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INCOME TAXES
3 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2020
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]  
INCOME TAXES INCOME TAXES
For the three months ended March 31, 2020, income tax benefit was $2.2 million and the effective tax rate was 24.7%. For the three months ended March 31, 2019, income tax expense was $2.7 million and the effective tax rate was 27.9%. The company’s 24.7% effective tax rate for the three months ended March 31, 2020 differs from the 21% statutory rate is due to the impact of state taxes as well as various tax credits. The income tax benefit during the first quarter of 2020 was mainly due to the $8.8 million pre-tax book loss recognized, as compared to the $9.8 million pre-tax book income recognized during the first quarter of 2019.
We account for income taxes by recognizing deferred tax assets and liabilities based upon temporary differences between the amounts for financial reporting purposes and tax basis of its assets and liabilities. Deferred tax assets are reduced by a valuation allowance when, in the opinion of management, it is more likely than not that some portion, or all, of the deferred tax asset will not be realized. In assessing the realization of deferred tax assets, management will continue to evaluate both positive and negative evidence on a quarterly basis, including considering the four possible sources of future taxable income, such as future reversal of existing taxable temporary differences, future taxable income exclusive of reversing temporary differences and carryforwards, taxable income in prior carryback year(s), and future tax planning strategies. Based on this analysis, management determined that it was more likely than not that all of the deferred tax assets would be realized; therefore, no valuation allowance was provided against the deferred tax assets of $63.8 million and $44.9 million at March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively. The overall increase in net deferred tax assets was primarily due to an increase in deferred tax assets of $17.6 million from net unrealized losses on securities available-for-sale and $1.9 million from the adoption of ASU 2016-13, offset by an increase in deferred tax liabilities of $0.6 million resulting from year-to-date temporary book-tax differences.
ASC 740-10-25 relates to the accounting for uncertainty in income taxes recognized in an enterprise’s financial statements. ASC 740-10-25 prescribes a threshold and a measurement process for recognizing in the financial statements a tax position taken or expected to be taken in a tax return and also provides guidance on de-recognition, classification, interest and penalties, accounting in interim periods, disclosure and transition. We had unrecognized tax benefits of $1.0 million and $977 thousand at March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively. We do not believe that the unrecognized tax benefits will change materially in the next twelve months. As of March 31, 2020, the total unrecognized tax benefit that, if recognized, would impact the effective tax rate was $794 thousand.
At March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, we had no accrued interest or penalties. In the event we are assessed interest and/or penalties by federal or state tax authorities, such amounts will be classified in the consolidated financial statements as income tax expense.
We are subject to U.S. federal income tax as well as income tax in multiple state jurisdictions. We are no longer subject to examination by U.S. federal taxing authorities for years before 2016. The statute of limitations for the assessment of California franchise taxes has expired for tax years before 2014 (other state income and franchise tax statutes of limitations vary by state).