBLE ASSETS, NET
At March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, we had goodwill of $37.1 million. We evaluate goodwill impairment as of August 31 each year, and more frequently if events or circumstances indicate that there may be impairment. We completed our most recent annual goodwill impairment test as of August 31, 2019 and determined that no goodwill impairment existed. In the first quarter 2020, due to the observed market volatility resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic, we analyzed indicators related to potential goodwill impairment. Based on this analysis, we did no t identify any impairment to goodwill in the first quarter 2020, although there can be no assurance that prolonged market volatility resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic or other factors will not result in impairments to goodwill or other intangibles in future periods.
Core deposit intangibles are amortized over their useful lives ranging from four to ten years. As of March 31, 2020, the weighted average remaining amortization period for core deposit intangibles was approximately 4.5 years.

($ in thousands) |  | Gross Carrying Value |  | Accumulated Amortization |  | Net Carrying Value
March 31, 2020 |  |  |  |  |  |
Core deposit intangibles |  | $ | 30,904 |  |  | $ | 27,182 |  |  | $ | 3,722 |
December 31, 2019 |  |  |  |  |  |
Core deposit intangibles |  | $ | 30,904 |  |  | $ | 26,753 |  |  | $ | 4,151 |

Aggregate amortization of intangible assets was $429 thousand and $620 thousand for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019. The following table presents estimated future amortization expenses as of March 31, 2020:

($ in thousands) |  | Remainder of 2020 |  | 2021 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | 2024 |  | Total
Estimated future amortization expense |  | $ | 1,089 |  |  | $ | 1,082 |  |  | $ | 799 |  |  | $ | 517 |  |  | $ | 235 |  |  | $ | 3,722 |

NOTE 6 – FEDERAL HOME LOAN BANK ADVANCES AND OTHER BORROWINGS
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The following table presents advances from the FHLB as of the dates indicated:

($ in thousands) |  | March 31, 2020 |  | December 31, 2019
Fixed rate: |  |  |  |
Outstanding balance |  | $ | 888,000 |  |  | $ | 730,000 |
Interest rates ranging from |  | 0.56 | % |  | 1.82 | %
Interest rates ranging to |  | 3.32 | % |  | 3.32 | %
Weighted average interest rate |  | 2.24 | % |  | 2.66 | %
Variable rate: |  |  |  |
Outstanding balance |  | 90,000 |  |  | 465,000 |
Weighted average interest rate |  | 0.21 | % |  | 1.66 | %

Each advance is payable at its maturity date. Advances paid early are subject to a prepayment penalty. At March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, the Bank’s advances from the FHLB were collateralized by certain real estate loans with an aggregate unpaid principal balance of $2.97 billion and $3.05 billion. The Bank’s investment in capital stock of the FHLB of San Francisco totaled $30.1 million and $32.3 million at March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019. Based on this collateral, the Bank was eligible to borrow an additional $921.4 million at March 31, 2020.
The Bank maintained a line of credit of $15.9 million from the Federal Reserve Discount Window, to which the Bank pledged securities with a carrying value of $22.5 million, with no outstanding borrowings at March 31, 2020. The Bank maintained available unsecured federal funds lines with correspondent banks totaling $185.0 million, with no outstanding borrowings at March 31, 2020.
The Bank also maintained repurchase agreements and had no outstanding securities sold under agreements to repurchase at March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019. Availabilities and terms on repurchase agreements are subject to the counterparties' discretion and the pledging of additional investment securities.
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NOTE 7 – LONG-TERM DEBT
The following table presents our long-term debt as of the dates indicated:

|  | March 31, 2020 |  | December 31, 2019
($ in thousands) |  | Par Value |  | Unamortized Debt Issuance Cost and Discount |  | Par Value |  | Unamortized Debt Issuance Cost and Discount
5.25% senior notes due April 15, 2025 |  | $ | 175,000 |  |  | $ | (1,521 | ) |  | $ | 175,000 |  |  | $ | (1,579 | )
Total |  | $ | 175,000 |  |  | $ | (1,521 | ) |  | $ | 175,000 |  |  | $ | (1,579 | )

We were in compliance with all covenants under our 5.25 percent senior notes due April 15, 2025 at March 31, 2020.
NOTE 8 – INCOME TAXES
For the three months ended March 31, 2020, income tax benefit was $2.2 million and the effective tax rate was 24.7%. For the three months ended March 31, 2019, income tax expense was $2.7 million and the effective tax rate was 27.9%. The company’s 24.7% effective tax rate for the three months ended March 31, 2020 differs from the 21% statutory rate is due to the impact of state taxes as well as various tax credits. The income tax benefit during the first quarter of 2020 was mainly due to the $8.8 million pre-tax book loss recognized, as compared to the $9.8 million pre-tax book income recognized during the first quarter of 2019.
We account for income taxes by recognizing deferred tax assets and liabilities based upon temporary differences between the amounts for financial reporting purposes and tax basis of its assets and liabilities. Deferred tax assets are reduced by a valuation allowance when, in the opinion of management, it is more likely than not that some portion, or all, of the deferred tax asset will not be realized. In assessing the realization of deferred tax assets, management will continue to evaluate both positive and negative evidence on a quarterly basis, including considering the four possible sources of future taxable income, such as future reversal of existing taxable temporary differences, future taxable income exclusive of reversing temporary differences and carryforwards, taxable income in prior carryback year(s), and future tax planning strategies. Based on this analysis, management determined that it was more likely than not that all of the deferred tax assets would be realized; therefore, no valuation allowance was provided against the deferred tax assets of $63.8 million and $44.9 million at March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively. The overall increase in net deferred tax assets was primarily due to an increase in deferred tax assets of $17.6 million from net unrealized losses on securities available-for-sale and $1.9 million from the adoption of ASU 2016-13, offset by an increase in deferred tax liabilities of $0.6 million resulting from year-to-date temporary book-tax differences.
ASC 740-10-25 relates to the accounting for uncertainty in income taxes recognized in an enterprise’s financial statements. ASC 740-10-25 prescribes a threshold and a measurement process for recognizing in the financial statements a tax position taken or expected to be taken in a tax return and also provides guidance on de-recognition, classification, interest and penalties, accounting in interim periods, disclosure and transition. We had unrecognized tax benefits of $1.0 million and $977 thousand at March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively. We do not believe that the unrecognized tax benefits will change materially in the next twelve months. As of March 31, 2020, the total unrecognized tax benefit that, if recognized, would impact the effective tax rate was $794 thousand.
At March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, we had no accrued interest or penalties. In the event we are assessed interest and/or penalties by federal or state tax authorities, such amounts will be classified in the consolidated financial statements as income tax expense.
We are subject to U.S. federal income tax as well as income tax in multiple state jurisdictions. We are no longer subject to examination by U.S. federal taxing authorities for years before 2016. The statute of limitations for the assessment of California franchise taxes has expired for tax years before 2014 (other state income and franchise tax statutes of limitations vary by state).
NOTE 9 – DERIVATIVE INSTRUMENTS
We use derivative instruments and other risk management techniques to reduce our exposure to adverse fluctuations in interest rates and foreign currency exchange rates in accordance with our risk management policies.
During the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, changes in fair value on interest rate swaps and caps on loans were $(182) thousand and $(99) thousand, and were included in other income on the consolidated statements of operations.
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The following table presents the notional amount and fair value of derivative instruments included in the Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition as of the dates indicated.

|  | March 31, 2020 |  | December 31, 2019
($ in thousands) |  | Notional Amount |  | Fair Value(1) |  | Notional Amount |  | Fair Value(1)
Derivative assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate swaps and caps on loans |  | $ | 69,970 |  |  | $ | 8,242 |  |  | $ | 70,674 |  |  | $ | 3,445 |
Foreign exchange contracts |  | 4,272 |  |  | 369 |  |  | 4,643 |  |  | 138 |
Total |  | $ | 74,242 |  |  | $ | 8,611 |  |  | $ | 75,317 |  |  | $ | 3,583 |
Derivative liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate swaps and caps on loans |  | $ | 69,970 |  |  | $ | 8,881 |  |  | $ | 70,674 |  |  | 3,717 |
Foreign exchange contracts |  | 4,272 |  |  | 182 |  |  | 4,643 |  |  | 136 |
Total |  | $ | 74,242 |  |  | $ | 9,063 |  |  | $ | 75,317 |  |  | $ | 3,853 |

(1) | The fair value of interest rate swaps and cap on loans are included in other assets and accrued expenses and other liabilities, respectively, in the accompanying consolidated statements of financial condition.

We have entered into agreements with counterparty financial institutions, which include master netting agreements that provide for the net settlement of all contracts with a single counterparty in the event of default. However, we elected to account for all derivatives with counterparty institutions on a gross basis.
NOTE 10 – EMPLOYEE STOCK COMPENSATION
On May 31, 2018, our stockholders approved the Company's 2018 Omnibus Stock Incentive Plan (2018 Omnibus Plan). The 2018 Omnibus Plan provides that the maximum number of shares available for awards is 4,417,882. As of March 31, 2020, 3,435,596 shares were available for future awards.
Stock-based Compensation Expense
The following table presents stock-based compensation expense and the related tax benefits for the periods indicated:

|  | Three Months Ended March 31,
($ in thousands) |  | 2020 |  | 2019
Stock options |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | 8 |
Restricted stock awards and units |  | 1,574 |  |  | 845 |
Total share-based compensation expense |  | $ | 1,576 |  |  | $ | 853 |
Related tax benefits |  | $ | 464 |  |  | $ | 251 |

The following table presents unrecognized stock-based compensation expense as of March 31, 2020:

($ in thousands) |  | Unrecognized Expense |  | Weighted-Average Remaining Expected Recognition Period
Stock option awards |  | $ | 2 |  |  | 0.2 years
Restricted stock awards and restricted stock units |  | 10,447 |  |  | 2.5 years
Total |  | $ | 10,449 |  |  | 2.5 years

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Stock Options
We issued stock options to certain employees, officers and directors. Stock options are issued at the closing market price immediately before the grant date, and generally have a three to five year vesting period and contractual terms of seven to ten years. We recognize an income tax deduction upon exercise of a stock option to the extent taxable income is recognized by the option holder. In the case of a non-qualified stock option, the option holder recognizes taxable income based on the fair market value of the shares acquired at the time of exercise less the exercise price.
The following table represents stock option activity for the three months ended March 31, 2020:

|  | Three Months Ended March 31, 2020
($ in thousands except per share data) |  | Number of Shares |  | Weighted-Average Exercise Price Per Share |  | Weighted-Average Remaining Contract Term |  | Aggregated Intrinsic Value
Outstanding at beginning of period |  | 62,521 |  |  | $ | 13.85 |  |  | 4.3 years |  |
Exercised |  | (7,452 | ) |  | $ | 13.05 |  |  | 5.2 years |  |
Outstanding at end of period |  | 55,069 |  |  | $ | 13.96 |  |  | 4.0 years |  | $ | (344 | )
Exercisable at end of period |  | 52,821 |  |  | $ | 13.97 |  |  | 3.9 years |  | $ | (330 | )

The following table sets forth information regarding unvested stock options for the three months ended March 31, 2020:

|  | Three Months Ended March 31, 2020
|  | Number of Shares |  | Weighted-Average Exercise Price Per Share
Outstanding at beginning of period |  | 2,248 |  |  | $ | 13.75 |
Vested |  | — |  |  | $ | — |
Forfeited |  | — |  |  | $ | — |
Outstanding at end of period |  | 2,248 |  |  | $ | 13.75 |

Restricted Stock Awards and Restricted Stock Units
We also have granted restricted stock awards and restricted stock units to certain employees, officers and directors. The restricted stock awards and units are valued at the closing price of our stock on the measurement date. The restricted stock awards and units fully vest after a specified period (generally ranging from one to five years) of continued service from the date of grant plus, in some cases, the satisfaction of performance conditions. These performance targets include conditions relating to our profitability and regulatory standing. The actual amounts of stock released upon vesting will be determined by the Compensation Committee of our Board of Directors upon the Committee's certification of the satisfaction of the target level of performance. We recognize an income tax deduction in an amount equal to the taxable income reported by the holders of the restricted stock, generally upon vesting or, in the case of restricted stock units, when settled. The following table presents unvested restricted stock awards and restricted stock units activity for the three months ended March 31, 2020:

|  | Three Months Ended March 31, 2020
|  | Number of Shares |  | Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value Per Share
Outstanding at beginning of period |  | 923,482 |  |  | $ | 15.74 |
Granted (1) |  | 269,138 |  |  | $ | 15.33 |
Vested (2) |  | (62,333 | ) |  | $ | 15.44 |
Forfeited (3) |  | (47,180 | ) |  | $ | 15.92 |
Outstanding at end of period |  | 1,083,107 |  |  | $ | 15.65 |

(1) | There were 78,771 performance-based shares/units included in shares granted for the three months ended March 31, 2020.

(2) | There were 5,399 performance-based shares/units included in vested shares for the three months ended March 31, 2020.

(3) | The number of forfeited shares includes aggregate performance-based shares/units of 15,622 for the three months ended March 31, 2020.

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Stock Appreciation Rights
On August 21, 2012, we granted to the then, and now former chief executive officer, a ten-year stock appreciation right (SAR).
The following table represents SARs activity and the weighted average exercise price per share as of and for the three months ended March 31, 2020:

|  | Three Months Ended March 31, 2020
($ in thousands except per share data) |  | Number of Shares |  | Weighted-Average Exercise Price Per Share |  | Weighted-Average Remaining Contract Term |  | Aggregated Intrinsic Value
Outstanding at beginning of period |  | 1,559,012 |  |  | $ | 11.60 |  |  | 2.6 years |  | $ | 8,508 |
Outstanding at end of period |  | 1,559,012 |  |  | $ | 11.60 |  |  | 2.4 years |  | $ | (6,503 | )
Exercisable at end of period |  | 1,559,012 |  |  | $ | 11.60 |  |  | 2.4 years |  | $ | (6,503 | )

NOTE 11 – STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
Preferred Stock
We are authorized to issue 50,000,000 shares of preferred stock with par value of $0.01 per share. Preferred shares outstanding rank senior to common shares both as to dividends and liquidation preference but generally have no voting rights. All of our outstanding shares of preferred stock have a $1,000 per share liquidation preference. The following table presents our total outstanding preferred stock as of the dates indicated:

|  | March 31, 2020 |  | December 31, 2019
($ in thousands) |  | Shares Outstanding |  | Liquidation Preference |  | Carrying Value |  | Shares Outstanding |  | Liquidation Preference |  | Carrying Value
Series D 7.375% non-cumulative perpetual |  | 94,597 |  |  | $ | 94,597 |  |  | $ | 91,202 |  |  | 96,629 |  |  | $ | 96,629 |  |  | $ | 93,162 |
Series E 7.00% non-cumulative perpetual |  | 100,292 |  |  | 100,292 |  |  | 96,485 |  |  | 100,477 |  |  | 100,477 |  |  | 96,663 |
Total |  | 194,889 |  |  | $ | 194,889 |  |  | $ | 187,687 |  |  | 197,106 |  |  | $ | 197,106 |  |  | $ | 189,825 |

During the three months ended March 31, 2020, we repurchased depositary shares (Series D Depositary Shares), each representing a 1/40 th interest in a share of Series D Preferred Stock, liquidation amount of $1,000 per share of Series D Preferred Stock, resulting in the repurchase of 81,304 outstanding Series D Depositary Shares and the related retirement of 2,033 outstanding shares of Series D Preferred Stock. The repurchase price aggregated to $1.5 million. The $501 thousand difference between the consideration paid and the carrying value of the Series D Preferred Stock was reclassified to retained earnings and resulted in an increase to net income allocated to common stockholders.
During the three months ended March 31, 2020, we repurchased depositary shares (Series E Depositary Shares), each representing a 1/40 th interest in a share of Series E Preferred Stock, liquidation amount of $1,000 per share of Series E Preferred Stock, resulting in the repurchase of 7,400 outstanding Series E Depositary Shares and the related retirement of 185 outstanding shares of Series E Preferred Stock. The repurchase price aggregated to $153 thousand. The $25 thousand difference between the consideration paid and the carrying value of the Series E Preferred Stock was reclassified to retained earnings and resulted in an increase to net income allocated to common stockholders.
Share Repurchase Program
On February 10, 2020, we announced that our Board of Directors (the “Board”) authorized the repurchase of up to $45 million of our common stock. The repurchase authorization expires in February 2021. Purchases may be made in open-market transactions, in block transactions on or off an exchange, in privately negotiated transactions or by other means as determined by our management and in accordance with the regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission. The timing of purchases and the number of shares repurchased under the program will depend on a variety of factors including price, trading volume, corporate and regulatory requirements and market conditions.
During the three months ended March 31, 2020, we repurchased 827,584 shares of common stock at a weighted average price of $14.50 per share and aggregating $12.0 million. Given current macroeconomic conditions and the yet-to-be-determined impacts of the COVID-19 crisis, we have suspended common stock repurchases for the immediate future.
Change in Accumulated Other Comprehensive (Loss) Income
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Our AOCI includes unrealized gain (loss) on securities available-for-sale. Changes to AOCI are presented net of tax effect as a component of stockholders' equity. Reclassifications from AOCI are recorded on the consolidated statements of operations either as a gain or loss. The following table presents changes to AOCI for the periods indicated:

|  | Three Months Ended March 31,
($ in thousands) |  | 2020 |  | 2019
Unrealized(loss) gain on securities available-for-sale |  |  |  |
Balance at beginning of period |  | $ | (11,900 | ) |  | $ | (24,117 | )
Unrealized (loss) gain arising during the period |  | (59,885 | ) |  | 8,746 |
Reclassification adjustment from other comprehensive income |  | — |  |  | (208 | )
Tax effect of current period changes |  | 17,637 |  |  | (2,512 | )
Total changes, net of taxes |  | (42,248 | ) |  | 6,026 |
Balance at end of period |  | $ | (54,148 | ) |  | $ | (18,091 | )

NOTE 12 – VARIABLE INTEREST ENTITIES
We hold ownership interests in alternative energy partnerships and qualified affordable housing partnerships and have a variable interest in a multifamily securitization trust. We evaluate our interests in these entities to determine whether they meet the definition of a variable interest entity (VIE) and whether we are required to consolidate these entities. A VIE is consolidated by its primary beneficiary, which is the party that has both (i) the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the economic performance of the VIE and (ii) a variable interest that could potentially be significant to the VIE. To determine whether or not a variable interest we hold could potentially be significant to the VIE, we consider both qualitative and quantitative factors regarding the nature, size and form of our involvement with the VIE. We have determined that our interests in these entities meet the definition of variable interests.
Unconsolidated VIEs
Multifamily Securitization
During the third quarter of 2019, we transferred $573.5 million of multifamily loans, through a two-step process, to a third-party depositor which placed the multifamily loans into a third-party trust (a VIE) that issued structured pass-through certificates to investors. The transfer of these loans was accounted for as a sale for financial reporting purposes, in accordance with ASC 860. We determined that we are not the primary beneficiary of this VIE as we do not have the power to direct the activities that will have the most significant economic impact on the entity. Our continuing involvement in this securitization is limited to customary obligations associated with the securitization of loans, including the obligation to cure, repurchase or substitute loans in the event of a material breach in representations. Additionally, we have the obligation to guarantee credit losses up to 12 percent of the aggregate unpaid principal balances at cut-off date of the securitization. This obligation is supported by a $68.8 million letter of credit between the Freddie Mac and the FHLB.
The maximum loss exposure that would be absorbed by us in the event that all of the assets in the securitization trust are deemed worthless is $68.8 million, which represents the aforementioned obligation to guarantee credit losses up to 12 percent. We believe that the loss exposure on its multifamily securitization is reduced by both loan-to-value ratios of the underlying collateral balances and the overcollateralization that exists within the securitization trust. At March 31, 2020, we have a $4.4 million repurchase reserve related to this VIE.
Alternative Energy Partnerships
We invest in certain alternative energy partnerships (limited liability companies) formed to provide sustainable energy projects that are designed to generate a return primarily through the realization of federal tax credits (energy tax credits). These entities were formed to invest in newly installed residential and commercial solar leases and power purchase agreements. As a result of our investments, we have the right to certain investment tax credits and tax depreciation benefits (recognized on the flow through and income statement method in accordance with ASC 740), and to a lesser extent, cash flows generated from the installed solar systems leased to individual consumers for a fixed period of time. While our interest in the alternative energy partnerships meets the definition of a VIE in accordance with ASC 810, we have determined that we are not the primary beneficiary because we do not have the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the economic performance of the entities including operational and credit risk management activities. As we are not the primary beneficiary, we did not consolidate the entities.
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We use the Hypothetical Liquidation at Book Value (HLBV) method to account for these investments in energy tax credits as an equity investment under ASC 970-323-25-17. Under the HLBV method, an equity method investor determines its share of an investee's earnings by comparing its claim on the investee's book value at the beginning and end of the period, assuming the investee were to liquidate all assets at their U.S. GAAP amounts and distribute the resulting cash to creditors and investors under their respective priorities. The difference between the calculated liquidation distribution amounts at the beginning and the end of the reporting period, after adjusting for capital contributions and distributions, is our share of the earnings or losses from the equity investment for the period. To account for the tax credits earned on investments in alternative energy partnerships, we use the flow-through income statement method. Under this method, the tax credits are recognized as a reduction to income tax expense and the initial book-tax differences in the basis of the investments are recognized as additional tax expense in the year they are earned. Investments in alternative energy partnerships totaled $27.3 million and $29.3 million at March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019.
The following table presents information regarding activity in our alternative energy partnerships for the periods indicated:

|  | Three Months Ended March 31,
($ in thousands) |  | 2020 |  | 2019
Fundings |  | $ | 3,631 |  |  | $ | — |
Cash distribution from investment |  | 454 |  |  | 460 |
Loss on investments in alternative energy partnerships |  | (1,905 | ) |  | (1,950 | )
Income tax credits recognized |  | — |  |  | — |
Tax benefit recognized from HLBV application |  | 458 |  |  | 527 |

The following table represents the carrying value of the associated unconsolidated assets and liabilities and the associated maximum loss exposure for alternative energy partnerships as of the dates indicated:

($ in thousands) |  | March 31, 2020 |  | December 31, 2019
Cash |  | $ | 5,748 |  |  | $ | 4,224 |
Equipment, net of depreciation |  | 246,932 |  |  | 248,920 |
Other assets |  | 6,438 |  |  | 6,301 |
Total unconsolidated assets |  | $ | 259,118 |  |  | $ | 259,445 |
Total unconsolidated liabilities |  | $ | 7,009 |  |  | $ | 7,143 |
Maximum loss exposure |  | $ | 27,347 |  |  | $ | 32,525 |

The maximum loss exposure that would be absorbed by us in the event that all of the assets in alternative energy partnerships are deemed worthless is $27.3 million, which is our recorded investment amount at March 31, 2020.
We believe that the loss exposure on our investments is reduced considering our return on our investment is provided not only by the cash flows of the underlying client leases and power purchase agreements, but also through the significant tax benefits, including federal tax credits generated from the investments. In addition, the arrangements include a transition manager to support any transition of the solar company sponsor whose role includes that of the servicer and operation and maintenance provider, in the event the sponsor would be required to be removed from its responsibilities (e.g., bankruptcy, breach of contract, etc.), thereby further limiting our exposure.
Qualified Affordable Housing Partnerships
We invest in limited partnerships that operate qualified affordable housing projects. The returns on these investments are generated primarily through allocated Federal tax credits and other tax benefits. In addition, these investments contribute to our compliance with the Community Reinvestment Act. These limited partnerships are considered to be VIEs, because either (i) they do not have sufficient equity investment at risk or (ii) the limited partners with equity at risk do not have substantive kick-out rights through voting rights or substantive participating rights over the general partner. As a limited partner, we are not the primary beneficiary because the general partner has the ability to direct the activities of the VIEs that most significantly impact their economic performance. Therefore, we do not consolidate these partnerships.
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The following table presents information regarding balances in our qualified affordable housing partnerships for the periods indicated:

($ in thousands) |  | March 31, 2020 |  | December 31, 2019
Ending balance(1) |  | $ | 35,315 |  |  | $ | 36,462 |
Aggregate funding commitment |  | 49,278 |  |  | 49,278 |
Total amount funded |  | 31,464 |  |  | 26,905 |
Unfunded commitment |  | 17,814 |  |  | 22,373 |
Maximum loss exposure |  | 35,315 |  |  | 36,462 |

(1) | Included in other assets in the accompanying consolidated statements of financial condition.

The following table presents information regarding activity in our qualified affordable housing partnerships for the periods indicated:

|  | Three Months Ended March 31,
($ in thousands) |  | 2020 |  | 2019
Fundings |  | $ | 4,559 |  |  | $ | 454 |
Proportional amortization recognized |  | 1,147 |  |  | 637 |
Income tax credits recognized |  | 1,056 |  |  | 555 |

NOTE 13 – EARNINGS PER COMMON SHARE
The following table presents computations of basic and diluted earnings per common share for the three months ended March 31, 2020:

|  | Three Months Ended March 31, 2020
($ in thousands except per share data) |  | Common Stock |  | Class B Common Stock
Loss from operations |  | $ | (6,531 | ) |  | $ | (62 | )
Less: participating securities dividends |  | (93 | ) |  | (1 | )
Less: preferred stock dividends |  | (3,500 | ) |  | (33 | )
Less: preferred stock redemption |  | 521 |  |  | 5 |
Net loss allocated to common stockholders |  | $ | (9,603 | ) |  | $ | (91 | )
Weighted average common shares outstanding |  | 49,987,456 |  |  | 477,321 |
Dilutive effects of restricted shares/units |  | — |  |  | — |
Dilutive effects of stock options |  | — |  |  | — |
Average shares and dilutive common shares |  | 49,987,456 |  |  | 477,321 |
Basic loss per common share |  | $ | (0.19 | ) |  | $ | (0.19 | )
Diluted loss per common share |  | $ | (0.19 | ) |  | $ | (0.19 | )

For the three months ended March 31, 2020, there were 962,566 of restricted shares/units and 55,806 of stock options that were not considered in computing diluted earnings per common share, because they were anti-dilutive.
The following table presents computations of basic and diluted EPS for the three months ended March 31, 2019:
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|  | Three Months Ended March 31, 2019
($ in thousands except per share data) |  | Common Stock |  | Class B Common Stock
Income from operations |  | $ | 6,971 |  |  | $ | 66 |
Less: participating securities dividends |  | (200 | ) |  | (2 | )
Less: preferred stock dividends |  | (4,267 | ) |  | (41 | )
Net income allocated to common stockholders |  | $ | 2,504 |  |  | $ | 23 |
Weighted average common shares outstanding |  | 50,199,401 |  |  | 477,321 |
Dilutive effects of stock units |  | 160,299 |  |  | — |
Dilutive effects of stock options |  | 9,700 |  |  | — |
Average shares and dilutive common shares |  | 50,369,400 |  |  | 477,321 |
Basic earnings per common share |  | $ | 0.05 |  |  | $ | 0.05 |
Diluted earnings per common share |  | $ | 0.05 |  |  | $ | 0.05 |

For the three months ended March 31, 2019, there were 180,304, respectively, of stock units that were not considered in computing diluted earnings per common share, because they were anti-dilutive. There were 16,165 stock options that were anti-dilutive during the three months ended March 31, 2019.
NOTE 14 – LOAN COMMITMENTS AND OTHER RELATED ACTIVITIES
Some financial instruments, such as unfunded loan commitments, credit lines, letters of credit, and overdraft protection, are issued to meet customer financing needs. These are agreements to provide credit or to support the credit of others, as long as conditions established in the contract are met, and usually have expiration dates. Commitments may expire without being used. Risk of credit loss exists up to the face amount of these instruments. The same credit policies are used to make such commitments as are used for loans, including obtaining collateral at exercise of the commitment.
The contractual amount of financial instruments with off-balance-sheet risk was as follows for the dates indicated:

|  | March 31, 2020 |  | December 31, 2019
($ in thousands) |  | Fixed Rate |  | Variable Rate |  | Fixed Rate |  | Variable Rate
Commitments to extend credit |  | $ | 412 |  |  | $ | 109,701 |  |  | $ | 473 |  |  | $ | 129,495 |
Unused lines of credit |  | 581 |  |  | 1,162,844 |  |  | 703 |  |  | 1,049,632 |
Letters of credit |  | 138 |  |  | 5,576 |  |  | 134 |  |  | 5,316 |

Other Commitments
During the three months ended March 31, 2017, the Bank entered into certain definitive agreements which grant the Bank the exclusive naming rights to the Banc of California Stadium, a soccer stadium of The Los Angeles Football Club (LAFC), as well as the right to be the official bank of LAFC. In exchange for the Bank’s rights as set forth in the agreements, the Bank agreed to pay LAFC $100.0 million over a period of 15 years, beginning in 2017 and ending in 2032. The advertising benefits of such rights are amortized on a straight-line basis and recorded as advertising and promotion expense beginning in 2018. During each of the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, advertising and promotion expense related to the LAFC commitment was $1.7 million. As of March 31, 2020, the Bank has paid $22.1 million of the $100.0 million commitment. The prepaid commitment balance, net of amortization, was $7.1 million as of March 31, 2020, and was included in other assets in the consolidated statements of financial condition.
At March 31, 2020, we had unfunded commitments of $17.8 million, $7.6 million, and $501 thousand for affordable housing fund investments, Small Business Investment Company (SBIC) investments, and other investments, respectively.
NOTE 15 – REVENUE RECOGNITION
The following presents noninterest income, segregated by revenue streams in-scope and out-of-scope of Topic 606 - Revenue From Contracts With Customers, for the periods indicated.
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|  | Three Months Ended March 31,
($ in thousands) |  | 2020 |  | 2019
Noninterest income |  |  |  |
In scope of Topic 606 |  |  |  |
Deposit service fees |  | $ | 539 |  |  | $ | 667 |
Debit card fees |  | 177 |  |  | 113 |
Investment commissions |  | — |  |  | 279 |
Other |  | 49 |  |  | 106 |
Noninterest income (in-scope of Topic 606) |  | 765 |  |  | 1,165 |
Noninterest income (out-of-scope of Topic 606) |  | 1,296 |  |  | 5,130 |
Total noninterest income |  | $ | 2,061 |  |  | $ | 6,295 |

We do not typically enter into long-term revenue contracts with customers. As of March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, we did not have any significant contract balances. As of March 31, 2020, we did not capitalize any contract acquisition costs.
NOTE 16 – RELATED-PARTY TRANSACTIONS
Certain of our executive officers and directors, and their related interests, are customers of, or have had transactions with the Bank in the ordinary course of business, including deposits, loans and other financial services related transactions. From time to time, the Bank may make loans to executive officers and directors, and their related interests, in the ordinary course of business and on substantially the same terms and conditions, including interest rates and collateral, as those of comparable transactions with non-insiders prevailing at the time, in accordance with the Bank’s underwriting guidelines, and do not involve more than the normal risk of collectability or present other unfavorable features. As of March 31, 2020, no related party loans were categorized as nonaccrual, past due, restructured or potential problem loans.
The Bank also has an Employee Loan Program which is available to all employees and offers executive officers, directors and principal stockholders that meet the eligibility requirements the opportunity to participate on the same terms as employees generally, provided that any loan to an executive officer, director or principal stockholder must be approved by the Bank’s Board of Directors. The sole benefit provided under the Employee Loan Program is a reduction in loan fees.
Transactions with Related Parties
The Company and the Bank have engaged in transactions described below with the Company’s current or former directors, executive officers, and beneficial owners of more than 5 percent of the outstanding shares of the Company’s voting common stock and certain persons related to them.
As previously disclosed, the Company’s Board of Directors has authorized and directed the Company to provide indemnification, advancement and/or reimbursement for the costs of separate independent counsel retained by any then-current officer or director, in their individual capacity, with respect to matters related to (i) an investigation by the Special Committee of the Company’s Board of Directors, (ii) a formal order of investigation issued by the SEC on January 4, 2017 (since resolved) and (iii) any related civil or administrative proceedings against the Company as well as officers and directors currently or previously associated with the Company (collectively, the “Indemnity Matters”).
Indemnification costs were paid on behalf of certain executive officers and directors in amounts less than $120 thousand for the three months ended March 31, 2020. During the three months ended March 31, 2019, indemnification costs paid by the Company included $2.2 million incurred by the Company’s former Chair, President and Chief Executive Officer Steven A. Sugarman; $555 thousand jointly incurred by the Company’s former Interim Chief Financial Officer and Chief Strategy Officer J. Francisco A. Turner and the Company’s former Chief Financial Officer James J. McKinney; and $147 thousand incurred by the Company's General Counsel Emeritus John Grosvenor. Indemnification costs were paid on behalf of other former executive officers and other former directors in lesser amounts for the three months ended March 31, 2019.
NOTE 17 – LITIGATION
From time to time we are involved as plaintiff or defendant in various legal actions arising in the normal course of business. In accordance with applicable accounting guidance, we establish an accrued liability when those matters present loss contingencies that are both probable and estimable. We continue to monitor the matters for further developments that could affect the amount of the accrued liability that has been previously established. As of March 31, 2020, we have accrued $21.0 million for various litigation filed against the Company and the Bank, including $19.75 million related to the settlement of the
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securities litigation previously announced by us and described below. There is no expected impact to earnings as a result of the settlement, as the settlement payments will be paid directly by our insurance carriers and we have recorded an insurance receivable for $19.75 million related to this matter.
On October 28, 2019, we entered into a Stipulation of Settlement (“Settlement Stipulation”) with the lead plaintiff to settle class action lawsuits that were previously consolidated in the United District Court for the Central District of California (the “Court”) under the caption In re Banc of California Securities Litigation, Case No. SACV 17-00118 AG, consolidated with SACV 17-00138 AG. Under the terms of the Settlement Stipulation, our insurance carriers will pay $19.75 million, which will be distributed to shareholders who purchased our stock between April 15, 2016 and January 20, 2017, after payment of attorney’s fees and costs, to be determined by the Court. We will not be required to contribute any cash to the settlement payments. Pursuant to the settlement, the action against the Company will be dismissed with prejudice. Plaintiff will also dismiss with prejudice its claims against our former Chief Executive Officer and Chairman Steven Sugarman. While we do not believe the plaintiff’s claims are meritorious, we believe that ending the costs and distraction of the litigation is in the best interests of the Company and our shareholders. On March 16, 2020, the Court gave final approval to the settlement and that order is now final. The foregoing description of the settlement does not purport to be complete and is subject to, and is qualified in its entirety by reference to, the complete text of the settlement stipulation that was filed with the Court.
NOTE 18 – SUBSEQUENT EVENTS
We have evaluated events from the date of the consolidated financial statements on March 31, 2020 through the issuance of these consolidated financial statements included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.
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ITEM 2 – MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
The following is management’s discussion and analysis of the major factors that influenced our results of operations and financial condition as of and for the three months ended March 31, 2020. This analysis should be read in conjunction with our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019 and with the unaudited consolidated financial statements and notes thereto set forth in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended March 31, 2020.
CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES
Our consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with GAAP and general practices within the banking industry. As certain accounting policies require significant estimates and assumptions that have a material impact on the carrying value of assets and liabilities, we have established critical accounting policies to facilitate making the judgment necessary to prepare financial statements. Our critical accounting policies are described in Note 1 to Consolidated Financial Statements and in the “Critical Accounting Policies” section of Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations in the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019 and in Note 1 Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited) included in Part I of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.
Adoption of the Current Expected Credit Loss (CECL) Model
On January 1, 2020, we adopted the new accounting standard, commonly known as CECL, which uses a current expected credit loss model for determining allowance for credit losses (ACL). Upon adoption, we recognized a Day 1 increase in the ACL of $6.4 million and a related after-tax decrease to retained earnings of $4.5 million. Our Day 1 ACL under the new CECL model totaled $68.1 million compared to $61.7 million under the incurred loss model at December 31, 2019, and represented 1.14% of total loans. We recorded a Day 2 provision for credit losses of $15.8 million which reflects the new CECL model using current economic forecasts and the estimated future impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on lifetime credit losses. At March 31, 2020, the ACL totaled $82.1 million resulting in an ACL to total loans coverage ratio of 1.45%, up from 1.04% at December 31, 2019. The ACL and provision for credit losses include amounts for the reserve for unfunded loan commitments.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted
Our recent accounting pronouncements not yet adopted are described in Note 1 to Consolidated Financial Statements in the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019 and in Note 1 Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited) included in Part I of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.
Executive Overview
We are focused on providing core banking products and services, including customized and innovative banking and lending solutions, designed to cater to the unique needs of California's diverse businesses, entrepreneurs and communities through our 31 full service branches in Orange, Los Angeles, San Diego and Santa Barbara Counties. Through our over 600 dedicated professionals, we are committed to servicing and building enduring relationships by providing a higher standard of banking. We offer a variety of financial products and services designed around our target clients in order to serve all of their banking and financial needs. We continue to focus on three main initiatives designed to improve our franchise and profitability on an ongoing basis: reducing our cost of deposits while adding value, optimizing the balance sheet to focus on higher-margin products while managing credit risk, and appropriately managing down expenses to the size and complexity of the business. Through these efforts, we continue to transform our franchise into a relationship-focused community bank, maintaining our high credit quality and serving businesses, entrepreneurs and individuals within our footprint.
Financial Highlights
For the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, net (loss) income was $(6.6) million and $7.0 million. Diluted (loss) earnings from operations per common share were $(0.19) and $0.05 for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019. The decrease in net income from operations for the three months ended March 31, 2020 compared to same period last year is largely the result of a $13.7 million increase in our credit loss provision, primarily attributable to a $15.8 million provision for credit losses recognized in the first quarter of 2020 and driven by using the new CECL model, including the estimated future impact of the health crisis on our loans, and net charge-offs, offset by lower period end loan balances as compared to the same period in 2019.
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Total assets were $7.66 billion at March 31, 2020, a decrease of $165.8 million from $7.83 billion at December 31, 2019. The decrease was consistent with our strategic shift towards reducing non-core assets and focus on relationship lending and a reduction in lending lines due to economic uncertainty.
Significant financial highlights during the three months ended March 31, 2020 included:

• | Common Equity Tier 1 capital at 11.58%

• | Noninterest-bearing deposit balances increased $167.6 million to 23% of total deposits, up from 20%

• | Total DDA balances increased $206.1 million to 51% of total deposits

• | End of period deposit costs dropped to 0.89%; average total deposit costs decreased 16 basis points to 1.11%

• | Allowance for credit losses increased to 1.45% of total loans, up from 1.04%

• | Day 2 CECL provision for credit losses of $15.8 million

COVID-19 Pandemic Update and Our Efforts to Protect the Health and Welfare of Our Clients and Employees
With the onset of the pandemic, we successfully implemented our business continuity plan to enable our team to work remotely while continuing to serve our clients with as little disruption as possible. Early in March, we took meaningful steps to transition our team members to a "work from home" environment and we have over 80% of our team working remotely. We set up a support website with resources available for our employees to assist with the transition to a "work from home" environment. We successfully deployed our business continuity plans for all areas of the business while internal technology capabilities facilitated a mostly seamless transition for employees. We continue to provide our employees with numerous human resource benefits and programs.
We reduced branch hours and continue to operate 25 of our 31 branches as we temporarily consolidated some overlapping areas to ensure an adequate balance between employee and client safety and business continuity to meet our clients' banking needs.
CARES Act Response Efforts
On March 27, 2020 the U.S. federal government signed the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (CARES Act)
into law. The CARES Act, provides emergency assistance and health care response for individuals, families, and businesses affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and includes numerous measures which we are utilizing to support our customers, including the Paycheck Protection Program (PPP).
The CARES Act initially allocated nearly $350 billion for the PPP, with an additional $310 billion added through an amendment bill several weeks later. This program is intended to assist small businesses affected by the pandemic and economic downturn with funds to pay payroll and other expenses through June 30, 2020. The loans are 100% guaranteed by the Small Business Administration (SBA) and the full principal amount of the loans may qualify for loan forgiveness if certain conditions are met.
Within seven business days of the announcement of PPP, we redeployed our resources to ensure our clients seeking financial relief had the ability to participate in the PPP. As of May 8, 2020, we estimate we helped our clients save over 22,000 jobs through providing more than $235 million in loan PPP funds. We expect to earn fees of just under 3% on the total amount that ultimately funds, the majority of which are expected to be earned during the second and third quarters of 2020 through interest income.
We are committed to supporting our existing borrowers and customers during the economic downturn. We are actively engaged with our borrowers who are seeking payment relief and waiving certain fees for impacted clients. One method we have deployed is offering forbearance to qualifying clients making such requests. For SFR loans, the deferments are 90 days in length and are patterned after the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (“HUD”) guidelines. With respect to our non-SFR loan portfolio, deferments are also 90 days in length. For a discussion of the related risk factors, please refer to Item 1A included in Part II of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.
To support our community, we partnered with Food Finders to provide over 300,000 meals to our most vulnerable neighbors in Southern California. We also made a donation to the Los Angeles Fire Department to help supply critical personal protective equipment to these first-responders.
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RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
Net Interest Income
The following table presents interest income, average interest-earning assets, interest expense, average interest-bearing liabilities, and their corresponding yields and costs expressed both in dollars and rates for the three months ended March 31, 2020, December 31, 2019 and March 31, 2019:

|  | Three Months Ended
|  | March 31, 2020 |  | December 31, 2019 |  | March 31, 2019
($ in thousands) |  | Average Balance |  | Interest and Dividends |  | Yield/Cost |  | Average Balance |  | Interest and Dividends |  | Yield/ Cost |  | Average Balance |  | Interest and Dividends |  | Yield/Cost
Interest-earning assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total loans(1) |  | $ | 5,780,810 |  |  | $ | 65,534 |  |  | 4.56 | % |  | $ | 6,221,249 |  |  | $ | 73,930 |  |  | 4.71 | % |  | $ | 7,714,751 |  |  | $ | 90,558 |  |  | 4.76 | %
Securities |  | 952,966 |  |  | 7,820 |  |  | 3.30 | % |  | 833,726 |  |  | 7,812 |  |  | 3.72 | % |  | 1,751,509 |  |  | 17,841 |  |  | 4.13 | %
Other interest-earning assets (2) |  | 297,444 |  |  | 1,360 |  |  | 1.84 | % |  | 330,950 |  |  | 1,960 |  |  | 2.35 | % |  | 321,823 |  |  | 2,313 |  |  | 2.91 | %
Total interest-earning assets |  | 7,031,220 |  |  | 74,714 |  |  | 4.27 | % |  | 7,385,925 |  |  | 83,702 |  |  | 4.50 | % |  | 9,788,083 |  |  | 110,712 |  |  | 4.59 | %
ACL |  | (60,470 | ) |  |  |  |  |  | (61,642 | ) |  |  |  |  |  | (61,924 | ) |  |  |  |
BOLI and noninterest earning assets (3) |  | 592,192 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 630,308 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 575,558 |  |  |  |  |
Total assets |  | $ | 7,562,942 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 7,954,591 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 10,301,717 |  |  |  |  |
Interest-bearing liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Savings |  | $ | 890,830 |  |  | 3,296 |  |  | 1.49 | % |  | $ | 981,346 |  |  | 3,889 |  |  | 1.57 | % |  | $ | 1,201,802 |  |  | 5,480 |  |  | 1.85 | %
Interest-bearing checking |  | 1,520,922 |  |  | 3,728 |  |  | 0.99 | % |  | 1,546,322 |  |  | 4,234 |  |  | 1.09 | % |  | 1,554,846 |  |  | 4,525 |  |  | 1.18 | %
Money market |  | 608,926 |  |  | 1,760 |  |  | 1.16 | % |  | 743,695 |  |  | 2,593 |  |  | 1.38 | % |  | 887,538 |  |  | 4,128 |  |  | 1.89 | %
Certificates of deposit |  | 1,151,518 |  |  | 5,827 |  |  | 2.04 | % |  | 1,332,911 |  |  | 7,531 |  |  | 2.24 | % |  | 2,982,980 |  |  | 17,310 |  |  | 2.35 | %
Total interest-bearing deposits |  | 4,172,196 |  |  | 14,611 |  |  | 1.41 | % |  | 4,604,274 |  |  | 18,247 |  |  | 1.57 | % |  | 6,627,166 |  |  | 31,443 |  |  | 1.92 | %
FHLB advances |  | 1,039,055 |  |  | 5,883 |  |  | 2.28 | % |  | 1,020,478 |  |  | 6,396 |  |  | 2.49 | % |  | 1,422,100 |  |  | 9,081 |  |  | 2.59 | %
Securities sold under repurchase agreements |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — | % |  | 2,223 |  |  | 15 |  |  | 2.68 | % |  | 2,350 |  |  | 18 |  |  | 3.11 | %
Long term debt and other interest-bearing liabilities |  | 174,056 |  |  | 2,359 |  |  | 5.45 | % |  | 174,092 |  |  | 2,384 |  |  | 5.43 | % |  | 174,230 |  |  | 2,362 |  |  | 5.50 | %
Total interest-bearing liabilities |  | 5,385,307 |  |  | 22,853 |  |  | 1.71 | % |  | 5,801,067 |  |  | 27,042 |  |  | 1.85 | % |  | 8,225,846 |  |  | 42,904 |  |  | 2.12 | %
Noninterest-bearing deposits |  | 1,133,306 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,108,077 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,021,741 |  |  |  |  |
Non-interest-bearing liabilities |  | 128,282 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 132,698 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 97,426 |  |  |  |  |
Total liabilities |  | 6,646,895 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 7,041,842 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 9,345,013 |  |  |  |  |
Total stockholders’ equity |  | 916,047 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 912,749 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 956,704 |  |  |  |  |
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity |  | $ | 7,562,942 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 7,954,591 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 10,301,717 |  |  |  |  |
Net interest income/spread |  |  |  | $ | 51,861 |  |  | 2.56 | % |  |  |  | $ | 56,660 |  |  | 2.65 | % |  |  |  | $ | 67,808 |  |  | 2.47 | %
Net interest margin (4) |  |  |  |  |  | 2.97 | % |  |  |  |  |  | 3.04 | % |  |  |  |  |  | 2.81 | %

(1) | Total loans are net of deferred fees, related direct costs and discounts. Non-accrual loans are included in the average balance. Net (amortization) accretion of deferred loan fees and costs of $(587) thousand, $61 thousand and $(289) thousand and accretion of discount on purchased loans of $8 thousand, $54 thousand and $97 thousand for the three months ended March 31, 2020, December 31, 2019 and March 31, 2019, respectively, are included in interest income.

(2) | Includes average balance of FHLB and other bank stock at cost and average time deposits with other financial institutions.

(3) | Includes average balance of bank-owned life insurance of $110.0 million, $108.9 million and $107.2 million for the three months ended March 31, 2020, December 31, 2019 and March 31, 2019.

(4) | Annualized net interest income divided by average interest-earning assets.

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Rate/Volume Analysis
The following table presents the changes in interest income and interest expense for major components of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities. Information is provided on changes attributable to: (i) changes in volume multiplied by the prior rate; and (ii) changes in rate multiplied by the prior volume. Changes attributable to both rate and volume which cannot be segregated have been allocated proportionately to the change due to volume and the change due to rate.

|  | Three Months Ended March 31, 2020 vs. 2019
|  | Increase (Decrease) Due to |  | Net Increase (Decrease)
($ In thousands) |  | Volume |  | Rate |
Interest and dividend income: |  |  |  |  |  |
Total loans |  | $ | (21,432 | ) |  | $ | (3,592 | ) |  | $ | (25,024 | )
Securities |  | (6,955 | ) |  | (3,066 | ) |  | (10,021 | )
Other interest-earning assets |  | (163 | ) |  | (790 | ) |  | (953 | )
Total interest and dividend income |  | $ | (28,550 | ) |  | $ | (7,448 | ) |  | $ | (35,998 | )
Interest expense: |  |  |  |  |  |
Savings |  | $ | (1,246 | ) |  | $ | (938 | ) |  | $ | (2,184 | )
Interest-bearing checking |  | (95 | ) |  | (702 | ) |  | (797 | )
Money market |  | (1,062 | ) |  | (1,306 | ) |  | (2,368 | )
Certificates of deposit |  | (9,452 | ) |  | (2,031 | ) |  | (11,483 | )
FHLB advances |  | (2,214 | ) |  | (984 | ) |  | (3,198 | )
Securities sold under repurchase agreements |  | (9 | ) |  | (9 | ) |  | (18 | )
Long term debt and other interest-bearing liabilities |  | — |  |  | (3 | ) |  | (3 | )
Total interest expense |  | (14,078 | ) |  | (5,973 | ) |  | (20,051 | )
Net interest income |  | $ | (14,472 | ) |  | $ | (1,475 | ) |  | $ | (15,947 | )

Three Months Ended March 31, 2020 Compared to Three Months Ended December 31, 2019
Net interest income decreased $4.8 million to $51.9 million for the first quarter due to the combination of lower average interest-earning assets and a lower net interest margin. Average interest-earning assets declined from the prior quarter by $354.7 million to $7.03 billion, including a $440.4 million reduction in average loans to $5.78 billion, and our net interest margin declined 7 basis points (bps) to 2.97%.
Interest income on total loans was $65.5 million for the three months ended March 31, 2020, a decrease of $8.4 million, or 11.4%, from $73.9 million for the three months ended December 31, 2019. The decrease in interest income on loans was primarily due to a $440.4 million decrease in the average balance of total loans and a 15 bps decrease in average yield. The decline in loan yields was due mostly to lower yields across most loan classes due to originating new business and repricing variable rate loans in the lower interest rate environment given the cuts in the federal funds target rates during the current and prior quarters.
Interest income on securities was $7.8 million for the three months ended March 31, 2020, an increase of $8 thousand compared to the prior quarter. During the quarter, the impact from a $119.2 million increase in average securities balance was offset by a 42 bps decrease in average yield. The decrease in average yield is primarily as a result of the lower interest rate environment. The average yield for variable rate collateralized loan obligations ("CLOs"), based on average fair value, was 3.60% for the first quarter compared to 3.81% for the fourth quarter as this investment class reprices quarterly. The increase in average balance during the quarter resulted from purchases of agency mortgage-backed securities and corporate debt securities.
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Dividends and interest income on other interest-earning assets was $1.4 million for the three months ended March 31, 2020, a decrease of $600 thousand, or 30.6%, from $2.0 million for the three months ended December 31, 2019. The decrease in dividends and interest income on other interest-earning assets was due to a $33.5 million decrease in average balance and a 51 bps decrease in average yield. The lower average other interest-earning asset yield was due mainly to the lower market interest rates and their impact on deposits with financial institutions.
The 14 basis point decline in the average cost of interest-bearing liabilities to 1.71% for the first quarter from 1.85% for the fourth quarter was driven by the lower average cost of interest-bearing deposits. Interest expense on interest-bearing deposits was $14.6 million for the three months ended March 31, 2020, a decrease of $3.6 million, or 19.9%, from $18.2 million for the three months ended December 31, 2019. The average cost of interest-bearing deposits declined 16 bps to 1.41% from the prior quarter. Additionally, average noninterest-bearing deposits increased by $25.2 million, or 2.3%, and represented 21.4% of total average deposits in the first quarter. Our total cost of deposits decreased 16 bps to 1.11% for the first quarter. The decrease in our funding cost is due to a lower reliance on high cost transaction accounts and wholesale funds as we have managed down the consolidated balance sheet and continue to execute on our strategy to focus on relationship clients.
Interest expense on FHLB advances was $5.9 million for the three months ended March 31, 2020, a decrease of $513 thousand, or 8.0%, from $6.4 million for the three months ended December 31, 2019. The decrease was due mainly to a 21 bps decrease in average cost, offset by a $18.6 million increase in average balance during the quarter. The decrease in average cost was mainly due to a reduction in average overnight borrowing rates during the quarter ended March 31, 2020. The increase in average balance was mainly due to an increase in use of short-term and overnight borrowings.
Three Months Ended March 31, 2020 Compared to Three Months Ended March 31, 2019
Net interest income was $51.9 million for the three months ended March 31, 2020, a decrease of $15.9 million, or 23.5%, from $67.8 million for the three months ended March 31, 2019. The decrease in net interest income from the prior period was largely due to reductions in yields and average balances of interest-earning assets outpacing the reductions in costs and average balances of our interest-bearing liabilities.
Interest income on total loans was $65.5 million for the three months ended March 31, 2020, a decrease of $25.0 million, or 27.6 percent, from $90.6 million for the three months ended March 31, 2019. The decrease in interest income on loans was primarily due to a $1.93 billion decrease in the average balance of total loans coupled with a 20 bps decrease in average yield. The decrease in average balance was due mainly to sales of loans during 2019, including the sale of $382.8 million in jumbo SFR mortgage loans and $751.6 million of multifamily residential loans. The decrease in average yield was mainly due to lower interest rates on new loans and loans with variable interest rates decreasing due to a lower interest rate environment between periods.
Interest income on securities was $7.8 million for the three months ended March 31, 2020, a decrease of $10.0 million, or 56.2%, from $17.8 million for the three months ended March 31, 2019. The decrease in interest income on securities was due to a $798.5 million decrease in average balance, coupled with an 83 bps decrease in average yield. The decrease in average balance was mainly due to sales of certain longer-duration and fixed-rate mortgage-backed securities, collateralized loan obligations and commercial mortgage-backed securities during 2019 in response to the changing interest rate environment and our effort to remix our earning assets from investment securities to higher yielding loans. The decrease in average yield was due to quarterly interest rate resets on our CLOs into a lower interest rate environment and the sales of CLOs that occurred during 2019.
Dividends and interest income on other interest-earning assets was $1.4 million for the three months ended March 31, 2020, a decrease of $1.0 million or 41.2% from $2.3 million for the three months ended March 31, 2019. Between periods, there was a 107 bps decrease in average yield, coupled with a $24.4 million decrease in average balance. The decrease in average yield was mainly due to lower interest rates on deposits with financial institutions. The decrease in average balance was mainly due to decreases in interest-bearing deposits in financial institutions partially as a result of the purchases of investment securities during the first quarter of 2020.
The 41 basis point decline in the average cost of interest-bearing liabilities to 1.71% for the three months ended March 31, 2020 from 2.12% for the three months ended March 31, 2019, was driven by the lower average cost of interest-bearing deposits and higher average noninterest-bearing deposits. Interest expense on interest-bearing deposits was $14.6 million for the three months ended March 31, 2020, a decrease of $16.8 million, or 53.5%, from $31.4 million for the three months ended March 31, 2019. The decrease in interest expense on interest-bearing deposits was due to a $2.45 billion decrease in average balance, coupled with a 51 bps decrease in average cost. The decrease in average balance primarily related to the use of proceeds from the sale of loans and investments in 2019 to redeem higher cost brokered certificates of
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deposits, coupled with the shift in our deposit strategy to focus on relationship-based customers and de-emphasize high-rate transactional customers. The decrease in average cost was mainly due to the lower interest rate environment between periods.
Interest expense on FHLB advances was $5.9 million for the three months ended March 31, 2020, a decrease of $3.2 million, or 35.2%, from $9.1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2019. The decrease was due mainly to a $383.0 million decrease in average balance for the quarter ended March 31, 2020, coupled with a 31 bps decrease in average cost. The decrease in average cost was mainly due to the lower interest rate environment between periods. The decrease in average balance was mainly due to reduced term advances, primarily three- to ten-year duration, based on available cash resulting from sales and calls of investment securities and loans during 2019.
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Provision for (Reversal of) Credit Losses
The provision for (reversal of) credit losses is charged to operations to adjust the allowance for credit losses to the level required to cover current estimated credit losses in our loan portfolio and unfunded commitments. The following table presents the components of our provision for credit losses:

|  | Three Months Ended
($ in thousands) |  | March 31, 2020 |  | December 31, 2019 |  | March 31, 2019
Provision for (reversal of) loan losses |  | $ | 14,711 |  |  | $ | (2,678 | ) |  | $ | 2,512 |
Provision for (reversal of) credit losses - unfunded loan commitments |  | 1,050 |  |  | (298 | ) |  | (414 | )
Total provision for (reversal of) credit losses |  | $ | 15,761 |  |  | $ | (2,976 | ) |  | $ | 2,098 |

We recorded a provision for (reversal of) loan losses of $14.7 million and $(2.7) million for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019. During the first quarter, the $14.7 million provision for loan losses was calculated using the new CECL model and reflects the estimated future impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on our loans and net charge-offs, partially offset by lower period end loan balances of $284.4 million. For the first quarter, approximately $19 million of the provision for credit losses was attributed to the change in the economic forecasts, including assumed impacts of the pandemic, offset by a $5.0 million reduction due to other portfolio changes.
Our provision for credit losses includes $1.1 million related to unfunded loan commitments, which was also calculated using the new CECL model and reflects the estimated future impact of the COVID-19 pandemic.
See further discussion in "Allowance for Credit Losses."
Noninterest Income
The following table presents the components of noninterest income for the periods indicated:

|  | Three Months Ended
($ in thousands) |  | March 31, 2020 |  | December 31, 2019 |  | March 31, 2019
Customer service fees |  | $ | 1,096 |  |  | $ | 1,451 |  |  | $ | 1,515 |
Loan servicing income |  | 75 |  |  | 312 |  |  | 118 |
Income from bank owned life insurance |  | 578 |  |  | 599 |  |  | 525 |
Net gain on sale of securities available-for-sale |  | — |  |  | 3 |  |  | 208 |
Fair value adjustment on loans held for sale |  | (1,586 | ) |  | 30 |  |  | 1 |
Net (loss) gain on sale of loans |  | (27 | ) |  | (863 | ) |  | 1,552 |
Other income |  | 1,925 |  |  | 3,398 |  |  | 2,376 |
Total noninterest income |  | $ | 2,061 |  |  | $ | 4,930 |  |  | $ | 6,295 |

Three Months Ended March 31, 2020 Compared to Three Months Ended December 31, 2019
Noninterest income was $2.1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2020, a decrease of $2.9 million, or 58.2%, from $4.9 million for the three months ended December 31, 2019. The decrease was primarily due to the impact of lower market interest rates on certain assets subject to fair value accounting including a $1.6 million decrease in the fair value of loans held for sale, a $333 thousand decrease in the fair value of customer-related loan swaps, and a $166 thousand decrease in the value of servicing assets due mostly to the impact of prepayment assumptions. In addition, the prior quarter included a $650 thousand insurance recovery; there was no similar insurance recovery in the current quarter. These decreases were offset in part by lower net losses on sales of loans of $836 thousand.
Customer fees decreased $355 thousand, or 24.5%, during the three months ended March 31, 2020 due mostly to lower borrower loan fees, such as extension and exit fees.
Net loss on sale of loans, which includes premium recapture of previously sold loans, was $27 thousand for the three months ended March 31, 2020, compared to $863 thousand for the three months ended December 31, 2019. During the three months ended March 31, 2020, there were no loan sales, compared to sales of jumbo SFR mortgage loans of $8.0 million resulting in an aggregate loss of $837 thousand during the previous quarter.
Other income was $1.9 million for the three months ended March 31, 2020, compared to $3.4 million for the three months ended December 31, 2019. The $1.5 million decrease is primarily attributable to a $333 thousand decrease in the fair value of
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customer-related loan swaps. In addition, the prior quarter included a $650 thousand insurance recovery; there was no similar insurance recovery in the current quarter.
Three Months Ended March 31, 2020 Compared to Three Months Ended March 31, 2019
Noninterest income was $2.1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2020, a decrease of $4.2 million, or 67.3%, from $6.3 million for the three months ended March 31, 2019. The decrease in noninterest income during the three months ended March 31, 2020 was mainly due to lower fair value of loans held for sale, customer service fees, net gains on the sale of loans and securities and other income.
Customer fees decreased $419 thousand, or 27.7%, during the three months ended March 31, 2020 due mostly to lower borrower loan fees, such as extension fees.
Net gains on sale of securities available-for-sale decreased $208 thousand due to selling $132.2 million of non-agency commercial mortgage-backed securities resulting in a gain of $9 thousand and $365.3 million in collateralized loan obligations resulting in a gain of $143 thousand for the three months ended March 31, 2019. There were no securities sales in the first quarter of 2020.
Net loss on sale of loans decreased $1.6 million due to no sales of loans during the three months ended March 31, 2020 compared to sales of $243.2 million in jumbo SFR mortgage loans resulting in a gain of $1.6 million in the same 2019 period.
Other income was $1.9 million for the three months ended March 31, 2020, compared to $2.4 million in the comparable 2019 period. The $451 thousand decrease is primarily attributable to changes in interest rate swap fee income which totaled $3 thousand during the three months ended March 31, 2020, compared to $455 thousand in the comparable 2019 period.
Noninterest Expense
The following table presents the breakdown of noninterest expense for the periods indicated:

|  | Three Months Ended
($ in thousands) |  | March 31, 2020 |  | December 31, 2019 |  | March 31, 2019
Salaries and employee benefits |  | $ | 23,436 |  |  | $ | 24,036 |  |  | $ | 28,439 |
Occupancy and equipment |  | 7,243 |  |  | 7,900 |  |  | 7,686 |
Professional fees |  | 5,964 |  |  | 2,611 |  |  | 11,041 |
Outside service fees |  | 362 |  |  | 285 |  |  | 403 |
Data processing |  | 1,773 |  |  | 1,684 |  |  | 1,496 |
Advertising |  | 1,756 |  |  | 2,227 |  |  | 2,057 |
Regulatory assessments |  | 484 |  |  | 1,854 |  |  | 2,482 |
Reversal of provision for loan repurchases |  | (600 | ) |  | (360 | ) |  | (116 | )
Amortization of intangible assets |  | 429 |  |  | 454 |  |  | 620 |
Restructuring expense |  | — |  |  | 1,626 |  |  | 2,795 |
All other expense |  | 4,167 |  |  | 4,127 |  |  | 3,396 |
Noninterest expense before loss on investments in alternative energy partnerships |  | 45,014 |  |  | 46,444 |  |  | 60,299 |
Loss on investments in alternative energy partnerships |  | 1,905 |  |  | 1,039 |  |  | 1,950 |
Total noninterest expense |  | $ | 46,919 |  |  | $ | 47,483 |  |  | $ | 62,249 |

Three Months Ended March 31, 2020 Compared to Three Months Ended December 31, 2019
Noninterest expense was $46.9 million for the three months ended March 31, 2020, a decrease of $564 thousand, or 1.2%, from $47.5 million for the three months ended December 31, 2019. The decrease was mainly due to lower salaries and employee benefits, occupancy and equipment, advertising, regulatory assessments, and restructuring expense, offset by higher professional fees, and loss on investments in alternative energy partnerships.
Salaries and employee benefits expense was $23.4 million for the three months ended March 31, 2020, a decrease of $600 thousand, or 2.5%, from $24.0 million for the three months ended December 31, 2019. The decrease was due to a lower number of employees, as the staff needed to drive the current operations continues to be refined, coupled with lower incentives, commissions, and temporary staff expenses.
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Occupancy and equipment was $7.2 million for the three months ended March 31, 2020, a decrease of $657 thousand, or 8.3%, from $7.9 million for the three months ended December 31, 2019. The decrease was mainly due to the fourth quarter of 2019 including lease termination costs; there were no similar charges included in the current quarter.
Advertising costs were $1.8 million for the three months ended March 31, 2020, a decrease of $471 thousand, or 21.1%, from $2.2 million for the three months ended December 31, 2019. The decrease was mainly due to reductions in overall events and media spending.
Regulatory assessments were $484 thousand for the three months ended March 31, 2020, a decrease of $1.4 million, or 73.9%, from $1.9 million for the three months ended December 31, 2019. The decrease was mainly due to changes in our FDIC assessment rate as a result of reductions in our asset size and an FDIC assessment credit.
Restructuring expense was zero for the three months ended March 31, 2020, a decrease of $1.6 million, or 100.0%, from $1.6 million for the three months ended December 31, 2019. Restructuring expense during the fourth quarter of 2019 related to severance costs associated with the departure of certain executive officers.
Professional fees were $6.0 million for the three months ended March 31, 2020, an increase of $3.4 million, or 128.4%, from $2.6 million for the three months ended December 31, 2019. The increase was primarily a result of the timing of certain indemnified legal costs and recoveries compared to the prior quarter. The current quarter included $1.7 million of such legal costs compared to $3.6 million of such legal cost recoveries for the prior quarter. When these indemnified legal costs and recoveries are excluded, professional fees would have decreased $1.9 million from the prior quarter and this remaining decrease relates to lower audit fees and other legal costs.
Loss on investments in alternative energy partnerships was $1.9 million for the three months ended March 31, 2020, an increase of $866 thousand, from $1.0 million for the three months ended December 31, 2019. The increase in loss between periods was mainly due to increased loss sharing allocations and resulting higher HLBV losses.
All other expense for the three months ended March 31, 2020 includes an $850 thousand charge to settle and conclude a legacy loan sale claim from an acquired bank; there was no similar item in the prior quarter. All other expense also includes a the reversal of provision for loan repurchases, which increased $240 thousand and resulted in lower expenses. The reversal of provision for loan repurchases totaled $600 thousand for the three months ended March 31, 2020 compared to $360 thousand for the prior quarter.
Three Months Ended March 31, 2020 Compared to Three Months Ended March 31, 2019
Noninterest expense was $46.9 million for the three months ended March 31, 2020, a decrease of $15.3 million, or 24.6 percent, from $62.2 million for the three months ended March 31, 2019. The decrease was mainly due to reductions in salaries and employee benefits, professional fees, regulatory assessments, restructuring expense, partially offset by an increase in other expense.
Salaries and employee benefits expense was $23.4 million for the three months ended March 31, 2020, a decrease of $5.0 million, or 17.6 percent, from $28.4 million for the three months ended March 31, 2019. The decrease was primarily due to overall reductions in headcount between periods as a result of exiting the third-party mortgage origination ("TPMO") and brokered single family lending businesses during the first quarter of 2019.
Professional fees were $6.0 million for the three months ended March 31, 2020, a decrease of $5.1 million, or 46.0 percent, from $11.0 million for the three months ended March 31, 2019. The decrease was mainly due to overall reductions in indemnified legal fees, net of insurance recoveries, lower consulting fees for bank projects and initiatives, and lower legal expenses related to the now resolved SEC investigation and various other litigation.
Regulatory assessments were $484 thousand for the three months ended March 31, 2020, a decrease of $2.0 million, or 80.5 percent, from $2.5 million for the three months ended March 31, 2019. The decrease was mainly due to a reduction in our FDIC assessment rate given the decrease in our asset size.
For the three months ended March 31, 2020, there were no restructuring expenses. The comparable 2019 period included restructuring expenses of $2.8 million related to exiting the TPMO and brokered single family lending businesses and new CEO transition.
All other expense was $4.2 million for the three months ended March 31, 2020, an increase of $771 thousand, or 22.7 percent, from $3.4 million for the three months ended March 31, 2019. The increase was mainly due to an $850 thousand settlement to settle and conclude a legacy loan sale claim from an acquired bank recognized in 2020; there was no similar item in the comparable 2019 period. This increase was offset partially by a $486 thousand increase in the reversal of provision for loan repurchases, which totaled $600 thousand for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and $116 thousand for the same 2019 period.
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Income Tax (Benefit) Expense
For the three months ended March 31, 2020, December 31, 2019 and March 31, 2019, income tax (benefit) expense was $(2.2) million, $2.8 million and $2.7 million, resulting in an effective tax rate was 24.7%, 16.5% and 27.9%. The company’s 24.7% effective tax rate for the three months ended March 31, 2020 differs from the 21% statutory rate is due to the impact of state taxes as well as various tax credits. The income tax benefit during the first quarter of 2020 was mainly due to the $8.8 million pre-tax book loss recognized, as compared to pre-tax book income of $17.1 million and $9.8 million recognized during the three months ended December 31, 2019 and March 31, 2019. The full year estimated effective tax rate for 2020 is expected to be approximately 25%.
We use the flow-through income statement method to account for the annual investment tax credits forecasted to be earned on the solar investments in our annual effective tax rate. Under this method, the investment tax credits are recognized as a reduction to income tax expense and the initial book-tax difference in the basis of the investments are recognized as additional tax expense in the year they are earned.
For additional information, see Note 8 to Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part I of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.
FINANCIAL CONDITION
Investment Securities
At March 31, 2020, all of our investment securities were classified as available-for-sale.
The primary goal of our investment securities portfolio is to provide a relatively stable source of interest income while satisfactorily managing risk, including credit risk, reinvestment risk, liquidity risk and interest rate risk. Certain investment securities provide a source of liquidity as collateral for FHLB advances, Federal Reserve Discount Window capacity, repurchase agreements and certain public deposits.
The following table presents the amortized cost and fair value of the investment securities portfolio and the corresponding amounts of gross unrealized gains and losses recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) as of the dates indicated:

|  | March 31, 2020 |  | December 31, 2019
($ in thousands) |  | Amortized Cost |  | Fair Value |  | Unrealized Gain (Loss) |  | Amortized Cost |  | Fair Value |  | Unrealized Gain (Loss)
Securities available-for-sale: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. government agency and U.S. government sponsored enterprise residential mortgage-backed securities |  | $ | 100,971 |  |  | $ | 104,021 |  |  | $ | 3,050 |  |  | $ | 37,613 |  |  | $ | 36,456 |  |  | $ | (1,157 | )
U.S. government agency and U.S. government sponsored enterprise collateralized mortgage obligations |  | 140,797 |  |  | 139,419 |  |  | (1,378 | ) |  | 91,543 |  |  | 91,299 |  |  | (244 | )
Municipal securities |  | 52,985 |  |  | 54,385 |  |  | 1,400 |  |  | 52,997 |  |  | 52,689 |  |  | (308 | )
Non-agency residential mortgage-backed securities |  | 163 |  |  | 160 |  |  | (3 | ) |  | 191 |  |  | 196 |  |  | 5 |
Collateralized loan obligations |  | 703,605 |  |  | 623,571 |  |  | (80,034 | ) |  | 733,605 |  |  | 718,361 |  |  | (15,244 | )
Corporate debt securities |  | 47,658 |  |  | 47,871 |  |  | 213 |  |  | 13,500 |  |  | 13,579 |  |  | 79 |
Total securities available-for-sale |  | $ | 1,046,179 |  |  | $ | 969,427 |  |  | $ | (76,752 | ) |  | $ | 929,449 |  |  | $ | 912,580 |  |  | $ | (16,869 | )

Securities available-for-sale were $969.4 million at March 31, 2020, an increase of $56.8 million, or 6.2%, from $912.6 million at December 31, 2019. The increase was mainly due to purchases of $147.4 million including $113.3 million in U.S. government agency securities and $34.2 million in corporate debt securities, offset by a $30.0 million pay-off of one CLO holding and net unrealized losses of $59.9 million.
CLOs totaled $623.6 million and $718.4 million at March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019. CLOs are floating rate debt securities backed by pools of senior secured commercial loans to a diverse group of companies across a broad spectrum of industries. Underlying loans are generally secured by a company’s assets such as inventory, equipment, property, and/or real estate. CLOs are structured to diversify exposure to a broad sector of industries. The payments on these commercial loans support interest and principal on the CLOs across classes that range from AAA rated to equity tranches. At March 31, 2020, all of our CLO holdings were AAA and AA rated. As all CLOs are also rated above investment grade credit ratings and were diversified across issuers, we believe that these CLOs enhance our liquidity position. We also maintain pre-purchase due diligence and ongoing review procedures through a dedicated credit administration team. The ongoing review process includes monitoring of performance factors including external credit ratings, collateralization levels, collateral concentration levels and other performance factors. We only acquire CLOs that we believes are Volcker Rule compliant.
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We did not record credit impairment for any investment securities for the three months ended March 31, 2020 or 2019. We monitor our securities portfolio to ensure it has adequate credit support. As of March 31, 2020, we believe there was no credit impairment and did not have the intent to sell securities with fair value below amortized cost at March 31, 2020, and that it is more likely than not that we will not be required to sell prior to recovery of the amortized cost basis. We consider the lowest credit rating for identification of potential credit impairment. As of March 31, 2020, all of our investment securities in an unrealized loss position received an investment grade credit rating. Although credit spreads widened during the quarter, the decline in fair value is attributable to a combination of changes in interest rates and general volatility in the credit market conditions.
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The following table presents maturities, based on the earlier of maturity dates or next repricing dates, and yield information of the investment securities portfolio as of March 31, 2020:

|  | One Year or Less |  | More than One Year through Five Years |  | More than Five Years through Ten Years |  | More than Ten Years |  | Total
($ in thousands) |  | Fair Value |  | Weighted Average Yield |  | Fair Value |  | Weighted Average Yield |  | Fair Value |  | Weighted Average Yield |  | Fair Value |  | Weighted Average Yield |  | Fair Value |  | Weighted Average Yield
Securities available-for-sale: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. government agency and U.S. government sponsored enterprise residential mortgage-backed securities |  | $ | — |  |  | — | % |  | $ | — |  |  | — | % |  | $ | 29,993 |  |  | 2.20 | % |  | $ | 74,028 |  |  | 2.36 | % |  | $ | 104,021 |  |  | 2.32 | %
U.S. government agency and U.S. government sponsored enterprise collateralized mortgage obligations |  | 118,165 |  |  | 2.09 | % |  | 11,060 |  |  | 2.34 | % |  | 10,194 |  |  | 2.43 | % |  | — |  |  | — | % |  | 139,419 |  |  | 2.14 | %
Municipal securities |  | — |  |  | — | % |  | — |  |  | — | % |  | — |  |  | — | % |  | 54,385 |  |  | 2.79 | % |  | 54,385 |  |  | 2.79 | %
Non-agency residential mortgage-backed securities |  | — |  |  | — | % |  | — |  |  | — | % |  | — |  |  | — | % |  | 160 |  |  | 5.46 | % |  | 160 |  |  | 5.46 | %
Collateralized loan obligations |  | 623,571 |  |  | 3.43 | % |  | — |  |  | — | % |  | — |  |  | — | % |  | — |  |  | — | % |  | 623,571 |  |  | 3.43 | %
Corporate debt securities |  | — |  |  | — | % |  | 28,207 |  |  | 3.70 | % |  | 19,664 |  |  | 4.21 | % |  | — |  |  | — | % |  | 47,871 |  |  | 3.91 | %
Total securities available-for-sale |  | $ | 741,736 |  |  | 3.22 | % |  | $ | 39,267 |  |  | 3.32 | % |  | $ | 59,851 |  |  | 2.90 | % |  | $ | 128,573 |  |  | 2.55 | % |  | $ | 969,427 |  |  | 3.14 | %

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Loans Held-for-Sale
Total loans held-for-sale carried at fair value were $20.2 million and $22.6 million, respectively, at March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019 and consisted mainly of repurchased conforming SFR mortgage loans that were previously sold and loans previously sold to GNMA that were delinquent more than 90 days and subject to a repurchase option by us. The $2.4 million, or 10.6%, decrease was mainly due to payoffs of $0.8 million and a decrease in fair value of $1.6 million.
Loans Receivable, Net
The following table presents the composition of our loan and lease portfolio as of the dates indicated:

($ in thousands) |  | March 31, 2020 |  | December 31, 2019 |  | Amount Change |  | Percentage Change
Commercial: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial and industrial |  | $ | 1,578,223 |  |  | $ | 1,691,270 |  |  | $ | (113,047 | ) |  | (6.7 | )%
Commercial real estate |  | 810,024 |  |  | 818,817 |  |  | (8,793 | ) |  | (1.1 | )%
Multifamily |  | 1,466,083 |  |  | 1,494,528 |  |  | (28,445 | ) |  | (1.9 | )%
SBA |  | 70,583 |  |  | 70,981 |  |  | (398 | ) |  | (0.6 | )%
Construction |  | 227,947 |  |  | 231,350 |  |  | (3,403 | ) |  | (1.5 | )%
Consumer: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Single family residential mortgage |  | 1,467,375 |  |  | 1,590,774 |  |  | (123,399 | ) |  | (7.8 | )%
Other consumer |  | 47,229 |  |  | 54,165 |  |  | (6,936 | ) |  | (12.8 | )%
Total loans(1) |  | 5,667,464 |  |  | 5,951,885 |  |  | (284,421 | ) |  | (4.8 | )%
Allowance for loan losses |  | (78,243 | ) |  | (57,649 | ) |  | (20,594 | ) |  | 35.7 | %
Total loans receivable, net |  | $ | 5,589,221 |  |  | $ | 5,894,236 |  |  | $ | (305,015 | ) |  | (5.2 | )%

(1) | Total loans include deferred loan origination costs/(fees) and premiums/(discounts), net of $13.2 million and $14.3 million, respectively, at March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019.

During the three months ended March 31, 2020, loans decreased $305.0 million, or 5.2%, to $5.59 billion due mostly to lower single-family residential mortgage loans of $123.4 million, lower commercial and industrial (C&I) loans of $113.0 million, and lower multifamily loans of $28.4 million. The decline in single-family residential is attributed to accelerated payoffs as the loans refinance away in the lower rate environment and proceeds are invested in other core business loans. The decline in C&I loans is primarily in response to strategically reducing certain credit facilities in response to the changed economic landscape and corresponding lower outstanding balances. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic tempered loan production for the last part of the quarter and we did not experience any significant increase in credit line usage.
We continue to remix our real estate loan portfolio toward relationship-based multifamily, bridge, light infill construction, and commercial real estate loans. We are no longer originating single-family residential mortgage loans. Single-family residential mortgage and multifamily loans comprise 51.8% of the total held-for-investment loan portfolio as compared to 58.7% one year ago. Commercial real estate loans comprised 14.3% of the loan portfolio and commercial and industrial loans constituted 27.9%. Currently, loans secured by residential real estate (single-family, multifamily, single-family construction, and credit facilities) represent approximately 83% of our total loans outstanding.
The C&I portfolio has limited exposure to certain business sectors undergoing severe stress, as demonstrated by the following (as a percentage of total outstanding C&I loan balances):
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|  | March 31, 2020
($ in thousands) |  | Amount |  | % of Portfolio
C&I Portfolio by Industry |  |  |  |
Finance and insurance |  | $ | 872,049 |  |  | 55 | %
Real estate and rental and leasing |  | 205,206 |  |  | 13 | %
Retail trade |  | 116,202 |  |  | 7 | %
Manufacturing |  | 73,299 |  |  | 5 | %
Healthcare and social assistance |  | 54,091 |  |  | 3 | %
Wholesale trade |  | 43,285 |  |  | 3 | %
Accommodation and food services |  | 31,867 |  |  | 2 | %
All other |  | 182,224 |  |  | 12 | %
|  | $ | 1,578,223 |  |  | 100 | %

Non-Traditional Mortgage Portfolio ("NTM")
Our NTM portfolio is comprised of three interest only products: Green Loans, Interest Only loans and a small number of additional loans with the potential for negative amortization. As of March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, the NTM portfolio totaled $560.1 million, or 9.9 percent of the total gross loan portfolio, and $600.7 million, or 10.1 percent of the total gross loan portfolio, respectively. The total NTM portfolio decreased by $40.6 million, or 6.8 percent. during the three months ended March 31, 2020. The decrease was primarily due to principal paydowns and payoffs.
The initial credit guidelines for the NTM portfolio were established based on the borrower's Fair Isaac Corporation (FICO) score, LTV ratio, property type, occupancy type, loan amount, and geography. Additionally, from an ongoing credit risk management perspective, we have determined that the most significant performance indicators for NTMs are LTV ratios and FICO scores. We review the NTM loan portfolio periodically, which includes refreshing FICO scores on the Green Loans and HELOCs and ordering third party automated valuation models (AVMs) to confirm collateral values. We no longer originate NTM loans.
Green Loans totaled $47.8 million at March 31, 2020, a decrease of $4.5 million, or 8.5% from $52.3 million at December 31, 2019, primarily due to principal paydowns and payoffs. The NTM loans on non-accrual status included $4.7 million of Green loans and $10.9 million of interest-only loans at March 31, 2020 compared to $1.5 million of Green loans and $11.5 million of interest-only loans at December 31, 2019.
The following table presents our Green Loans first lien portfolio at March 31, 2020 by FICO scores that were obtained during the quarter ended March 31, 2020, compared to the FICO scores for those same loans that were obtained during the quarter ended December 31, 2019:

|  | By FICO Scores Obtained During the Quarter Ended March 31, 2020 |  | By FICO Scores Obtained During the Quarter Ended December 31, 2019 |  | Change
($ in thousands) |  | Count |  | Amount |  | Percent |  | Count |  | Amount |  | Percent |  | Count |  | Amount |  | Percent
FICO Score |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
800+ |  | 13 |  |  | $ | 2,230 |  |  | 4.9 | % |  | 13 |  |  | $ | 3,509 |  |  | 7.0 | % |  | — |  |  | $ | (1,279 | ) |  | (36.4 | )%
700-799 |  | 32 |  |  | 21,200 |  |  | 46.2 | % |  | 38 |  |  | 27,011 |  |  | 54.1 | % |  | (6 | ) |  | (5,811 | ) |  | (21.5 | )%
600-699 |  | 13 |  |  | 15,766 |  |  | 34.3 | % |  | 10 |  |  | 12,400 |  |  | 24.8 | % |  | 3 |  |  | 3,366 |  |  | 27.1 | %
<600 |  | 4 |  |  | 2,994 |  |  | 6.5 | % |  | 5 |  |  | 3,286 |  |  | 6.6 | % |  | (1 | ) |  | (292 | ) |  | (8.9 | )%
No FICO |  | 3 |  |  | 3,723 |  |  | 8.1 | % |  | 3 |  |  | 3,753 |  |  | 7.5 | % |  | — |  |  | (30 | ) |  | (0.8 | )%
Totals |  | 65 |  |  | $ | 45,913 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | 69 |  |  | $ | 49,959 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | (4 | ) |  | $ | (4,046 | ) |  | (8.1 | )%

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Loan-to-Value Ratio
LTV ratio represents estimated current loan to value ratio, determined by dividing current unpaid principal balance by latest estimated property value received per our policy. The table below represents our single family residential NTM first lien portfolio by LTV ratios as of the dates indicated:

|  | Green |  | Interest Only |  | Negative Amortization |  | Total
($ in thousands) |  | Count |  | Amount |  | Percent |  | Count |  | Amount |  | Percent |  | Count |  | Amount |  | Percent |  | Count |  | Amount |  | Percent
March 31, 2020 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
< 61% |  | 53 |  |  | $ | 38,168 |  |  | 83.1 | % |  | 212 |  |  | $ | 322,071 |  |  | 63.2 | % |  | 8 |  |  | $ | 2,359 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | 273 |  |  | $ | 362,598 |  |  | 65.0 | %
61-80% |  | 10 |  |  | 7,119 |  |  | 15.5 | % |  | 131 |  |  | 177,985 |  |  | 34.9 | % |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — | % |  | 141 |  |  | 185,104 |  |  | 33.2 | %
81-100% |  | 2 |  |  | 626 |  |  | 1.4 | % |  | 4 |  |  | 4,535 |  |  | 0.9 | % |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — | % |  | 6 |  |  | 5,161 |  |  | 0.9 | %
> 100% |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — | % |  | 2 |  |  | 5,301 |  |  | 1.0 | % |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — | % |  | 2 |  |  | 5,301 |  |  | 0.9 | %
Total |  | 65 |  |  | $ | 45,913 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | 349 |  |  | $ | 509,892 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | 8 |  |  | $ | 2,359 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | 422 |  |  | $ | 558,164 |  |  | 100.0 | %
December 31, 2019 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
< 61% |  | 54 |  |  | $ | 37,804 |  |  | 75.6 | % |  | 231 |  |  | $ | 346,899 |  |  | 63.6 | % |  | 9 |  |  | $ | 3,027 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | 294 |  |  | $ | 387,730 |  |  | 64.8 | %
61-80% |  | 12 |  |  | 8,531 |  |  | 17.1 | % |  | 136 |  |  | 183,664 |  |  | 33.7 | % |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — | % |  | 148 |  |  | 192,195 |  |  | 32.1 | %
81-100% |  | 3 |  |  | 3,624 |  |  | 7.3 | % |  | 6 |  |  | 7,081 |  |  | 1.3 | % |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — | % |  | 9 |  |  | 10,705 |  |  | 1.8 | %
> 100% |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — | % |  | 3 |  |  | 7,727 |  |  | 1.4 | % |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — | % |  | 3 |  |  | 7,727 |  |  | 1.3 | %
Total |  | 69 |  |  | $ | 49,959 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | 376 |  |  | $ | 545,371 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | 9 |  |  | $ | 3,027 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | 454 |  |  | $ | 598,357 |  |  | 100.0 | %

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Non-Performing Assets
The following table presents a summary of total non-performing assets, excluding loans held-for-sale, as of the dates indicated:

($ in thousands) |  | March 31, 2020 |  | December 31, 2019 |  | Amount Change |  | Percentage Change
Loans past due 90 days or more still on accrual |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | — | %
Non-accrual loans |  | 56,471 |  |  | 43,354 |  |  | 13,117 |  |  | 30.3 | %
Total non-performing loans |  | 56,471 |  |  | 43,354 |  |  | 13,117 |  |  | 30.3 | %
Other real estate owned |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — | %
Total non-performing assets |  | $ | 56,471 |  |  | $ | 43,354 |  |  | $ | 13,117 |  |  | 30.3 | %
Performing restructured loans (1) |  | $ | 6,101 |  |  | $ | 6,621 |  |  | $ | (520 | ) |  | (7.9 | )%
Total non-performing loans to total loans |  | 1.00 | % |  | 0.73 | % |  |  |  |
Total non-performing assets to total assets |  | 0.74 | % |  | 0.55 | % |  |  |  |
ACL to non-performing loans |  | 138.55 | % |  | 132.97 | % |  |  |  |

(1) Excluded from non-performing loans
Loans are generally placed on non-accrual status when they become 90 days past due, unless management believes the loan is well secured and in the process of collection. Past due loans may or may not be adequately collateralized, but collection efforts are continuously pursued. Loans may be restructured by management when a borrower experiences changes to their financial condition, causing an inability to meet the original repayment terms, and where we believe the borrower will eventually overcome those circumstances and repay the loan in full.
Additional interest income of approximately $951 thousand would have been recorded during the three months ended March 31, 2020, respectively, had these loans been paid in accordance with their original terms throughout the periods indicated.
Non-performing loans totaled $56.5 million as of March 31, 2020, of which $21.5 million or 38% of the balance relates to loans in a current payment status. The $13.1 million increase during the first quarter was primarily due to $14.1 million of loans being placed on nonaccrual status, offset by cured loans and payoffs. The quarter-end balance includes two large loans with delinquent payment status that comprise 45% of our total nonperforming loans, consisting of one $16.4 million legacy shared national credit and a $9.1 million SFR loan with a loan-to-value ratio of 67%. Aside from those two loans, nonperforming loans total $31.0 million, of which 49% relates to legacy single-family residential mortgage loans.
Troubled Debt Restructurings
Loans that we modify or restructure where the debtor is experiencing financial difficulties and makes a concession to the borrower in a below-market change in the stated interest rate, a reduction in the loan balance or accrued interest, an extension of the maturity date, or a note split with principal forgiveness are classified as troubled debt restructurings (“TDRs”). TDRs are loans modified for the purpose of alleviating temporary impairments to the borrower’s financial condition. A workout plan between a borrower and us is designed to provide a bridge for the cash flow shortfalls in the near term. If the borrower works through the near term issues, in most cases, the original contractual terms of the loan will be reinstated.
At March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, we had 27 and 25 loans, respectively, with an aggregate balance of $27.0 million and $21.8 million, respectively, classified as TDRs. When a loan becomes a TDR, we cease accruing interest, and classify it as non-accrual until the borrower demonstrates that the loan is again performing. The increase in TDRs during the three months ended March 31, 2020 was primarily due to one commercial and industrial relationship.
At March 31, 2020, of the 27 loans classified as TDRs, 13 loans totaling $6.1 million were making payments according to their modified terms and were less than 90 days delinquent under the modified terms and, as such, were on accruing status. At December 31, 2019, of the 25 loans classified as TDRs, 14 loans totaling $6.6 million were making payments according to their modified terms and were less than 90 days delinquent under the modified terms and, as such, were on accruing status.
Troubled Debt Restructuring (TDR) Relief: Under U.S. GAAP, banks are required to assess modifications to a loan’s terms for potential classification as a TDR. A loan to a borrower experiencing financial difficulty is classified as a TDR when a lender grants a concession that it would otherwise not consider, such as a payment deferral or interest concession. In order to encourage banks to work with impacted borrowers, the CARES Act and U.S. banking agencies have provided relief from TDR accounting. The main benefits of TDR relief include a capital benefit in the form of reduced risk-weighted assets, as TDRs are more heavily risk-weighted for capital purposes; aging of the loans is frozen, i.e., they will continue to be reported in the same
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delinquency bucket they were in at the time of modification; and the loans are generally not reported as non-accrual during the modification period.
Allowance for Credit Losses (ACL)
We maintain an ACL, which is comprised of our allowance for loan losses (ALL) and reserve for unfunded loan commitments. The allowance for loan losses is established to absorb expected credit losses in the loan portfolio. The ALL is based on an ongoing assessment of the expected credit losses in the loan portfolio. Our ACL methodology uses a nationally-recognized, third party model that includes many assumptions based on our historical and peer loss data, our current loan portfolio risk profile, and economic forecasts. We used economic forecasts released by our model provider during the last week of March which included the onset of the impact of the pandemic and related governmental and other reactions to the pandemic. These forecasts included a sharp contraction in annualized GDP growth and a sharp spike in near-term unemployment rates ranging from 8% to 13%, before returning to moderate long-term economic trends. Our visibility at the end of the quarter indicated that local unemployment was heading higher and that the economic recovery would likely be slower. Accordingly, we incorporated qualitative factors to account for this visibility at quarter end related to actual conditions and an economic outlook that was worse than the late March forecasts incorporated into the CECL model. As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic and adoption of CECL, we expect our ACL to continue to be impacted in future periods by economic volatility and changing economic forecasts, as well as the related impacts to CECL model assumptions, all of which may be better than or worse than our current estimate. The process involves subjective and complex judgments. In addition, we use adjustments for numerous factors including those found in the federal banking agencies' joint interagency policy statement on ALL, which include underwriting experience and collateral value changes, among others. We evaluate all impaired loans individually using guidance from ASC 310 primarily through the evaluation of cash flows or collateral values.
The ACL also includes a separate reserve for unfunded loan commitments at a level that is considered adequate to cover the expected credit losses for the estimated level of funding of such loan commitments, except for unconditionally cancellable commitments for which no reserve is required under ASC 326. At March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, the reserve for unfunded loan commitments was $3.9 million and $4.1 million and is included in accrued expenses and other liabilities on the consolidated statements of financial condition.
The following table provides a summary of components of the allowance for credit losses and related ratios as of the dates indicated:

($ in thousands) |  | March 31, 2020 |  | December 31, 2019
Allowance for credit losses: |  |  |  |
Allowance for loan losses (ALL) |  | $ | 78,243 |  |  | $ | 57,649 |
Reserve for unfunded loan commitments |  | 3,888 |  |  | 4,064 |
Total allowance for credit losses (ACL) |  | $ | 82,131 |  |  | $ | 61,713 |
ALL to total loans |  | 1.38 | % |  | 0.97 | %
ACL to total loans |  | 1.45 | % |  | 1.04 | %

The following table provides a summary of activity in the allowance for credit losses for the periods indicated:
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|  | Three Months Ended March 31,
($ in thousands) |  | 2020 |  | 2019
|  | Allowance for Loan Losses |  | Reserve for Unfunded Loan Commitments |  | Allowance for Credit Losses |  | Allowance for Loan Losses |  | Reserve for Unfunded Loan Commitments |  | Allowance for Credit Losses
Balance at beginning of period |  | $ | 57,649 |  |  | $ | 4,064 |  |  | $ | 61,713 |  |  | $ | 62,192 |  |  | $ | 4,622 |  |  | $ | 66,814 |
Impact of adopting ASU 2016-13(1) |  | 7,609 |  |  | (1,226 | ) |  | 6,383 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Loans charged off |  | (2,076 | ) |  | — |  |  | (2,076 | ) |  | (1,063 | ) |  | — |  |  | (1,063 | )
Recoveries of loans previously charged off |  | 350 |  |  | — |  |  | 350 |  |  | 244 |  |  | — |  |  | 244 |
Net charge-offs |  | (1,726 | ) |  | — |  |  | (1,726 | ) |  | (819 | ) |  | — |  |  | (819 | )
Provision for credit losses |  | 14,711 |  |  | 1,050 |  |  | 15,761 |  |  | 2,512 |  |  | (414 | ) |  | 2,098 |
Balance at end of period |  | $ | 78,243 |  |  | $ | 3,888 |  |  | $ | 82,131 |  |  | $ | 63,885 |  |  | $ | 4,208 |  |  | $ | 68,093 |

(1) | Represents the impact of adopting ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses on January 1, 2020. As a result of adopting ASU 2016-13, our methodology to compute our allowance for credit losses is based on a current expected credit loss methodology, rather that the previously applied incurred loss methodology.

The ACL, which includes the reserve for unfunded loan commitments, totaled $82.1 million, or 1.45% of total loans at March 31, 2020 compared to $61.7 million or 1.04% at December 31, 2019. The $20.4 million increase in the allowance reflects a higher provision due to the earlier recognition of losses under CECL and the impact of the change in the economic forecast scenarios as of quarter end, including the expected impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on future losses. This increase includes a Day 1 transition adjustment amount of $6.4 million and a Day 2 provision of $15.8 million, offset by net charge-offs of $1.7 million. The net charge-offs included $1.1 million in C&I loans and $401 thousand in SFR mortgages. The allowance for loan losses coverage of non-performing loans was 139% at March 31, 2020 compared to 133% at December 31, 2019.
The following table provides a summary of the allocation of the allowance for loan losses by loan category as well as loans receivable for each category as of the dates indicated:

|  | March 31, 2020 |  | December 31, 2019
($ in thousands) |  | Allowance for Loan Losses |  | Loans Receivable |  | % of Loans in Category to Total Loans |  | Allowance for Loan Losses |  | Loans Receivable |  | % of Loans in Category to Total Loans
Commercial: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial and industrial |  | $ | 23,573 |  |  | $ | 1,578,223 |  |  | 27.9 | % |  | $ | 22,353 |  |  | $ | 1,691,270 |  |  | 28.4 | %
Commercial real estate |  | 13,620 |  |  | 810,024 |  |  | 14.3 | % |  | 5,941 |  |  | 818,817 |  |  | 13.8 | %
Multifamily |  | 20,072 |  |  | 1,466,083 |  |  | 25.9 | % |  | 11,405 |  |  | 1,494,528 |  |  | 25.1 | %
SBA |  | 3,652 |  |  | 70,583 |  |  | 1.2 | % |  | 3,120 |  |  | 70,981 |  |  | 1.2 | %
Construction |  | 7,052 |  |  | 227,947 |  |  | 4.0 | % |  | 3,906 |  |  | 231,350 |  |  | 3.9 | %
Consumer: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Single family residential mortgage |  | 9,593 |  |  | 1,467,375 |  |  | 25.9 | % |  | 10,486 |  |  | 1,590,774 |  |  | 26.7 | %
Other consumer |  | 681 |  |  | 47,229 |  |  | 0.8 | % |  | 438 |  |  | 54,165 |  |  | 0.9 | %
Total |  | $ | 78,243 |  |  | $ | 5,667,464 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 57,649 |  |  | $ | 5,951,885 |  |  | 100.0 | %

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The following table provides information regarding activity by loan class in the allowance for loan losses during the periods: indicated:

|  | Three Months Ended March 31,
($ in thousands) |  | 2020 |  | 2019
ALL at beginning of period |  | $ | 57,649 |  |  | $ | 62,192 |
Impact of adopting ASU 2016-13(1) |  | 7,609 |  |  | — |
Charge-offs: |  |  |  |
Commercial and industrial |  | (1,164 | ) |  | (93 | )
SBA |  | (356 | ) |  | (356 | )
Single family residential mortgage |  | (552 | ) |  | (526 | )
Other consumer |  | (4 | ) |  | (88 | )
Total charge-offs |  | (2,076 | ) |  | (1,063 | )
Recoveries: |  |  |  |
Commercial and industrial |  | 30 |  |  | 33 |
SBA |  | 121 |  |  | 41 |
Lease financing |  | — |  |  | 3 |
Single family residential mortgage |  | 151 |  |  | 150 |
Other consumer |  | 48 |  |  | 17 |
Total recoveries |  | 350 |  |  | 244 |
Net charge-offs |  | (1,726 | ) |  | (819 | )
Provision for credit losses |  | 14,711 |  |  | 2,512 |
ALL at end of period |  | $ | 78,243 |  |  | $ | 63,885 |
Average total loans held-for-investment |  | $ | 5,758,537 |  |  | $ | 7,657,994 |
Total loans held-for-investment at end of period |  | $ | 5,667,464 |  |  | $ | 7,557,200 |
Ratios: |  |  |  |
Annualized net charge-offs to average total loans held-for-investment |  | 0.12 | % |  | 0.04 | %
ALL to total loans held-for-investment |  | 1.38 | % |  | 0.85 | %

(1) | Represents the impact of adopting ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses on January 1, 2020. As a result of adopting ASU 2016-13, our methodology to compute our allowance for credit losses is based on a current expected credit loss methodology, rather that the previously applied incurred loss methodology.

Alternative Energy Partnerships
We invest in certain alternative energy partnerships (limited liability companies) formed to provide sustainable energy projects that are designed to generate a return primarily through the realization of federal tax credits (energy tax credits) and other tax benefits. The investment helps promote the development of renewable energy sources and help lower the cost of housing for residents by lowering homeowners’ monthly utility costs.
As our respective investments in these entities are more than minor, we have significant influence, but not control, over the investee’s activities that most significantly impact its economic performance. As a result, we are required to apply the equity method of accounting, which generally prescribes applying the percentage ownership interest to the investee’s GAAP net income in order to determine the investor’s earnings or losses in a given period. However, because the liquidation rights, tax credit allocations and other benefits to investors can change upon the occurrence of specified events, application of the equity method based on the underlying ownership percentages would not accurately represent our investment. As a result, we apply the Hypothetical Liquidation at Book Value (“HLBV”) method of the equity method of accounting.
The HLBV method is a balance sheet approach whereby a calculation is prepared at each balance sheet date to estimate the amount that we would receive if the equity investment entity were to liquidate all of its assets (as valued in accordance with GAAP) and distribute that cash to the investors based on the contractually defined liquidation priorities. The difference between the calculated liquidation distribution amounts at the beginning and the end of the reporting period, after adjusting for capital contributions and distributions, is our share of the earnings or losses from the equity investment for the period.
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The following table presents the activity related to our investment in alternative energy partnerships for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019:

|  | Three Months Ended March 31,
($ in thousands) |  | 2020 |  | 2019
Balance at beginning of period |  | $ | 29,300 |  |  | $ | 28,988 |
New funding |  | 3,631 |  |  | — |
Change in unfunded commitments |  | (3,225 | ) |  | — |
Cash distribution from investments |  | (454 | ) |  | (460 | )
Gain (loss) on investments using HLBV method |  | (1,905 | ) |  | (1,950 | )
Balance at end of period |  | $ | 27,347 |  |  | $ | 26,578 |
Unfunded equity commitments |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |

Our returns on investments in alternative energy partnerships are primarily obtained through the realization of energy tax credits and other tax benefits rather than through distributions or through the sale of the investment. The balance of these investments was $27.3 million and $29.3 million at March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019.
During the three months ended March 31, 2020, we funded $3.6 million for our alternative energy partnerships and did not receive any return of capital from its alternative energy partnerships. During the three months ended March 31, 2019, we did not receive any return of capital and did not fund any amounts into these partnerships.
During the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, we recognized a loss on investment of $1.9 million and $2.0 million through its HLBV application. The HLBV losses for the periods were largely driven by accelerated tax depreciation on equipment and the recognition of energy tax credits which reduces the amount distributable by the investee in a hypothetical liquidation under the contractual liquidation provisions. From an income tax benefit perspective, we recognized no investment tax credits during these periods; however, we recorded income tax benefit of $458 thousand and $527 thousand related to these investments for.the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019.
For additional information, see Note 12 to Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited) included in Part I of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.
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Deposits
The following table shows the composition of deposits by type as of the dates indicated:

($ in thousands) |  | March 31, 2020 |  | December 31, 2019 |  | Amount Change |  | Percentage Change
Noninterest-bearing deposits |  | $ | 1,256,081 |  |  | $ | 1,088,516 |  |  | $ | 167,565 |  |  | 15.4 | %
Interest-bearing demand deposits |  | 1,572,389 |  |  | 1,533,882 |  |  | 38,507 |  |  | 2.5 | %
Money market accounts |  | 575,820 |  |  | 715,479 |  |  | (139,659 | ) |  | (19.5 | )%
Savings accounts |  | 877,947 |  |  | 885,246 |  |  | (7,299 | ) |  | (0.8 | )%
Certificates of deposit of $250,000 or less |  | 718,397 |  |  | 582,772 |  |  | 135,625 |  |  | 23.3 | %
Certificates of deposit of more than $250,000 |  | 562,204 |  |  | 621,272 |  |  | (59,068 | ) |  | (9.5 | )%
Total deposits |  | $ | 5,562,838 |  |  | $ | 5,427,167 |  |  | $ | 135,671 |  |  | 2.5 | %

Total deposits were $5.56 billion at March 31, 2020, an increase of $135.7 million, or 2.5%, from $5.43 billion at December 31, 2019. We continue to focus on growing relationship-based deposits, strategically supplemented by wholesale funding, as we proactively drive our funding costs down. Noninterest-bearing deposits totaled $1.26 billion and represented 22.6% of total deposits at March 31, 2020 compared to $1.09 billion and 20.1% at December 31, 2019.
During the three months ended March 31, 2020, demand deposits increased by $206.1 million, consisting of increases of $167.6 million in noninterest-bearing deposits and $38.5 million in interest-bearing demand deposits. In addition, during the three months ended March 31, 2020, time deposits increased $76.6 million or 6.4% to $1.28 billion.
Brokered deposits were $218.7 million at March 31, 2020, an increase of $208.7 million from $10.0 million at December 31, 2019. The increase between periods is primarily related to brokered time deposits, which increased from zero to $208.7 million in the first quarter as we took advantage of attractive pricing in that market to reduce some of our remaining higher-cost interest bearing deposits.
The following table presents the scheduled maturities of certificates of deposit as of March 31, 2020:

($ in thousands) |  | Three Months or Less |  | Over Three Months Through Six Months |  | Over Six Months Through Twelve Months |  | Over One Year |  | Total
Certificates of deposit of $250,000 or less |  | $ | 202,834 |  |  | $ | 218,159 |  |  | $ | 251,885 |  |  | $ | 45,519 |  |  | $ | 718,397 |
Certificates of deposit of more than $250,000 |  | 233,211 |  |  | 212,071 |  |  | 80,884 |  |  | 36,038 |  |  | 562,204 |
Total certificates of deposit |  | $ | 436,045 |  |  | $ | 430,230 |  |  | $ | 332,769 |  |  | $ | 81,557 |  |  | $ | 1,280,601 |

Borrowings
We utilized Federal Home Loan Bank (“FHLB”) advances to leverage our capital base, to provide funds for lending and investing activities, as a source of liquidity, and to enhance interest rate risk management. We also maintained additional borrowing availabilities from Federal Reserve Discount Window and unsecured federal funds lines of credit.
Advances from the FHLB decreased $217.0 million, or 18.2%, to $978.0 million as of March 31, 2020, as a result of a $193.0 million net decrease in short-term and overnight advances with the FHLB and $24.0 million in maturities of long-term advances. As of March 31, 2020, the maturity dates of FHLB advances consisted of $90.0 million of overnight, $174.0 million maturing in three months or less, and $714.0 million maturing beyond three months. As of March 31, 2020, the overnight advance interest rate was 0.21%. We did not utilize repurchase agreements at March 31, 2020 or December 31, 2019.
For additional information, see Note 6 to Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited) included in Part I of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.
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Long Term Debt
The following table presents our long term debt as of the dates indicated:

|  | March 31, 2020 |  | December 31, 2019
($ in thousands) |  | Par Value |  | Unamortized Debt Issuance Cost and Discount |  | Par Value |  | Unamortized Debt Issuance Cost and Discount
5.25% senior notes due April 15, 2025 |  | $ | 175,000 |  |  | $ | (1,521 | ) |  | $ | 175,000 |  |  | $ | (1,579 | )
Total |  | $ | 175,000 |  |  | $ | (1,521 | ) |  | $ | 175,000 |  |  | $ | (1,579 | )

We were in compliance with all covenants under our 5.25% senior notes due April 15, 2025 at March 31, 2020.
Liquidity Management
We are required to maintain sufficient liquidity to ensure a safe and sound operation. Liquidity may increase or decrease depending upon availability of funds and comparative yields on investments in relation to the return on loans. Historically, we have maintained liquid assets above levels believed to be adequate to meet the requirements of normal operations, including potential deposit outflows and dividend payments. Cash flow projections are regularly reviewed and updated to ensure that adequate liquidity is maintained.
Banc of California, N.A.
The Bank's liquidity, represented by cash and cash equivalents and securities available-for-sale, is a product of its operating, investing, and financing activities. The Bank's primary sources of funds are deposits, payments and maturities of outstanding loans and investment securities; sales of loans and investment securities and other short-term investments and funds provided from operations. While scheduled payments from the amortization of loans and investment securities, and maturing investment securities and short-term investments are relatively predictable sources of funds, deposit flows and loan prepayments are greatly influenced by general interest rates, economic conditions, and competition. In addition, the Bank invests excess funds in short-term interest-earning assets, which provide liquidity to meet lending requirements. The Bank also generates cash through borrowings. The Bank mainly utilizes FHLB advances and securities sold under repurchase agreements to leverage its capital base, to provide funds for its lending activities, as a source of liquidity, and to enhance its interest rate risk management. The Bank also has the ability to obtain brokered deposits and collect deposits through its wholesale and treasury operations. Liquidity management is both a daily and long-term function of business management. Any excess liquidity is typically invested in federal funds or investment securities. On a longer-term basis, the Bank maintains a strategy of investing in various lending products. The Bank uses its sources of funds primarily to meet its ongoing loan and other commitments, and to pay maturing certificates of deposit and savings withdrawals.
Banc of California, Inc.
The primary sources of funds for Banc of California, Inc., on a stand-alone holding company basis, are dividends and intercompany tax payments from the Bank, outside borrowing, and its ability to raise capital and issue debt securities. Dividends from the Bank are largely dependent upon the Bank's earnings and are subject to restrictions under certain regulations that limit its ability to transfer funds to the holding company. OCC regulations impose various restrictions on the ability of a bank to make capital distributions, which include dividends, stock redemptions or repurchases, and certain other items. Generally, a well-capitalized bank may make capital distributions during any calendar year equal to up to 100 percent of year-to-date net income plus retained net income for the two preceding years without prior OCC approval. However, any dividend paid by the Bank would be limited by the need to maintain its well capitalized status plus the capital buffer in order to avoid additional dividend restrictions (Refer to Capital - Dividend Restrictions below for additional information). Currently, the Bank does not have sufficient dividend-paying capacity to declare and pay such dividends to the holding company without obtaining prior approval from the OCC under the applicable regulations. During the three months ended March 31, 2020, the Bank paid no dividends to Banc of California, Inc. At March 31, 2020, Banc of California, Inc. had $52.6 million in cash, all of which was on deposit at the Bank.
On February 10, 2020, we announced that our Board of Directors authorized the repurchase of up to $45 million of our common stock. The repurchase authorization expires in February 2021. Purchases may be made in open-market transactions, in block transactions on or off an exchange, in privately negotiated transactions or by other means as determined by our management and in accordance with the regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission. The timing of purchases and the number of shares repurchased under the program will depend on a variety of factors including price, trading volume, corporate and regulatory requirements and market conditions. During the three months ended March 31, 2020, we repurchased 827,584 shares of common stock at a weighted average price of $14.50 per share and aggregating $12.0 million. Given current
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macroeconomic conditions and the yet-to-be-determined impacts of the COVID-19 crisis, we have suspended common stock repurchases for the immediate future.
During the three months ended March 31, 2020, we repurchased depositary shares representing shares of our Series D and Series E preferred stock. The aggregate total consideration for each Series D Depositary Share purchased was $1.5 million. The aggregate total consideration for each Series E Depositary Share purchased was $153 thousand. The $526 thousand difference between the consideration paid and the carrying value of the Series D Preferred Stock and Series E Preferred Stock was reclassified to retained earnings and resulted in an increase to net income allocated to common stockholders.
On a consolidated basis, we maintained $436.0 million of cash and cash equivalents, which was 5.7% of total assets at March 31, 2020. Our cash and cash equivalents increased by $62.5 million, or 16.7%, from $373.5 million, or 4.8% of total assets, at December 31, 2019. The increase was mainly due to the decrease in deposits and reductions in FHLB advances, offset by cash received from sales of investment securities and loans.
At March 31, 2020, we had available unused secured borrowing capacities of $921.4 million from FHLB and $15.9 million from Federal Reserve Discount Window, as well as $185.0 million from unused unsecured federal funds lines of credit. We also maintained repurchase agreements and had no outstanding securities sold under repurchase agreements at March 31, 2020. Availabilities and terms on repurchase agreements are subject to the counterparties' discretion and pledging additional investment securities. We also had unpledged securities available-for-sale of $929.5 million at March 31, 2020.
We believe that our liquidity sources are stable and are adequate to meet our day-to-day cash flow requirements as of March 31, 2020. However, in light of the COVID-19 pandemic, we cannot predict at this time the extent to which the pandemic will negatively affect our business, financial condition, liquidity, capital and results of operations. For a discussion of the related risk factors, please refer to Item 1A included in Part II of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.
Commitments and Contractual Obligations
The following table presents our commitments and contractual obligations as of March 31, 2020:

|  | Commitments and Contractual Obligations
($ in thousands) |  | Total Amount Committed |  | Within One Year |  | More Than One Year Through Three Years |  | More Than Three Year Through Five Years |  | Over Five Years
Commitments to extend credit |  | $ | 110,113 |  |  | $ | 36,098 |  |  | $ | 61,310 |  |  | $ | 2,023 |  |  | $ | 10,682 |
Unused lines of credit |  | 1,163,425 |  |  | 1,031,022 |  |  | 66,264 |  |  | 17,646 |  |  | 48,493 |
Standby letters of credit |  | 5,714 |  |  | 5,490 |  |  | 113 |  |  | 91 |  |  | 20 |
Total commitments |  | $ | 1,279,252 |  |  | $ | 1,072,610 |  |  | $ | 127,687 |  |  | $ | 19,760 |  |  | $ | 59,195 |
FHLB advances |  | $ | 978,000 |  |  | $ | 467,000 |  |  | $ | 191,000 |  |  | $ | 20,000 |  |  | $ | 300,000 |
Long-term debt |  | 175,000 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 175,000 |
Operating and capital lease obligations |  | 25,242 |  |  | 6,879 |  |  | 7,549 |  |  | 4,049 |  |  | 6,765 |
Certificate of deposits |  | 1,280,601 |  |  | 1,199,044 |  |  | 76,813 |  |  | 4,744 |  |  | — |
Total contractual obligations |  | $ | 2,458,843 |  |  | $ | 1,672,923 |  |  | $ | 275,362 |  |  | $ | 28,793 |  |  | $ | 481,765 |

During the three months ended March 31, 2017, the Bank entered into certain definitive agreements which grant the Bank the exclusive naming rights to Banc of California Stadium, a soccer stadium of LAFC, as well as the right to be the official bank of LAFC. In exchange for the Bank’s rights as set forth in the agreements, the Bank agreed to pay LAFC $100.0 million over a period of 15 years, beginning in 2017 and ending in 2032. The advertising benefits of such rights are amortized on a straight-line basis and recorded as advertising and promotion expense beginning in 2018. As of March 31, 2020, the Bank has paid $22.1 million of the $100.0 million commitment. The prepaid commitment balance, net of amortization, was $7.1 million as of March 31, 2020, which was recognized as a prepaid asset and included in other assets in the consolidated statements of financial condition. See Note 14 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited) for additional information.
At March 31, 2020, we had unfunded commitments of $17.8 million, $7.6 million, and $501 thousand for affordable housing fund investments, SBIC investments, and other investments, including investments in alternative energy partnerships, respectively.
Capital
In order to maintain adequate levels of capital, we continuously assess projected sources and uses of capital to support projected asset growth, operating needs and credit risk. We consider, among other things, earnings generated from operations
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and access to capital from financial markets. In addition, we perform capital stress tests on an annual basis to assess the impact of adverse changes in the economy on our capital base.
Regulatory Capital
The Company and the Bank are subject to the regulatory capital adequacy guidelines that are established by the Federal banking regulators. In July 2013, the Federal banking regulators approved a final rule to implement the revised capital adequacy standards of the Basel III and to address relevant provisions of the Dodd-Frank Act. The final rule strengthens the definition of regulatory capital, increases risk-based capital requirements, makes selected changes to the calculation of risk-weighted assets, and adjusts the prompt corrective action thresholds. The Company and the Bank became subject to the new rule on January 1, 2015 and certain provisions of the new rule were phased in through January 1, 2019. Inclusive of the fully phased-in capital conservation buffer, the common equity Tier 1 capital, Tier 1 risk-based capital and total risk-based capital ratio minimums are 7.0%, 8.5% and 10.5%, respectively.
The following table presents the regulatory capital amounts and ratios for the Company and the Bank as of dates indicated:

|  |  |  |  |  | Minimum Capital Requirements |  | Minimum Required to Be Well-Capitalized Under Prompt Corrective Action Provisions
($ in thousands) |  | Amount |  | Ratio |  | Amount |  | Ratio |  | Amount |  | Ratio
March 31, 2020 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Banc of California, Inc. |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total risk-based capital |  | $ | 909,770 |  |  | 16.16 | % |  | $ | 450,410 |  |  | 8.00 | % |  | N/A |  |  | N/A |
Tier 1 risk-based capital |  | 839,380 |  |  | 14.91 | % |  | 337,808 |  |  | 6.00 | % |  | N/A |  |  | N/A |
Common equity tier 1 capital |  | 651,693 |  |  | 11.58 | % |  | 253,356 |  |  | 4.50 | % |  | N/A |  |  | N/A |
Tier 1 leverage |  | 839,380 |  |  | 11.20 | % |  | 299,849 |  |  | 4.00 | % |  | N/A |  |  | N/A |
Banc of California, NA |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total risk-based capital |  | $ | 1,019,884 |  |  | 18.21 | % |  | $ | 448,013 |  |  | 8.00 | % |  | $ | 560,016 |  |  | 10.00 | %
Tier 1 risk-based capital |  | 949,854 |  |  | 16.96 | % |  | 336,010 |  |  | 6.00 | % |  | 448,013 |  |  | 8.00 | %
Common equity tier 1 capital |  | 949,854 |  |  | 16.96 | % |  | 252,007 |  |  | 4.50 | % |  | 364,010 |  |  | 6.50 | %
Tier 1 leverage |  | 949,854 |  |  | 12.67 | % |  | 299,779 |  |  | 4.00 | % |  | 374,724 |  |  | 5.00 | %
December 31, 2019 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Banc of California, Inc. |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total risk-based capital |  | $ | 921,892 |  |  | 15.90 | % |  | $ | 463,950 |  |  | 8.00 | % |  | N/A |  |  | N/A |
Tier 1 risk-based capital |  | 860,179 |  |  | 14.83 | % |  | 347,963 |  |  | 6.00 | % |  | N/A |  |  | N/A |
Common equity tier 1 capital |  | 670,355 |  |  | 11.56 | % |  | 260,972 |  |  | 4.50 | % |  | N/A |  |  | N/A |
Tier 1 leverage |  | 860,179 |  |  | 10.89 | % |  | 315,825 |  |  | 4.00 | % |  | N/A |  |  | N/A |
Banc of California, NA |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total risk-based capital |  | $ | 1,007,762 |  |  | 17.46 | % |  | $ | 461,843 |  |  | 8.00 | % |  | $ | 577,304 |  |  | 10.00 | %
Tier 1 risk-based capital |  | 946,049 |  |  | 16.39 | % |  | 346,382 |  |  | 6.00 | % |  | 461,843 |  |  | 8.00 | %
Common equity tier 1 capital |  | 946,049 |  |  | 16.39 | % |  | 259,787 |  |  | 4.50 | % |  | 375,247 |  |  | 6.50 | %
Tier 1 leverage |  | 946,049 |  |  | 12.02 | % |  | 314,707 |  |  | 4.00 | % |  | 393,383 |  |  | 5.00 | %

Dividend Restrictions
Our principal source of funds for dividend payments is dividends received from the Bank. Federal banking laws and regulations limit the amount of dividends that may be paid without prior approval of regulatory agencies. Under these regulations, in the case of the Bank, the amount of dividends that may be paid in any calendar year is limited to the current year’s net profits, combined with the retained net profits of the preceding two years, subject to the capital requirements described above. Accordingly, any dividend granted by the Bank would be limited by the need to maintain its well capitalized status plus the capital buffer in order to avoid additional dividend restrictions. As described below, any near term dividend by the Bank will require OCC approval. During the three months ended March 31, 2020, based on sufficient holding company liquidity, the Bank paid no dividends to Banc of California, Inc.
During the three months ended March 31, 2020, we declared and paid dividends on our common stock of $0.06 per share in addition to dividends on our preferred stock. Last year, in April 2019, our Board of Directors approved a plan to reduce the quarterly dividend from $0.13 to $0.06 per common share. On August 23, 2019, we completed a partial tender offer of Series D
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and E Series preferred stock for total consideration of $19.4 million and $26.6 million. In connection with these repurchases, the OCC approved a dividend of $88.5 million from the Bank to Banc of California, Inc. The dividend exceeded the Bank’s eligible amount pursuant to 12 USC 60, as of September 30, 2019, and accordingly, any near term dividend payments by the Bank will require prior OCC approval.
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ITEM 3 — QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
Our Risk When Interest Rates Change. The rates of interest we earn on assets and pay on liabilities generally are established contractually for a period of time. Market interest rates change over time. Accordingly, our results of operations, like those of other financial institutions, are impacted by changes in interest rates and the interest rate sensitivity of our assets and liabilities. The risk associated with changes in interest rates and our ability to adapt to these changes is known as interest rate risk and is our most significant market risk.
How We Measure Our Risk of Interest Rate Changes. As part of our attempt to manage our exposure to changes in interest rates and comply with applicable regulations, we have established asset/liability committees to monitor our interest rate risk. In monitoring interest rate risk we continually analyze and manage assets and liabilities based on their payment streams and interest rates, the timing of their maturities and/or prepayments, and their sensitivity to actual or potential changes in market interest rates.
We maintain both a management asset/liability committee (Management ALCO), comprised of select members of senior management, and a joint asset/liability committee of the Boards of Directors of the Company and the Bank (Board ALCO, together with Management ALCO, ALCOs). In order to manage the risk of potential adverse effects of material and prolonged or volatile changes in interest rates on our results of operations, we have adopted asset/liability management policies to align maturities and repricing terms of interest-earning assets to interest-bearing liabilities. The asset/liability management policies establish guidelines for the volume and mix of assets and funding sources taking into account relative costs and spreads, interest rate sensitivity and liquidity needs, while the ALCOs monitor adherence to those guidelines. The objectives are to manage assets and funding sources to produce results that are consistent with liquidity, capital adequacy, growth, risk, and profitability goals. The ALCOs meet periodically to review, among other things, economic conditions and interest rate outlook, current and projected liquidity needs and capital position, anticipated changes in the volume and mix of assets and liabilities and interest rate risk exposure limits versus current projections pursuant to our net present value of equity analysis.
In order to manage our assets and liabilities and achieve the desired liquidity, credit quality, interest rate risk, profitability and capital targets, we evaluate various strategies including:

• | Originating and purchasing adjustable rate mortgage loans,

• | Selling longer duration fixed or hybrid mortgage loans,

• | Originating shorter-term consumer loans,

• | Managing the duration of investment securities,

• | Managing our deposits to establish stable deposit relationships,

• | Using FHLB advances and/or certain derivatives such as swaps to align maturities and repricing terms, and

• | Managing the percentage of fixed rate loans in our portfolio.

At times, depending on the level of general interest rates, the relationship between long- and short-term interest rates, market conditions and competitive factors, the ALCOs may decide to increase our interest rate risk position within the asset/liability tolerance set forth by our Board of Directors.
As part of its procedures, the ALCOs regularly review interest rate risk by forecasting the impact of alternative interest rate environments on net interest income and market value of portfolio equity, which is defined as the net present value of an institution’s existing assets, liabilities and off-balance sheet instruments, and evaluating such impacts against the maximum potential changes in net interest income and market value of portfolio equity.
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Interest Rate Sensitivity of Economic Value of Equity and Net Interest Income
Interest rate risk results from our banking activities and is the primary market risk for us. Interest rate risk is caused by the following factors:

• | Repricing risk - timing differences in the repricing and maturity of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities;

• | Option risk - changes in the expected maturities of assets and liabilities, such as borrowers’ ability to prepay loans and depositors’ ability to redeem certificates of deposit before maturity;

• | Yield curve risk - changes in the yield curve where interest rates increase or decrease in a nonparallel fashion; and

• | Basis risk - changes in spread relationships between different yield curves, such as U.S. Treasuries, U.S. Prime Rate and London Interbank Offered Rate.

Since our earnings are primarily dependent on our ability to generate net interest income, we focus on actively monitoring and managing the effects of adverse changes in interest rates on our net interest income. Management of our interest rate risk is overseen by the Board ALCO. Board ALCO delegates the day to day management of interest rate risk to the Management ALCO. Management ALCO ensures that the Bank is following the appropriate and current regulatory guidance in the formulation and implementation of our interest rate risk program. Board ALCO reviews the results of our interest rate risk modeling quarterly to ensure that we have appropriately measured our interest rate risk, mitigated our exposures appropriately and any residual risk is acceptable. In addition to our annual review of this policy, our Board of Directors periodically reviews the interest rate risk policy limits.
Interest rate risk management is an active process that encompasses monitoring loan and deposit flows complemented by investment and funding activities. Effective management of interest rate risk begins with understanding the dynamic repricing characteristics of our assets and liabilities and determining the appropriate interest rate risk posture given business forecasts, management objectives, market expectations, and policy constraints.
Our interest rate risk exposure is measured and monitored through various risk management tools, including a simulation model that performs interest rate sensitivity analysis under multiple scenarios. The simulation model is based on the actual maturities and re-pricing characteristics of the Bank’s interest-rate sensitive assets and liabilities. The simulated interest rate scenarios include an instantaneous parallel shift in the yield curve (Rate Shock). We then evaluate the simulation results using two approaches: Net Interest Income at Risk (NII at Risk), and Economic Value of Equity (EVE). Under NII at Risk, the impact on net interest income from changes in interest rates on interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities is modeled utilizing various assumptions for assets, liabilities, and derivatives.
EVE measures the period end market value of assets minus the market value of liabilities. Asset liability management uses this value to measure the changes in the economic value of the Bank under various interest rate scenarios. In some ways, the economic value approach provides a broader scope than net income volatility approach since it captures all anticipated cash flows.
The balance sheet is considered “asset sensitive” when an increase in short-term interest rates is expected to expand our net interest margin, as rates earned on our interest-earning assets reprice higher at a pace faster than rates paid on our interest-bearing liabilities. Conversely, the balance sheet is considered “liability sensitive” when an increase in short-term interest rates is expected to compress our net interest margin, as rates paid on our interest-bearing liabilities reprice higher at a pace faster than rates earned on our interest-earning assets.
At March 31, 2020, our interest rate risk profile reflects an “asset sensitive” position. We are naturally asset sensitive due to our large portfolio of rate-sensitive assets. Given the uncertainty of the magnitude, timing and direction of future interest rate movements, as well as the shape of the yield curve, actual results may vary from those predicted by our model.
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The following table presents the projected change in the Bank’s net portfolio value at March 31, 2020 that would occur upon an immediate change in interest rates based on independent analysis, but without giving effect to any steps that management might take to counteract that change:

|  | Change in Interest Rates in Basis Points (bps) (1)
($ in thousands) |  | Economic Value of Equity |  | Net Interest Income
| Amount |  | Amount Change |  | Percentage Change |  | Amount |  | Amount Change |  | Percentage Change
March 31, 2020 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
+200 bps |  | $ | 1,217,550 |  |  | $ | 105,491 |  |  | 9.5 | % |  | $ | 225,414 |  |  | $ | 22,952 |  |  | 11.3 | %
+100 bps |  | 1,180,703 |  |  | 68,644 |  |  | 6.2 | % |  | 214,279 |  |  | 11,817 |  |  | 5.8 | %
0 bp |  | 1,112,059 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 202,462 |  |  |  |  |
-100 bps |  | 1,030,892 |  |  | (81,167 | ) |  | (7.3 | )% |  | 197,426 |  |  | (5,036 | ) |  | (2.5 | )%

(1) | Assumes an instantaneous uniform change in interest rates at all maturities and no rate shock has a rate lower than zero percent.

As with any method of measuring interest rate risk, certain shortcomings are inherent in the method of analysis presented in the foregoing table. For example, although certain assets and liabilities may have similar maturities or periods to repricing, they may react in different degrees to changes in market interest rates. Also, the interest rates on certain types of assets and liabilities may fluctuate in advance of changes in market interest rates, while interest rates on other types may lag behind changes in market rates. Additionally, certain assets, such as adjustable rate mortgage loans, have features which restrict changes in interest rates on a short-term basis and over the life of the asset. Further, if interest rates change, expected rates of prepayments on loans and early withdrawals from certificates of deposit could deviate significantly from those assumed in calculating the table.
Interest rate risk is the most significant market risk affecting us. Other types of market risk, such as foreign currency exchange risk and commodity price risk, do not arise in the normal course of our business activities and operations.
ITEM 4 - CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
An evaluation of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the Act) as of March 31, 2020 was carried out under the supervision and with the participation of the Company’s Principal Executive Officer, Principal Financial Officer and other members of the Company’s senior management. The Company’s Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer concluded that, as of March 31, 2020, the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures were effective in ensuring that the information required to be disclosed by the Company in the reports it files or submits under the Act is: (i) accumulated and communicated to the Company’s management (including the Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer) to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure; and (ii) recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms.
There were no changes in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) under the Act) that occurred during the three months ended March 31, 2020 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.
The Company does not expect that its disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting will prevent all errors and fraud. A control procedure, no matter how well conceived and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the control procedure are met. Because of the inherent limitations in all control procedures, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, within the Company have been detected. These inherent limitations include the realities that judgments in decision-making can be faulty, and that breakdowns can occur because of simple error or mistake. Additionally, controls can be circumvented by the individual acts of some persons, by collusion of two or more people, or by management override of the control. The design of any control procedure also is based in part upon certain assumptions about the likelihood of future events, and there can be no assurance that any design will succeed in achieving its stated goals under all potential future conditions; over time, controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. Because of the inherent limitations in a cost-effective control procedure, misstatements due to error or fraud may occur and not be detected.
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PART II — OTHER INFORMATION
ITEM 1 - LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
From time to time we are involved as plaintiff or defendant in various legal actions arising in the normal course of business.
On October 28, 2019, we entered into a Stipulation of Settlement (“Settlement Stipulation”) with the lead plaintiff to settle class action lawsuits that were previously consolidated in the United District Court for the Central District of California (the “Court”) under the caption In re Banc of California Securities Litigation, Case No. SACV 17-00118 AG, consolidated with SACV 17-00138 AG. Under the terms of the Settlement Stipulation, our insurance carriers will pay $19.75 million, which will be distributed to eligible shareholders who purchased Company stock between April 15, 2016 and January 20, 2017, after payment of attorney’s fees and costs, to be determined by the Court. We will not be required to contribute any cash to the settlement payments. Pursuant to the settlement, the action against us will be dismissed with prejudice. Plaintiff will also dismiss with prejudice its claims against our former Chief Executive Officer and Chairman Steven Sugarman. While we do not believe the plaintiff’s claims are meritorious, we believe that ending the costs and distraction of the litigation is in the best interests of the Company and our shareholders. On March 16, 2020 the Court gave final approval to the settlement, and that order is now final. The foregoing description of the settlement does not purport to be complete and is subject to, and is qualified in its entirety by reference to, the complete text of the settlement stipulation was filed with the Court.
On April 2, 2019, the first of three shareholder derivative actions, Gordon v. Benett, No. 8:19-cv-621, was filed against current and former officers and directors of Banc of California, Inc. in the United States District Court for the Central District of California. The Gordon action asserts claims for breach of fiduciary duty against Halle J. Benett, Jonah Schnel, Jeffrey Karish, Robert Sznewajs, Eric Holoman, Chad Brownstein, Steven Sugarman, Richard Lashley, Douglas Bowers and John Grosvenor. On June 10, 2019, a second shareholder derivative action, Johnston v. Sznewajs, No. 8:19-cv-01152, was filed against current and former officers and directors of Banc of California, Inc. in the United States District Court for the Central District of California. The Johnston action asserts claims for breach of fiduciary duty and unjust enrichment against Robert Sznewajs, Jonah Schnel, Halle Benett, Richard Lashley, Steven Sugarman, John Grosvenor, Chad Brownstein, Jeffrey Karish and Eric Holoman. On June 18, 2019, a third shareholder derivative action, Witmer v. Sugarman, No. 19STCV21088, was filed against current and former officers and directors of Banc of California, Inc. in Los Angeles County Superior Court. The Witmer action asserts claims for breach of fiduciary duty, unjust enrichment and corporate waste against Steven Sugarman, Ronald Nicolas, Jr., Robert Sznewajs, Chad Brownstein, Halle Benett, Douglas Bowers, Jeffrey Karish, Richard Lashley, Jonah Schnel, Eric Holoman and Jeffrey Seabold. On June 24, 2019, the Witmer Action was removed to the United States District Court for the Central District of California and assigned docket number 2:19-cv-5488. On September 23, 2019, the Court, ordered that the Gordon, Johnston, and Witmer actions are consolidated for all purposes, including pre-trial proceedings and trial. On November 22, 2019, plaintiffs filed a consolidated complaint.
In general, the consolidated complaint alleges that our board wrongfully refused demands that the plaintiffs made to our board of directors that we should initiate litigation against the various current and former officers and directors based on their alleged role in the purported concealment of the Company's alleged relationship with Jason Galanis and various statements made by the Company alleged to be false and misleading. The plaintiffs seek an unspecified amount of damages to be paid to the Company, adoption of corporate governance reforms, and equitable and injunctive relief. We do not believe that the demands made by these shareholder derivative plaintiffs were wrongfully refused, and we intend to vigorously contest these actions on that basis.
ITEM 1A - RISK FACTORS
There have been no material changes to the risk factors that appeared under “Part I, Item 1A. Risk Factors” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019, except for the following risk factor which supplements the risk factors previously disclosed and should be considered in conjunction with the risk factors that appeared in our Annual report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019.
Our business, financial condition, liquidity, capital and results of operations have been, and will likely continue to be, adversely affected by the COVID-19 pandemic.
The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (“COVID-19”) pandemic has created economic and financial disruptions that have adversely affected, and are likely to continue to adversely affect, our business, financial condition, liquidity, capital and results of operations. We cannot predict at this time the extent to which the COVID-19 pandemic will continue to negatively affect our business, financial condition, liquidity, capital and results of operations. The extent of any continued or future adverse effects of the COVID-19 pandemic will depend on future developments, which are highly uncertain and outside our control, including the scope and duration of the pandemic, the direct and indirect impact of the pandemic on our employees, clients, customers, counterparties and service providers, as well as other market participants, and actions taken by governmental authorities and other third parties in response to the pandemic.
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The COVID-19 pandemic has contributed to (i) increased unemployment and decreased consumer confidence and business generally, leading to an increased risk of delinquencies, defaults and foreclosures; (ii) sudden and significant declines, and significant increases in volatility, in financial markets; (iii) ratings downgrades, credit deterioration and defaults in many industries, including commercial real estate and multifamily; (iv) significant reductions in the targeted federal funds rate (which was reduced to a target rate of between zero and 0.25% in the first quarter); and (v) heightened cybersecurity, information security and operational risks as a result of work-from-home arrangements. In addition, we also face an increased risk of client disputes, litigation and governmental and regulatory scrutiny as a result of the effects of COVID-19 on market and economic conditions and actions governmental authorities take in response to those conditions.
We are prioritizing the safety of our clients and employees, and have temporarily closed a small number of branches and are operating with limited branch hours at others. Additionally, over 80% of our employees are working remotely. If these measures are not effective in serving our customers or affect the productivity of our associates, they may lead to significant disruptions in our business operations.
Many of our counterparties and third-party service providers have also been, and may further be, affected by “stay-at-home” orders, market volatility and other factors that increase their risks of business disruption or that may otherwise affect their ability to perform under the terms of any agreements with us or provide essential services. As a result, our operational and other risks are generally expected to increase until the pandemic subsides.
We are actively engaged with borrowers who are seeking payment relief and waiving certain fees for impacted clients. One method we have deployed is offering forbearance to qualifying clients making such requests. For SFR loans, the deferments are 90 days in length and are patterned after the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (“HUD”) guidelines. With respect to our non-SFR loan portfolio, deferments are also 90 days in length. These assistance efforts may adversely affect our revenue and results of operations. In addition, if such measures are not effective in mitigating the effects of COVID-19 on borrowers, we may experience higher rates of default and increased credit losses in future periods.
Our earnings and cash flows are dependent to a large degree on net interest income (the difference between interest income from loans and investments and interest expense on deposits and borrowings). Net interest income is significantly affected by market rates of interest. The significant reductions to the federal funds rate has led to a decrease in the rates and yields on U.S. Treasury securities, in some cases declining below zero. If interest rates are reduced further in response to COVID-19, we expect that our net interest income will decline, perhaps significantly. The overall effect of lower interest rates cannot be predicted at this time and depends on future actions the Federal Reserve may take to increase or reduce the targeted federal funds rate in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, and resulting economic conditions.
The effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on economic and market conditions have increased demands on our liquidity as we meet our clients’ needs. In addition, economic forecasts and market conditions have, among other things, negatively affected our capital and leverage ratios, increased our provision for credit losses and negatively impacted our unrealized losses on our investment portfolio. If these adverse developments persist, our capital and leverage ratios may continue to be adversely impacted. We have suspended common stock repurchases for the immediate future to preserve capital and liquidity in order to support our clients and employees.
Governmental authorities worldwide have taken unprecedented measures to stabilize the markets and support economic growth. The success of these measures is unknown and they may not be sufficient to address the negative effects of COVID-19 or avert severe and prolonged reductions in economic activity.
Other negative effects of COVID-19 that may impact our business, financial condition, liquidity, capital and results of operations cannot be predicted at this time, but it is likely that our business, financial condition, liquidity, capital and results of operations will continue to be adversely affected until the pandemic subsides and the U.S. economy begins to recover. Further, the COVID-19 pandemic may also have the effect of heightening many of the other risks described in the section entitled “Risk Factors” in our most recent Annual Report on Form 10-K and any subsequent Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. Until the pandemic subsides, we may experience increased draws on credit facilities and we expect continued pressure on new loan production, reduced revenues from our lending businesses and increased credit losses in our lending portfolios. Even after the pandemic subsides, it is possible that the U.S. and other major economies continue to experience a prolonged recession, which we expect would materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, liquidity, capital and results of operations.
ITEM 2 - UNREGISTERED SALES OF EQUITY SECURITIES AND USE OF PROCEEDS
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Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

|  | Purchase of Equity Securities by the Issuer |  |
|  | Total Number of Shares |  | Average Price Paid Per Share |  | Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans |  | Total Number of Shares That May Yet be Purchased Under the Plan
Common Stock: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
From January 1, 2020 to January 31, 2020 |  | 2,256 |  |  | $ | 17.15 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
From February 1, 2020 to February 29, 2020 |  | 174,581 |  |  | $ | 16.83 |  |  | 174,514 |  |  | — |
From March 1, 2020 to March 31, 2020 |  | 674,135 |  |  | $ | 13.79 |  |  | 653,070 |  |  | — |
Total |  | 850,972 |  |  | $ | 14.42 |  |  | 827,584 |  |  | — |
Preferred Stock (Depositary Shares): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
From January 1, 2020 to January 31, 2020 |  | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
From February 1, 2020 to February 29, 2020 |  | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
From March 1, 2020 to March 31, 2020 |  | 88,704 |  |  | $ | 18.12 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total |  | 88,704 |  |  | $ | 18.12 |  |  | — |  |  | — |

During the three months ended March 31, 2020, purchases of shares of common stock related to shares purchased under the previously announced stock repurchase program and shares surrendered by employees in order to pay employee tax liabilities associated with vested awards under our employee stock benefit plans.
On February 10, 2020, we announced a repurchase program of up to $45 million of our common stock. The repurchase authorization expires in February 2021. Purchases may be made in open-market transactions, in block transactions on or off an exchange, in privately negotiated transactions or by other means as determined by our management and in accordance with the regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission. The timing of purchases and the number of shares repurchased under the program will depend on a variety of factors including price, trading volume, corporate and regulatory requirements and market conditions.
ITEM 3 - DEFAULTS UPON SENIOR SECURITIES
None
ITEM 4 MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES
Not applicable
ITEM 5 - OTHER INFORMATION
None
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ITEM 6 - EXHIBITS

3.1 | Second Articles of Restatement of the charter of the Registrant (Filed as an exhibit to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on June 5, 2018 and incorporated herein by reference.)
3.2 | Fifth Amended and Restated Bylaws of the Registrant (Filed as an exhibit to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on June 30, 2017 and incorporated herein by reference.)
31.1 | Rule 13a-14(a) Certification (Principal Executive Officer)
31.2 | Rule 13a-14(a) Certification (Principal Financial Officer)
32.0 | Rule 13a-14(b) and 18 U.S.C. 1350 Certification
101.0 | The following financial statements and footnotes from the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2020 formatted in Extensible Business Reporting Language (XBRL): (i) Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition; (ii) Consolidated Statements of Operations; (iii) Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss); (iv) Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity; (v) Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows; and (vi) the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. The instance document does not appear in the interactive data file because its XBRL tags are embedded within the inline XBRL document.
104 | Cover Page Interactive Data File (embedded within the Inline XBRL document)

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SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

|  |  | BANC OF CALIFORNIA, INC.
Date: | May 11, 2020 |  | /s/ Jared Wolff
|  |  | Jared Wolff
|  |  | President/Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer)
Date: | May 11, 2020 |  | /s/ Lynn M. Hopkins
|  |  | Lynn M. Hopkins
|  |  | Executive Vice President/Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer)
Date: | May 11, 2020 |  | /s/ Mike Smith
|  |  | Mike Smith
|  |  | Senior Vice President/Chief Accounting Officer and Director of Treasury (Principal Accounting Officer)

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