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Table of Contents
UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

(Mark One)

☒ | QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended March 31, 2021
or

☐ | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from to
Commission file number 001-35522

BANC OF CALIFORNIA, INC.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Maryland
(State or other jurisdiction of
incorporation or organization)
04-3639825
(IRS Employer Identification No.)
3 MacArthur Place, Santa Ana, California
(Address of principal executive offices)
92707
(Zip Code)
(855) 361-2262
(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (Section 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer |  | ☐ |  | Accelerated filer |  | ☒
Non-accelerated filer |  | ☐ |  | Smaller reporting company |  | ☐
|  |  |  | Emerging growth company |  | ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.) Yes ☐ No ☒

Table of Contents
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class |  | Trading Symbol(s) |  | Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, par value $0.01 per share |  | BANC |  | New York Stock Exchange
Depositary Shares each representing a 1/40th interest in a share of 7.00% Non-Cumulative Perpetual Preferred Stock, Series E |  | BANC PRE |  | New York Stock Exchange

Indicate the number of shares outstanding of each of the issuer’s classes of common stock as of the latest practicable date.
As of May 5, 2021, the registrant had outstanding 50,187,520 shares of voting common stock and 477,321 shares of Class B non-voting common stock.

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BANC OF CALIFORNIA, INC.
FORM 10-Q QUARTERLY REPORT
March 31, 2021
Table of Contents

|  | Page
Part I – Financial Information | 4
Item 1 – | Financial Statements | 4
| Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition | 4
| Consolidated Statements of Operations | 5
| Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) | 7
| Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity | 8
| Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows | 9
| Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | 10
Item 2 – | Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 43
Item 3 – | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk | 72
Item 4 – | Controls and Procedures | 74
Part II – Other Information | 75
Item 1 – | Legal Proceedings | 75
Item 1A – | Risk Factors | 75
Item 2 – | Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds | 76
Item 3 – | Defaults Upon Senior Securities | 76
Item 4 – | Mine Safety Disclosures | 76
Item 5 – | Other Information | 76
Item 6 – | Exhibits | 77
Signatures | 78

2

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Forward-Looking Statements -
When used in this report and in documents filed with or furnished to the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”), in press releases or other public stockholder communications, or in oral statements made with the approval of an authorized executive officer, the words or phrases “believe,” “will,” “should,” “will likely result,” “are expected to,” “will continue,” “is anticipated,” “estimate,” “project,” “plans,” or similar expressions are intended to identify “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of the “Safe-Harbor” provisions of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. You are cautioned not to place undue reliance on any forward-looking statements. These statements may relate to future financial performance, strategic plans or objectives, revenue, expense or earnings projections, or other financial items of Banc of California, Inc. and its affiliates (“BANC,” the “Company”, “we”, “us” or “our”), as well as the continuing effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Company’s business, operations, financial performance and prospects. By their nature, these statements are subject to numerous uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from those anticipated in the statements.
Factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from the results anticipated or projected include, but are not limited to, the following:
i.the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic and steps taken by governmental and other authorities to contain, mitigate, and combat the pandemic on our business, operations, financial performance and prospects;
ii.the costs and effects of litigation generally, including legal fees and other expenses, settlements and judgments;
iii.the risk that we will not be successful in the implementation of our capital utilization strategy, new lines of business, new products and services, or other strategic project initiatives;
iv.risks that the Company’s merger and acquisition transactions may disrupt current plans and operations and lead to difficulties in customer and employee retention, risks that the costs, fees, expenses and charges related to these transactions could be significantly higher than anticipated and risks that the expected revenues, cost savings, synergies, and other benefits of these transactions might not be realized to the extent anticipated, within the anticipated timetables, or at all;
v.the credit risks of lending activities, which may be affected by deterioration in real estate markets and the financial condition of borrowers, and the operational risk of lending activities, including but not limited to, the effectiveness of our underwriting practices and the risk of fraud, any of which may lead to increased loan delinquencies, losses, and nonperforming assets in our loan portfolio, and may result in our allowance for credit losses not being adequate and require us to materially increase our credit loss reserves;
vi.the quality and composition of our securities portfolio;
vii.changes in general economic conditions, either nationally or in our market areas, or changes in financial markets;
viii.continuation of, or changes in, the short-term interest rate environment, changes in the levels of general interest rates, volatility in the interest rate environment, the relative differences between short- and long-term interest rates, deposit interest rates, our net interest margin, and funding sources;
ix.fluctuations in the demand for loans, and fluctuations in commercial and residential real estate values in our market area;
x.our ability to develop and maintain a strong core deposit base or other low cost funding sources necessary to fund our activities;
xi.results of examinations of us by regulatory authorities and the possibility that any such regulatory authority may, among other things, limit our business activities, require us to change our business mix, restrict our ability to invest in certain assets, increase our allowance for credit losses, write-down asset values, increase our capital levels, affect our ability to borrow funds or maintain or increase deposits, or impose fines, penalties or sanctions, any of which could adversely affect our liquidity and earnings;
xii.legislative or regulatory changes that adversely affect our business, including, without limitation, changes in tax laws and policies, changes in privacy laws, and changes in regulatory capital or other rules, and the availability of resources to address or respond to such changes;
xiii.our ability to control operating costs and expenses;
xiv.staffing fluctuations in response to product demand or the implementation of corporate strategies that affect our work force and potential associated charges;
xv.the risk that our enterprise risk management framework may not be effective in mitigating risk and reducing the potential for losses;
xvi.errors in estimates of the fair values of certain of our assets and liabilities, which may result in significant changes in valuation;
xvii.failures or security breaches with respect to the network and computer systems on which we depend, including but not limited to, due to cybersecurity threats;
xviii.our ability to attract and retain key members of our senior management team;
xix.increased competitive pressures among financial services companies;
xx.changes in consumer spending, borrowing and saving habits;
xxi.the effects of severe weather, natural disasters, pandemics, acts of war or terrorism, and other external events on our business;
xxii.the ability of key third-party providers to perform their obligations to us;
xxiii.changes in accounting policies and practices, as may be adopted by the financial institution regulatory agencies or the Financial Accounting Standards Board or their application to our business, including additional guidance and interpretation on accounting issues and details of the implementation of new accounting standards;
xxiv.continuing impact of the Financial Accounting Standards Board’s credit loss accounting standard, referred to as Current Expected Credit Loss, which requires financial institutions to determine periodic estimates of lifetime expected credit losses on loans, and provide for the expected credit losses as allowances for loan losses;
xxv.share price volatility and reputational risks, related to, among other things, speculative trading and certain traders shorting our common shares and attempting to generate negative publicity about us;
xxvi.our ability to obtain regulatory approvals or non-objection to take various capital actions, including the payment of dividends by us or our bank subsidiary, or repurchases of our common or preferred stock; and
xxvii.other economic, competitive, governmental, regulatory, and technological factors affecting our operations, pricing, products and services and the other risks described in this report and from time to time in other documents that we file with or furnish to the SEC, including, without limitation, the risks described under “Part I. Item 1A. Risk Factors” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2020.
Further, statements about the potential effects of the proposed acquisition of Pacific Mercantile Bancorp (“PMBC”) on our business, financial results and condition may constitute forward-looking statements and are subject to the risk that the actual effects may differ, possibly materially,from what is reflected in those forward-looking statements due to factors and future developments that are uncertain, unpredictable and in many cases beyond our control, including (i) the possibility that the merger does not close when expected or at all because required regulatory, shareholder or other approvals, financial tests or other conditions to closing are not received or satisfied on a timely basis or at all; (ii) changes in BANC’s or PMBC’s stock price before closing, including as a result of its financial performance prior to closing, or more generally due to broader stock market movements, and the performance of financial companies and peer group companies; (iii) the risk that the benefits from the transaction may not be fully realized or may take longer to realize than expected, including as a result of changes in general economic and market conditions, interest and exchange rates, monetary policy, laws and regulations and their enforcement, and the degree of competition in the geographic and business areas in which BANC and PMBC operate; (iv) the ability to promptly and effectively integrate the businesses of BANC and PMBC; (v) the reaction to the transaction of the companies’ customers, employees and counterparties; (vi) diversion of management time on merger-related issues; (vii) lower than expected revenues, credit quality deterioration or a reduction in real estate values or a reduction in net earnings; and (viii) other risks that are described in BANC’s and PMBC’s public filings with the SEC.
3

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PART I – FINANCIAL INFORMATION
ITEM 1 – FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
BANC OF CALIFORNIA, INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION
(Amounts in thousands, except share and per share data)
(Unaudited)

| March 31, 2021 |  | December 31, 2020
ASSETS |  |  |
Cash and due from banks | $ | 21,754 |  |  | $ | 38,330 |
Interest-earning deposits in financial institutions | 357,755 |  |  | 182,489 |
Total cash and cash equivalents | 379,509 |  |  | 220,819 |
Securities available-for-sale, at fair value | 1,270,830 |  |  | 1,231,431 |
Loans held-for-sale, carried at fair value | 1,408 |  |  | 1,413 |
Loans receivable | 5,764,401 |  |  | 5,898,405 |
Allowance for loan losses | (79,353) |  |  | (81,030) |
Loans receivable, net | 5,685,048 |  |  | 5,817,375 |
Federal Home Loan Bank and other bank stock, at cost | 44,964 |  |  | 44,506 |
Premises and equipment, net | 120,071 |  |  | 121,520 |
Bank owned life insurance | 112,479 |  |  | 111,807 |
Operating lease right-of-use assets | 22,069 |  |  | 19,633 |
Investments in alternative energy partnerships, net | 23,809 |  |  | 27,977 |
Deferred income taxes, net | 47,877 |  |  | 45,957 |
Goodwill | 37,144 |  |  | 37,144 |
Other intangible assets, net | 2,351 |  |  | 2,633 |
Other assets | 185,900 |  |  | 195,119 |
Total assets | $ | 7,933,459 |  |  | $ | 7,877,334 |
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY |  |  |
Noninterest-bearing deposits | $ | 1,700,343 |  |  | $ | 1,559,248 |
Interest-bearing deposits | 4,441,699 |  |  | 4,526,552 |
Total deposits | 6,142,042 |  |  | 6,085,800 |
Federal Home Loan Bank advances, net | 635,105 |  |  | 539,795 |
Long-term debt, net | 256,441 |  |  | 256,315 |
Reserve for loss on repurchased loans | 5,383 |  |  | 5,515 |
Operating lease liabilities | 23,173 |  |  | 20,647 |
Accrued expenses and other liabilities | 66,622 |  |  | 72,055 |
Total liabilities | 7,128,766 |  |  | 6,980,127 |
Commitments and contingent liabilities |  |  |
Preferred stock | 94,956 |  |  | 184,878 |
Common stock, $0.01 par value per share, 446,863,844 shares authorized; 52,561,411 shares issued and 50,150,447 shares outstanding at March 31, 2021; 52,178,453 shares issued and 49,767,489 shares outstanding at December 31, 2020 | 526 |  |  | 522 |
Class B non-voting non-convertible common stock, $0.01 par value per share, 3,136,156 shares authorized; 477,321 shares issued and outstanding at March 31, 2021 and at December 31, 2020 | 5 |  |  | 5 |
Additional paid-in capital | 629,844 |  |  | 634,704 |
Retained earnings | 115,004 |  |  | 110,179 |
Treasury stock, at cost (2,410,964 and 2,410,964 shares at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020) | (40,827) |  |  | (40,827) |
Accumulated other comprehensive income, net | 5,185 |  |  | 7,746 |
Total stockholders’ equity | 804,693 |  |  | 897,207 |
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity | $ | 7,933,459 |  |  | $ | 7,877,334 |

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements (unaudited)
4

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BANC OF CALIFORNIA, INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS
(Amounts in thousands, except per share data)
(Unaudited)

| Three Months Ended |  |
| March 31, 2021 |  | December 31, 2020 |  | March 31, 2020 |  |  |  |
Interest and dividend income |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loans, including fees | $ | 61,345 |  |  | $ | 66,105 |  |  | $ | 65,534 |  |  |  |  |
Securities | 6,501 |  |  | 6,636 |  |  | 7,820 |  |  |  |  |
Other interest-earning assets | 772 |  |  | 789 |  |  | 1,360 |  |  |  |  |
Total interest and dividend income | 68,618 |  |  | 73,530 |  |  | 74,714 |  |  |  |  |
Interest expense |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Deposits | 4,286 |  |  | 5,436 |  |  | 14,611 |  |  |  |  |
Federal Home Loan Bank advances | 3,112 |  |  | 3,479 |  |  | 5,883 |  |  |  |  |
Long-term debt and other interest-bearing liabilities | 3,304 |  |  | 3,052 |  |  | 2,359 |  |  |  |  |
Total interest expense | 10,702 |  |  | 11,967 |  |  | 22,853 |  |  |  |  |
Net interest income | 57,916 |  |  | 61,563 |  |  | 51,861 |  |  |  |  |
(Reversal of) provision for credit losses | (1,107) |  |  | 991 |  |  | 15,761 |  |  |  |  |
Net interest income after (reversal of) provision for credit losses | 59,023 |  |  | 60,572 |  |  | 36,100 |  |  |  |  |
Noninterest income |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Customer service fees | 1,758 |  |  | 1,953 |  |  | 1,096 |  |  |  |  |
Loan servicing income | 268 |  |  | 149 |  |  | 75 |  |  |  |  |
Income from bank owned life insurance | 672 |  |  | 691 |  |  | 578 |  |  |  |  |
Fair value adjustment for loans held-for-sale | — |  |  | 36 |  |  | (1,586) |  |  |  |  |
Net loss on sale of loans | — |  |  | — |  |  | (27) |  |  |  |  |
Other income | 1,683 |  |  | 4,146 |  |  | 1,925 |  |  |  |  |
Total noninterest income | 4,381 |  |  | 6,975 |  |  | 2,061 |  |  |  |  |
Noninterest expense |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Salaries and employee benefits | 25,719 |  |  | 25,836 |  |  | 23,436 |  |  |  |  |
Occupancy and equipment | 7,196 |  |  | 7,560 |  |  | 7,243 |  |  |  |  |
Professional fees | 4,022 |  |  | 29 |  |  | 5,964 |  |  |  |  |
Data processing | 1,655 |  |  | 1,608 |  |  | 1,773 |  |  |  |  |
Advertising and promotion | 118 |  |  | 171 |  |  | 1,756 |  |  |  |  |
Regulatory assessments | 774 |  |  | 748 |  |  | 484 |  |  |  |  |
Loss (gain) on investments in alternative energy partnerships | 3,630 |  |  | (673) |  |  | 1,905 |  |  |  |  |
(Reversal of) provision for loan repurchases | (132) |  |  | 28 |  |  | (600) |  |  |  |  |
Amortization of intangible assets | 282 |  |  | 306 |  |  | 429 |  |  |  |  |
Merger-related costs | 700 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |
All other expense | 2,771 |  |  | 3,337 |  |  | 4,529 |  |  |  |  |
Total noninterest expense | 46,735 |  |  | 38,950 |  |  | 46,919 |  |  |  |  |
Income (loss) from operations before income taxes | 16,669 |  |  | 28,597 |  |  | (8,758) |  |  |  |  |
Income tax expense (benefit) | 2,294 |  |  | 6,894 |  |  | (2,165) |  |  |  |  |
Net income (loss) | 14,375 |  |  | 21,703 |  |  | (6,593) |  |  |  |  |
Preferred stock dividends | 3,141 |  |  | 3,447 |  |  | 3,533 |  |  |  |  |
Income allocated to participating securities | 62 |  |  | 456 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |
Participating securities dividends | — |  |  | 94 |  |  | 94 |  |  |  |  |
Impact of preferred stock redemption | 3,347 |  |  | — |  |  | (526) |  |  |  |  |
Net income (loss) available to common stockholders | $ | 7,825 |  |  | $ | 17,706 |  |  | $ | (9,694) |  |  |  |  |
Earnings (loss) per common share: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic | $ | 0.16 |  |  | $ | 0.35 |  |  | $ | (0.19) |  |  |  |  |
Diluted | $ | 0.15 |  |  | $ | 0.35 |  |  | $ | (0.19) |  |  |  |  |
Earnings (loss) per class B common share: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic | $ | 0.16 |  |  | $ | 0.35 |  |  | $ | (0.19) |  |  |  |  |
Diluted | $ | 0.15 |  |  | $ | 0.35 |  |  | $ | (0.19) |  |  |  |  |

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements (unaudited)
5

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BANC OF CALIFORNIA, INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)
(Amounts in thousands)
(Unaudited)

| Three Months Ended |  |
| March 31, 2021 |  | December 31, 2020 |  | March 31, 2020 |  |  |  |
Net income (loss) | $ | 14,375 |  |  | $ | 21,703 |  |  | $ | (6,593) |  |  |  |  |
Other comprehensive (loss) income, net of tax: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Unrealized (loss) gain on available-for-sale securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Unrealized (loss) gain arising during the period | (2,561) |  |  | 6,480 |  |  | (42,248) |  |  |  |  |
Total change in unrealized (loss) gain on available-for-sale securities | (2,561) |  |  | 6,480 |  |  | (42,248) |  |  |  |  |
Total other comprehensive (loss) income | (2,561) |  |  | 6,480 |  |  | (42,248) |  |  |  |  |
Comprehensive income (loss) | $ | 11,814 |  |  | $ | 28,183 |  |  | $ | (48,841) |  |  |  |  |

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements (unaudited)
6

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BANC OF CALIFORNIA, INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
(Amounts in thousands)
(Unaudited)

| Preferred Stock |  | Common Stock |  | Additional Paid-in Capital |  | Retained Earnings |  | Treasury Stock |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) |  | Total Stockholders' Equity
|  | Voting |  | Class B Non-Voting |  |  |  |  |
Three Months Ended March 31, 2021 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance at December 31, 2020 | $ | 184,878 |  |  | $ | 522 |  |  | $ | 5 |  |  | $ | 634,704 |  |  | $ | 110,179 |  |  | $ | (40,827) |  |  | $ | 7,746 |  |  | $ | 897,207 |
Comprehensive income: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 14,375 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 14,375 |
Other comprehensive income, net | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (2,561) |  |  | (2,561) |
Issuance of common stock | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | (1) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Redemption of preferred stock | (89,922) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (3,347) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (93,269) |
Exercise of stock options | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 300 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 300 |
Exercise of stock appreciation rights | — |  |  | 3 |  |  | — |  |  | (5,375) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (5,372) |
Share-based compensation expense | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,544 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,544 |
Restricted stock surrendered due to employee tax liability | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1,328) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1,328) |
Shares purchased under the Dividend Reinvestment Plan | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (29) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (29) |
Dividends declared ($0.06 per common share) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (3,033) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (3,033) |
Preferred stock dividends | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (3,141) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (3,141) |
Balance at March 31, 2021 | $ | 94,956 |  |  | $ | 526 |  |  | $ | 5 |  |  | $ | 629,844 |  |  | $ | 115,004 |  |  | $ | (40,827) |  |  | $ | 5,185 |  |  | $ | 804,693 |
Three Months Ended March 31, 2020 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance at December 31, 2019 | $ | 189,825 |  |  | $ | 520 |  |  | $ | 5 |  |  | $ | 629,848 |  |  | $ | 127,733 |  |  | $ | (28,786) |  |  | $ | (11,900) |  |  | $ | 907,245 |
Adoption of ASU No. 2016-13 | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (4,503) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (4,503) |
Comprehensive loss: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net loss | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (6,593) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (6,593) |
Other comprehensive income, net | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (42,248) |  |  | (42,248) |
Redemption of preferred stock | (2,138) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 526 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1,612) |
Repurchase of 0 shares of common stock |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (12,041) |  |  | — |  |  | (12,041) |
Share-based compensation expense | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,576 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,576 |
Restricted stock surrendered due to employee tax liability | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (299) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (299) |
Shares purchased under the Dividend Reinvestment Plan | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (19) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (19) |
Stock appreciation right dividend equivalents | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (94) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (94) |
Dividends declared ($0.06 per common share) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (2,877) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (2,877) |
Preferred stock dividends | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (3,533) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (3,533) |
Balance at March 31, 2020 | $ | 187,687 |  |  | $ | 520 |  |  | $ | 5 |  |  | $ | 631,125 |  |  | $ | 110,640 |  |  | $ | (40,827) |  |  | $ | (54,148) |  |  | $ | 835,002 |

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements (unaudited)
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BANC OF CALIFORNIA, INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(Amounts in thousands)
(Unaudited)

| Three Months Ended March 31,
| 2021 |  | 2020
Cash flows from operating activities: |  |  |
Net income (loss) | $ | 14,375 |  |  | $ | (6,593) |
Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash provided by operating activities |  |  |
(Reversal of) provision for credit losses | (1,107) |  |  | 15,761 |
Reversal of provision for loan repurchases | (132) |  |  | (600) |
Depreciation on premises and equipment | 3,885 |  |  | 4,524 |
Amortization of intangible assets | 282 |  |  | 429 |
Amortization of debt issuance costs | 385 |  |  | 58 |
Net amortization of premium on securities | 432 |  |  | 77 |
Net (accretion) amortization of deferred loan costs and fees | (1,315) |  |  | 587 |
Accretion of discounts on purchased loans | 426 |  |  | (8) |
Deferred income tax (benefit) expense | (845) |  |  | 573 |
Bank owned life insurance income | (672) |  |  | (578) |
Share-based compensation expense | 1,544 |  |  | 1,576 |
(Income) loss on interest rate swaps | (271) |  |  | 182 |
Loss on investments in alternative energy partnerships and affordable housing investments | 4,812 |  |  | 3,052 |
Impairment on capitalized software projects | — |  |  | 157 |
Fair value adjustment for loans held-for-sale | — |  |  | 1,586 |
Net gain on sale of loans | — |  |  | 27 |
Loss on sale or disposal of property and equipment | — |  |  | 106 |
Proceeds from sales of and principal collected on loans held-for-sale | 5 |  |  | 822 |
Change in accrued interest receivable and other assets | 4,985 |  |  | (5,865) |
Change in accrued interest payable and other liabilities | (2,853) |  |  | (8,824) |
Net cash provided by operating activities | 23,936 |  |  | 7,049 |
Cash flows from investing activities: |  |  |
Proceeds from maturities and calls of securities available-for-sale | — |  |  | 30,000 |
Proceeds from principal repayments of securities available-for-sale | 9,378 |  |  | 602 |
Purchases of securities available-for-sale | (52,845) |  |  | (147,410) |
Loan originations and principal collections, net | 267,366 |  |  | 282,116 |
Purchase of loans | (132,866) |  |  | — |
Redemption of Federal Home Loan Bank stock | — |  |  | 11,490 |
Purchase of Federal Home Loan Bank and other bank stock | (458) |  |  | (9,307) |
Purchases of premises and equipment | (849) |  |  | (2,487) |
Payments of capital lease obligations | (33) |  |  | (134) |
Funding of equity investment | (876) |  |  | (4,437) |
(Increase) decrease in investments in alternative energy partnerships | 538 |  |  | (3,177) |
Net cash provided by investing activities | 89,355 |  |  | 157,256 |
Cash flows from financing activities: |  |  |
Net increase in deposits | 56,242 |  |  | 135,671 |
Net increase (decrease) in short-term Federal Home Loan Bank advances | 95,000 |  |  | (193,000) |
Repayment of long-term Federal Home Loan Bank advances | — |  |  | (24,000) |
Redemption of preferred stock | (93,269) |  |  | (1,612) |
Purchase of treasury stock | — |  |  | (12,041) |
Proceeds from exercise of stock options | 300 |  |  | — |
Purchase of stock surrendered due to employee tax liability | (6,700) |  |  | (299) |
Dividend equivalents paid on participating securities | — |  |  | (94) |
Dividends paid on preferred stock | (3,141) |  |  | (3,533) |
Dividends paid on common stock | (3,033) |  |  | (2,877) |
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities | 45,399 |  |  | (101,785) |
Net change in cash and cash equivalents | 158,690 |  |  | 62,520 |
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period | 220,819 |  |  | 373,472 |
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period | $ | 379,509 |  |  | $ | 435,992 |
Supplemental cash flow information |  |  |
Interest paid on deposits and borrowed funds | 7,313 |  |  | 20,331 |
Income taxes paid | — |  |  | — |
Supplemental disclosure of non-cash activities |  |  |
Equipment acquired under capital leases | 256 |  |  | 30 |
Operating lease right-of-use assets recognized | 4,023 |  |  | — |
Operating lease liabilities recognized | 4,023 |  |  | — |
Impact of adoption of ASU 2016-13 on retained earnings | — |  |  | (4,503) |

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements (unaudited)
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BANC OF CALIFORNIA, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)
March 31, 2021
NOTE 1 – SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES
Nature of Operations: Banc of California, Inc. (collectively, with its consolidated subsidiaries, the Company, we, us, and our) is a financial holding company under the Bank Holding Company Act of 1956, as amended, headquartered in Santa Ana, California and incorporated under the laws of Maryland. Banc of California, Inc. is subject to regulation by the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (“FRB”) and its wholly-owned subsidiary, Banc of California, National Association (the “Bank”), operates under a national bank charter issued by the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (“OCC”), the Bank's primary regulator. The Bank is a member of the Federal Home Loan Bank (“FHLB”) system, and maintains insurance on deposit accounts with the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”).
The Bank offers a variety of financial services to meet the banking and financial needs of the communities it serves, with operations conducted through 29 full-service branches located throughout Southern California as of March 31, 2021.
Proposed Merger with Pacific Mercantile Bancorp: In March 2021, we entered into an agreement to merge (the “Merger Agreement”) with Pacific Mercantile Bancorp (“PMB”), pursuant to which PMB will merge (the “Merger”) with and into the Company, with the Company as the surviving corporation. Subject to the terms and conditions of the Merger Agreement, upon consummation of the Merger, each outstanding share of PMB common stock, excluding certain specified shares, will be converted into the right to receive 0.50 (the “Exchange Ratio”) of a share of the Company's common stock. In addition, at the effective time of the Merger, the Company will cash out all outstanding share-based awards based on formulas using the average price of the Company's common stock for a 20-day trading period prior to the closing of the Merger. Subject to regulatory and shareholder approval, the transaction is expected to close during the third quarter of 2021.
Basis of Presentation: The accompanying unaudited interim consolidated financial statements have been prepared pursuant to Article 10 of SEC Regulation S-X and other SEC rules and regulations for reporting on the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. Accordingly, certain disclosures required by U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) are not included herein. These interim statements should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and notes included in the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2020 filed by us with the SEC. The December 31, 2020 consolidated statements of financial condition presented herein has been derived from the audited financial statements included in the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2020 filed with the SEC. Certain prior period amounts have been reclassified to conform to current period presentation, including i) reclassification of income taxes receivable to other assets in the consolidated statement of financial condition, and ii) reclassification of outside services expense from "outside services fees" to "all other expense" in the consolidated statements of operations.
In the opinion of management of the Company, the accompanying unaudited interim consolidated financial statements reflect all of the adjustments (consisting of normal recurring adjustments) necessary for a fair presentation of the consolidated financial condition and consolidated results of operations as of the dates and for the periods presented. The results of operations for the three months ended March 31, 2021 are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for the year ending December 31, 2021.
Principles of Consolidation: The accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its consolidated subsidiaries as of March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020 and for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020. Significant intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. Unless the context requires otherwise, all references to the Company include its then wholly-owned subsidiaries.
Adopted Accounting Pronouncements: On January 1, 2021, we adopted Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2019-12, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Simplifying the Accounting for Income Taxes (“ASU 2019-12”) which simplifies the accounting for income taxes by removing certain exceptions for investments, intra-period allocations, and interim calculations, and adding guidance to reduce the complexity of applying Topic 740. The adoption of these amendments did not have a material effect on our consolidated financial statements.
Significant Accounting Policies: The accounting and reporting policies of the Company are based upon GAAP and conform to predominant practices within the banking industry. We have not made any significant changes in our critical accounting policies from those disclosed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2020 filed with the SEC.
Use of Estimates in the Preparation of Financial Statements: The preparation of financial statements, in conformity with GAAP, requires management to make estimates and assumptions based on available information. These estimates and assumptions affect the amounts reported in the consolidated financial statements and disclosures provided, and actual results could differ. The allowance for credit losses (“ACL”) (which includes the allowance for loan losses (“ALL”) and the reserve for
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unfunded loan commitments), provision for credit losses, loan repurchase reserve, realization of deferred tax assets, the valuation of goodwill and other intangible assets, other derivatives, Hypothetical Liquidation at Book Value (“HLBV”) of investments in alternative energy partnerships, and the fair value measurement of financial instruments are particularly subject to change and such change could have a material effect on the consolidated financial statements.
Recent Accounting Guidance: Beginning in June 2023, the London Interbank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”) will be discontinued. To assist entities with the transition away from LIBOR, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) has issued accounting guidance to clarify GAAP and provide practical expedients for entities to utilize during the time of transition. We are in the process of evaluating the potential impact the discontinuation of LIBOR will have on our consolidated financial statements. The optional expedients and exceptions provided through this relief are set forth below and were effective immediately; however, certain provisions from this relief are not yet determined due to the fact that LIBOR has not yet been discontinued.
In March 2020, the FASB issued ASU 2020-04, Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848), ("ASU 2020-04") which provided optional guidance, for a limited period of time, to ease the potential burden in accounting for (or recognizing the benefits of) reference rate reform on financial reporting. The amendments in ASU 2020-04 were elective and applied to all entities, subject to meeting certain criteria, that have contracts, hedging relationships, and other transactions that reference London Interbank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”) or another reference rate expected to be discontinued because of reference rate reform. ASU 2020-04 provided optional expedients and exceptions for applying GAAP to contract modifications and hedging relationships, subject to meeting certain criteria. When elected, the optional expedients for contract modifications must be applied consistently for all eligible contracts or eligible transactions within the relevant topic or industry subtopic within the codification that contains the guidance that otherwise would be required to be applied. The amendments in ASU 2020-04 were effective for all entities as of March 12, 2020 through December 31, 2022.
In January 2021, the FASB issued ASU 2021-01, Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848)("ASU 2021-01"). The amendments in ASU 2021-01 clarified that certain optional expedients and exceptions in Topic 848 for contract modifications and hedge accounting apply to derivatives that are affected by the discounting transition. Specifically, certain provisions in Topic 848, if elected by an entity, apply to derivative instruments that use an interest rate for margining, discounting, or contract price alignment that is modified as a result of reference rate reform. Amendments in this Update to the expedients and exceptions in Topic 848 capture the incremental consequences of the scope clarification and tailor the existing guidance to derivative instruments affected by the discounting transition. The amendments in ASU 2021-01 are elective and apply to all entities that have derivative instruments that use an interest rate for margining, discounting, or contract price alignment that is modified as a result of reference rate reform. The amendments also optionally apply to all entities that designate receive-variable-rate, pay-variable-rate cross-currency interest rate swaps as hedging instruments in net investment hedges that are modified as a result of reference rate reform. The amendments in ASU 2021-01 were effective immediately for all entities. ASU 2021-01 is not expected to have a material effect on our consolidated financial statements.
NOTE 2 – FAIR VALUES OF FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS
Fair Value Hierarchy
ASC 820-10 establishes a fair value hierarchy which requires an entity to maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value. The topic describes three levels of inputs that may be used to measure fair value:
•Level 1: Quoted prices (unadjusted) for identical assets or liabilities in active markets that the entity has the ability to access as of the measurement date.
•Level 2: Significant observable inputs other than Level 1 prices such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities; quoted prices in markets that are not active; or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data.
•Level 3: Significant unobservable inputs that reflect a reporting entity’s own assumptions about the assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability.
Categorization within the valuation hierarchy is based upon the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement.
Assets and Liabilities Measured on a Recurring Basis
Securities Available-for-Sale: The fair values of securities available-for-sale are generally determined by quoted market prices in active markets, if available (Level 1). If quoted market prices are not available, we primarily employ independent pricing services that utilize pricing models to calculate fair value. Such fair value measurements consider observable data such as dealer quotes, market spreads, cash flows, yield curves, live trading levels, trade execution data, market consensus prepayment speeds,
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credit information, and respective terms and conditions for debt instruments. We employ procedures to monitor the pricing service's assumptions and establish processes to challenge the pricing service's valuations that appear unusual or unexpected. Multiple quotes or prices may be obtained in this process and we determine which fair value is most appropriate based on market information and analysis. Quotes obtained through this process are generally non-binding. We follow established procedures to ensure that assets and liabilities are properly classified in the fair value hierarchy. Level 2 securities include SBA loan pool securities, U.S. government agency and U.S. government sponsored enterprise residential mortgage-backed securities, non-agency residential mortgage-backed securities, non-agency commercial mortgage-backed securities, collateralized loan obligations, and corporate debt securities. When a market is illiquid or there is a lack of transparency around the inputs to valuation, including at least one unobservable input, the securities are classified as Level 3 and reliance is placed upon internally developed models and management's judgment and evaluation for valuation. We had no securities available-for-sale classified as Level 3 at March 31, 2021 or December 31, 2020.
Loans Held-for-Sale, Carried at Fair Value: The fair value of loans held-for-sale is based on commitments outstanding from investors and current offerings in the secondary market for portfolios with similar characteristics, except for loans that are repurchased out of GNMA loan pools that become severely delinquent which are valued based on an internal model. Loans held-for-sale subject to recurring fair value adjustments are classified as Level 2, or in the case of loans repurchased, Level 3. The fair value includes the servicing value of the loans and any accrued interest.
Derivative Assets and Liabilities:
Interest Rate Swaps and Caps. We offer interest rate swap and cap products to certain loan clients to allow them to hedge the risk of rising interest rates on their variable rate loans. We originate a variable rate loan and enter into a variable-to-fixed interest rate swap with the client. We also enter into an offsetting swap with a correspondent bank. These back-to-back agreements are intended to offset each other and allow us to originate a variable rate loan while providing a contract for fixed interest payments for the client. The net cash flow for us is equal to the interest income received from a variable rate loan originated with the client plus a fee. The fair value of these derivatives is based on a discounted cash flow approach. Due to the observable nature of the inputs used in deriving the fair value of these derivative contracts, the valuation of interest rate swaps is classified as Level 2.
Foreign Exchange Contracts.
We offer short-term foreign exchange contracts to customers to purchase and/or sell foreign currencies at set rates in the future. These products allow customers to hedge the foreign exchange rate risk of their deposits and loans denominated in foreign currencies. In conjunction with these products, we also enter into offsetting contracts with institutional counterparties to hedge the Company’s foreign exchange rate risk. These back-to-back contracts allow us to offer our customers foreign exchange products while minimizing exposure to foreign exchange rate fluctuations. The fair value of these instruments is determined at each reporting period based on the change in the foreign exchange rate. Given the short-term nature of the contracts, the counterparties’ credit risks are considered nominal and result in no adjustments to the valuation of the short-term foreign exchange contracts. Due to the observable nature of the inputs used in deriving the fair value of these derivative contracts, the valuation of these contracts is classified as Level 2.
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The following table presents our financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of the dates indicated:

|  |  |  | Fair Value Measurement Level
($ in thousands) |  | Carrying Value |  | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) |  | Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) |  | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
March 31, 2021 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Securities available-for-sale: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
SBA loan pools securities |  | $ | 16,733 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 16,733 |  |  | $ | — |
U.S. government agency and U.S. government sponsored enterprise residential mortgage-backed securities |  | 123,300 |  |  | — |  |  | 123,300 |  |  | — |
U.S. government agency and U.S. government sponsored enterprise collateralized mortgage obligations |  | 210,956 |  |  | — |  |  | 210,956 |  |  | — |
Municipal securities |  | 85,538 |  |  | — |  |  | 85,538 |  |  | — |
Non-agency residential mortgage-backed securities |  | 158 |  |  | — |  |  | 158 |  |  | — |
Collateralized loan obligations |  | 683,873 |  |  | — |  |  | 683,873 |  |  | — |
Corporate debt securities |  | 150,272 |  |  | — |  |  | 150,272 |  |  | — |
Loans held-for-sale, carried at fair value |  | 1,408 |  |  | — |  |  | 465 |  |  | 943 |
Derivative assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate swaps and caps (1) |  | 4,452 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,452 |  |  | — |
Foreign exchange contracts (1) |  | 255 |  |  | — |  |  | 255 |  |  | — |
Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Derivative liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate swaps and caps (2) |  | 4,663 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,663 |  |  | — |
Foreign exchange contracts (2) |  | 243 |  |  | — |  |  | 243 |  |  | — |
December 31, 2020 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Securities available-for-sale: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
SBA loan pools securities |  | $ | 17,354 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 17,354 |  |  | $ | — |
U.S. government agency and U.S. government sponsored enterprise residential mortgage-backed securities |  | 106,384 |  |  | — |  |  | 106,384 |  |  | — |
U.S. government agency and U.S. government sponsored enterprise collateralized mortgage obligations |  | 211,831 |  |  | — |  |  | 211,831 |  |  | — |
Municipal securities |  | 68,623 |  |  | — |  |  | 68,623 |  |  | — |
Non-agency residential mortgage-backed securities |  | 160 |  |  | — |  |  | 160 |  |  | — |
Collateralized loan obligations |  | 677,785 |  |  | — |  |  | 677,785 |  |  | — |
Corporate debt securities |  | 149,294 |  |  | — |  |  | 149,294 |  |  | — |
Loans held-for-sale, carried at fair value |  | 1,413 |  |  | — |  |  | 468 |  |  | 945 |
Derivative assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate swaps and caps (1) |  | 7,304 |  |  | — |  |  | 7,304 |  |  | — |
Foreign exchange contracts (1) |  | 328 |  |  | — |  |  | 328 |  |  | — |
Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Derivative liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate swaps and caps (2) |  | 7,789 |  |  | — |  |  | 7,789 |  |  | — |
Foreign exchange contracts (2) |  | 313 |  |  | — |  |  | 313 |  |  | — |

(1)Included in other assets in the Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition.
(2)Included in accrued expenses and other liabilities in the Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition.
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The following table presents a reconciliation of assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) for the periods indicated:

|  | Three Months Ended March 31, |  |
($ in thousands) |  | 2021 |  | 2020 |  |  |  |
Loans repurchased from GNMA Loan Pools |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance at beginning of period |  | $ | 945 |  |  | $ | 19,233 |  |  |  |  |
Total gains (losses) (realized/unrealized): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Included in earnings—fair value adjustment |  | — |  |  | (1,391) |  |  |  |  |
Sales, settlements, and other |  | (2) |  |  | (715) |  |  |  |  |
Balance at end of period |  | $ | 943 |  |  | $ | 17,127 |  |  |  |  |

Loans repurchased from GNMA loan pools had aggregate unpaid principal balances of $1.1 million and $1.1 million as of March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020. The significant unobservable inputs used in the fair value measurement of our loans repurchased from GNMA loan pools at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020 included an expected loss rate of 1.55% for insured loans and 20.00% for uninsured loans. There may be inherent weaknesses in any calculation technique, and changes in the underlying assumptions used, including discount rates and estimates of future cash flows, could significantly affect the results.
Fair Value Option
Loans Held-for-Sale, Carried at Fair Value: We elected the fair value option for certain SFR mortgage loans held-for-sale. Electing to measure SFR mortgage loans held-for-sale at fair value reduces certain timing differences and better matches changes in the value of these assets with changes in the value of derivatives used as economic hedges for these assets. We also elected to record loans repurchased from GNMA at fair value, as we intend to sell them after curing any defects and, accordingly, they are classified as held-for-sale.
The following table presents the fair value and aggregate principal balance of certain assets under the fair value option:

|  | March 31, 2021 |  | December 31, 2020
($ in thousands) |  | Fair Value |  | Unpaid Principal Balance |  | Difference |  | Fair Value |  | Unpaid Principal Balance |  | Difference
Loans held-for-sale, carried at fair value: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total loans |  | $ | 1,408 |  |  | $ | 1,674 |  |  | $ | (266) |  |  | $ | 1,413 |  |  | $ | 1,680 |  |  | $ | (267) |
Nonaccrual loans (1) |  | 654 |  |  | 750 |  |  | (96) |  |  | 654 |  |  | 750 |  |  | (96) |

(1)Includes loans guaranteed by the U.S. government of $181 thousand and $190 thousand at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020.
There were no loans held-for-sale that were 90 days or more past due and still accruing interest as of March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020.
The assets accounted for under the fair value option are initially measured at fair value. Gains and losses from initial measurement and subsequent changes in fair value are recognized in earnings. The following table presents changes in fair value related to initial measurement and subsequent changes in fair value included in earnings for these assets measured at fair value for the periods indicated:

|  | Three Months Ended March 31, |  |
($ in thousands) |  | 2021 |  | 2020 |  |  |  |
Net gains (losses) from fair value changes: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fair value adjustment for loans held-for-sale |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (1,586) |  |  |  |  |

Interest income on loans held-for-sale under the fair value option is measured based on the contractual interest rate and reported in interest income on loans, including fees in the consolidated statements of operations.
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Assets and Liabilities Measured on a Non-Recurring Basis
Impaired Loans: The fair value of impaired loans with specific allocations of the ACL based on collateral is generally based on recent real estate appraisals and automated valuation models (“AVMs”). These appraisals may utilize a single valuation approach or a combination of approaches including comparable sales and the income approach. Adjustments are routinely made in the appraisal process by the appraisers for differences between the comparable sales and income data available. Such adjustments are typically deemed significant unobservable inputs used for determining fair value and result in a Level 3 classification.
The following table presents our financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis as of the dates indicated:

|  |  |  | Fair Value Measurement Level
($ in thousands) |  | Carrying Value |  | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) |  | Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) |  | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
March 31, 2021 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Collateral dependent loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
SBA |  | $ | 794 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 794 |
December 31, 2020 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Collateral dependent loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
SBA |  | $ | 629 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 629 |

The following table presents the gains (losses) recognized on assets measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis for the periods indicated:

|  | Three Months Ended March 31, |  |
($ in thousands) |  | 2021 |  | 2020 |  |  |  |
Collateral dependent loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Single family residential mortgage |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 22 |  |  |  |  |
Commercial and industrial |  | 18 |  |  | (1,331) |  |  |  |  |
SBA |  | (133) |  |  | (519) |  |  |  |  |

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Estimated Fair Values of Financial Instruments
The following table presents the carrying amounts and estimated fair values of financial assets and liabilities as of the dates indicated:

|  | Carrying Amount |  | Fair Value Measurement Level
($ in thousands) |  |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Total
March 31, 2021 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Financial assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 379,509 |  |  | $ | 379,509 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 379,509 |
Securities available-for-sale |  | 1,270,830 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,270,830 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,270,830 |
Federal Home Loan Bank and other bank stock |  | 44,964 |  |  | — |  |  | 44,964 |  |  | — |  |  | 44,964 |
Loans held-for-sale, carried at fair value |  | 1,408 |  |  | — |  |  | 465 |  |  | 943 |  |  | 1,408 |
Loans receivable, net of allowance for credit losses |  | 5,685,048 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5,754,031 |  |  | 5,754,031 |
Accrued interest receivable |  | 30,270 |  |  | 30,270 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 30,270 |
Derivative assets |  | 4,707 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,707 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,707 |
Financial liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Deposits |  | 6,142,042 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 6,143,213 |  |  | 6,143,213 |
Advances from Federal Home Loan Bank |  | 635,105 |  |  | — |  |  | 669,799 |  |  | — |  |  | 669,799 |
Long-term debt |  | 256,441 |  |  | — |  |  | 272,260 |  |  | — |  |  | 272,260 |
Derivative liabilities |  | 4,906 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,906 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,906 |
Accrued interest payable |  | 6,718 |  |  | 6,718 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 6,718 |
December 31, 2020 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Financial assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 220,819 |  |  | $ | 220,819 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 220,819 |
Securities available-for-sale |  | 1,231,431 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,231,431 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,231,431 |
Federal Home Loan Bank and other bank stock |  | 44,506 |  |  | — |  |  | 44,506 |  |  | — |  |  | 44,506 |
Loans held-for-sale |  | 1,413 |  |  | — |  |  | 468 |  |  | 945 |  |  | 1,413 |
Loans receivable, net of allowance for credit losses |  | 5,817,375 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5,936,708 |  |  | 5,936,708 |
Accrued interest receivable |  | 29,445 |  |  | 29,445 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 29,445 |
Derivative assets |  | 7,632 |  |  | — |  |  | 7,632 |  |  | — |  |  | 7,632 |
Financial liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Deposits |  | 6,085,800 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 6,087,714 |  |  | 6,087,714 |
Advances from Federal Home Loan Bank |  | 539,795 |  |  | — |  |  | 585,416 |  |  | — |  |  | 585,416 |
Long-term debt |  | 256,315 |  |  | — |  |  | 273,230 |  |  | — |  |  | 273,230 |
Derivative liabilities |  | 8,102 |  |  | — |  |  | 8,102 |  |  | — |  |  | 8,102 |
Accrued interest payable |  | 3,714 |  |  | 3,714 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,714 |

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NOTE 3 – INVESTMENT SECURITIES
The following table presents the amortized cost and fair value of the investment securities portfolio as of the dates indicated:

($ in thousands) |  | Amortized Cost |  | Gross Unrealized Gains |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  |  |  | Fair Value
March 31, 2021 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Securities available-for-sale: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
SBA loan pool securities |  | $ | 16,812 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (79) |  |  |  |  | $ | 16,733 |
U.S. government agency and U.S. government sponsored enterprise residential mortgage-backed securities |  | 122,300 |  |  | 1,419 |  |  | (419) |  |  |  |  | 123,300 |
U.S. government agency and U.S. government sponsored enterprise collateralized mortgage obligations |  | 210,343 |  |  | 2,079 |  |  | (1,466) |  |  |  |  | 210,956 |
Municipal securities |  | 84,385 |  |  | 2,242 |  |  | (1,089) |  |  |  |  | 85,538 |
Non-agency residential mortgage-backed securities |  | 154 |  |  | 4 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 158 |
Collateralized loan obligations |  | 687,505 |  |  | — |  |  | (3,632) |  |  |  |  | 683,873 |
Corporate debt securities |  | 141,982 |  |  | 8,302 |  |  | (12) |  |  |  |  | 150,272 |
Total securities available-for-sale |  | $ | 1,263,481 |  |  | $ | 14,046 |  |  | $ | (6,697) |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,270,830 |
December 31, 2020 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Securities available-for-sale: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
SBA loan pool securities |  | $ | 17,436 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (82) |  |  |  |  | $ | 17,354 |
U.S. government agency and U.S. government sponsored enterprise residential mortgage-backed securities |  | 99,591 |  |  | 6,793 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 106,384 |
U.S. government agency and U.S. government sponsored enterprise collateralized mortgage obligations |  | 209,426 |  |  | 2,571 |  |  | (166) |  |  |  |  | 211,831 |
Municipal securities |  | 64,355 |  |  | 4,272 |  |  | (4) |  |  |  |  | 68,623 |
Non-agency residential mortgage-backed securities |  | 156 |  |  | 4 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 160 |
Collateralized loan obligations |  | 687,505 |  |  | — |  |  | (9,720) |  |  |  |  | 677,785 |
Corporate debt securities |  | 141,975 |  |  | 7,319 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 149,294 |
Total securities available-for-sale |  | $ | 1,220,444 |  |  | $ | 20,959 |  |  | $ | (9,972) |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,231,431 |

At March 31, 2021, our investment securities portfolio consisted of agency securities, municipal securities, mortgage-backed securities, collateralized loan obligations (“CLOs”), and corporate debt securities. The expected maturities of these types of securities may differ from contractual maturities because borrowers may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties.
There was no allowance for credit losses for debt securities as of March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020. Accrued interest receivable on debt securities available-for-sale totaled $5.8 million and $4.5 million at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, and is included within other assets in the accompanying consolidated statements of financial condition.
At March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, there were no holdings of any one issuer, other than the U.S. government sponsored enterprises, in an amount greater than 10 percent of our stockholders’ equity.
The following table presents proceeds from sales and calls of securities available-for-sale and the associated gross gains and losses realized through earnings upon the sales and calls of securities available-for-sale for the periods indicated:

|  | Three Months Ended March 31, |  |
($ in thousands) |  | 2021 |  | 2020 |  |  |  |
Gross realized gains on sales and calls of securities available-for-sale |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  |
Gross realized losses on sales and calls of securities available-for-sale |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |
Net realized (losses) gains on sales and calls of securities available-for-sale |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  |
Proceeds from sales and calls of securities available-for-sale |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 30,000 |  |  |  |  |

Investment securities with carrying values of $43.9 million and $43.7 million as of March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, were pledged to secure FHLB advances, public deposits and for other purposes as required or permitted by law.
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The following table summarizes the investment securities with unrealized losses by security type and length of time in a continuous, unrealized loss position as of the dates indicated:

|  | Less Than 12 Months |  | 12 Months or Longer |  | Total
($ in thousands) |  | Fair Value |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  | Fair Value |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  | Fair Value |  | Gross Unrealized Losses
March 31, 2021 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Securities available-for-sale: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
SBA loan pool securities |  | $ | 16,733 |  |  | $ | (79) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 16,733 |  |  | $ | (79) |
U.S. government agency and U.S. government sponsored enterprise collateralized mortgage-backed securities |  | 47,975 |  |  | (419) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 47,975 |  |  | (419) |
U.S. government agency and U.S. government sponsored enterprise collateralized mortgage obligations |  | 42,339 |  |  | (1,466) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 42,339 |  |  | (1,466) |
Municipal securities |  | 30,357 |  |  | (1,089) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 30,357 |  |  | (1,089) |
Collateralized loan obligations |  | 37,446 |  |  | (54) |  |  | 427,177 |  |  | (3,578) |  |  | 464,623 |  |  | (3,632) |
Corporate debt securities |  | 4,988 |  |  | (12) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4,988 |  |  | (12) |
Total securities available-for-sale |  | $ | 179,838 |  |  | $ | (3,119) |  |  | $ | 427,177 |  |  | $ | (3,578) |  |  | $ | 607,015 |  |  | $ | (6,697) |
December 31, 2020 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
SBA loan pool securities |  | $ | 17,354 |  |  | $ | (82) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 17,354 |  |  | $ | (82) |
U.S. government agency and U.S. government sponsored enterprise collateralized mortgage obligations |  | 19,033 |  |  | (166) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 19,033 |  |  | (166) |
Municipal securities |  | 11,401 |  |  | (4) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 11,401 |  |  | (4) |
Collateralized loan obligations |  | 64,775 |  |  | (225) |  |  | 613,010 |  |  | (9,495) |  |  | 677,785 |  |  | (9,720) |
Total securities available-for-sale |  | $ | 112,563 |  |  | $ | (477) |  |  | $ | 613,010 |  |  | $ | (9,495) |  |  | $ | 725,573 |  |  | $ | (9,972) |

At March 31, 2021, our securities available-for-sale portfolio consisted of 111 securities, of which 47 securities were in an unrealized loss position. At December 31, 2020, our securities available-for-sale portfolio consisted of 103 securities, of which 50 securities were in an unrealized loss position.
We monitor our securities portfolio to ensure it has adequate credit support. The majority of unrealized losses are related to our collateralized loan obligations. We consider the lowest credit rating for identification of credit impairment for collateralized loan obligations and other securities. As of March 31, 2021, all of our collateralized loan obligations investment securities in an unrealized loss position received an investment grade credit rating. The decline in fair value was attributable to a combination of changes in interest rates and general volatility in the credit market conditions in response to the economic uncertainty caused by the global pandemic. We do not currently intend to sell any of the securities in an unrealized loss position and further believe, it is more likely than not, that we will not be required to sell these securities before their anticipated recovery. Securities that are in an unrealized gain position or are trading at par are evaluated for continued inclusion in our portfolio based on interest rate, liquidity and yield objectives of the Company.
During the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, no allowance for credit losses related to securities available-for-sale was recorded.
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The following table presents the fair value and yield information of the investment securities portfolio, based on the earlier of maturity dates or next repricing date, as of March 31, 2021:

|  | One year or less |  | More than One Year through Five Years |  | More than Five Years through Ten Years |  | More than Ten Years |  | Total
($ in thousands) |  | Fair Value |  | Weighted-Average Yield |  | Fair Value |  | Weighted-Average Yield |  | Fair Value |  | Weighted-Average Yield |  | Fair Value |  | Weighted-Average Yield |  | Fair Value |  | Weighted-Average Yield
Securities available-for-sale: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
SBA loan pool securities |  | $ | 16,733 |  |  | 1.34 | % |  | $ | — |  |  | — | % |  | $ | — |  |  | — | % |  | $ | — |  |  | — | % |  | $ | 16,733 |  |  | 1.34 | %
U.S. government agency and U.S. government sponsored enterprise residential mortgage-backed securities |  | — |  |  | — | % |  | — |  |  | — | % |  | 29,238 |  |  | 2.20 | % |  | 94,062 |  |  | 2.35 | % |  | 123,300 |  |  | 2.31 | %
U.S. government agency and U.S. government sponsored enterprise collateralized mortgage obligations |  | 110,147 |  |  | 0.67 | % |  | 11,193 |  |  | 1.99 | % |  | 42,747 |  |  | 1.35 | % |  | 46,869 |  |  | 1.76 | % |  | 210,956 |  |  | 1.12 | %
Municipal securities |  | — |  |  | — | % |  | — |  |  | — | % |  | 9,193 |  |  | 2.60 | % |  | 76,345 |  |  | 2.49 | % |  | 85,538 |  |  | 2.51 | %
Non-agency residential mortgage-backed securities |  | — |  |  | — | % |  | — |  |  | — | % |  | — |  |  | — | % |  | 158 |  |  | 6.36 | % |  | 158 |  |  | 6.36 | %
Collateralized loan obligations |  | 683,873 |  |  | 1.86 | % |  | — |  |  | — | % |  | — |  |  | — | % |  | — |  |  | — | % |  | 683,873 |  |  | 1.86 | %
Corporate debt securities |  | — |  |  | — | % |  | 132,244 |  |  | 5.01 | % |  | 18,028 |  |  | 5.73 | % |  | — |  |  | — | % |  | 150,272 |  |  | 5.08 | %
Total securities available-for-sale |  | $ | 810,753 |  |  | 1.69 | % |  | $ | 143,437 |  |  | 4.77 | % |  | $ | 99,206 |  |  | 2.40 | % |  | $ | 217,434 |  |  | 2.28 | % |  | $ | 1,270,830 |  |  | 2.18 | %

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NOTE 4 – LOANS AND ALLOWANCE FOR CREDIT LOSSES
The following table presents the balances in our loan portfolio as of the dates indicated:

($ in thousands) |  |  |  |  |  | March 31, 2021 |  | December 31, 2020
Commercial: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial and industrial |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,878,325 |  |  | $ | 2,088,308 |
Commercial real estate |  |  |  |  |  | 839,965 |  |  | 807,195 |
Multifamily |  |  |  |  |  | 1,258,278 |  |  | 1,289,820 |
SBA(1) |  |  |  |  |  | 338,903 |  |  | 273,444 |
Construction |  |  |  |  |  | 169,122 |  |  | 176,016 |
Consumer: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Single family residential mortgage |  |  |  |  |  | 1,253,251 |  |  | 1,230,236 |
Other consumer |  |  |  |  |  | 26,557 |  |  | 33,386 |
Total loans(2) |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 5,764,401 |  |  | $ | 5,898,405 |
Allowance for loan losses |  |  |  |  |  | (79,353) |  |  | (81,030) |
Loans receivable, net |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 5,685,048 |  |  | $ | 5,817,375 |

(1)Includes 1,228 PPP loans totaling $276.0 million, net of unamortized loan fees totaling $5.1 million at March 31, 2021 and 949 PPP loans totaling $210.0 million, net of unamortized loan fees totaling $1.6 million at December 31, 2020.
(2)Includes net deferred loan origination costs/(fees) and premiums/(discounts) of $4.6 million and $6.2 million at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020.
Credit Quality Indicators
We categorize loans into risk categories based on relevant information about the ability of borrowers to repay their debt such as current financial information, historical payment experience, credit documentation, public information, and current economic trends, among other factors. We perform a historical loss analysis that is combined with a comprehensive loan to value analysis to analyze the associated risks in the current loan portfolio. We analyze loans individually and grade each loan for credit risk. This analysis includes all loans delinquent over 60 days and non-homogeneous loans such as commercial and commercial real estate loans. We use the following definitions for credit risk ratings:
Pass: Loans risk rated as pass are in compliance in all respects with the Bank’s credit policy and regulatory requirements, and do not exhibit any potential or defined weakness as defined under “Special Mention”, “Substandard” or “Doubtful”.
Special Mention: Loans risk rated as special mention have a potential weakness that deserves management’s close attention. If left uncorrected, these potential weaknesses may result in deterioration of the repayment prospects for the loan or of our credit position at some future date.
Substandard: Loans risk rated as substandard are inadequately protected by the current net worth and paying capacity of the obligor or of the collateral pledged, if any. Loans so risk rated have a well-defined weakness or weaknesses that jeopardize the liquidation of the debt. They are characterized by the distinct possibility that we will sustain some loss if the deficiencies are not corrected.
Doubtful: Loans classified as doubtful have all the weaknesses inherent in those classified as substandard, with the added characteristic that the weaknesses make collection or liquidation in full, on the basis of currently existing facts, conditions, and values, highly questionable and improbable.
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The following table presents the risk categories for total loans by class of loans and origination year as of March 31, 2021:

|  | Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year |  |  |  |  |  |
($ in thousands) |  | 2021 |  | 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | Prior |  | Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis |  | Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis Converted to Term |  | Total
March 31, 2021 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial and industrial |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass |  | $ | 42,010 |  |  | $ | 81,257 |  |  | $ | 74,627 |  |  | $ | 67,474 |  |  | $ | 51,189 |  |  | $ | 118,729 |  |  | $ | 1,342,027 |  |  | $ | 13,507 |  |  | $ | 1,790,820 |
Special mention |  | — |  |  | 3,501 |  |  | 3,984 |  |  | 2,702 |  |  | 12,399 |  |  | 6,007 |  |  | 1,500 |  |  | 7,506 |  |  | 37,599 |
Substandard |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 17,057 |  |  | 6,076 |  |  | — |  |  | 9,010 |  |  | 13,792 |  |  | 3,971 |  |  | 49,906 |
Doubtful |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Commercial and industrial |  | 42,010 |  |  | 84,758 |  |  | 95,668 |  |  | 76,252 |  |  | 63,588 |  |  | 133,746 |  |  | 1,357,319 |  |  | 24,984 |  |  | 1,878,325 |
Commercial real estate |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass |  | 111,377 |  |  | 66,607 |  |  | 147,993 |  |  | 171,212 |  |  | 62,798 |  |  | 229,419 |  |  | 2,682 |  |  | 1,580 |  |  | 793,668 |
Special mention |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 9,390 |  |  | — |  |  | 16,964 |  |  | 3,761 |  |  | — |  |  | 30,115 |
Substandard |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 512 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 14,451 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 14,963 |
Doubtful |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,219 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,219 |
Commercial real estate |  | 111,377 |  |  | 66,607 |  |  | 148,505 |  |  | 180,602 |  |  | 62,798 |  |  | 262,053 |  |  | 6,443 |  |  | 1,580 |  |  | 839,965 |
Multifamily |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass |  | 16,566 |  |  | 235,977 |  |  | 383,314 |  |  | 268,034 |  |  | 109,761 |  |  | 221,183 |  |  | 40 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,234,875 |
Special mention |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,050 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 801 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,851 |
Substandard |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 19,552 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 19,552 |
Doubtful |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Multifamily |  | 16,566 |  |  | 235,977 |  |  | 386,364 |  |  | 268,034 |  |  | 109,761 |  |  | 241,536 |  |  | 40 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,258,278 |
SBA |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass |  | 130,594 |  |  | 151,088 |  |  | 13,995 |  |  | 1,224 |  |  | 3,648 |  |  | 27,863 |  |  | 953 |  |  | 384 |  |  | 329,749 |
Special mention |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,755 |  |  | — |  |  | 206 |  |  | 1,265 |  |  | — |  |  | 5 |  |  | 3,231 |
Substandard |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,272 |  |  | 2,595 |  |  | 269 |  |  | 1,306 |  |  | 5,442 |
Doubtful |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 391 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 90 |  |  | 481 |
SBA |  | 130,594 |  |  | 151,088 |  |  | 15,750 |  |  | 1,615 |  |  | 5,126 |  |  | 31,723 |  |  | 1,222 |  |  | 1,785 |  |  | 338,903 |
Construction |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass |  | 1,177 |  |  | 45,148 |  |  | 29,576 |  |  | 32,931 |  |  | 48,817 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 157,649 |
Special mention |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4,037 |  |  | — |  |  | 7,436 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 11,473 |
Substandard |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |

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Doubtful |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Construction |  | 1,177 |  |  | 45,148 |  |  | 29,576 |  |  | 36,968 |  |  | 48,817 |  |  | 7,436 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 169,122 |
Consumer: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Single family residential mortgage |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass |  | 116,087 |  |  | 165,321 |  |  | 120,880 |  |  | 225,492 |  |  | 147,342 |  |  | 415,134 |  |  | 14,442 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,204,698 |
Special mention |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 901 |  |  | 3,144 |  |  | 685 |  |  | 9,456 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 14,186 |
Substandard |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 9,181 |  |  | 3,083 |  |  | 21,846 |  |  | 257 |  |  | — |  |  | 34,367 |
Doubtful |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Single family residential mortgage |  | 116,087 |  |  | 165,321 |  |  | 121,781 |  |  | 237,817 |  |  | 151,110 |  |  | 446,436 |  |  | 14,699 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,253,251 |
Other consumer |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 34 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,865 |  |  | 22,256 |  |  | 2,137 |  |  | 26,292 |
Special mention |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 30 |  |  | 64 |  |  | — |  |  | 94 |
Substandard |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 99 |  |  | 72 |  |  | 171 |
Doubtful |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Other consumer |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 34 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,895 |  |  | 22,419 |  |  | 2,209 |  |  | 26,557 |
Total loans |  | $ | 417,811 |  |  | $ | 748,899 |  |  | $ | 797,644 |  |  | $ | 801,322 |  |  | $ | 441,200 |  |  | $ | 1,124,825 |  |  | $ | 1,402,142 |  |  | $ | 30,558 |  |  | $ | 5,764,401 |

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The following table presents the risk categories for total loans by class of loans and origination year as of December 31, 2020:

|  | Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year |  |  |  |  |  |
($ in thousands) |  | 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | Prior |  | Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis |  | Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis Converted to Term |  | Total
December 31, 2020 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial and industrial |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass |  | $ | 99,015 |  |  | $ | 78,783 |  |  | $ | 70,248 |  |  | $ | 52,786 |  |  | $ | 44,536 |  |  | $ | 92,129 |  |  | $ | 1,572,259 |  |  | $ | 9,945 |  |  | $ | 2,019,701 |
Special mention |  | — |  |  | 928 |  |  | 2,748 |  |  | 7,986 |  |  | 1,574 |  |  | 2,271 |  |  | 1,500 |  |  | 225 |  |  | 17,232 |
Substandard |  | — |  |  | 13,937 |  |  | 6,262 |  |  | 4,618 |  |  | — |  |  | 9,264 |  |  | 12,598 |  |  | 4,696 |  |  | 51,375 |
Doubtful |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Commercial and industrial |  | 99,015 |  |  | 93,648 |  |  | 79,258 |  |  | 65,390 |  |  | 46,110 |  |  | 103,664 |  |  | 1,586,357 |  |  | 14,866 |  |  | 2,088,308 |
Commercial real estate |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass |  | 75,432 |  |  | 150,731 |  |  | 192,831 |  |  | 63,144 |  |  | 91,454 |  |  | 182,756 |  |  | 2,682 |  |  | 1,582 |  |  | 760,612 |
Special mention |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 9,452 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,518 |  |  | 14,754 |  |  | 3,761 |  |  | — |  |  | 30,485 |
Substandard |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 16,098 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 16,098 |
Doubtful |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Commercial real estate |  | 75,432 |  |  | 150,731 |  |  | 202,283 |  |  | 63,144 |  |  | 93,972 |  |  | 213,608 |  |  | 6,443 |  |  | 1,582 |  |  | 807,195 |
Multifamily |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass |  | 239,449 |  |  | 407,532 |  |  | 275,881 |  |  | 110,105 |  |  | 97,160 |  |  | 154,841 |  |  | 27 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,284,995 |
Special mention |  | — |  |  | 2,050 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 803 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,853 |
Substandard |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,972 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,972 |
Doubtful |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Multifamily |  | 239,449 |  |  | 409,582 |  |  | 275,881 |  |  | 110,105 |  |  | 97,160 |  |  | 157,616 |  |  | 27 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,289,820 |
SBA |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass |  | 211,962 |  |  | 14,082 |  |  | 1,260 |  |  | 3,746 |  |  | 11,087 |  |  | 18,589 |  |  | 3,111 |  |  | 1,014 |  |  | 264,851 |
Special mention |  | — |  |  | 1,768 |  |  | — |  |  | 212 |  |  | 415 |  |  | 874 |  |  | — |  |  | 6 |  |  | 3,275 |
Substandard |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,319 |  |  | 682 |  |  | 1,855 |  |  | 226 |  |  | 755 |  |  | 4,837 |
Doubtful |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 390 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 91 |  |  | 481 |
SBA |  | 211,962 |  |  | 15,850 |  |  | 1,650 |  |  | 5,277 |  |  | 12,184 |  |  | 21,318 |  |  | 3,337 |  |  | 1,866 |  |  | 273,444 |
Construction |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass |  | 41,677 |  |  | 30,387 |  |  | 45,397 |  |  | 50,024 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 167,485 |
Special mention |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,537 |  |  | — |  |  | 6,994 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 8,531 |
Substandard |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |

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Doubtful |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Construction |  | 41,677 |  |  | 30,387 |  |  | 46,934 |  |  | 50,024 |  |  | 6,994 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 176,016 |
Consumer: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Single family residential mortgage |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass |  | 149,382 |  |  | 140,129 |  |  | 271,667 |  |  | 161,332 |  |  | 237,285 |  |  | 227,711 |  |  | 15,252 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,202,758 |
Special mention |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,837 |  |  | 688 |  |  | 4,868 |  |  | 4,460 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 11,853 |
Substandard |  | — |  |  | 157 |  |  | 491 |  |  | 1,079 |  |  | 4,978 |  |  | 8,920 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 15,625 |
Doubtful |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Single family residential mortgage |  | 149,382 |  |  | 140,286 |  |  | 273,995 |  |  | 163,099 |  |  | 247,131 |  |  | 241,091 |  |  | 15,252 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,230,236 |
Other consumer |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass |  | 38 |  |  | — |  |  | 47 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,876 |  |  | 27,644 |  |  | 2,218 |  |  | 31,823 |
Special mention |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 30 |  |  | 1,185 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,215 |
Substandard |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 274 |  |  | 74 |  |  | 348 |
Doubtful |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Other consumer |  | 38 |  |  | — |  |  | 47 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,906 |  |  | 29,103 |  |  | 2,292 |  |  | 33,386 |
Total loans |  | $ | 816,955 |  |  | $ | 840,484 |  |  | $ | 880,048 |  |  | $ | 457,039 |  |  | $ | 503,551 |  |  | $ | 739,203 |  |  | $ | 1,640,519 |  |  | $ | 20,606 |  |  | $ | 5,898,405 |

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Past Due Loans
The following table presents the aging of the recorded investment in past due loans, excluding accrued interest receivable (which is not considered to be material), by class of loans as of the dates indicated:

($ in thousands) |  | 30 - 59 Days Past Due |  | 60 - 89 Days Past Due |  | Greater than 89 Days Past due |  | Total Past Due |  | Current |  | Total
March 31, 2021 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Non-Traditional Mortgage (NTM) loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Single family residential mortgage |  | $ | 6,799 |  |  | $ | 2,441 |  |  | $ | 6,997 |  |  | $ | 16,237 |  |  | $ | 394,293 |  |  | $ | 410,530 |
Other consumer |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,606 |  |  | 1,606 |
Total NTM loans |  | 6,799 |  |  | 2,441 |  |  | 6,997 |  |  | 16,237 |  |  | 395,899 |  |  | 412,136 |
Traditional loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial and industrial |  | 14 |  |  | 517 |  |  | 3,517 |  |  | 4,048 |  |  | 1,874,277 |  |  | 1,878,325 |
Commercial real estate |  | 2,644 |  |  | 923 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,567 |  |  | 836,398 |  |  | 839,965 |
Multifamily |  | 801 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 801 |  |  | 1,257,477 |  |  | 1,258,278 |
SBA |  | 1,520 |  |  | 997 |  |  | 2,457 |  |  | 4,974 |  |  | 333,929 |  |  | 338,903 |
Construction |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 169,122 |  |  | 169,122 |
Consumer: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Single family residential mortgage |  | 11,729 |  |  | 2,536 |  |  | 17,321 |  |  | 31,586 |  |  | 811,135 |  |  | 842,721 |
Other consumer |  | 84 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 84 |  |  | 24,867 |  |  | 24,951 |
Total traditional loans |  | 16,792 |  |  | 4,973 |  |  | 23,295 |  |  | 45,060 |  |  | 5,307,205 |  |  | 5,352,265 |
Total |  | $ | 23,591 |  |  | $ | 7,414 |  |  | $ | 30,292 |  |  | $ | 61,297 |  |  | $ | 5,703,104 |  |  | $ | 5,764,401 |
December 31, 2020 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
NTM loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Single family residential mortgage |  | $ | 4,200 |  |  | $ | 641 |  |  | $ | 6,548 |  |  | $ | 11,389 |  |  | $ | 424,126 |  |  | $ | 435,515 |
Other consumer |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,598 |  |  | 1,598 |
Total NTM loans |  | 4,200 |  |  | 641 |  |  | 6,548 |  |  | 11,389 |  |  | 425,724 |  |  | 437,113 |
Traditional loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial and industrial |  | 67 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,284 |  |  | 4,351 |  |  | 2,083,957 |  |  | 2,088,308 |
Commercial real estate |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 807,195 |  |  | 807,195 |
Multifamily |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,289,820 |  |  | 1,289,820 |
SBA |  | 354 |  |  | 626 |  |  | 3,062 |  |  | 4,042 |  |  | 269,402 |  |  | 273,444 |
Construction |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 176,016 |  |  | 176,016 |
Consumer: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Single family residential mortgage |  | 6,836 |  |  | 980 |  |  | 3,742 |  |  | 11,558 |  |  | 783,163 |  |  | 794,721 |
Other consumer |  | 216 |  |  | 61 |  |  | — |  |  | 277 |  |  | 31,511 |  |  | 31,788 |
Total traditional loans |  | 7,473 |  |  | 1,667 |  |  | 11,088 |  |  | 20,228 |  |  | 5,441,064 |  |  | 5,461,292 |
Total |  | $ | 11,673 |  |  | $ | 2,308 |  |  | $ | 17,636 |  |  | $ | 31,617 |  |  | $ | 5,866,788 |  |  | $ | 5,898,405 |

In accordance with regulatory guidance, borrowers that are on forbearance or deferment, which were current prior to becoming affected by the global pandemic are not be reported as past due.
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Nonaccrual Loans
The following table presents nonaccrual loans as of the dates indicated:

| March 31, 2021 |  | December 31, 2020
($ in thousands) | NTM Loans |  | Traditional Loans |  | Total Nonaccrual Loans |  | Nonaccrual Loans with no ACL |  | NTM Loans |  | Traditional Loans |  | Total Nonaccrual Loans |  | Nonaccrual Loans with no ACL
Nonaccrual loans |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial and industrial | $ | — |  |  | $ | 13,475 |  |  | $ | 13,475 |  |  | $ | 13,324 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 13,821 |  |  | $ | 13,821 |  |  | $ | 13,088 |
Commercial real estate | — |  |  | 5,834 |  |  | 5,834 |  |  | 5,834 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,654 |  |  | 4,654 |  |  | 4,654 |
SBA | — |  |  | 4,179 |  |  | 4,179 |  |  | 796 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,749 |  |  | 3,749 |  |  | 648 |
Construction | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Consumer: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Single family residential mortgage | 11,652 |  |  | 20,780 |  |  | 32,432 |  |  | 32,431 |  |  | 8,697 |  |  | 4,822 |  |  | 13,519 |  |  | 13,519 |
Other consumer | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 157 |  |  | 157 |  |  | 157 |
Total nonaccrual loans | $ | 11,652 |  |  | $ | 44,268 |  |  | $ | 55,920 |  |  | $ | 52,385 |  |  | $ | 8,697 |  |  | $ | 27,203 |  |  | $ | 35,900 |  |  | $ | 32,066 |

At March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, there were zero and $728 thousand of loans that were past due 90 days or more and still accruing.
The non-traditional mortgage (“NTM”) loans on nonaccrual status included $4.5 million of Green Loans and $7.1 million of Interest Only loans at March 31, 2021 compared to $4.0 million of Green Loans and $4.7 million of Interest Only loans at December 31, 2020.
Loans in Process of Foreclosure
At March 31, 2021, there was one consumer mortgage loan secured by residential real estate properties totaling $3.3 million for which formal foreclosure proceedings were in process according to local requirements of the applicable jurisdiction. At December 31, 2020, there were none.
Allowance for Credit Losses
Our ACL methodology and resulting provision continues to be impacted by the current economic uncertainty and volatility caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. The ACL methodology uses a nationally recognized, third-party model that includes many assumptions based on historical and peer loss data, current loan portfolio risk profile including risk ratings, and economic forecasts including macroeconomic variables (MEVs) released by our model provider during March 2021. In contrast to the December 2020 forecasts, the March forecasts reflect a more favorable view of the economy (i.e. higher GDP growth rates and lower unemployment rates). While the forecasts are improving and the economy is showing signs of recovery with the rollout of the vaccine and additional government stimulus, there remains uncertainty regarding the ultimate impact of the pandemic and the pace of the recovery. Accordingly, our economic assumptions and the resulting ACL level and provision reflect these uncertainties. The ACL also incorporated qualitative factors to account for certain loan portfolio characteristics that are not taken into consideration by the third-party model including underlying strengths and weaknesses in the loan portfolio. As is the case with all estimates, the ACL is expected to be impacted in future periods by economic volatility, changing economic forecasts, underlying model assumptions, and asset quality metrics, all of which may be better than or worse than current estimates.
The ACL process involves subjective and complex judgments as well as adjustments for numerous factors including those described in the federal banking agencies' joint interagency policy statement on ALL, which include underwriting experience and collateral value changes, among others. .
We have established credit risk management processes that include regular management review of the loan portfolio to identify problem loans. During the ordinary course of business, management may become aware of borrowers who may not be able to fulfill their contractual payment requirements within the loan agreements. Such loans are subject to increased monitoring. Consideration is given to placing these loans on nonaccrual status, assessing the need for additional allowance for loan loss, and
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partially or fully charging off the principal balance. We maintain the allowance for loan losses at a level that is considered adequate to cover the current expected credit losses in the loan portfolio.
The reserve for unfunded loan commitments is established to cover the current expected credit losses for the estimated level of funding of these loan commitments, except for unconditionally cancellable commitments for which no reserve is required under ASC 326. At March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, the reserve for unfunded loan commitments was $3.4 million and $3.2 million, respectively, and was included in accrued expenses and other liabilities on the consolidated statements of financial condition.
The credit risk monitoring system is designed to identify impaired and potential problem loans, perform periodic evaluation of impairment, and determine the adequacy of the allowance for credit losses in a timely manner. In addition, management has adopted a credit policy that includes a credit review and control system that it believes should be effective in ensuring that we maintain an adequate allowance for credit losses. Further, the Board of Directors provides oversight and guidance for management’s allowance evaluation process.
The following table presents a summary of activity in the ACL for the periods indicated:

|  | Three Months Ended March 31, |  |
($ in thousands) |  | 2021 |  | 2020 |  |  |  |
|  | Allowance for Loan Losses |  | Reserve for Unfunded Loan Commitments |  | Allowance for Credit Losses |  | Allowance for Loan Losses |  | Reserve for Unfunded Loan Commitments |  | Allowance for Credit Losses |  |  |  |
Balance at beginning of period |  | $ | 81,030 |  |  | $ | 3,183 |  |  | $ | 84,213 |  |  | $ | 57,649 |  |  | $ | 4,064 |  |  | $ | 61,713 |  |  |  |  |
Impact of adopting ASU 2016-13 |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 7,609 |  |  | (1,226) |  |  | 6,383 |  |  |  |  |
Loans charged off |  | (565) |  |  | — |  |  | (565) |  |  | (2,076) |  |  | — |  |  | (2,076) |  |  |  |  |
Recoveries of loans previously charged off |  | 172 |  |  | — |  |  | 172 |  |  | 350 |  |  | — |  |  | 350 |  |  |  |  |
Net charge-offs |  | (393) |  |  | — |  |  | (393) |  |  | (1,726) |  |  | — |  |  | (1,726) |  |  |  |  |
Provision for (reversal of) credit losses |  | (1,284) |  |  | 177 |  |  | (1,107) |  |  | 14,711 |  |  | 1,050 |  |  | 15,761 |  |  |  |  |
Balance at end of period |  | $ | 79,353 |  |  | $ | 3,360 |  |  | $ | 82,713 |  |  | $ | 78,243 |  |  | $ | 3,888 |  |  | $ | 82,131 |  |  |  |  |

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Accrued interest receivable on loans receivable, net totaled $23.7 million and $24.7 million at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, and is included within other assets in the accompanying consolidated statements of financial condition. Accrued interest receivable is excluded from the estimate of expected credit losses.
The following table presents the activity and balance in the ALL and the recorded investment, excluding accrued interest, in loans based on the impairment methodology as of or for the three months ended March 31, 2021:

($ in thousands) |  | Commercial and Industrial |  | Commercial Real Estate |  | Multifamily |  | SBA |  | Construction |  |  |  | Single Family Residential Mortgage |  | Other Consumer |  |  |  | Total
ALL: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance at December 31, 2020 |  | $ | 20,608 |  |  | $ | 19,074 |  |  | $ | 22,512 |  |  | $ | 3,145 |  |  | $ | 5,849 |  |  |  |  | $ | 9,191 |  |  | $ | 651 |  |  |  |  | $ | 81,030 |
Charge-offs |  | (565) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | (565) |
Recoveries |  | 45 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 126 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  |  |  | 172 |
Net (charge-offs) recoveries |  | (520) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 126 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  |  |  | (393) |
(Reversal of) provision for credit losses |  | (385) |  |  | (1,974) |  |  | 1,372 |  |  | 180 |  |  | (297) |  |  |  |  | (30) |  |  | (150) |  |  |  |  | (1,284) |
Balance at March 31, 2021 |  | $ | 19,703 |  |  | $ | 17,100 |  |  | $ | 23,884 |  |  | $ | 3,451 |  |  | $ | 5,552 |  |  |  |  | $ | 9,161 |  |  | $ | 502 |  |  |  |  | $ | 79,353 |

The following table presents the activity and balance in the ALL and the recorded investment, excluding accrued interest, in loans based on the impairment methodology as of or for the three months ended March 31, 2020:

($ in thousands) |  | Commercial and Industrial |  | Commercial Real Estate |  | Multifamily |  | SBA |  | Construction |  |  |  | Single Family Residential Mortgage |  | Other Consumer |  |  |  | Total
ALL: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance at December 31, 2019 |  | $ | 22,353 |  |  | $ | 5,941 |  |  | $ | 11,405 |  |  | $ | 3,120 |  |  | $ | 3,906 |  |  |  |  | $ | 10,486 |  |  | $ | 438 |  |  |  |  | $ | 57,649 |
Adoption of ASU N. 2016-13 |  | 662 |  |  | 4,847 |  |  | 1,809 |  |  | 388 |  |  | 103 |  |  |  |  | (420) |  |  | 220 |  |  |  |  | 7,609 |
Charge-offs |  | (1,164) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (356) |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | (552) |  |  | (4) |  |  |  |  | (2,076) |
Recoveries |  | 30 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 121 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 151 |  |  | 48 |  |  |  |  | 350 |
Net (charge-offs) recoveries |  | (1,134) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (235) |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | (401) |  |  | 44 |  |  |  |  | (1,726) |
Provision for (reversal of ) credit losses |  | 1,692 |  |  | 2,832 |  |  | 6,858 |  |  | 379 |  |  | 3,043 |  |  |  |  | (72) |  |  | (21) |  |  |  |  | 14,711 |
Balance at March 31, 2020 |  | $ | 23,573 |  |  | $ | 13,620 |  |  | $ | 20,072 |  |  | $ | 3,652 |  |  | $ | 7,052 |  |  |  |  | $ | 9,593 |  |  | $ | 681 |  |  |  |  | $ | 78,243 |

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Collateral Dependent Loans
A loan is considered collateral dependent when the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty and repayment of the loan is expected to be provided substantially through the operation or sale of the collateral. Collateral dependent loans are evaluated individually and the ACL is determined based on the amount by which amortized costs exceed the estimated fair value of the collateral, adjusted for estimated selling costs.
Collateral dependent loans consisted of the following as of March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020:

|  | March 31, 2021
|  | Real Estate |  |  |  |
($ in thousands) |  | Commercial |  | Residential |  | Business Assets |  | Total
Commercial: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial and industrial |  | 5,368 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,924 |  |  | 10,292 |
Commercial real estate |  | 3,864 |  |  | 1,971 |  |  | — |  |  | 5,835 |
SBA |  | 74 |  |  | 1,208 |  |  | 2,682 |  |  | 3,964 |
Consumer: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Single family residential mortgage |  | — |  |  | 38,544 |  |  | — |  |  | 38,544 |
Total loans |  | $ | 9,306 |  |  | $ | 41,723 |  |  | $ | 7,606 |  |  | $ | 58,635 |

|  | December 31, 2020
|  | Real Estate |  |  |  |
($ in thousands) |  | Commercial |  | Residential |  | Business Assets |  | Total
Commercial: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial and industrial |  | 5,492 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,965 |  |  | 10,457 |
Commercial real estate |  | 2,644 |  |  | 2,010 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,654 |
SBA |  | 349 |  |  | 497 |  |  | 2,750 |  |  | 3,596 |
Consumer: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Single family residential mortgage |  | — |  |  | 17,820 |  |  | — |  |  | 17,820 |
Other consumer |  | — |  |  | 157 |  |  | — |  |  | 157 |
Total loans |  | $ | 8,485 |  |  | $ | 20,484 |  |  | $ | 7,715 |  |  | $ | 36,684 |

Troubled Debt Restructurings
TDR loans consisted of the following as of the dates indicated:

|  | March 31, 2021 |  | December 31, 2020
($ in thousands) |  | NTM Loans |  | Traditional Loans |  | Total |  | NTM Loans |  | Traditional Loans |  | Total
Commercial: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial and industrial |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 3,565 |  |  | $ | 3,565 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 3,884 |  |  | $ | 3,884 |
SBA |  | — |  |  | 265 |  |  | 265 |  |  | — |  |  | 265 |  |  | 265 |
Consumer: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Single family residential mortgage |  | 4,409 |  |  | 2,238 |  |  | 6,647 |  |  | 2,631 |  |  | 2,217 |  |  | 4,848 |
Other consumer |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total |  | $ | 4,409 |  |  | $ | 6,068 |  |  | $ | 10,477 |  |  | $ | 2,631 |  |  | $ | 6,366 |  |  | $ | 8,997 |

We had commitments to lend to customers with outstanding loans that were classified as TDRs of $63 thousand at both March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020. Accruing TDRs were $6.3 million and nonaccrual TDRs were $4.1 million at March 31, 2021, compared to accruing TDRs of $4.7 million and nonaccrual TDRs of $4.3 million at December 31, 2020. The
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increase in TDRs during the three months ended March 31, 2021 was primarily due to one commercial and industrial relationship.
The following table summarizes the pre-modification and post-modification balances of the new TDRs for the periods indicated:

|  | Three Months Ended |  |
($ in thousands) |  | Number of Loans |  | Pre-Modification Outstanding Recorded Investment |  | Post-Modification Outstanding Recorded Investment |  |  |  |  |  |
March 31, 2021 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Consumer: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Single family residential mortgage |  | 1 |  |  | $ | 1,800 |  |  | $ | 1,800 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total |  | 1 |  |  | 1,800 |  |  | 1,800 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
March 31, 2020 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial and industrial |  | 1 |  |  | $ | 5,000 |  |  | $ | 5,000 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total |  | 1 |  |  | $ | 5,000 |  |  | $ | 5,000 |  |  |  |  |  |  |

We consider a TDR to be in payment default once it becomes 30 days or more past due following a modification. During the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, there were no loans that were modified as a TDR during the past 12 months that had subsequent payment defaults.
The following table summarizes TDRs by modification type for the periods indicated:

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Three Months Ended
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Modification Type
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Extension of Maturity |  | Total
($ in thousands) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Count |  | Amount |  | Count |  | Amount
March 31, 2021 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Consumer: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Single family residential mortgage |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1 |  |  | 1,800 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 1,800 |
Total |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1 |  |  | 1,800 |  |  | 1 |  |  | $ | 1,800 |
March 31, 2020 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial and industrial |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1 |  |  | 5,000 |  |  | 1 |  |  | $ | 5,000 |
Total |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1 |  |  | 5,000 |  |  | 1 |  |  | $ | 5,000 |

Purchases, Sales, and Transfers
From time to time, we purchase and sell loans in the secondary market. Certain loans are transferred from held-for-investment to held-for-sale at the lower of cost or fair value and any reductions in value on transfer are reflected as write-downs to allowance for credit losses. During the three months ended March 31, 2021 we purchased loans aggregating $132.9 million. There were no purchases of loans during the three months ended March 31, 2020.
There were no loans transferred from (to) loans held-for-sale and there were no sales of loans for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020.
Non-Traditional Mortgage Loans (“NTM”)
Our NTM portfolio is comprised of three interest-only products: Green Loans, Interest Only loans and a small number of loans with the potential for negative amortization. The initial credit guidelines for the NTM portfolio were established based on the borrower's Fair Isaac Corporation (“FICO”) score, LTV ratio, property type, occupancy type, loan amount, and geography. Additionally, from an ongoing credit risk management perspective, we have determined that the most significant performance
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indicators for NTMs are LTV ratios and FICO scores. We review the NTM loan portfolio periodically by refreshing FICO scores on the Green Loans and HELOCs and ordering third party automated valuation models ("AVMs") to confirm collateral values. We no longer originate NTM loans.
The following table presents the composition of the NTM portfolio, which are included in the single family residential mortgage portfolio, as of the dates indicated:

|  | March 31, 2021 |  | December 31, 2020
($ in thousands) |  | Count |  | Amount |  | Percent |  | Count |  | Amount |  | Percent
Consumer: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Single family residential mortgage: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Green Loans (HELOC) - first liens |  | 46 |  |  | $ | 30,293 |  |  | 7.4 | % |  | 48 |  |  | $ | 31,587 |  |  | 7.2 | %
Interest Only - first liens |  | 263 |  |  | 378,088 |  |  | 91.7 | % |  | 283 |  |  | 401,640 |  |  | 91.9 | %
Negative amortization |  | 6 |  |  | 2,149 |  |  | 0.5 | % |  | 8 |  |  | 2,288 |  |  | 0.5 | %
Total NTM - first liens |  | 315 |  |  | 410,530 |  |  | 99.6 | % |  | 339 |  |  | 435,515 |  |  | 99.6 | %
Other consumer: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Green Loans (HELOC) - second liens |  | 5 |  |  | 1,606 |  |  | 0.4 | % |  | 5 |  |  | 1,598 |  |  | 0.4 | %
Total NTM - second liens |  | 5 |  |  | 1,606 |  |  | 0.4 | % |  | 5 |  |  | 1,598 |  |  | 0.4 | %
Total NTM loans |  | 320 |  |  | $ | 412,136 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | 344 |  |  | $ | 437,113 |  |  | 100.0 | %
Total loans receivable |  |  |  | $ | 5,764,401 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 5,898,405 |  |  |
% of total NTM loans to total loans receivable |  |  |  | 7.1 | % |  |  |  |  |  | 7.4 | % |  |

NOTE 5 – GOODWILL AND OTHER INTANGIBLE ASSETS, NET
At March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, we had goodwill of $37.1 million. We evaluate goodwill impairment as of October 1 st each year, and more frequently if events or circumstances indicate that there may be impairment. We completed our most recent annual goodwill impairment test as of October 1, 2020 and determined that no goodwill impairment existed.
Core deposit intangibles are amortized over their useful lives ranging from four to ten years. As of March 31, 2021, the weighted average remaining amortization period for core deposit intangibles was approximately 3.6 years.

($ in thousands) |  | Gross Carrying Value |  | Accumulated Amortization |  | Net Carrying Value
March 31, 2021 |  |  |  |  |  |
Core deposit intangibles |  | $ | 30,904 |  |  | $ | 28,553 |  |  | $ | 2,351 |
December 31, 2020 |  |  |  |  |  |
Core deposit intangibles |  | $ | 30,904 |  |  | $ | 28,271 |  |  | $ | 2,633 |

Aggregate amortization of intangible assets was $282 thousand and $429 thousand for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020. The following table presents estimated future amortization expenses as of March 31, 2021:

($ in thousands) |  | Remainder of 2021 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 |  |  |  | Total
Estimated future amortization expense |  | $ | 800 |  |  | $ | 799 |  |  | $ | 517 |  |  | $ | 235 |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  | $ | 2,351 |

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NOTE 6 – FEDERAL HOME LOAN BANK ADVANCES AND OTHER BORROWINGS
The following table presents advances from the FHLB as of the dates indicated:

($ in thousands) |  | March 31, 2021 |  |  | December 31, 2020
Fixed rate: |  |  |  |  |
Outstanding balance (1)(2) |  | $ | 416,000 |  |  |  | $ | 461,000 |
Interest rates ranging from (2) |  | — | % |  |  | — | %
Interest rates ranging to |  | 3.32 | % |  |  | 3.32 | %
Weighted average interest rate |  | 2.50 | % |  |  | 2.51 | %
Variable rate: |  |  |  |  |
Outstanding balance |  | $ | 225,000 |  |  |  | $ | 85,000 |
Weighted average interest rate |  | 0.09 | % |  |  | 0.17 | %

(1)Excludes $5.9 million and $6.2 million of unamortized debt issuance costs at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020.
(2)Includes $5.0 million in FHLB recovery advances with an interest rate of 0.00% and a maturity date of May 27, 2021.
Each advance is payable at its maturity date. Advances paid early are subject to a prepayment penalty. At the end of the first quarter of 2021, FHLB advances included $225.0 million overnight borrowings, $5.0 million maturing within three months, and $411.0 million maturing beyond three months with a weighted average life of 4.7 years and weighted average interest rate of 2.53%.
At March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, the Bank’s advances from the FHLB were collateralized by certain real estate loans with an aggregate unpaid principal balance of $2.23 billion and $2.37 billion. Based on this collateral, the Bank was eligible to borrow an additional $584.2 million at March 31, 2021.
The Bank’s investment in capital stock of the FHLB of San Francisco totaled $17.7 million and $17.3 million at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020.
We participate in the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco (“Federal Reserve”) Borrower-in-Custody (“BIC”) program. Our borrowing capacity with the Federal Reserve was $384.9 million at March 31, 2021. At March 31, 2021, the Bank has pledged certain qualifying loans with an unpaid principal balance of $745.3 million and securities with a carrying value of $23.9 million as collateral for this line of credit. Borrowings under the BIC program are overnight advances with interest chargeable at the discount window (“primary credit”) borrowing rate. There were no borrowings under this arrangement for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020.
The Bank maintained available unsecured federal funds lines with four correspondent banks totaling $175.0 million, with no outstanding borrowings at March 31, 2021. The Bank also has the ability to perform unsecured overnight borrowing from various financial institutions through the American Financial Exchange platform. The availability of such unsecured borrowings fluctuates regularly and are subject to the counterparties discretion and totaled $231.0 million and $196.0 million at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020.
The Bank also maintained repurchase agreements and had no outstanding securities sold under agreements to repurchase at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020. Availabilities and terms on repurchase agreements are subject to the counterparties' discretion and the pledging of additional investment securities.
NOTE 7 – LONG-TERM DEBT
The following table presents our long-term debt as of the dates indicated:

|  | March 31, 2021 |  | December 31, 2020
($ in thousands) |  | Par Value |  | Unamortized Debt Issuance Cost and Discount |  | Par Value |  | Unamortized Debt Issuance Cost and Discount
5.25% senior notes due April 15, 2025 |  | $ | 175,000 |  |  | $ | (1,255) |  |  | $ | 175,000 |  |  | $ | (1,291) |
4.375% subordinated notes due October 30, 2030 |  | 85,000 |  |  | (2,304) |  |  | 85,000 |  |  | (2,394) |
Total |  | $ | 260,000 |  |  | $ | (3,559) |  |  | $ | 260,000 |  |  | $ | (3,685) |

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At March 31, 2021, we were in compliance with all covenants under our long-term debt agreements.
NOTE 8 – INCOME TAXES
For the three months ended March 31, 2021, income tax expense was $2.3 million, resulting in an effective tax rate of 13.8%. For the three months ended March 31, 2020, income tax benefit was $2.2 million and the effective tax rate was 24.7%. For the three months ended March 31, 2021, income tax expense included a benefit resulting from the exercise of all previously issued outstanding stock appreciation rights, including a net benefit of $2.1 million in the first quarter. The effective tax rate is expected to be in the 25% to 27% range for the remaining quarters in 2021.
We account for income taxes by recognizing deferred tax assets and liabilities based upon temporary differences between the amounts for financial reporting purposes and tax basis of its assets and liabilities. Deferred tax assets are reduced by a valuation allowance when, in the opinion of management, it is more likely than not that some portion, or all, of the deferred tax asset will not be realized. In assessing the realization of deferred tax assets, management will continue to evaluate both positive and negative evidence on a quarterly basis, including considering the four possible sources of future taxable income, such as future reversal of existing taxable temporary differences, future taxable income exclusive of reversing temporary differences and carryforwards, taxable income in prior carryback year(s), and future tax planning strategies. Based on this analysis, management determined, it was more likely than not, that all of the deferred tax assets would be realized; therefore, no valuation allowance was provided against the net deferred tax assets of $47.9 million and $46.0 million at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively.
ASC 740-10-25 relates to the accounting for uncertainty in income taxes recognized in an enterprise’s financial statements. ASC 740-10-25 prescribes a threshold and a measurement process for recognizing in the financial statements a tax position taken or expected to be taken in a tax return and also provides guidance on de-recognition, classification, interest and penalties, accounting in interim periods, disclosure and transition. We had unrecognized tax benefits of $954 thousand and $924 thousand at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively. We do not believe that the unrecognized tax benefits will change materially in the next twelve months. As of March 31, 2021, the total unrecognized tax benefit that, if recognized, would impact the effective tax rate was $727 thousand.
At March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, we had no accrued interest or penalties. In the event we are assessed interest and/or penalties by federal or state tax authorities, such amounts will be classified in the consolidated financial statements as income tax expense.
We are subject to U.S. federal income tax as well as income tax in multiple state jurisdictions. We are no longer subject to examination by U.S. federal taxing authorities for years before 2017. The statute of limitations for the assessment of California franchise taxes has expired for tax years before 2014 (other state income and franchise tax statutes of limitations vary by state).
NOTE 9 – DERIVATIVE INSTRUMENTS
We use derivative instruments and other risk management techniques to reduce our exposure to adverse fluctuations in interest rates and foreign currency exchange rates in accordance with our risk management policies.
During the three months ended March 31, 2021, changes in fair value of interest rate swaps and caps on loans and foreign exchange contracts were a gain of $271 thousand, compared to a loss of $182 thousand for the three months ended March 31, 2020, and were included in other income on the consolidated statements of operations.
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The following table presents the notional amount and fair value of derivative instruments included in the consolidated statements of financial condition as of the dates indicated.

|  | March 31, 2021 |  | December 31, 2020
($ in thousands) |  | Notional Amount |  | Fair Value(1) |  | Notional Amount |  | Fair Value(1)
Derivative assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate swaps and caps on loans |  | $ | 64,911 |  |  | $ | 4,452 |  |  | $ | 67,840 |  |  | $ | 7,304 |
Foreign exchange contracts |  | 6,647 |  |  | 255 |  |  | 7,010 |  |  | 328 |
Total |  | $ | 71,558 |  |  | $ | 4,707 |  |  | $ | 74,850 |  |  | $ | 7,632 |
Derivative liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate swaps and caps on loans |  | $ | 64,911 |  |  | $ | 4,663 |  |  | $ | 67,840 |  |  | 7,789 |
Foreign exchange contracts |  | 6,647 |  |  | 243 |  |  | 7,010 |  |  | 313 |
Total |  | $ | 71,558 |  |  | $ | 4,906 |  |  | $ | 74,850 |  |  | $ | 8,102 |

(1)The fair value of interest rate swaps and caps on loans are included in other assets and accrued expenses and other liabilities, respectively, in the accompanying consolidated statements of financial condition.
We have entered into agreements with counterparty financial institutions, which include master netting agreements that provide for the net settlement of all contracts with a single counterparty in the event of default. We elect, however, to account for all derivatives with counterparty institutions on a gross basis.
NOTE 10 – EMPLOYEE STOCK COMPENSATION
On May 31, 2018, our stockholders approved the Company's 2018 Omnibus Stock Incentive Plan (“2018 Omnibus Plan”). The 2018 Omnibus Plan provides that the maximum number of shares available for awards is 4,417,882. As of March 31, 2021, 3,183,000 shares were available for future awards.
Stock-based Compensation Expense
The following table presents stock-based compensation expense and the related tax benefits for the periods indicated:

|  | Three Months Ended March 31, |  |
($ in thousands) |  | 2021 |  | 2020 |  |  |  |
Stock options |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2 |  |  |  |  |
Restricted stock awards and units |  | 1,544 |  |  | 1,574 |  |  |  |  |
Total share-based compensation expense |  | $ | 1,544 |  |  | $ | 1,576 |  |  |  |  |
Related tax benefits |  | $ | 455 |  |  | $ | 464 |  |  |  |  |

The following table presents unrecognized stock-based compensation expense as of March 31, 2021:

($ in thousands) |  | Unrecognized Expense |  | Weighted-Average Remaining Expected Recognition Period
Restricted stock awards and restricted stock units |  | $ | 8,861 |  |  | 2.5 years
Total |  | $ | 8,861 |  |  | 2.5 years

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Stock Options
We issued stock options to certain employees, officers, and directors. Stock options are issued at the closing market price immediately before the grant date and generally have a three to five year vesting period and contractual terms of seven to ten years. We recognize an income tax deduction upon exercise of a stock option to the extent taxable income is recognized by the option holder. In the case of a non-qualified stock option, the option holder recognizes taxable income based on the fair market value of the shares acquired at the time of exercise less the exercise price.
The following table represents stock option activity for the three months ended March 31, 2021:

|  | Three Months Ended March 31, 2021
($ in thousands except per share data) |  | Number of Shares |  | Weighted-Average Exercise Price Per Share |  | Weighted-Average Remaining Contract Term |  | Aggregated Intrinsic Value
Outstanding at beginning of period |  | 55,069 |  |  | $ | 13.96 |  |  |  |  |
Exercised |  | (40,165) |  |  | $ | 14.30 |  |  |  |  |
Outstanding at end of period |  | 14,904 |  |  | $ | 13.05 |  |  | 4.0 years |  | $ | 75 |
Exercisable at end of period |  | 14,904 |  |  | $ | 13.05 |  |  | 4.0 years |  | $ | 75 |

There were no unvested stock options as of March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020.
Restricted Stock Awards and Restricted Stock Units
We also have granted restricted stock awards and restricted stock units to certain employees, officers, and directors. The restricted stock awards and units are valued at the closing price of our stock on the measurement date. The restricted stock awards and units fully vest after a specified period (generally ranging from one to five years) of continued service from the date of grant plus, in some cases, the satisfaction of performance conditions. These performance targets include conditions relating to our profitability and regulatory standing. The actual amounts of stock released upon vesting will be determined by the Compensation Committee of our Board of Directors upon the Committee's certification of the satisfaction of the target level of performance. We recognize an income tax deduction in an amount equal to the taxable income reported by the holders of the restricted stock, generally upon vesting or, in the case of restricted stock units, when settled. The following table presents unvested restricted stock awards and restricted stock units activity for the three months ended March 31, 2021:

|  | Three Months Ended March 31, 2021 |  |
|  | Number of Shares |  | Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value Per Share |  |  |  |
Outstanding at beginning of period |  | 848,302 |  |  | $ | 14.42 |  |  |  |  |
Granted (1) |  | 220,457 |  |  | $ | 20.63 |  |  |  |  |
Vested (2) |  | (152,248) |  |  | $ | 14.82 |  |  |  |  |
Forfeited (3) |  | (50,532) |  |  | $ | 11.17 |  |  |  |  |
Outstanding at end of period |  | 865,979 |  |  | $ | 16.12 |  |  |  |  |

(1)There were 58,839 performance-based shares/units included in shares granted for the three months ended March 31, 2021.
(2)There were 69,109 performance-based shares/units included in vested shares for the three months ended March 31, 2021.
(3)The number of forfeited shares includes aggregate performance-based shares/units of 40,160 for the three months ended March 31, 2021.
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Stock Appreciation Rights
On August 21, 2012, we granted to the then, and now former, chief executive officer, a ten-year stock appreciation right (“SAR”), which were fully exercised during the three months ended March 31, 2021, resulting in the issuance of 305,772 shares of voting common stock. In connection with the exercise of the SARs, we recognized a tax benefit of $2.1 million (refer to Note 8 - Income Taxes). The following table represents SARs activity and the weighted average exercise price per share as of and for the three months ended March 31, 2021:

|  | Three Months Ended March 31, 2021
($ in thousands except per share data) |  | Number of Shares |  | Weighted-Average Exercise Price Per Share |  |  |  |
Outstanding at beginning of period |  | 1,559,012 |  |  | $ | 11.60 |  |  |  |  |
Exercised |  | (1,559,012) |  |  | $ | 11.60 |  |  |  |  |
Outstanding at end of period |  | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  |
Exercisable at end of period |  | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  |

NOTE 11 – STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
Preferred Stock
We are authorized to issue 50,000,000 shares of preferred stock with par value of $0.01 per share. Preferred shares outstanding rank senior to common shares both as to dividends and liquidation preference but generally have no voting rights. All of our outstanding shares of preferred stock have a $1,000 per share liquidation preference. The following table presents our total outstanding preferred stock as of the dates indicated:

|  | March 31, 2021 |  | December 31, 2020
($ in thousands) |  | Shares Outstanding |  | Liquidation Preference |  | Carrying Value |  | Shares Outstanding |  | Liquidation Preference |  | Carrying Value
Series D 7.375% non-cumulative perpetual |  | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | 93,270 |  |  | $ | 93,270 |  |  | $ | 89,922 |
Series E 7.00% non-cumulative perpetual |  | 98,702 |  |  | 98,702 |  |  | 94,956 |  |  | 98,702 |  |  | 98,702 |  |  | 94,956 |
Total |  | 98,702 |  |  | $ | 98,702 |  |  | $ | 94,956 |  |  | 191,972 |  |  | $ | 191,972 |  |  | $ | 184,878 |

During certain periods, we have repurchased Series D Depositary Shares and Series E Depositary Shares, each representing a 1/40th interest in a share of Series D Preferred Stock and Series E Preferred Stock. When the consideration paid to repurchase shares exceeds the repurchased shares' carrying value, the difference reduces net income allocated to common shareholders. When the consideration paid to repurchase shares is less than the repurchased shares' carrying value, the difference increases net income allocated to common shareholders. The following table summarizes repurchases of these depositary shares for the periods indicated:
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|  | Three Months Ended March 31, |  |
($ in thousands) |  | 2021 |  | 2020 |  |  |  |
Series D Preferred Stock: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Depositary shares repurchased |  | 3,730,767 |  |  | 81,304 |  |  |  |  |
Preferred Stock retired (shares) |  | 93,269 |  |  | 2,033 |  |  |  |  |
Consideration paid |  | $ | 93,269 |  |  | $ | 1,458 |  |  |  |  |
Carrying value |  | 89,922 |  |  | 1,959 |  |  |  |  |
Impact of preferred stock redemption |  | $ | 3,347 |  |  | $ | (501) |  |  |  |  |
Series E Preferred Stock: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Depositary shares repurchased |  | — |  |  | 7,400 |  |  |  |  |
Preferred Stock retired (shares) |  | — |  |  | 185 |  |  |  |  |
Consideration paid |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 153 |  |  |  |  |
Carrying value |  | — |  |  | 178 |  |  |  |  |
Impact of preferred stock redemption |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (25) |  |  |  |  |

During the three months ended March 31, 2021, we repurchased all of our outstanding Series D Depositary Shares, resulting in an impact of preferred stock redemption of $3.3 million in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations.
Change in Accumulated Other Comprehensive (Loss) Income ("AOCI")
Our AOCI includes unrealized gain (loss) on securities available-for-sale. Changes to AOCI are presented net of the tax effect as a component of stockholders' equity. Reclassifications from AOCI occur when a security is sold, called or matures and are recorded on the consolidated statements of operations either as a gain or loss. The following table presents changes to AOCI for the periods indicated:

|  | Three Months Ended March 31, |  |
($ in thousands) |  | 2021 |  | 2020 |  |  |  |
Unrealized gain (loss) on securities available-for-sale |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance at beginning of period |  | $ | 7,746 |  |  | $ | (11,900) |  |  |  |  |
Unrealized loss arising during the period |  | (3,638) |  |  | (59,885) |  |  |  |  |
Tax effect of current period changes |  | 1,077 |  |  | 17,637 |  |  |  |  |
Total changes, net of taxes |  | (2,561) |  |  | (42,248) |  |  |  |  |
Balance at end of period |  | $ | 5,185 |  |  | $ | (54,148) |  |  |  |  |

NOTE 12 – VARIABLE INTEREST ENTITIES
We hold ownership interests in alternative energy partnerships and qualified affordable housing partnerships and have a variable interest in a multifamily securitization trust. We evaluate our interests in these entities to determine whether they meet the definition of a variable interest entity ("VIE") and whether we are required to consolidate these entities. A VIE is consolidated by its primary beneficiary, which is the party that has both (i) the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the economic performance of the VIE and (ii) a variable interest that could potentially be significant to the VIE. To determine whether or not a variable interest we hold could potentially be significant to the VIE, we consider both qualitative and quantitative factors regarding the nature, size, and form of our involvement with the VIE. We have determined that our interests in these entities meet the definition of variable interests.
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Unconsolidated VIEs
Multifamily Securitization
During the third quarter of 2019, we transferred $573.5 million of multifamily loans, through a two-step process, to a third-party depositor which placed the multifamily loans into a third-party trust (a VIE) that issued structured pass-through certificates to investors. The transfer of these loans was accounted for as a sale for financial reporting purposes, in accordance with ASC 860. We determined that we are not the primary beneficiary of this VIE as we do not have the power to direct the activities that will have the most significant economic impact on the entity. Our continuing involvement in this securitization is limited to customary obligations associated with the securitization of loans, including the obligation to cure, repurchase, or substitute loans in the event of a material breach in representations. Additionally, we have the obligation to guarantee credit losses up to 12% of the aggregate unpaid principal balances at cut-off date of the securitization. This obligation is supported by a $68.8 million letter of credit between the Freddie Mac and the FHLB.
The maximum loss exposure that would be absorbed by us in the event that all of the assets in the securitization trust are deemed worthless is $68.8 million, which represents the aforementioned obligation to guarantee credit losses up to 12%. We believe that the loss exposure on the multifamily securitization is reduced by both loan-to-value ratios of the underlying collateral balances and the overcollateralization that exists within the securitization trust. At March 31, 2021, we have a $3.6 million repurchase reserve related to this VIE.
Alternative Energy Partnerships
We invest in certain alternative energy partnerships (limited liability companies) formed to provide sustainable energy projects that are designed to generate a return primarily through the realization of federal tax credits (energy tax credits). These entities were formed to invest in newly established residential and commercial solar leases and power purchase agreements. As a result of our investments, we have the right to certain investment tax credits and tax depreciation benefits (recognized on the flow through and income statement method in accordance with ASC 740), and to a lesser extent, cash flows generated from the installed solar systems leased to individual consumers for a fixed period of time. While our interest in the alternative energy partnerships meets the definition of a VIE in accordance with ASC 810, we have determined that we are not the primary beneficiary because we do not have the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the economic performance of the entities including operational and credit risk management activities. As we are not the primary beneficiary, we did not consolidate the entities.
We use the Hypothetical Liquidation at Book Value ("HLBV") method to account for our investments in energy tax credits as an equity investment under ASC 970-323-25-17. Under the HLBV method, an equity method investor determines its share of an investee's earnings by comparing its claim on the investee's book value at the beginning and end of the period, assuming the investee were to liquidate all assets at their U.S. GAAP amounts and distribute the resulting cash to creditors and investors under their respective priorities. The difference between the calculated liquidation distribution amounts at the beginning and the end of the reporting period, after adjusting for capital contributions and distributions, is our share of the earnings or losses from the equity investment for the period. To account for the tax credits earned on investments in alternative energy partnerships, we use the flow-through income statement method. Under this method, the tax credits are recognized as a reduction to income tax expense and the initial book-tax differences in the basis of the investments are recognized as additional tax expense in the year they are earned. Investments in alternative energy partnerships totaled $23.8 million and $28.0 million at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020.
The following table presents information regarding activity in our alternative energy partnerships for the periods indicated:

|  | Three Months Ended March 31, |  |
($ in thousands) |  | 2021 |  | 2020 |  |  |  |
Fundings |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 3,631 |  |  |  |  |
Cash distribution from investment |  | 538 |  |  | 454 |  |  |  |  |
Loss on investments in alternative energy partnerships |  | (3,630) |  |  | (1,905) |  |  |  |  |
Income tax credits recognized |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |
Tax expense (benefit) recognized from HLBV application |  | (992) |  |  | (458) |  |  |  |  |

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The following table represents the carrying value of the associated unconsolidated assets and liabilities and the associated maximum loss exposure for alternative energy partnerships as of the dates indicated:

($ in thousands) |  | March 31, 2021 |  | December 31, 2020
Cash |  | $ | 4,469 |  |  | $ | 3,228 |
Equipment, net of depreciation |  | 239,043 |  |  | 241,015 |
Other assets |  | 7,708 |  |  | 7,470 |
Total unconsolidated assets |  | $ | 251,220 |  |  | $ | 251,713 |
Total unconsolidated liabilities |  | $ | 6,347 |  |  | $ | 6,357 |
Maximum loss exposure |  | $ | 23,809 |  |  | $ | 27,977 |

The maximum loss exposure that would be absorbed by us in the event that all of the assets in alternative energy partnerships are deemed worthless is $23.8 million, which is our recorded investment amount at March 31, 2021.
We believe that the loss exposure on our investments is reduced considering our return on our investment is provided not only by the cash flows of the underlying client leases and power purchase agreements, but also through the significant tax benefits, including the federal tax credit carryover that resulted from the investments. In addition, our exposure is further limited as the arrangements include a transition manager to support any transition of the solar company sponsor, whose role includes that of the servicer and operation and maintenance provider, in the event the sponsor would be required to be removed from its responsibilities (e.g., bankruptcy, breach of contract, etc.).
Qualified Affordable Housing Partnerships
We invest in limited partnerships that operate qualified affordable housing projects. The returns on these investments are generated primarily through allocated Federal tax credits and other tax benefits. In addition, these investments contribute to our compliance with the Community Reinvestment Act. These limited partnerships are considered to be VIEs, because either (i) they do not have sufficient equity investment at risk or (ii) the limited partners with equity at risk do not have substantive kick-out rights through voting rights or substantive participating rights over the general partner. As a limited partner, we are not the primary beneficiary because the general partner has the ability to direct the activities of the VIEs that most significantly impact their economic performance. As a result, we do not consolidate these partnerships.
The following table presents information regarding balances in our qualified affordable housing partnerships for the periods indicated:

($ in thousands) |  | March 31, 2021 |  | December 31, 2020
Ending balance(1) |  | $ | 42,027 |  |  | $ | 43,209 |
Aggregate funding commitment |  | 61,278 |  |  | 61,278 |
Total amount funded |  | 43,994 |  |  | 42,991 |
Unfunded commitment |  | 17,284 |  |  | 18,287 |
Maximum loss exposure |  | 42,027 |  |  | 43,209 |

(1)Included in other assets in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition.
The following table presents information regarding activity in our qualified affordable housing partnerships for the periods indicated:

|  | Three Months Ended March 31, |  |
($ in thousands) |  | 2020 |  | 2019 |  |  |  |
Fundings |  | $ | 1,003 |  |  | $ | 4,559 |  |  |  |  |
Proportional amortization recognized |  | 1,182 |  |  | 1,147 |  |  |  |  |
Income tax credits recognized |  | 1,116 |  |  | 1,056 |  |  |  |  |

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NOTE 13 – EARNINGS (LOSS) PER COMMON SHARE
The following table presents computations of basic and diluted earnings (loss) per common share ("EPS") for the three months ended March 31, 2021:

|  | Three Months Ended March 31, 2021 |  |
($ in thousands except per share data) |  | Common Stock |  | Class B Common Stock |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income |  | $ | 14,239 |  |  | $ | 136 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Less: Income allocated to participating securities |  | (61) |  |  | (1) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Less: preferred stock dividends |  | (3,111) |  |  | (30) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Less: preferred stock redemption |  | (3,316) |  |  | (31) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income allocated to common stockholders |  | $ | 7,751 |  |  | $ | 74 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Weighted average common shares outstanding |  | 49,873,576 |  |  | 477,321 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Dilutive effects of restricted shares/units |  | 391,206 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Dilutive effects of stock options |  | 8,419 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Average shares and dilutive common shares |  | 50,273,201 |  |  | 477,321 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic earnings per common share |  | $ | 0.16 |  |  | $ | 0.16 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Diluted earnings per common share |  | $ | 0.15 |  |  | $ | 0.15 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

For the three months ended March 31, 2021, there were 56,839 of restricted shares/units and zero stock options that were not considered in computing diluted earnings per common share, because they were anti-dilutive.
During the three months ended March 31, 2021 all outstanding stock appreciation rights were exercised resulting in the net issuance of 305,772 shares of voting common stock. Prior to this exercise, stock appreciation rights were considered participating securities and income was allocated to the respective holder and not part of income (loss) available to common stockholders. Subsequent to this exercise, there are no longer any participating securities and the net shares issued are included in the computation of average common shares for both basic and diluted earnings per share.
The following table presents computations of basic and diluted EPS for the three months ended March 31, 2020:

|  | Three Months Ended March 31, 2020 |  |
($ in thousands except per share data) |  | Common Stock |  | Class B Common Stock |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net loss |  | $ | (6,531) |  |  | $ | (62) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Less: participating securities dividends |  | (93) |  |  | (1) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Less: preferred stock dividends |  | (3,500) |  |  | (33) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Less: preferred stock redemption |  | 521 |  |  | 5 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net loss allocated to common stockholders |  | $ | (9,603) |  |  | $ | (91) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Weighted average common shares outstanding |  | 49,987,456 |  |  | 477,321 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Dilutive effects of stock units |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Dilutive effects of stock options |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Average shares and dilutive common shares |  | 49,987,456 |  |  | 477,321 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic loss per common share |  | $ | (0.19) |  |  | $ | (0.19) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Diluted loss per common share |  | $ | (0.19) |  |  | $ | (0.19) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

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For the three months ended March 31, 2020, there were 962,566 of restricted shares/units and 55,806 of stock options that were not considered in computing diluted earnings per common share, because they were anti-dilutive.
NOTE 14 – LOAN COMMITMENTS AND OTHER RELATED ACTIVITIES
Some financial instruments, such as unfunded loan commitments, credit lines, letters of credit, and overdraft protection, are issued to meet customer financing needs. These are agreements to provide credit or to support the credit of others, as long as conditions established in the contract are met, and usually have expiration dates. Commitments may expire without being used. Risk of credit loss exists up to the face amount of these instruments. The same credit policies are used to make such commitments as are used for originating loans, including obtaining collateral at exercise of the commitment.
The following table presents the contractual amount of financial instruments with off-balance-sheet risk as of the periods indicated:

|  | March 31, 2021 |  | December 31, 2020
($ in thousands) |  | Fixed Rate |  | Variable Rate |  | Fixed Rate |  | Variable Rate
Commitments to extend credit |  | $ | 18,703 |  |  | $ | 31,658 |  |  | $ | 17,555 |  |  | $ | 38,141 |
Unused lines of credit |  | 1,793 |  |  | 1,625,253 |  |  | 1,783 |  |  | 1,348,138 |
Letters of credit |  | 535 |  |  | 7,472 |  |  | 234 |  |  | 8,274 |

Other Commitments
At March 31, 2021, we had unfunded commitments of $17.3 million, $5.6 million, and $2.5 million for qualified affordable housing fund partnerships, Small Business Investment Company ("SBIC") investments, and other investments, respectively.
NOTE 15 – REVENUE RECOGNITION
The following presents noninterest income, segregated by revenue streams, in-scope and out-of-scope of Topic 606 - Revenue From Contracts With Customers, for the periods indicated:

|  | Three Months Ended March 31, |  |
($ in thousands) |  | 2021 |  | 2020 |  |  |  |
Noninterest income |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
In scope of Topic 606 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Deposit service fees |  | $ | 810 |  |  | $ | 539 |  |  |  |  |
Debit card fees |  | 387 |  |  | 177 |  |  |  |  |
Other |  | 79 |  |  | 49 |  |  |  |  |
Noninterest income (in-scope of Topic 606) |  | 1,276 |  |  | 765 |  |  |  |  |
Noninterest income (out-of-scope of Topic 606) |  | 3,105 |  |  | 1,296 |  |  |  |  |
Total noninterest income |  | $ | 4,381 |  |  | $ | 2,061 |  |  |  |  |

We do not typically enter into long-term revenue contracts with customers. As of March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, we did not have any significant contract balances. As of March 31, 2021, we did not capitalize any contract acquisition costs.
NOTE 16 – RELATED-PARTY TRANSACTIONS
Certain of our executive officers and directors, and their related interests, are customers of, or have had transactions with the Bank in the ordinary course of business, including deposits, loans and other financial services related transactions. From time to time, the Bank may make loans to executive officers and directors, and their related interests, in the ordinary course of business and on substantially the same terms and conditions, including interest rates and collateral, as those of comparable transactions with non-insiders prevailing at the time, in accordance with the Bank’s underwriting guidelines, and do not involve more than the normal risk of collectability or present other unfavorable features. As of March 31, 2021, no related party loans were categorized as nonaccrual, past due, restructured or potential problem loans.
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Transactions with Related Parties
The Company and the Bank have engaged in transactions described below with the Company’s current or former directors, executive officers, and beneficial owners of more than 5 percent of the outstanding shares of the Company’s voting common stock and certain persons related to them.
As previously disclosed, the Company’s Board of Directors has authorized and directed the Company to provide indemnification, advancement and/or reimbursement for the costs of separate independent counsel retained by any then-current officer or director, in their individual capacity, with respect to matters related to (i) an investigation by the Special Committee of the Company’s Board of Directors, (ii) a formal order of investigation issued by the SEC on January 4, 2017 (since resolved) and (iii) any related civil or administrative proceedings against the Company as well as officers and directors currently or previously associated with the Company.
Indemnification costs were paid on behalf of certain former directors and former executive officers in amounts each less than $120 thousand for the three months ended March 31, 2021.
Indemnification costs were paid on behalf of certain current and former directors and former executive officers in amounts each less than $120 thousand for the three months ended March 31, 2020.
NOTE 17 – LITIGATION
From time to time, we are involved as plaintiff or defendant in various legal actions arising in the normal course of business. In accordance with applicable accounting guidance, we establish an accrued liability when those matters present loss contingencies that are both probable and estimable. We continue to monitor the matters for further developments that could affect the amount of the accrued liability that has been previously established.
While the ultimate liability with respect to legal actions cannot be determined at this time, we believe that damages, if any, and other amounts relating to pending matters are not likely to be material to the consolidated financial statements.
NOTE 18 – SUBSEQUENT EVENTS
We have evaluated events from the date of the consolidated financial statements on March 31, 2021 through the issuance of these consolidated financial statements included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.
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ITEM 2 – MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
The following is management’s discussion and analysis of the major factors that influenced our results of operations and financial condition as of and for the three months ended March 31, 2021. This analysis should be read in conjunction with our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2020 and with the unaudited consolidated financial statements and notes thereto set forth in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended March 31, 2021.
Executive Overview
We are focused on providing core banking products and services, including customized and innovative banking and lending solutions, designed to cater to the unique needs of California's diverse businesses, entrepreneurs and communities through our 29 full service branches in Orange, Los Angeles, San Diego, and Santa Barbara Counties. Through our over 600 dedicated professionals, we are committed to servicing and building enduring relationships by providing a higher standard of banking. We offer a variety of financial products and services designed around our target clients in order to serve their banking and financial needs. We continue to grow average loans and earning assets, improve our deposit mix, reduce our cost of deposits, and maintain disciplined expense control. Strong loan production helped to offset runoff in certain legacy areas of our portfolio. Our loan pipeline is steadily building which is expected to support continued loan and earning asset growth through the year, assuming economic trends continue. During the first quarter, we also announced that we entered into a definitive agreement to acquire Pacific Mercantile Bancorp. Through these efforts, we continue to transform our franchise into a relationship-focused community bank, maintaining our credit quality and serving businesses, entrepreneurs and individuals within our footprint.
Financial Highlights
For the three months ended March 31, 2021, December 31, 2020 and March 31, 2020, net income (loss) was $14.4 million, $21.7 million and $(6.6) million. Diluted earnings (loss) from operations per common share were $0.15, $0.35 and $(0.19) for the three months ended March 31, 2021, December 31, 2020 and March 31, 2020.
Financial results for the first quarter of 2021 included:
•Return on average assets of 0.74%
•Average cost of total deposits of 0.28%, an 8 basis point decrease from the prior quarter and an 83 basis point decrease from the year ago period
•Period-end total cost of deposits of 0.24%, a 5 basis point decrease since year-end and a 65 basis point decrease since the end of the first quarter of 2020.
•Noninterest-bearing deposit balances represented 28% of total deposits at March 31, 2021, up from 23% a year earlier
•Allowance for credit losses at 1.43% of total loans and 148% of non-performing loans
•Total deferrals/forbearances declined to $108.7 million at March 31, 2021 from $251.9 million at December 31, 2020
•Common Equity Tier 1 capital at 11.50%
•Entered into an agreement and plan of merger with Pacific Mercantile Bancorp, a commercial bank headquartered in Costa Mesa, California with total assets of $1.6 billion at December 31, 2020
•Redemption of all Series D Preferred Stock for total consideration of $93.3 million
Proposed Merger with Pacific Mercantile Bancorp: In March 2021, we entered into an agreement to merge (the “Merger Agreement”) with Pacific Mercantile Bancorp (“PMB”), pursuant to which PMB will merge (the “Merger”) with and into the Company, with the Company as the surviving corporation. Subject to the terms and conditions of the Merger Agreement, upon consummation of the Merger, each outstanding share of PMB common stock, excluding certain specified shares, will be converted into the right to receive 0.50 (the “Exchange Ratio”) of a share of the Company's common stock. In addition, at the effective time of the Merger, the Company will cash out all outstanding share-based awards based on formulas using the average price of the Company's common stock for a 20-day trading period prior to the closing of the Merger. Subject to regulatory and shareholder approval, the transaction is expected to close during the third quarter of 2021.
COVID-19 Operational Update
The markets in which we operate are impacted by continuing uncertainty about the pace and strength of reopening and recovering from the COVID-19 pandemic. Despite the challenges created by the pandemic, we continue to execute on our strategic initiatives and the transformation of our balance sheet. We continue to operate 24 of our 29 branches as we temporarily consolidated some overlapping areas at the beginning of the pandemic to ensure an adequate balance between employee and client safety and business continuity to meet our clients' banking needs. The majority of our employees outside of our branches are working offsite with only essential employees onsite. We are classified as an 'essential' business and we have implemented social and physical safeguards for our customers and employees within all of our locations.
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CARES Act Response Efforts
On March 27, 2020, the U.S. federal government signed the CARES Act into law, which provided emergency assistance and health care response for individuals, families, and businesses affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. The CARES Act allocated nearly $660 billion for the PPP and was intended to assist small businesses negatively affected by the pandemic and economic downturn by providing funds for payroll and other qualifying expenses made through August 8, 2020. The loans are 100% guaranteed by the SBA and the full principal amount of the loans may qualify for loan forgiveness if certain conditions are met.
Paycheck Protection Program Flexibility Act of 2020
On October 7, 2020, the Paycheck Protection Program Flexibility Act of 2020 (“Flexibility Act”) extended the deferral period for borrower payments of principal, interest, and fees on all PPP loans to the date that the SBA remits the borrower’s loan forgiveness amount to the lender (or, if the borrower does not apply for loan forgiveness, 10 months after the end of the borrower’s loan forgiveness covered period). The extension of the deferral period under the Flexibility Act automatically applied to all PPP loans.
Economic Aid Act
The Economic Aid Act became law December 27, 2020 extending the SBA authority to make PPP loans through March 31, 2021. The SBA issued an Interim Final Rule (IFR) January 6, 2021. The IFR allows for PPP First and Second Draw Loans for eligible applicants. We elected to continue our participation in the PPP and resumed the origination of PPP loans effective January 11, 2021.
The PPP has provided an opportunity to differentiate ourselves by demonstrating how true service can make a meaningful difference. We assisted numerous existing clients with our high touch business framework in addition to successfully attracting many new clients who are consistent with the type of commercial customers that we target in our traditional business development efforts.
As of March 31, 2021, we have helped businesses through the approvals of $262 million in PPP funds during the first round and the related processing of forgiveness by the SBA totaling $109 million. We have also supported our clients in obtaining $132 million in PPP fund under the second round of the PPP program, of which no amounts have yet to be forgiven. We continue to work through the loan forgiveness process with our clients for PPP loans. We expect will be substantially complete with loan forgiveness for the first round of PPP by the end of 2021. At March 31, 2021, PPP loans totaled $276.0 million, net of fees.
Borrower Payment Relief Efforts
We are committed to supporting our existing borrowers and customers during this period of economic uncertainty. We actively engaged with our borrowers seeking payment relief and waived certain fees for impacted clients. One method we deployed was to offer forbearance and deferments to qualified clients. For single family residential mortgage loans, the forbearance period was initially 90 days in length and was patterned after the HUD guidelines where applicable. With respect to our non-SFR loan portfolio, the forbearance and deferment periods were also initially 90 days in length and were permitted to be extended.
Although many of our loans on assistance have reached the expiration of their deferral and forbearance periods, the Bank continues to work with our borrowers to provide reasonable solutions to assist each unique situation during this period of economic uncertainty. We are reviewing their current financial condition as we evaluate additional extension requests of deferral periods. For those commercial borrowers that demonstrate a continuing need for a deferral, we generally expect to obtain credit enhancements such as additional collateral, personal guarantees, and/or reserve requirements in order to grant an additional deferral period. We expect the legacy SFR loans to continue with a higher percentage of forbearances due to the applicable consumer regulations, however, the SFR portfolio is well secured with an average portfolio LTV below 70%.
For a discussion of the risk factors related to COVID-19, please refer to Part II, Item 1A. "Risk Factors" in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2020.
The following table presents the composition of our loan portfolio for borrowers that received payment relief as of March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020:
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|  | Deferment & Forbearances(1)(2)
|  | March 31, 2021 |  | December 31, 2020
($ in thousands) |  | Number of Loans |  | Amount(1)(2) |  | % of Loan Category |  | Number of Loans |  | Amount(1)(2) |  | % of Loan Category
Commercial: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial and industrial |  | 5 |  |  | $ | 25,427 |  |  | 1.4 | % |  | 8 |  |  | $ | 39,240 |  |  | 1.9 | %
Commercial real estate |  | 3 |  |  | 3,765 |  |  | 0.4 | % |  | 12 |  |  | 57,159 |  |  | 7.1 | %
Multifamily |  | 2 |  |  | 17,000 |  |  | 1.4 | % |  | 1 |  |  | 803 |  |  | 0.1 | %
SBA |  | 3 |  |  | 13,238 |  |  | 3.9 | % |  | 10 |  |  | 15,302 |  |  | 5.6 | %
Construction |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — | % |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — | %
Total commercial |  | 13 |  |  | 59,430 |  |  | 1.3 | % |  | 31 |  |  | 112,504 |  |  | 2.4 | %
Consumer: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Single family residential mortgage |  | 47 |  |  | 48,831 |  |  | 3.9 | % |  | 123 |  |  | 138,771 |  |  | 11.3 | %
Other consumer |  | 2 |  |  | 428 |  |  | 1.6 | % |  | 2 |  |  | 659 |  |  | 2.0 | %
Total consumer |  | 49 |  |  | 49,259 |  |  | 3.8 | % |  | 125 |  |  | 139,430 |  |  | 11.0 | %
Total |  | 62 |  |  | $ | 108,689 |  |  | 1.9 | % |  | 156 |  |  | $ | 251,934 |  |  | 4.3 | %

(1)Excludes loans in forbearance that are current
(2)Excludes loans delinquent prior to COVID-19
Loans on deferment or forbearance status decreased $143.2 million, or 57%, during the first quarter of 2021. Of the balances as of March 31, 2021, all other loans include 8 commercial loans totaling $34.0 million under review and pending approval for deferral, of which 3 loans totaling $17.3 million were initial deferral requests. The bank experienced an overall increase in SFR delinquencies as loans exited deferment and forbearance programs without plans for extension of the current program or intention to resume payments during the period. The bank is in contact with borrowers to provide additional assistance as needed. In the event borrowers return to deferral status there is an expectation of a corresponding reduction to delinquencies within the impacted loan segments. We continue to actively monitor and manage all lending relationships in a manner that supports our clients and protects the Bank.
Other Efforts
To support our community, we continue to meet the immediate needs of our most vulnerable neighbors. We meet these needs by providing donations, grants and sponsorships that support affordable housing, workforce and economic development and community services. Our volunteers have continued to provide financial literacy classes in a virtual environment as well as developing a virtual tour of the Bank’s headquarters that introduces students to a variety of different career paths and business unit leaders.
CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES
Our consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with GAAP and general practices within the banking industry. As certain accounting policies require significant estimates and assumptions that have a material impact on the carrying value of assets and liabilities, we have established critical accounting policies to facilitate making the judgment necessary to prepare financial statements. Our critical accounting policies are described in Note 1 to Consolidated Financial Statements and in the “Critical Accounting Policies” section of Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations in the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2020 and in Note 1 Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited) included in Part I of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted
Our recent accounting pronouncements not yet adopted are described in Note 1 to Consolidated Financial Statements in the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2020 and in Note 1 Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited) included in Part I of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.
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Non-GAAP Financial Measures
Under Item 10(e) of SEC Regulation S-K, public companies disclosing financial measures in filings with the SEC that are not calculated in accordance with GAAP must also disclose, along with each non-GAAP financial measure, certain additional information, including a presentation of the most directly comparable GAAP financial measure, a reconciliation of the non-GAAP financial measure to the most directly comparable GAAP financial measure, as well as a statement of the reasons why the company's management believes that presentation of the non-GAAP financial measure provides useful information to investors regarding the company's financial condition and results of operations and, to the extent material, a statement of the additional purposes, if any, for which the company's management uses the non-GAAP financial measure.
Tangible assets, tangible equity, tangible common equity, tangible equity to tangible assets, tangible common equity to tangible assets, tangible common equity per common share, return on average tangible common equity, adjusted noninterest income, adjusted noninterest expense, adjusted noninterest expense to average assets, pre-tax pre-provision (PTPP) income (loss), adjusted PTPP income (loss), PTPP income (loss) ROAA, adjusted PTPP income (loss) ROAA, efficiency ratio, adjusted efficiency ratio, adjusted net income, adjusted net income available to common stockholders, adjusted diluted earnings per share (EPS) and adjusted return on average assets (ROAA) constitute supplemental financial information determined by methods other than in accordance with GAAP. These non-GAAP measures are used by management in its analysis of the Company's performance.
Tangible assets and tangible equity are calculated by subtracting goodwill and other intangible assets from total assets and total equity. Tangible common equity is calculated by subtracting preferred stock from tangible equity. Return on average tangible common equity is computed by dividing net income (loss) available to common stockholders by average tangible common equity. Banking regulators also exclude goodwill and other intangible assets from stockholders' equity when assessing the capital adequacy of a financial institution.
PTPP income is calculated by adding net interest income and noninterest income (total revenue) and subtracting noninterest expense. Adjusted PTPP income is calculated by adding net interest income and adjusted noninterest income (adjusted total revenue) and subtracting adjusted noninterest expense. PTPP income ROAA is computed by dividing annualized PTPP income by average assets. Adjusted PTPP income ROAA is computed by dividing annualized adjusted PTPP income by average assets. Efficiency ratio is computed by dividing noninterest expense by total revenue. Adjusted efficiency ratio is computed by dividing adjusted noninterest expense by adjusted total revenue.
Adjusted net income (loss) is calculated by adjusting net income (loss) for tax-effected noninterest income and expense adjustments and the tax impact from the exercise of stock appreciation rights. Adjusted ROAA is computed by dividing annualized adjusted net income by average assets. Adjusted net income (loss) available to common shareholders is computed by removing the impact of preferred stock redemptions from adjusted net income (loss).
Management believes the presentation of these financial measures adjusting the impact of these items provides useful supplemental information that is essential to a proper understanding of the financial results and operating performance of the Company. This disclosure should not be viewed as a substitute for results determined in accordance with GAAP, nor is it necessarily comparable to non-GAAP performance measures that may be presented by other companies.
The following tables provide reconciliations of the non-GAAP measures with financial measures defined by GAAP.
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(Dollars in thousands, except per share data) (Unaudited) | March 31, 2021 |  | December 31, 2020 |  |  |  |  |  |
Tangible common equity, and tangible common equity to tangible assets ratio |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total assets | $ | 7,933,459 |  |  | $ | 7,877,334 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Less goodwill | (37,144) |  |  | (37,144) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Less other intangible assets | (2,351) |  |  | (2,633) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Tangible assets(1) | $ | 7,893,964 |  |  | $ | 7,837,557 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total stockholders' equity | $ | 804,693 |  |  | $ | 897,207 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Less goodwill | (37,144) |  |  | (37,144) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Less other intangible assets | (2,351) |  |  | (2,633) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Tangible equity(1) | 765,198 |  |  | 857,430 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Less preferred stock | (94,956) |  |  | (184,878) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Tangible common equity(1) | $ | 670,242 |  |  | $ | 672,552 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total stockholders' equity to total assets | 10.14 | % |  | 11.39 | % |  |  |  |  |  |
Tangible equity to tangible assets(1) | 9.69 | % |  | 10.94 | % |  |  |  |  |  |
Tangible common equity to tangible assets(1) | 8.49 | % |  | 8.58 | % |  |  |  |  |  |
Common shares outstanding | 50,150,447 |  |  | 49,767,489 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Class B non-voting non-convertible common shares outstanding | 477,321 |  |  | 477,321 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total common shares outstanding | 50,627,768 |  |  | 50,244,810 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Tangible common equity per common share(1) | $ | 13.24 |  |  | $ | 13.39 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Book value per common share | $ | 14.02 |  |  | $ | 14.18 |  |  |  |  |  |  |

(1)Non-GAAP measure.
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| Three Months Ended
(Dollars in thousands) (Unaudited) | March 31, 2021 |  | December 31, 2020 |  |  |  |  |  | March 31, 2020
Return on tangible common equity |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Average total stockholders' equity | $ | 888,174 |  |  | $ | 892,565 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 916,047 |
Less average preferred stock | (164,895) |  |  | (184,878) |  |  |  |  |  |  | (189,607) |
Less average goodwill | (37,144) |  |  | (37,144) |  |  |  |  |  |  | (37,144) |
Less average other intangible assets | (2,517) |  |  | (2,826) |  |  |  |  |  |  | (4,003) |
Average tangible common equity(1) | $ | 683,618 |  |  | $ | 667,717 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 685,293 |
Net income (loss) | $ | 14,375 |  |  | $ | 21,703 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | (6,593) |
Less preferred stock dividends and impact of preferred stock redemption | (6,488) |  |  | (3,447) |  |  |  |  |  |  | (3,007) |
Add amortization of intangible assets | 282 |  |  | 306 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 429 |
Less tax effect on amortization of intangible assets | (59) |  |  | (64) |  |  |  |  |  |  | (90) |
Net income (loss) available to common stockholders(1) | $ | 8,110 |  |  | $ | 18,498 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | (9,261) |
Return on average equity | 6.56 | % |  | 9.67 | % |  |  |  |  |  | (2.89) | %
Return on average tangible common equity(1) | 4.81 | % |  | 11.02 | % |  |  |  |  |  | (5.44) | %
Statutory Federal tax rate utilized for calculating tax effect on amortization of intangible assets | 21.00 | % |  | 21.00 | % |  |  |  |  |  | 21.00 | %

(1)Non-GAAP measure.

| Three Months Ended
(Dollars in thousands) (Unaudited) | March 31, 2021 |  | December 31, 2020 |  |  |  |  |  | March 31, 2020
Adjusted noninterest income and expense |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total noninterest income | $ | 4,381 |  |  | $ | 6,975 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 2,061 |
Noninterest income adjustments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fair value adjustment on legacy SFR loans held for sale | — |  |  | (36) |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,586 |
Total noninterest income adjustments | — |  |  | (36) |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,586 |
Adjusted noninterest income(1) | $ | 4,381 |  |  | $ | 6,939 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 3,647 |
Total noninterest expense | $ | 46,735 |  |  | $ | 38,950 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 46,919 |
Noninterest expense adjustments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Professional (fees) recoveries | (721) |  |  | 4,398 |  |  |  |  |  |  | (1,678) |
Merger-related costs | (700) |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |
Adjusted noninterest expense before gain (loss) in alternative energy partnership investments | (1,421) |  |  | 4,398 |  |  |  |  |  |  | (1,678) |
Gain (loss) in alternative energy partnership investments | (3,630) |  |  | 673 |  |  |  |  |  |  | (1,905) |
Total noninterest expense adjustments | (5,051) |  |  | 5,071 |  |  |  |  |  |  | (3,583) |
Adjusted noninterest expense(1) | $ | 41,684 |  |  | $ | 44,021 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 43,336 |
Average assets | $ | 7,860,952 |  |  | $ | 7,764,997 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 7,562,942 |
Noninterest expense to average total assets | 2.41 | % |  | 2.00 | % |  |  |  |  |  | 2.50 | %
Adjusted noninterest expense to average total assets(1) | 2.15 | % |  | 2.26 | % |  |  |  |  |  | 2.30 | %

(1)Non-GAAP measure.
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| Three Months Ended
(Dollars in thousands) (Unaudited) | March 31, 2021 |  | December 31, 2020 |  |  |  |  |  | March 31, 2020
Adjusted pre-tax pre-provision income |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net interest income | $ | 57,916 |  |  | $ | 61,563 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 51,861 |
Noninterest income | 4,381 |  |  | 6,975 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2,061 |
Total revenue | 62,297 |  |  | 68,538 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 53,922 |
Noninterest expense | 46,735 |  |  | 38,950 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 46,919 |
Pre-tax pre-provision income (loss)(1) | $ | 15,562 |  |  | $ | 29,588 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 7,003 |
Total revenue | $ | 62,297 |  |  | $ | 68,538 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 53,922 |
Total noninterest income adjustments | — |  |  | (36) |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,586 |
Adjusted total revenue(1) | 62,297 |  |  | 68,502 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 55,508 |
Noninterest expense | 46,735 |  |  | 38,950 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 46,919 |
Total noninterest expense adjustments | (5,051) |  |  | 5,071 |  |  |  |  |  |  | (3,583) |
Adjusted noninterest expense(1) | 41,684 |  |  | 44,021 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 43,336 |
Adjusted pre-tax pre-provision income(1) | $ | 20,613 |  |  | $ | 24,481 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 12,172 |
Average assets | $ | 7,860,952 |  |  | $ | 7,764,997 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 7,562,942 |
Pre-tax pre-provision income (loss) ROAA(1) | 0.80 | % |  | 1.52 | % |  |  |  |  |  | 0.37 | %
Adjusted pre-tax pre-provision income ROAA(1) | 1.06 | % |  | 1.25 | % |  |  |  |  |  | 0.65 | %
Efficiency ratio(1) | 75.02 | % |  | 56.83 | % |  |  |  |  |  | 87.01 | %
Adjusted efficiency ratio(1) | 66.91 | % |  | 64.26 | % |  |  |  |  |  | 78.07 | %

(1)Non-GAAP measure.
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| Three Months Ended
(Dollars in thousands, except per share data) (Unaudited) | March 31, 2021 |  | December 31, 2020 |  |  |  |  |  | March 31, 2020
Adjusted net income (loss) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income (loss) | $ | 14,375 |  |  | $ | 21,703 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | (6,593) |
Adjustments, net:(1) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Noninterest income | — |  |  | 27 |  |  |  |  |  |  | (1,190) |
Noninterest expense | 3,788 |  |  | (3,803) |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2,687 |
Adjusted net income (loss) before tax adjustment | 18,163 |  |  | 17,927 |  |  |  |  |  |  | (5,096) |
Tax adjustment: tax impact from exercise of stock appreciation rights | 2,093 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |
Adjusted net income (loss)(2) | $ | 16,070 |  |  | $ | 17,927 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | (5,096) |
Average assets | $ | 7,860,952 |  |  | $ | 7,764,997 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 7,562,942 |
ROAA | 0.74 | % |  | 1.11 | % |  |  |  |  |  | (0.35) | %
Adjusted ROAA(2) | 0.83 | % |  | 0.92 | % |  |  |  |  |  | (0.27) | %
Adjusted net income (loss) available to common stockholders |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income (loss) available to common stockholders | $ | 7,825 |  |  | $ | 17,706 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | (9,694) |
Adjustments to net income (loss)(3) | 1,695 |  |  | (3,776) |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,497 |
Adjustments for impact of preferred stock redemption | 3,347 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | (526) |
Adjusted net income (loss) available to common stockholders(2) | $ | 12,867 |  |  | $ | 13,930 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | (8,723) |
Average diluted common shares | 50,750,522 |  |  | 50,335,271 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 50,464,777 |
Diluted EPS | $ | 0.15 |  |  | $ | 0.35 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | (0.19) |
Adjusted diluted EPS(2) | $ | 0.25 |  |  | $ | 0.28 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | (0.17) |

(1)Adjustments shown net of an effective tax rate of 25%
(2)Non-GAAP measure.
(3)Represents the difference between net income and adjusted net income
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RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
Net Interest Income
The following table presents interest income, average interest-earning assets, interest expense, average interest-bearing liabilities, and their corresponding yields and costs expressed both in dollars and rates for the three months ended March 31, 2021, December 31, 2020 and March 31, 2020:

|  | Three Months Ended
|  | March 31, 2021 |  | December 31, 2020 |  | March 31, 2020
($ in thousands) |  | Average Balance |  | Interest and Dividends |  | Yield/Cost |  | Average Balance |  | Interest and Dividends |  | Yield/ Cost |  | Average Balance |  | Interest and Dividends |  | Yield/Cost
Interest-earning assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total loans(1) |  | $ | 5,784,041 |  |  | $ | 61,345 |  |  | 4.30 | % |  | $ | 5,744,919 |  |  | $ | 66,105 |  |  | 4.58 | % |  | $ | 5,780,810 |  |  | $ | 65,534 |  |  | 4.56 | %
Securities |  | 1,236,138 |  |  | 6,501 |  |  | 2.13 | % |  | 1,239,295 |  |  | 6,636 |  |  | 2.13 | % |  | 952,966 |  |  | 7,820 |  |  | 3.30 | %
Other interest-earning assets (2) |  | 336,443 |  |  | 772 |  |  | 0.93 | % |  | 262,363 |  |  | 789 |  |  | 1.20 | % |  | 297,444 |  |  | 1,360 |  |  | 1.84 | %
Total interest-earning assets |  | 7,356,622 |  |  | 68,618 |  |  | 3.78 | % |  | 7,246,577 |  |  | 73,530 |  |  | 4.04 | % |  | 7,031,220 |  |  | 74,714 |  |  | 4.27 | %
ACL |  | (81,111) |  |  |  |  |  |  | (83,745) |  |  |  |  |  |  | (60,470) |  |  |  |  |
BOLI and noninterest-earning assets (3) |  | 585,441 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 602,165 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 592,192 |  |  |  |  |
Total assets |  | $ | 7,860,952 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 7,764,997 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 7,562,942 |  |  |  |  |
Interest-bearing liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Savings |  | $ | 928,446 |  |  | 2,013 |  |  | 0.88 | % |  | $ | 937,649 |  |  | 2,128 |  |  | 0.90 | % |  | $ | 890,830 |  |  | 3,296 |  |  | 1.49 | %
Interest-bearing checking |  | 2,140,314 |  |  | 901 |  |  | 0.17 | % |  | 2,086,146 |  |  | 1,131 |  |  | 0.22 | % |  | 1,520,922 |  |  | 3,728 |  |  | 0.99 | %
Money market |  | 726,079 |  |  | 377 |  |  | 0.21 | % |  | 671,949 |  |  | 414 |  |  | 0.25 | % |  | 608,926 |  |  | 1,760 |  |  | 1.16 | %
Certificates of deposit |  | 720,180 |  |  | 995 |  |  | 0.56 | % |  | 860,131 |  |  | 1,763 |  |  | 0.82 | % |  | 1,151,518 |  |  | 5,827 |  |  | 2.04 | %
Total interest-bearing deposits |  | 4,515,019 |  |  | 4,286 |  |  | 0.38 | % |  | 4,555,875 |  |  | 5,436 |  |  | 0.47 | % |  | 4,172,196 |  |  | 14,611 |  |  | 1.41 | %
FHLB advances |  | 446,618 |  |  | 3,112 |  |  | 2.83 | % |  | 534,303 |  |  | 3,479 |  |  | 2.59 | % |  | 1,039,055 |  |  | 5,883 |  |  | 2.28 | %
Securities sold under repurchase agreements |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — | % |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — | % |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — | %
Long-term debt and other interest-bearing liabilities |  | 260,488 |  |  | 3,304 |  |  | 5.14 | % |  | 238,265 |  |  | 3,052 |  |  | 5.10 | % |  | 174,056 |  |  | 2,359 |  |  | 5.45 | %
Total interest-bearing liabilities |  | 5,222,125 |  |  | 10,702 |  |  | 0.83 | % |  | 5,328,443 |  |  | 11,967 |  |  | 0.89 | % |  | 5,385,307 |  |  | 22,853 |  |  | 1.71 | %
Noninterest-bearing deposits |  | 1,653,517 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,448,422 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,133,306 |  |  |  |  |
Noninterest-bearing liabilities |  | 97,136 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 95,567 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 128,282 |  |  |  |  |
Total liabilities |  | 6,972,778 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 6,872,432 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 6,646,895 |  |  |  |  |
Total stockholders’ equity |  | 888,174 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 892,565 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 916,047 |  |  |  |  |
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity |  | $ | 7,860,952 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 7,764,997 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 7,562,942 |  |  |  |  |
Net interest income/spread |  |  |  | $ | 57,916 |  |  | 2.95 | % |  |  |  | $ | 61,563 |  |  | 3.15 | % |  |  |  | $ | 51,861 |  |  | 2.56 | %
Net interest margin (4) |  |  |  |  |  | 3.19 | % |  |  |  |  |  | 3.38 | % |  |  |  |  |  | 2.97 | %
Ratio of interest-earning assets to interest-bearing liabilities |  | 141 | % |  |  |  |  |  | 136 | % |  |  |  |  |  | 131 | % |  |  |  |
Total deposits(5) |  | 6,168,536 |  |  | 4,286 |  |  | 0.28 | % |  | 6,004,297 |  |  | 5,436 |  |  | 0.36 | % |  | 5,305,502 |  |  | 14,611 |  |  | 1.11 | %
Total funding (6) |  | 6,875,642 |  |  | 10,702 |  |  | 0.63 | % |  | 6,776,865 |  |  | 11,967 |  |  | 0.70 | % |  | 6,518,613 |  |  | 22,853 |  |  | 1.41 | %

(1)Total loans are net of deferred fees, related direct costs and discounts. Nonaccrual loans are included in the average balance. Net accretion (amortization) of deferred loan fees (costs) of $1.4 million, $1.8 million and $(587) thousand and accretion of discount on purchased loans of $(411) thousand, $198 thousand and $8 thousand for the three months ended March 31, 2021, December 31, 2020 and March 31, 2020, respectively, are included in interest income.
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(2)Includes average balance of FHLB, FRB and other bank stock at cost and average time deposits with other financial institutions.
(3)Includes average balance of bank-owned life insurance of $112.0 million, $111.4 million and $110.0 million for the three months ended March 31, 2021, December 31, 2020 and March 31, 2020.
(4)Annualized net interest income divided by average interest-earning assets.
(5)Total deposits is the sum of interest-bearing deposits and noninterest-bearing deposits. The cost of total deposits is calculated as annualized total interest expense on deposits divided by average total deposits.
(6)Total funding is the sum of interest-bearing liabilities and noninterest-bearing deposits. The cost of total funding is calculated as annualized total interest expense divided by average total funding.
Three Months Ended March 31, 2021 Compared to Three Months Ended December 31, 2020
Net interest income decreased $3.6 million to $57.9 million for the first quarter due to lower prepayment fees, higher net nonaccrual interest reversal, lower amortized fee income from PPP loan forgiveness, and 2 less days in the current quarter, partially offset by higher average interest-earning assets and lower interest expense. Compared to the prior quarter, average interest-earning assets increased by $110.0 million to $7.36 billion, including higher average loans of $39.1 million and higher other interest-earning assets of $74.1 million.
The net interest margin decreased 19 basis points to 3.19% for the first quarter of 2021 from 3.38% for the fourth quarter of 2020 as the average earning-assets yield decreased 26 basis points and the average cost of total funding decreased 7 basis points. The yield on average interest-earning assets decreased to 3.78% for the first quarter from 4.04% for the fourth quarter due mostly to lower loan yields. The average yield on loans decreased 28 basis points to 4.30% during the first quarter due to impact of lower prepayment penalty fees, higher net reversal of nonaccrual loan interest, and lower amortized fees from PPP loan forgiveness; these items totaled $1.9 million in the first quarter of 2021 and increased the first quarter loan yield by 13 basis points compared to $4.9 million in the fourth quarter, which increased the fourth quarter loan yield by 34 basis points. The average yield on securities remained flat at 2.13% between quarters. The average yield on our collateralized loan obligations (CLOs) decreased 3 basis points to 1.91% for the first quarter from 1.94% for the fourth quarter as these securities reprice quarterly.
The average cost of total funding decreased 7 basis points to 0.63% for the first quarter from 0.70% for the fourth quarter. This decrease was driven by the lower average cost of interest-bearing liabilities and improved funding mix, including higher average noninterest-bearing deposits during the first quarter. During the first quarter, average deposits increased $164.2 million, consisting of higher average noninterest-bearing deposits of $205.1 million and lower average interest-bearing deposits of $40.9 million. Average FHLB advances decreased $87.7 million primarily due to maturities of $105.0 million in advances during the prior quarter. The average cost of interest-bearing liabilities decreased 6 basis points to 0.83% for the first quarter of 2021 from 0.89% for the fourth quarter of 2020 due to actively managing down the cost of interest-bearing deposits into the current rate environment. The average cost of interest-bearing deposits declined 9 basis points to 0.38% for the first quarter from 0.47% for the prior quarter. Additionally, average noninterest-bearing deposits represented 27% of total average deposits for the first quarter compared to 24% of total average deposits for the fourth quarter. The average cost of total deposits decreased 8 basis points to 0.28% for the first quarter. The spot rate of total deposits at March 31, 2021 was 0.24%.
Three Months Ended March 31, 2021 Compared to Three Months Ended March 31, 2020
Net interest income increased $6.1 million to $57.9 million for the first quarter of 2021 compared to $51.9 million for the first quarter of 2020 due to higher average interest-earning assets, including higher average loans and investment securities, and a higher net interest margin. Compared to the first quarter of 2020, average interest-earning assets increased $325.4 million to $7.36 billion, including higher average investment securities of $283.2 million and higher other interest-earning assets of $39.0 million.
The net interest margin increased 22 basis points to 3.19% for the first quarter of 2021 from 2.97% for the first quarter of 2020 as the average earning-assets yield decreased 49 basis points and the average cost of total funding decreased 78 basis points. The yield on average interest-earning assets decreased to 3.78% for the first quarter of 2021 from 4.27% for the first quarter of 2020 due mostly to lower loan and investment securities yields and an increase in mix of average securities versus average loans. The average yield on loans was 4.30% for the first quarter of 2021, compared to 4.56% for the first quarter of 2020, primarily due to the lower market interest
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rates between periods. Our average yield on securities decreased 117 basis points due mostly to CLOs repricing into the lower rate environment and a decrease in average CLO balances.
The average cost of total funding decreased 78 basis points to 0.63% for the first quarter of 2021 from 1.41% for the first quarter of 2020. This decrease was driven by the lower average cost of interest-bearing liabilities and improved funding mix, including higher average noninterest-bearing deposits between quarters. During the first quarter of 2021 average deposits increased $863.0 million, consisting of higher average noninterest-bearing deposits of $520.2 million and higher average interest-bearing deposits of $342.8 million. Average FHLB advances decreased $592.4 million due mostly to maturities of term advances between periods. The average cost of interest-bearing liabilities decreased 88 basis points to 0.83% for the first quarter of 2021 from 1.71% for the first quarter of 2020 period due to actively managing down the cost of interest-bearing deposits into the current rate environment. The average cost of interest-bearing deposits declined 103 basis points to 0.38% for the first quarter of 2021 from 1.41% for the first quarter of 2020 due to actively managing down the cost of interest-bearing deposits into the current rate environment. Additionally, average noninterest-bearing deposits represented 27% of total average deposits for the first quarter of 2021, compared to 21% of total average deposits for the first quarter of 2020. The average cost of total deposits decreased 83 basis points to 0.28% for the first quarter of 2021, when compared to the first quarter of 2020 period due to the lower cost of interest-bearing deposits and a higher mix of noninterest-bearing deposits.
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Rate/Volume Analysis
The following table presents the changes in interest income and interest expense for the major components of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities. The information provided presents the changes attributable to: (i) changes in volume multiplied by the prior rate; and (ii) changes in rate multiplied by the prior volume. Changes attributable to both rate and volume which cannot be segregated have been allocated proportionately to the change due to volume and the change due to rate.

|  |  |  | Three Months Ended March 31, 2021 vs. 2020 |  |
|  |  |  |  |  | Increase (Decrease) Due to |  | Net Increase (Decrease) |  |  |  |
($ In thousands) |  |  |  |  |  |  | Volume |  | Rate |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest and dividend income: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total loans |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 31 |  |  | $ | (4,220) |  |  | $ | (4,189) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Securities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,905 |  |  | (3,224) |  |  | (1,319) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Other interest-earning assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 156 |  |  | (744) |  |  | (588) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total interest and dividend income |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 2,092 |  |  | $ | (8,188) |  |  | $ | (6,096) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest expense: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Savings |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 130 |  |  | $ | (1,413) |  |  | $ | (1,283) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest-bearing checking |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,095 |  |  | (3,922) |  |  | (2,827) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Money market |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 279 |  |  | (1,662) |  |  | (1,383) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Certificates of deposit |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (1,646) |  |  | (3,186) |  |  | (4,832) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
FHLB advances |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (3,927) |  |  | 1,156 |  |  | (2,771) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Securities sold under repurchase agreements |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Long-term debt and other interest-bearing liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,087 |  |  | (142) |  |  | 945 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total interest expense |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (2,982) |  |  | (9,169) |  |  | (12,151) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net interest income |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 5,074 |  |  | $ | 981 |  |  | $ | 6,055 |  |  |  |  |  |  |

Provision for Credit Losses
The provision for credit losses is charged to operations to adjust the allowance for credit losses to the level required to cover current expected credit losses in our loan portfolio and unfunded commitments. The following table presents the components of our provision for credit losses:

|  | Three Months Ended |  |
($ in thousands) |  | March 31, 2021 |  | December 31, 2020 |  | March 31, 2020 |  |  |  |
(Reversal of) provision for loan losses |  | $ | (1,284) |  |  | $ | 1,014 |  |  | $ | 14,711 |  |  |  |  |
Provision for (reversal of) credit losses - unfunded loan commitments |  | 177 |  |  | (23) |  |  | 1,050 |  |  |  |  |
Total (reversal of) provision for credit losses |  | $ | (1,107) |  |  | $ | 991 |  |  | $ | 15,761 |  |  |  |  |

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Three Months Ended March 31, 2021 Compared to Three Months Ended December 31, 2020
The provision for credit losses was a reversal of $1.1 million for the first quarter of 2021, compared to a provision for credit losses of $1.0 million for the fourth quarter of 2020. The first quarter reversal of credit losses was due primarily to improvements in key macro-economic forecast variables, such as unemployment and gross domestic product, consideration of credit quality metrics, and lower period end loan balances of $134.0 million.
Three Months Ended March 31, 2021 Compared to Three Months Ended March 31, 2020
The provision for credit losses was a reversal of $1.1 million for the first quarter of 2021, compared to a provision for credit losses of $15.8 million for the same 2020 period. The $15.8 million provision for credit losses during the first quarter of 2020 reflected the estimated impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on our loans and net charge-offs, partially offset by lower period end loan balances of $284.4 million.
See further discussion in "Allowance for Credit Losses."
Noninterest Income (Loss)
The following table presents the components of noninterest income for the periods indicated:

|  | Three Months Ended |  |
($ in thousands) |  | March 31, 2021 |  | December 31, 2020 |  | March 31, 2020 |  |  |  |
Customer service fees |  | $ | 1,758 |  |  | $ | 1,953 |  |  | $ | 1,096 |  |  |  |  |
Loan servicing income |  | 268 |  |  | 149 |  |  | 75 |  |  |  |  |
Income from bank owned life insurance |  | 672 |  |  | 691 |  |  | 578 |  |  |  |  |
Fair value adjustment on loans held-for-sale |  | — |  |  | 36 |  |  | (1,586) |  |  |  |  |
Net loss on sale of loans |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (27) |  |  |  |  |
Other income |  | 1,683 |  |  | 4,146 |  |  | 1,925 |  |  |  |  |
Total noninterest income |  | $ | 4,381 |  |  | $ | 6,975 |  |  | $ | 2,061 |  |  |  |  |

Three Months Ended March 31, 2021 Compared to Three Months Ended December 31, 2020
Noninterest income decreased $2.6 million, to $4.4 million for the first quarter due mostly to lower other income from legacy legal settlements for the benefit of the Company which totaled $2.8 million during the fourth quarter of 2020. Customer service fees decreased by $195 thousand due to lower loan fees of $367 thousand, offset by higher deposit activity fees of $172 thousand. The increase in deposit activity fees is attributed to higher balances and our initiative to bring our service fee schedules more in line with market.
Three Months Ended March 31, 2021 Compared to Three Months Ended March 31, 2020
Noninterest income for the first quarter of 2021 increased $2.3 million, or 112.6%, from $2.1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2020. The increase in noninterest income during the three months ended March 31, 2021 was mainly due to higher customer service fees and loan servicing income, lower fair value adjustment for loans held for sale, offset by lower other income. The $662 thousand increase in customer services fees was due to (i) higher loan fees of $153 thousand, (ii) higher debit card interchange fees of $210 thousand and (iii) higher deposit activity fees of $299 thousand. The increase in deposit activity fees is attributed to higher balances, and our initiative to bring our service fee schedules more in line with market. Loan servicing income increased $193 thousand due to servicing valuation changes. Fair value adjustment for loans held for sale improved $1.6 million as the comparable period included valuation losses on loans held for sale due to the impact of the decreases in market interest rates. Other income decreased $242 thousand due to lower rental income of $204 thousand and lower earn-out income of $843 thousand related to the 2017 sale of Bank's mortgage banking business which ended in mid-2020, offset by higher customer-related loan swap income of $439 thousand and higher loan processing fees of $308 thousand.
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Noninterest Expense
The following table presents the breakdown of noninterest expense for the periods indicated:

|  | Three Months Ended |  |
($ in thousands) |  | March 31, 2021 |  | December 31, 2020 |  | March 31, 2020 |  |  |  |
Salaries and employee benefits |  | $ | 25,719 |  |  | $ | 25,836 |  |  | $ | 23,436 |  |  |  |  |
Occupancy and equipment |  | 7,196 |  |  | 7,560 |  |  | 7,243 |  |  |  |  |
Professional fees |  | 4,022 |  |  | 29 |  |  | 5,964 |  |  |  |  |
Data processing |  | 1,655 |  |  | 1,608 |  |  | 1,773 |  |  |  |  |
Advertising |  | 118 |  |  | 171 |  |  | 1,756 |  |  |  |  |
Regulatory assessments |  | 774 |  |  | 748 |  |  | 484 |  |  |  |  |
Reversal of provision for loan repurchases |  | (132) |  |  | 28 |  |  | (600) |  |  |  |  |
Amortization of intangible assets |  | 282 |  |  | 306 |  |  | 429 |  |  |  |  |
Merger-related costs |  | 700 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |
All other expense |  | 2,771 |  |  | 3,337 |  |  | 4,529 |  |  |  |  |
Noninterest expense before loss (gain) on investments in alternative energy partnerships |  | 43,105 |  |  | 39,623 |  |  | 45,014 |  |  |  |  |
Loss (gain) on investments in alternative energy partnerships |  | 3,630 |  |  | (673) |  |  | 1,905 |  |  |  |  |
Total noninterest expense |  | $ | 46,735 |  |  | $ | 38,950 |  |  | $ | 46,919 |  |  |  |  |

Three Months Ended March 31, 2021 Compared to Three Months Ended December 31, 2020
Noninterest expense increased $7.8 million to $46.7 million for the first quarter compared to the prior quarter. The increase was primarily due to higher professional fees of $4.0 million, higher merger-related costs of $700 thousand, and higher net losses in alternative energy partnership investments of $4.3 million. Professional fees included indemnified legal expenses, net of recoveries, of $721 thousand in the first quarter compared to net recoveries of $4.2 million during the fourth quarter. These increases were offset by lower occupancy and equipment of $364 thousand due mostly to lower rent and other facility-related expenses and a $566 thousand decrease in all other expense. The fourth quarter all other expenses included the write-off of capitalized software costs of $336 thousand; there were no similar charges in the first quarter. Total operating costs, defined as noninterest expense adjusted for certain non-core items (refer to section Non-GAAP Measures), decreased $2.3 million to $41.7 million for the first quarter compared to $44.0 million for the prior quarter primarily due to lower professional fees, occupancy and equipment, and other expenses.
Three Months Ended March 31, 2021 Compared to Three Months Ended March 31, 2020
Noninterest expense was $46.7 million for the first quarter of 2021, a decrease of $184 thousand from $46.9 million for the comparable 2020 period. The decrease was mainly due to (i) lower professional fees of $1.9 million, (ii) lower advertising costs of $1.6 million due to the termination of our LAFC agreements in May 2020 and (iii) lower other expenses of $1.8 million resulting from overall expense reduction efforts, a $461 thousand decrease in loss on equity investments between quarters, and the comparable 2020 period including a $850 thousand charge to settle and conclude a legacy loan sale claim from an acquired bank.
These increases were offset by (i) higher salaries and employee benefits of $2.3 million due to higher commissions and incentive-based compensation, (ii) a lower reversal of provision for loan repurchases of $468 thousand, (iii) higher merger-related costs of $700 thousand associated with our proposed merger with PMB, and (iv) a higher loss on alternative energy partnerships of $1.7 million from increased loss sharing allocations.
Income Tax (Benefit) Expense
For the three months ended March 31, 2021, December 31, 2020 and March 31, 2020, income tax expense (benefit) was $2.3 million, $6.9 million, and $(2.2) million, resulting in an effective tax rate of 13.8%, 24.1% and 24.7%, respectively. Our 13.8% effective tax rate for the three months ended March 31, 2021 differs from the 29.5% statutory rate due to the impact of various permanent tax differences, tax credits and other discrete items. During the three months ended March 31, 2021, income tax expense included a $2.1 million tax benefit from the exercise of all previously issued outstanding stock appreciation rights,
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which lowered our effective tax rate by 12.6%. Our effective tax rate is expected to be in the 25% to 27% range for the remaining quarters in 2021.
For additional information, see Note 8 to Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part I of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.
FINANCIAL CONDITION
Investment Securities
At March 31, 2021, all of our investment securities were classified as available-for-sale.
The primary goal of our investment securities portfolio is to provide a relatively stable source of interest income while satisfactorily managing risk, including credit risk, reinvestment risk, liquidity risk, and interest rate risk. Certain investment securities provide a source of liquidity as collateral for FHLB advances, Federal Reserve Discount Window capacity, repurchase agreements, and certain public deposits.
The following table presents the amortized cost and fair value of the investment securities portfolio and the corresponding amounts of gross unrealized gains and losses recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income as of the dates indicated:

|  | March 31, 2021 |  | December 31, 2020
($ in thousands) |  | Amortized Cost |  | Fair Value |  | Unrealized Gain (Loss) |  | Amortized Cost |  | Fair Value |  | Unrealized Gain (Loss)
Securities available-for-sale: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
SBA loan pool securities |  | $ | 16,812 |  |  | $ | 16,733 |  |  | $ | (79) |  |  | $ | 17,436 |  |  | $ | 17,354 |  |  | $ | (82) |
U.S. government agency and U.S. government sponsored enterprise residential mortgage-backed securities |  | 122,300 |  |  | 123,300 |  |  | 1,000 |  |  | 99,591 |  |  | 106,384 |  |  | 6,793 |
U.S. government agency and U.S. government sponsored enterprise collateralized mortgage obligations |  | 210,343 |  |  | 210,956 |  |  | 613 |  |  | 209,426 |  |  | 211,831 |  |  | 2,405 |
Municipal securities |  | 84,385 |  |  | 85,538 |  |  | 1,153 |  |  | 64,355 |  |  | 68,623 |  |  | 4,268 |
Non-agency residential mortgage-backed securities |  | 154 |  |  | 158 |  |  | 4 |  |  | 156 |  |  | 160 |  |  | 4 |
Collateralized loan obligations |  | 687,505 |  |  | 683,873 |  |  | (3,632) |  |  | 687,505 |  |  | 677,785 |  |  | (9,720) |
Corporate debt securities |  | 141,982 |  |  | 150,272 |  |  | 8,290 |  |  | 141,975 |  |  | 149,294 |  |  | 7,319 |
Total securities available-for-sale |  | $ | 1,263,481 |  |  | $ | 1,270,830 |  |  | $ | 7,349 |  |  | $ | 1,220,444 |  |  | $ | 1,231,431 |  |  | $ | 10,987 |

Securities available-for-sale were $1.27 billion at March 31, 2021, an increase of $39.4 million, or 3.2%, from $1.23 billion at December 31, 2020. The increase was mainly due to purchases of $52.8 million, including $32.8 million in U.S. government agency securities and $20.0 million in municipal securities, offset by principal reductions of $9.4 million and lower net unrealized gains of $3.6 million. The lower net unrealized gains was due mostly to decreases in the value of mortgage-backed securities as a result of increases in longer term interest rates, offset by improved pricing of CLOs and corporate debt securities due to lower credit spreads.
CLOs totaled $683.9 million and $677.8 million and were all AAA and AA rated at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020. We perform pre-purchase due diligence and ongoing credit quality review of our CLO holdings, which includes monitoring performance factors such as external credit ratings, collateralization levels, collateral concentration levels, and other performance factors..
We did not record credit impairment for any investment securities for the three months ended March 31, 2021 or 2020. We monitor our securities portfolio to ensure it has adequate credit support. As of March 31, 2021, we believe there was no credit impairment and we did not have the current intent to sell securities with a fair value below amortized cost at March 31, 2021, and it is more likely than not that we will not be required to sell such securities prior to the recovery of their amortized cost basis. We consider the lowest credit rating for identification of potential credit impairment. As of March 31, 2021, all of our investment securities in an unrealized loss position received an investment grade credit rating. The overall net decrease in fair value during first quarter of 2021 was attributable to a combination of changes in interest rates and credit market conditions.
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The following table presents maturities, based on the earlier of maturity dates or next repricing dates, and yield information of the investment securities portfolio as of March 31, 2021:

|  | One Year or Less |  | More than One Year through Five Years |  | More than Five Years through Ten Years |  | More than Ten Years |  | Total
($ in thousands) |  | Fair Value |  | Weighted Average Yield |  | Fair Value |  | Weighted Average Yield |  | Fair Value |  | Weighted Average Yield |  | Fair Value |  | Weighted Average Yield |  | Fair Value |  | Weighted Average Yield
Securities available-for-sale: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
SBA loan pools securities |  | $ | 16,733 |  |  | 1.34 | % |  | $ | — |  |  | — | % |  | $ | — |  |  | — | % |  | $ | — |  |  | — | % |  | $ | 16,733 |  |  | 1.34 | %
U.S. government agency and U.S. government sponsored enterprise residential mortgage-backed securities |  | — |  |  | — | % |  | — |  |  | — | % |  | 29,238 |  |  | 2.20 | % |  | 94,062 |  |  | 2.35 | % |  | 123,300 |  |  | 2.31 | %
U.S. government agency and U.S. government sponsored enterprise collateralized mortgage obligations |  | 110,147 |  |  | 0.67 | % |  | 11,193 |  |  | 1.99 | % |  | 42,747 |  |  | 1.35 | % |  | 46,869 |  |  | 1.76 | % |  | 210,956 |  |  | 1.12 | %
Municipal securities |  | — |  |  | — | % |  | — |  |  | — | % |  | 9,193 |  |  | 2.60 | % |  | 76,345 |  |  | 2.49 | % |  | 85,538 |  |  | 2.51 | %
Non-agency residential mortgage-backed securities |  | — |  |  | — | % |  | — |  |  | — | % |  | — |  |  | — | % |  | 158 |  |  | 6.36 | % |  | 158 |  |  | 6.36 | %
Collateralized loan obligations |  | 683,873 |  |  | 1.86 | % |  | — |  |  | — | % |  | — |  |  | — | % |  | — |  |  | — | % |  | 683,873 |  |  | 1.86 | %
Corporate debt securities |  | — |  |  | — | % |  | 132,244 |  |  | 5.01 | % |  | 18,028 |  |  | 5.73 | % |  | — |  |  | — | % |  | 150,272 |  |  | 5.08 | %
Total securities available-for-sale |  | $ | 810,753 |  |  | 1.69 | % |  | $ | 143,437 |  |  | 4.77 | % |  | $ | 99,206 |  |  | 2.40 | % |  | $ | 217,434 |  |  | 2.28 | % |  | $ | 1,270,830 |  |  | 2.18 | %

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Loans Held-for-Sale
Total loans held-for-sale carried at fair value were $1.4 million at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020 and consisted mainly of repurchased conforming SFR mortgage loans that were previously sold and repurchased GNMA loans that were previously sold and became delinquent more than 90 days.
Loans Receivable, Net
The following table presents the composition of our loan and lease portfolio as of the dates indicated:

($ in thousands) |  | March 31, 2021 |  | December 31, 2020 |  | Amount Change |  | Percentage Change
Commercial: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial and industrial |  | $ | 1,878,325 |  |  | $ | 2,088,308 |  |  | $ | (209,983) |  |  | (10.1) | %
Commercial real estate |  | 839,965 |  |  | 807,195 |  |  | 32,770 |  |  | 4.1 | %
Multifamily |  | 1,258,278 |  |  | 1,289,820 |  |  | (31,542) |  |  | (2.4) | %
SBA(1) |  | 338,903 |  |  | 273,444 |  |  | 65,459 |  |  | 23.9 | %
Construction |  | 169,122 |  |  | 176,016 |  |  | (6,894) |  |  | (3.9) | %
Consumer: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Single family residential mortgage |  | 1,253,251 |  |  | 1,230,236 |  |  | 23,015 |  |  | 1.9 | %
Other consumer |  | 26,557 |  |  | 33,386 |  |  | (6,829) |  |  | (20.5) | %
Total loans(2) |  | 5,764,401 |  |  | 5,898,405 |  |  | (134,004) |  |  | (2.3) | %
Allowance for loan losses |  | (79,353) |  |  | (81,030) |  |  | 1,677 |  |  | (2.1) | %
Total loans receivable, net |  | $ | 5,685,048 |  |  | $ | 5,817,375 |  |  | $ | (132,327) |  |  | (2.3) | %

(1)Includes 1,228 PPP loans totaling $276.0 million, net of unamortized loan fees totaling $5.1 million at March 31, 2021 and 949 PPP loans totaling $210.0 million, net of unamortized loan fees totaling $1.6 million at December 31, 2020.
(2)Total loans include net deferred loan origination costs/(fees) and premiums/(discounts) of $4.6 million and $6.2 million at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020.
Held-for-investment loans decreased $134.0 million to $5.76 billion from the prior quarter, resulting from lower commercial and industrial (C&I) loans of $210.0 million due, in part, to decreased utilization of credit facilities and lower multifamily loans of $31.5 million and construction loans of $6.9 million due to prepayment activity. The decreases were partially offset by higher commercial real estate loans of $32.8 million and SBA loans of $65.5 million. The increase in SBA loans includes $131.9 million in new PPP loans originated, offset by the SBA processing forgiveness requests of $62.5 million during the quarter. At March 31, 2021, SBA loans included $276.0 million of PPP loans, net of fees.
We continue to focus the real estate loan portfolio toward relationship-based multifamily, bridge, light infill construction, and commercial real estate loans. Currently, loans secured by residential real estate (single-family, multifamily, single-family construction, and credit facilities) represent approximately 66% of our total loans outstanding.
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Credit Quality Indicators
We categorize loans into risk categories based on relevant information about the ability of borrowers to repay their debt such as current financial information, historical payment experience, credit documentation, public information, and current economic trends, among other factors. We perform a historical loss analysis that is combined with a comprehensive loan to value analysis to analyze the associated risks in the current loan portfolio. We analyze loans individually and grade each loan for credit risk. This analysis includes all loans delinquent over 60 days and non-homogeneous loans such as commercial and commercial real estate loans.
The following table presents the risk categories for total loans by class of loans as of March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020:

($ in thousands) |  | Pass |  | Special Mention |  | Substandard |  | Doubtful |  |  |  | Total
March 31, 2021 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial and industrial |  | $ | 1,790,820 |  |  | $ | 37,599 |  |  | $ | 49,906 |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,878,325 |
Commercial real estate |  | 793,668 |  |  | 30,115 |  |  | 14,963 |  |  | 1,219 |  |  |  |  | 839,965 |
Multifamily |  | 1,234,875 |  |  | 3,851 |  |  | 19,552 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 1,258,278 |
SBA |  | 329,749 |  |  | 3,231 |  |  | 5,442 |  |  | 481 |  |  |  |  | 338,903 |
Construction |  | 157,649 |  |  | 11,473 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 169,122 |
Consumer: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Single family residential mortgage |  | 1,204,698 |  |  | 14,186 |  |  | 34,367 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 1,253,251 |
Other consumer |  | 26,292 |  |  | 94 |  |  | 171 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 26,557 |
Total |  | $ | 5,537,751 |  |  | $ | 100,549 |  |  | $ | 124,401 |  |  | $ | 1,700 |  |  |  |  | $ | 5,764,401 |

($ in thousands) |  | Pass |  | Special Mention |  | Substandard |  | Doubtful |  |  |  | Total
December 31, 2020 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial and industrial |  | $ | 2,019,701 |  |  | $ | 17,232 |  |  | $ | 51,375 |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  | $ | 2,088,308 |
Commercial real estate |  | 760,612 |  |  | 30,485 |  |  | 16,098 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 807,195 |
Multifamily |  | 1,284,995 |  |  | 2,853 |  |  | 1,972 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 1,289,820 |
SBA |  | 264,851 |  |  | 3,275 |  |  | 4,837 |  |  | 481 |  |  |  |  | 273,444 |
Construction |  | 167,485 |  |  | 8,531 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 176,016 |
Consumer: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Single family residential mortgage |  | 1,202,758 |  |  | 11,853 |  |  | 15,625 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 1,230,236 |
Other consumer |  | 31,823 |  |  | 1,215 |  |  | 348 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 33,386 |
Total |  | $ | 5,732,225 |  |  | $ | 75,444 |  |  | $ | 90,255 |  |  | $ | 481 |  |  |  |  | $ | 5,898,405 |

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The C&I portfolio has limited exposure to certain business sectors undergoing severe stress as a result of the pandemic. The C&I industry concentrations in dollars and as a percentage of total outstanding C&I loan balances are summarized below:

|  | March 31, 2021
($ in thousands) |  | Amount |  | % of Portfolio
C&I Portfolio by Industry |  |  |  |
Finance and insurance (includes $1.12 billion for Warehouse lending) |  | $ | 1,220,408 |  |  | 65 | %
Real Estate & Rental Leasing |  | 230,781 |  |  | 12 | %
Gas Stations |  | 68,672 |  |  | 4 | %
Healthcare |  | 68,964 |  |  | 4 | %
Wholesale Trade |  | 40,803 |  |  | 2 | %
Television / Motion Pictures |  | 34,067 |  |  | 2 | %
Manufacturing |  | 25,198 |  |  | 1 | %
Food Services |  | 31,366 |  |  | 2 | %
Other Retail Trade |  | 21,167 |  |  | 1 | %
Professional Services |  | 16,993 |  |  | 1 | %
Transportation |  | 4,773 |  |  | — | %
Accommodations |  | 2,427 |  |  | — | %
All other |  | 112,706 |  |  | 6 | %
Total |  | $ | 1,878,325 |  |  | 100 | %

Non-Traditional Mortgage Portfolio ("NTM")
Our NTM portfolio is comprised of three interest-only products: Green Loans, Interest Only loans and a small number of additional loans with the potential for negative amortization. As of March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, the NTM portfolio totaled $412.1 million, or 7.1% of the total gross loan portfolio, and $437.1 million, or 7.4% of the total gross loan portfolio. The total NTM portfolio decreased by $25.0 million, or 5.7% during the three months ended March 31, 2021. The decrease was primarily due to principal paydowns and payoffs with no new production as we no longer originate NTM loans. However, pools of loans may be purchased that include certain loans that meet the criteria to be considered NTM loans. NTM loans on nonaccrual status included $4.5 million of Green Loans and $7.1 million of Interest Only loans at March 31, 2021 compared to $4.0 million of Green Loans and $4.7 million of Interest Only loans at December 31, 2020.
The initial credit guidelines for the NTM portfolio were established based on the borrower's Fair Isaac Corporation (“FICO”) score, loan-to-value ("LTV") ratio, property type, occupancy type, loan amount, and geography. Additionally, from an ongoing credit risk management perspective, we have determined that the most significant performance indicators for NTMs are LTV ratios and FICO scores. We review the NTM loan portfolio at least quarterly, which includes refreshing FICO scores on the Green Loans and HELOCs and ordering third party automated valuation models (“AVMs”) to confirm collateral values.
Green Loans totaled $31.9 million at March 31, 2021, a decrease of $1.3 million, or 3.9% from $33.2 million at December 31, 2020. The following table presents our Green Loans first lien portfolio at March 31, 2021 by FICO scores that were obtained during the quarter ended March 31, 2021, compared to the FICO scores for those same loans that were obtained during the quarter ended December 31, 2020:

|  | By FICO Scores Obtained During the Quarter Ended March 31, 2021 |  | By FICO Scores Obtained During the Quarter Ended December 31, 2020 |  | Change
($ in thousands) |  | Count |  | Amount |  | Percent |  | Count |  | Amount |  | Percent |  | Count |  | Amount |  | Percent
FICO Score |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
800+ |  | 10 |  |  | $ | 5,192 |  |  | 17.1 | % |  | 10 |  |  | $ | 4,623 |  |  | 15.3 | % |  | — |  |  | $ | 569 |  |  | 12.3 | %
700-799 |  | 23 |  |  | 15,671 |  |  | 51.8 | % |  | 23 |  |  | 16,356 |  |  | 54.0 | % |  | — |  |  | (685) |  |  | (4.2) | %
600-699 |  | 9 |  |  | 7,806 |  |  | 25.8 | % |  | 9 |  |  | 7,690 |  |  | 25.4 | % |  | — |  |  | 116 |  |  | 1.5 | %
<600 |  | 2 |  |  | 1,097 |  |  | 3.6 | % |  | 2 |  |  | 1,097 |  |  | 3.6 | % |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — | %
No FICO |  | 2 |  |  | 527 |  |  | 1.7 | % |  | 2 |  |  | 527 |  |  | 1.7 | % |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — | %
Totals |  | 46 |  |  | $ | 30,293 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | 46 |  |  | $ | 30,293 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | — | %

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Loan-to-Value Ratio
LTV ratio represents estimated current loan to value ratio, determined by dividing the current unpaid principal balance by the latest estimated property value received per our policy. The table below represents our single family residential NTM first lien portfolio by LTV ratio ranges as of the dates indicated:

($ in thousands) |  | Green |  | Interest Only |  | Negative Amortization |  | Total
LTV ratio range |  | Count |  | Amount |  | Percent |  | Count |  | Amount |  | Percent |  | Count |  | Amount |  | Percent |  | Count |  | Amount |  | Percent
March 31, 2021 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
< 61% |  | 41 |  |  | $ | 26,276 |  |  | 86.7 | % |  | 190 |  |  | $ | 275,446 |  |  | 72.9 | % |  | 6 |  |  | $ | 2,149 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | 237 |  |  | $ | 303,871 |  |  | 74.0 | %
61-80% |  | 5 |  |  | 4,017 |  |  | 13.3 | % |  | 70 |  |  | 98,159 |  |  | 26.0 | % |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — | % |  | 75 |  |  | 102,176 |  |  | 24.9 | %
81-100% |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — | % |  | 2 |  |  | 3,183 |  |  | 0.8 | % |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — | % |  | 2 |  |  | 3,183 |  |  | 0.8 | %
> 100% |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — | % |  | 1 |  |  | 1,300 |  |  | 0.3 | % |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — | % |  | 1 |  |  | 1,300 |  |  | 0.3 | %
Total |  | 46 |  |  | $ | 30,293 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | 263 |  |  | $ | 378,088 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | 6 |  |  | $ | 2,149 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | 315 |  |  | $ | 410,530 |  |  | 100.0 | %
December 31, 2020 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
< 61% |  | 42 |  |  | $ | 25,946 |  |  | 82.1 | % |  | 190 |  |  | $ | 271,108 |  |  | 67.5 | % |  | 8 |  |  | $ | 2,288 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | 240 |  |  | $ | 299,342 |  |  | 68.7 | %
61-80% |  | 6 |  |  | 5,641 |  |  | 17.9 | % |  | 91 |  |  | 126,281 |  |  | 31.4 | % |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — | % |  | 97 |  |  | 131,922 |  |  | 30.3 | %
81-100% |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — | % |  | 2 |  |  | 4,251 |  |  | 1.1 | % |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — | % |  | 2 |  |  | 4,251 |  |  | 1.0 | %
> 100% |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — | % |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — | % |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — | % |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — | %
Total |  | 48 |  |  | $ | 31,587 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | 283 |  |  | $ | 401,640 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | 8 |  |  | $ | 2,288 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | 339 |  |  | $ | 435,515 |  |  | 100.0 | %

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Nonperforming Assets
The following table presents a summary of total nonperforming assets, excluding loans held-for-sale, as of the dates indicated:

($ in thousands) |  | March 31, 2021 |  | December 31, 2020 |  | Amount Change |  | Percentage Change
Loans past due 90 days or more still on accrual |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 728 |  |  | $ | (728) |  |  | (100.0) | %
Nonaccrual loans |  | 55,920 |  |  | 35,900 |  |  | 20,020 |  |  | 55.8 | %
Total nonperforming loans |  | 55,920 |  |  | 36,628 |  |  | 19,292 |  |  | 52.7 | %
Other real estate owned |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — | %
Total nonperforming assets |  | $ | 55,920 |  |  | $ | 36,628 |  |  | $ | 19,292 |  |  | 52.7 | %
Performing restructured loans (1) |  | $ | 6,347 |  |  | $ | 4,733 |  |  | $ | 1,614 |  |  | 34.1 | %
Total nonperforming loans to total loans |  | 0.97 | % |  | 0.62 | % |  |  |  |
Total nonperforming assets to total assets |  | 0.70 | % |  | 0.46 | % |  |  |  |
ALL to nonperforming loans |  | 141.90 | % |  | 221.22 | % |  |  |  |
ACL to nonperforming loans |  | 147.91 | % |  | 229.91 | % |  |  |  |

(1) Excluded from nonperforming loans
Loans are generally placed on nonaccrual status when they become 90 days past due, unless management believes the loan is well secured and in the process of collection. Past due loans may or may not be adequately collateralized, but collection efforts are continuously pursued. Loans may be restructured by management when a borrower experiences changes to their financial condition, causing an inability to meet the original repayment terms, and where we believe the borrower will eventually overcome those circumstances and repay the loan in full.
Additional interest income of approximately $633 thousand would have been recorded during the three months ended March 31, 2021, had these loans been paid in accordance with their original terms throughout the periods indicated.
Non-performing loans increased $19.3 million to $55.9 million as of March 31, 2021, of which $18.1 million, or 32%, relates to loans in a current payment status. The first quarter increase was due to $22.5 million of loans placed on non-accrual status, offset by $3.2 million in cured loans and payoffs. Of the $22.5 million of loans placed on non-accrual status, $20.0 million, or 88.7%, of such loans, related to SFR loans.
At March 31, 2021, non-performing loans included (i) a legacy relationship totaling $7.3 million, or 13% of total non-performing loans, that is well-secured by a combination of commercial real estate and SFR properties with an average loan-to-value ratio of 51%, (ii) SFR loans totaling $32.4 million, or 58% of total non-performing loans, and (iii) other commercial loans of $16.1 million, or 29% of total non-performing loans.
Troubled Debt Restructurings
Loans that we modify or restructure where the debtor is experiencing financial difficulties and makes a concession to the borrower in a below-market change in the stated interest rate, a reduction in the loan balance or accrued interest, an extension of the maturity date, or a note split with principal forgiveness are classified as troubled debt restructurings (“TDRs”). TDRs are loans modified for the purpose of alleviating temporary impairments to the borrower’s financial condition. A workout plan between a borrower and us is designed to provide a bridge for the cash flow shortfalls in the near term. If the borrower works through the near term issues, in most cases, the original contractual terms of the loan will be reinstated.
At March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, we had 14 and 13 loans, respectively, with an aggregate balance of $10.5 million and $9.0 million, respectively, classified as TDRs. When a loan becomes a TDR, we cease accruing interest, and classify it as nonaccrual until the borrower demonstrates that the loan is again performing. The increase in TDRs during the three months ended March 31, 2021 was primarily due to one single family residential loan totaling $1.8 million.
At March 31, 2021, of the 14 loans classified as TDRs, 10 loans totaling $6.3 million were making payments according to their modified terms and were less than 90 days delinquent under the modified terms and, as such, were on accruing status. At December 31, 2020, of the 13 loans classified as TDRs, 10 loans totaling $4.7 million were making payments according to their modified terms and were less than 90 days delinquent under the modified terms and, as such, were on accruing status.
Troubled Debt Restructuring (TDR) Relief: In order to encourage banks to work with impacted borrowers, the CARES Act and U.S. banking regulatory agencies have provided relief from TDR accounting. The main benefits of TDR relief include i) a capital benefit in the form of reduced risk-weighted assets, as TDRs are more heavily risk-weighted for capital purposes; ii) a
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delinquency status benefit, as the aging of loans are frozen, i.e., they will continue to be reported in the same delinquency bucket they were in at the time of modification; and iii) a nonaccrual status benefit as the loans are generally not reported as nonaccrual during the modification period. Refer to "Borrower Payment Relief Efforts" above for additional information regarding CARES Act deferrals.
Allowance for Credit Losses (ACL)
Our ACL methodology and resulting provision continues to be impacted by the current economic uncertainty and volatility caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. The ACL methodology uses a nationally recognized, third-party model that includes many assumptions based on historical and peer loss data, current loan portfolio risk profile including risk ratings, and economic forecasts including macroeconomic variables (MEVs) released by our model provider during March 2021. In contrast to the December 2020 forecasts, the March forecasts reflect a more favorable view of the economy (i.e. higher GDP growth rates and lower unemployment rates). While the forecasts are improving and the economy is showing signs of recovery with the rollout of the vaccine and additional government stimulus, there remains uncertainty regarding the ultimate impact of the pandemic and the pace of the recovery. Accordingly, our economic assumptions and the resulting ACL level and provision reflect these uncertainties. The ACL also incorporated qualitative factors to account for certain loan portfolio characteristics that are not taken into consideration by the third-party model including underlying strengths and weaknesses in the loan portfolio. As is the case with all estimates, the ACL is expected to be impacted in future periods by economic volatility, changing economic forecasts, underlying model assumptions, and asset quality metrics, all of which may be better than or worse than current estimates.
The ACL process involves subjective and complex judgments as well as adjustments for numerous factors including those described in the federal banking agencies' joint interagency policy statement on ALL, which include underwriting experience and collateral value changes, among others. .
The allowance for expected credit losses (ACL), which includes the reserve for unfunded loan commitments, totaled $82.7 million, or 1.43% of total loans, at March 31, 2021, compared to $84.2 million, or 1.43% of total loans, at December 31, 2020. The $1.5 million decrease in the ACL was due to: (i) lower general reserves of $1.0 million from portfolio mix, (ii) net charge-offs of $393 thousand, and (iii) lower specific reserves of $58 thousand. The ACL coverage of non-performing loans was 148% at March 31, 2021 compared to 230% at December 31, 2020.
The reserve for unfunded loan commitments was established to cover the current expected credit losses for the estimated level of funding of these loan commitments, except for unconditionally cancellable commitments for which no reserve is required.
The following table provides a summary of components of the allowance for credit losses and related ratios as of the dates indicated:

($ in thousands) |  | March 31, 2021 |  | December 31, 2020
Allowance for credit losses: |  |  |  |
Allowance for loan losses (ALL) |  | $ | 79,353 |  |  | $ | 81,030 |
Reserve for unfunded loan commitments |  | 3,360 |  |  | 3,183 |
Total allowance for credit losses (ACL) |  | $ | 82,713 |  |  | $ | 84,213 |
ALL to total loans |  | 1.38 | % |  | 1.37 | %
ACL to total loans |  | 1.43 | % |  | 1.43 | %
ACL to total loans, excluding PPP loans |  | 1.51 | % |  | 1.48 | %

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The following tables provide summaries of activity in the allowance for credit losses for the periods indicated:

|  | Three Months Ended March 31, |  |
($ in thousands) |  | 2021 |  | 2020 |  |  |  |
|  | Allowance for Loan Losses |  | Reserve for Unfunded Loan Commitments |  | Allowance for Credit Losses |  | Allowance for Loan Losses |  | Reserve for Unfunded Loan Commitments |  | Allowance for Credit Losses |  |  |  |
Balance at beginning of period |  | $ | 81,030 |  |  | $ | 3,183 |  |  | $ | 84,213 |  |  | $ | 57,649 |  |  | $ | 4,064 |  |  | $ | 61,713 |  |  |  |  |
Impact of adopting ASU 2016-13(1) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 7,609 |  |  | (1,226) |  |  | 6,383 |  |  |  |  |
Loans charged off |  | (565) |  |  | — |  |  | (565) |  |  | (2,076) |  |  | — |  |  | (2,076) |  |  |  |  |
Recoveries of loans previously charged off |  | 172 |  |  | — |  |  | 172 |  |  | 350 |  |  | — |  |  | 350 |  |  |  |  |
Net charge-offs |  | (393) |  |  | — |  |  | (393) |  |  | (1,726) |  |  | — |  |  | (1,726) |  |  |  |  |
Provision for (reversal of) credit losses |  | (1,284) |  |  | 177 |  |  | (1,107) |  |  | 14,711 |  |  | 1,050 |  |  | 15,761 |  |  |  |  |
Balance at end of period |  | $ | 79,353 |  |  | $ | 3,360 |  |  | $ | 82,713 |  |  | $ | 78,243 |  |  | $ | 3,888 |  |  | $ | 82,131 |  |  |  |  |

(1)Represents the impact of adopting ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses on January 1, 2020. As a result of adopting ASU 2016-13, our methodology to compute our allowance for credit losses is based on a current expected credit loss methodology, rather that the previously applied incurred loss methodology.
The following table provides a summary of the allocation of the allowance for loan losses by loan category as well as loans receivable for each category as of the dates indicated:

|  | March 31, 2021 |  | December 31, 2020
($ in thousands) |  | Allowance for Loan Losses |  | Loans Receivable |  | % of Loans in Category to Total Loans |  | Allowance for Loan Losses |  | Loans Receivable |  | % of Loans in Category to Total Loans
Commercial: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial and industrial |  | $ | 19,703 |  |  | $ | 1,878,325 |  |  | 32.6 | % |  | $ | 20,608 |  |  | $ | 2,088,308 |  |  | 35.3 | %
Commercial real estate |  | 17,100 |  |  | 839,965 |  |  | 14.6 | % |  | 19,074 |  |  | 807,195 |  |  | 13.7 | %
Multifamily |  | 23,884 |  |  | 1,258,278 |  |  | 21.8 | % |  | 22,512 |  |  | 1,289,820 |  |  | 21.9 | %
SBA |  | 3,451 |  |  | 338,903 |  |  | 5.9 | % |  | 3,145 |  |  | 273,444 |  |  | 4.6 | %
Construction |  | 5,552 |  |  | 169,122 |  |  | 2.9 | % |  | 5,849 |  |  | 176,016 |  |  | 3.0 | %
Consumer: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Single family residential mortgage |  | 9,161 |  |  | 1,253,251 |  |  | 21.7 | % |  | 9,191 |  |  | 1,230,236 |  |  | 20.9 | %
Other consumer |  | 502 |  |  | 26,557 |  |  | 0.5 | % |  | 651 |  |  | 33,386 |  |  | 0.6 | %
Total |  | $ | 79,353 |  |  | $ | 5,764,401 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 81,030 |  |  | $ | 5,898,405 |  |  | 100.0 | %

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The following table provides information regarding activity by loan class in the allowance for loan losses during the periods indicated:

|  | Three Months Ended March 31, |  |
($ in thousands) |  | 2021 |  | 2020 |  |  |  |
ALL at beginning of period |  | $ | 81,030 |  |  | $ | 57,649 |  |  |  |  |
Impact of adopting ASU 2016-13(1) |  | — |  |  | 7,609 |  |  |  |  |
Charge-offs: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial and industrial |  | (565) |  |  | (1,164) |  |  |  |  |
SBA |  | — |  |  | (356) |  |  |  |  |
Single family residential mortgage |  | — |  |  | (552) |  |  |  |  |
Other consumer |  | — |  |  | (4) |  |  |  |  |
Total charge-offs |  | (565) |  |  | (2,076) |  |  |  |  |
Recoveries: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial and industrial |  | 45 |  |  | 30 |  |  |  |  |
SBA |  | 126 |  |  | 121 |  |  |  |  |
Single family residential mortgage |  | — |  |  | 151 |  |  |  |  |
Other consumer |  | 1 |  |  | 48 |  |  |  |  |
Total recoveries |  | 172 |  |  | 350 |  |  |  |  |
Net charge-offs |  | (393) |  |  | (1,726) |  |  |  |  |
(Reversal of) provision for credit losses - loans |  | (1,284) |  |  | 14,711 |  |  |  |  |
ALL at end of period |  | $ | 79,353 |  |  | $ | 78,243 |  |  |  |  |
Average total loans held-for-investment |  | $ | 5,782,628 |  |  | $ | 5,758,537 |  |  |  |  |
Total loans held-for-investment at end of period |  | $ | 5,764,401 |  |  | $ | 5,667,464 |  |  |  |  |
Ratios: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Annualized net charge-offs to average total loans held-for-investment |  | 0.03 | % |  | 0.12 | % |  |  |  |
ALL to total loans held-for-investment |  | 1.38 | % |  | 1.38 | % |  |  |  |

(1)Represents the impact of adopting ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses on January 1, 2020. As a result of adopting ASU 2016-13, our methodology to compute our allowance for credit losses is based on a current expected credit loss methodology, rather that the previously applied incurred loss methodology.
Alternative Energy Partnerships
We invest in certain alternative energy partnerships (limited liability companies) formed to provide sustainable energy projects that are designed to generate a return primarily through the realization of federal tax credits (energy tax credits) and other tax benefits. The investment helps promote the development of renewable energy sources and help lower the cost of housing for residents by lowering homeowners’ monthly utility costs.
As our respective investments in these entities are more than minor, we have significant influence, but not control, over the investee’s activities that most significantly impact its economic performance. As a result, we are required to apply the equity method of accounting, which generally prescribes applying the percentage ownership interest to the investee’s GAAP net income in order to determine the investor’s earnings or losses in a given period. However, because the liquidation rights, tax credit allocations and other benefits to investors can change upon the occurrence of specified events, application of the equity method based on the underlying ownership percentages would not accurately represent our investment. As a result, we apply the Hypothetical Liquidation at Book Value (“HLBV”) method of the equity method of accounting.
The HLBV method is a balance sheet approach whereby a calculation is prepared at each balance sheet date to estimate the amount that we would receive if the equity investment entity were to liquidate all of its assets (as valued in accordance with GAAP) and distribute that cash to the investors based on the contractually defined liquidation priorities. The difference between the calculated liquidation distribution amounts at the beginning and the end of the reporting period, after adjusting for capital contributions and distributions, is our share of the earnings or losses from the equity investment for the period.
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The following table presents the activity related to our investment in alternative energy partnerships for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020:

|  | Three Months Ended March 31, |  |
($ in thousands) |  | 2021 |  | 2020 |  |  |  |
Balance at beginning of period |  | $ | 27,977 |  |  | $ | 29,300 |  |  |  |  |
New funding |  | — |  |  | 3,631 |  |  |  |  |
Change in unfunded commitments |  | — |  |  | (3,225) |  |  |  |  |
Cash distribution from investments |  | (538) |  |  | (454) |  |  |  |  |
Gain (loss) on investments using HLBV method |  | (3,630) |  |  | (1,905) |  |  |  |  |
Balance at end of period |  | $ | 23,809 |  |  | $ | 27,347 |  |  |  |  |
Unfunded equity commitments at end of period |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  |

Our returns on investments in alternative energy partnerships are primarily obtained through the realization of energy tax credits and other tax benefits rather than through distributions or through the sale of the investment. The balance of these investments was $23.8 million and $28.0 million at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020.
During the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, we funded zero and $3.6 million for our alternative energy partnerships.
During the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, we recognized losses on investment of $3.6 million and $1.9 million through its HLBV application. The HLBV losses for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020 were largely driven by accelerated tax depreciation on equipment and the recognition of energy tax credits which reduces the amount distributable by the investee in a hypothetical liquidation under the contractual liquidation provisions. From an income tax benefit perspective, we recognized no investment tax credits during these periods; however, we recorded income tax benefit related to these investments of $992 thousand and $458 thousand for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020.
For additional information, see Note 12 to Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited) included in Part I of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.
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Deposits
The following table shows the composition of deposits by type as of the dates indicated:

|  | March 31, 2021 | December 31, 2020 |  |  |  |
($ in thousands) |  | Amount |  | % of Total Deposits | Amount |  | % of Total Deposits |  | Amount Change |  |
Noninterest-bearing deposits |  | $ | 1,700,343 |  |  | 27.7 | % | $ | 1,559,248 |  |  | 25.6 | % |  | $ | 141,095 |  |  |
Interest-bearing demand deposits |  | 2,088,528 |  |  | 34.0 | % | 2,107,942 |  |  | 34.6 | % |  | (19,414) |  |  |
Money market accounts |  | 775,072 |  |  | 12.6 | % | 714,297 |  |  | 11.7 | % |  | 60,775 |  |  |
Savings accounts |  | 909,631 |  |  | 14.8 | % | 932,363 |  |  | 15.3 | % |  | (22,732) |  |  |
Certificates of deposit of $250,000 or less |  | 264,632 |  |  | 4.3 | % | 316,585 |  |  | 5.2 | % |  | (51,953) |  |  |
Certificates of deposit of more than $250,000 |  | 403,836 |  |  | 6.6 | % | 455,365 |  |  | 7.6 | % |  | (51,529) |  |  |
Total deposits |  | $ | 6,142,042 |  |  | 100.0 | % | $ | 6,085,800 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 56,242 |  |  |

Total deposits were $6.14 billion at March 31, 2021, an increase of $56.2 million, or 0.9%, from $6.09 billion at December 31, 2020. We continue to focus on growing relationship-based deposits, strategically augmented by wholesale funding, as we actively managed down deposit costs in response to the current interest rate environment. Noninterest-bearing deposits totaled $1.70 billion and represented 27.7% of total deposits at March 31, 2021 compared to $1.56 billion and 25.6% at December 31, 2020.
During the three months ended March 31, 2021, demand deposits increased by $121.7 million, due to higher noninterest-bearing deposits of $141.1 million and lower interest-bearing demand deposits of $19.4 million. In addition, money market accounts increased by $60.8 million, savings accounts decreased by $22.7 million and time deposits decreased by $103.5 million.
Brokered deposits were $10.0 million at March 31, 2021, and $26.2 million at December 31, 2020. The decrease between periods related to maturities of brokered time deposits.
The following table presents the scheduled maturities of certificates of deposit as of March 31, 2021:

($ in thousands) |  | Three Months or Less |  | Over Three Months Through Six Months |  | Over Six Months Through Twelve Months |  | Over One Year |  | Total
Certificates of deposit of $250,000 or less |  | $ | 80,229 |  |  | $ | 60,572 |  |  | $ | 82,626 |  |  | $ | 41,205 |  |  | $ | 264,632 |
Certificates of deposit of more than $250,000 |  | 208,742 |  |  | 124,684 |  |  | 30,293 |  |  | 40,117 |  |  | 403,836 |
Total certificates of deposit |  | $ | 288,971 |  |  | $ | 185,256 |  |  | $ | 112,919 |  |  | $ | 81,322 |  |  | $ | 668,468 |

Borrowings
We utilized FHLB advances to leverage our capital base, to provide funds for lending and investing activities, as a source of liquidity, and to enhance interest rate risk management. We also maintained additional borrowing availabilities from Federal Reserve Discount Window and unsecured federal funds lines of credit.
During the first quarter of 2021, FHLB advances increased $95.3 million, or 17.7%, to $635.1 million, net of unamortized debt issuance costs of $5.9 million, as of March 31, 2021, primarily due to higher overnight advances of $140.0 million, offset by lower term advances of $45.0 million due to maturities.
At March 31, 2021, FHLB advances included $225.0 million overnight borrowings, $5.0 million maturing within three months, and $411.0 million maturing beyond three months with a weighted average life of 4.7 years and weighted average interest rate of 2.53%.
We did not utilize repurchase agreements at March 31, 2021 or December 31, 2020.
For additional information, see Note 6 to Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited) included in Part I of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.
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Long-term Debt
The following table presents our long-term debt as of the dates indicated:

|  | March 31, 2021 |  | December 31, 2020
($ in thousands) |  | Par Value |  | Unamortized Debt Issuance Cost and Discount |  | Par Value |  | Unamortized Debt Issuance Cost and Discount
5.25% senior notes due April 15, 2025 |  | $ | 175,000 |  |  | $ | (1,255) |  |  | $ | 175,000 |  |  | $ | (1,291) |
4.375% subordinated notes due October 30, 2030 |  | 85,000 |  |  | (2,304) |  |  | 85,000 |  |  | (2,394) |
Total |  | $ | 260,000 |  |  | $ | (3,559) |  |  | $ | 260,000 |  |  | $ | (3,685) |

At March 31, 2021, we were in compliance with all covenants under our long-term debt agreements.
Liquidity Management
We are required to maintain sufficient liquidity to ensure a safe and sound operation. Liquidity may increase or decrease depending upon availability of funds and comparative yields on investments in relation to the return on loans. Historically, we have maintained liquid assets above levels believed to be adequate to meet the requirements of normal operations, including both expected and unexpected cash flow needs such as funding loan commitments, potential deposit outflows and dividend payments. Cash flow projections are regularly reviewed and updated to ensure that adequate liquidity is maintained.
As a result of current economic conditions, including government stimulus in response to the pandemic, we have participated in the elevated levels of liquidity in the marketplace. A portion of the additional liquidity is viewed as short-term as it is expected to be used by clients in the near term and, accordingly, we have maintained higher levels of liquid assets. We have not observed a change in the level of clients' credit line usage and as the Bank's PPP loans are expected to be forgiven over the next 9 to 12 months, we expect additional liquidity that will likely be used to lower wholesale funding as it matures.
Banc of California, N.A.
We participate in the Federal Reserve Bank's Borrower-in-Custody (“BIC”) program. Our borrowing capacity under the BIC program was $384.9 million at March 31, 2021. At March 31, 2021, the Bank has pledged certain qualifying loans with an unpaid principal balance of $745.3 million and securities with a carrying value of $23.9 million as collateral for this line of credit. Borrowings under the BIC program are overnight advances with interest chargeable at the discount window (“primary credit”) borrowing rate. There were no borrowings under this arrangement for the three months ended March 31, 2021.
The Bank's liquidity, represented by cash and cash equivalents and securities available-for-sale, is a product of its operating, investing, and financing activities. The Bank's primary sources of funds are deposits, payments and maturities of outstanding loans and investment securities; sales of loans and investment securities and other short-term investments and funds provided from operations. While scheduled payments from the amortization of loans and investment securities, and maturing investment securities and short-term investments are relatively predictable sources of funds, deposit flows and loan prepayments are greatly influenced by general interest rates, economic conditions, and competition. In addition, the Bank invests excess funds in short-term interest-earning assets, which provide liquidity to meet lending requirements. The Bank also generates cash through borrowings. The Bank mainly utilizes FHLB advances from pre-established secured lines of credit as a secondary source of liquidity to provide funds for its lending activities and to enhance its interest rate risk management. The Bank also has additional sources of secondary liquidity through its ability to obtain brokered deposits, use securities sold under repurchase agreements to leverage its capital base, and a pre-established secured line of credit through the Federal Reserve BIC program. Liquidity management is both a daily and long-term function of business management. Any excess liquidity is typically invested in federal funds or investment securities. On a longer-term basis, the Bank maintains a strategy of investing in various lending products. The Bank uses its sources of funds primarily to meet its ongoing loan and other commitments, and to pay maturing certificates of deposit and savings withdrawals.
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Banc of California, Inc.
The primary sources of funds for Banc of California, Inc., on a stand-alone holding company basis, are dividends and intercompany tax payments from the Bank, outside borrowing, and its ability to raise capital and issue debt securities. Dividends from the Bank are largely dependent upon the Bank's earnings and are subject to restrictions under certain regulations that limit its ability to transfer funds to the holding company. OCC regulations impose various restrictions on the ability of a bank to make capital distributions, which include dividends, stock redemptions or repurchases, and certain other items. Generally, a well-capitalized bank may make capital distributions during any calendar year equal to up to 100 percent of year-to-date net income plus retained net income for the two preceding years without prior OCC approval. However, any dividend paid by the Bank would be limited by the need to maintain its well-capitalized status plus the capital buffer in order to avoid additional dividend restrictions (Refer to Capital - Dividend Restrictions below for additional information). Currently, the Bank does not have sufficient dividend-paying capacity to declare and pay such dividends to the holding company without obtaining prior approval from the OCC under the applicable regulations. During the three months ended March 31, 2021, the Bank paid $12.0 million of dividends to Banc of California, Inc. At March 31, 2021, Banc of California, Inc. had $46.1 million in cash, all of which was on deposit at the Bank.
On February 10, 2020, we announced that our Board of Directors authorized the repurchase of up to $45 million of our common stock. The repurchase authorization expired in February 2021.
During the three months ended March 31, 2021, we repurchased all outstanding depositary shares representing shares of our Series D. The aggregate total consideration for the Series D depositary shares purchased was $93.3 million. The $3.3 million difference between the consideration paid and the $89.9 million aggregate carrying value of the Series D Preferred Stock was reclassified to retained earnings and resulted in a decrease to net income allocated to common stockholders.
On a consolidated basis, cash and cash equivalents totaled $379.5 million, or 4.8% of total assets at March 31, 2021. This compared to $220.8 million, or 2.8% of total assets, at December 31, 2020. The $158.7 million increase was mainly due mainly to the increase in deposits and overnight FHLB advances.
At March 31, 2021, we had available unused secured borrowing capacities of $584.2 million from the FHLB and $384.9 million from the Federal Reserve, as well as $175.0 million from unsecured federal funds lines of credit. We also maintained repurchase agreements of which none were outstanding at March 31, 2021. Availabilities and terms on repurchase agreements are subject to the counterparties' discretion and pledging additional investment securities. We also had unpledged securities available-for-sale of $1.23 billion at March 31, 2021. We also have the ability to perform unsecured overnight borrowing from various financial institutions through the American Financial Exchange platform. The availability of such unsecured borrowings fluctuates regularly and are subject to the counterparties discretion and totaled $231.0 million at March 31, 2021
We believe that our liquidity sources are stable and are adequate to meet our day-to-day cash flow requirements as of March 31, 2021. However, in light of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, we cannot predict at this time the extent to which the pandemic will negatively affect our business, financial condition, liquidity, capital and results of operations.
Commitments and Contractual Obligations
The following table presents our commitments and contractual obligations as of March 31, 2021:

|  | Commitments and Contractual Obligations
($ in thousands) |  | Total Amount Committed |  | Within One Year |  | More Than One Year Through Three Years |  | More Than Three Year Through Five Years |  | Over Five Years
Commitments to extend credit |  | $ | 50,361 |  |  | $ | 18,473 |  |  | $ | 24,260 |  |  | $ | 5,081 |  |  | $ | 2,547 |
Unused lines of credit |  | 1,627,046 |  |  | 1,388,001 |  |  | 129,923 |  |  | 69,645 |  |  | 39,477 |
Standby letters of credit |  | 8,007 |  |  | 4,927 |  |  | 3,060 |  |  | 20 |  |  | — |
Total commitments |  | $ | 1,685,414 |  |  | $ | 1,411,401 |  |  | $ | 157,243 |  |  | $ | 74,746 |  |  | $ | 42,024 |
FHLB advances |  | $ | 641,000 |  |  | $ | 230,000 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 291,000 |  |  | $ | 120,000 |
Long-term debt |  | 260,000 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 175,000 |  |  | 85,000 |
Operating and capital lease obligations |  | 25,704 |  |  | 5,491 |  |  | 8,174 |  |  | 5,541 |  |  | 6,498 |
Certificates of deposit |  | 668,468 |  |  | 587,146 |  |  | 77,999 |  |  | 3,323 |  |  | — |
Total contractual obligations |  | $ | 1,595,172 |  |  | $ | 822,637 |  |  | $ | 86,173 |  |  | $ | 474,864 |  |  | $ | 211,498 |

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At March 31, 2021, we had unfunded commitments of $17.3 million, $5.6 million, and $2.5 million for affordable housing fund investments, SBIC investments, and other investments, including investments in alternative energy partnerships, respectively.
Capital
In order to maintain adequate levels of capital, we continuously assess projected sources and uses of capital to support projected asset growth, operating needs and credit risk. We consider, among other things, earnings generated from operations and access to capital from financial markets. In addition, we perform capital stress tests on an annual basis to assess the impact of adverse changes in the economy on our capital base.
Regulatory Capital
The Company and the Bank are subject to the regulatory capital adequacy guidelines that are established by the Federal banking regulators. In July 2013, the Federal banking regulators approved a final rule to implement the revised capital adequacy standards of the Basel III and to address relevant provisions of the Dodd-Frank Act. The final rule strengthens the definition of regulatory capital, increases risk-based capital requirements, makes selected changes to the calculation of risk-weighted assets, and adjusts the prompt corrective action thresholds. The Company and the Bank became subject to the new rule on January 1, 2015 and certain provisions of the new rule were phased in through January 1, 2019. Inclusive of the fully phased-in capital conservation buffer, the common equity Tier 1 capital, Tier 1 risk-based capital and total risk-based capital ratio minimums are 7.0%, 8.5% and 10.5%, respectively.
The following table presents the regulatory capital amounts and ratios for the Company and the Bank as of dates indicated:

|  |  |  |  |  | Minimum Capital Requirements |  | Minimum Required to Be Well-Capitalized Under Prompt Corrective Action Provisions
($ in thousands) |  | Amount |  | Ratio |  | Amount |  | Ratio |  | Amount |  | Ratio
March 31, 2021 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Banc of California, Inc. |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total risk-based capital |  | $ | 904,630 |  |  | 15.87 | % |  | $ | 455,963 |  |  | 8.00 | % |  | N/A |  | N/A
Tier 1 risk-based capital |  | 750,548 |  |  | 13.17 | % |  | 341,972 |  |  | 6.00 | % |  | N/A |  | N/A
Common equity tier 1 capital |  | 655,592 |  |  | 11.50 | % |  | 256,479 |  |  | 4.50 | % |  | N/A |  | N/A
Tier 1 leverage |  | 750,548 |  |  | 9.62 | % |  | 312,012 |  |  | 4.00 | % |  | N/A |  | N/A
Banc of California, NA |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total risk-based capital |  | $ | 1,015,916 |  |  | 17.82 | % |  | $ | 456,175 |  |  | 8.00 | % |  | $ | 570,218 |  |  | 10.00 | %
Tier 1 risk-based capital |  | 944,622 |  |  | 16.57 | % |  | 342,131 |  |  | 6.00 | % |  | 456,175 |  |  | 8.00 | %
Common equity tier 1 capital |  | 944,622 |  |  | 16.57 | % |  | 256,598 |  |  | 4.50 | % |  | 370,642 |  |  | 6.50 | %
Tier 1 leverage |  | 944,622 |  |  | 12.13 | % |  | 311,618 |  |  | 4.00 | % |  | 389,523 |  |  | 5.00 | %
December 31, 2020 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Banc of California, Inc. |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total risk-based capital |  | $ | 921,892 |  |  | 15.90 | % |  | $ | 463,950 |  |  | 8.00 | % |  | N/A |  | N/A
Tier 1 risk-based capital |  | 860,179 |  |  | 14.83 | % |  | 347,963 |  |  | 6.00 | % |  | N/A |  | N/A
Common equity tier 1 capital |  | 670,355 |  |  | 11.56 | % |  | 260,972 |  |  | 4.50 | % |  | N/A |  | N/A
Tier 1 leverage |  | 860,179 |  |  | 10.89 | % |  | 315,825 |  |  | 4.00 | % |  | N/A |  | N/A
Banc of California, NA |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total risk-based capital |  | $ | 1,007,762 |  |  | 17.46 | % |  | $ | 461,843 |  |  | 8.00 | % |  | $ | 577,304 |  |  | 10.00 | %
Tier 1 risk-based capital |  | 946,049 |  |  | 16.39 | % |  | 346,382 |  |  | 6.00 | % |  | 461,843 |  |  | 8.00 | %
Common equity tier 1 capital |  | 946,049 |  |  | 16.39 | % |  | 259,787 |  |  | 4.50 | % |  | 375,247 |  |  | 6.50 | %
Tier 1 leverage |  | 946,049 |  |  | 12.02 | % |  | 314,707 |  |  | 4.00 | % |  | 393,383 |  |  | 5.00 | %

On October 30, 2020, we completed the issuance and sale of $85.0 million aggregate principal amount of 4.375% Fixed-to-Floating Rate Subordinated Notes due 2030, at a public offering price equal to 100% of the aggregate principal amount of the Notes which qualifies as Tier II capital.
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Dividend Restrictions
Payment of dividends by the Company are subject to guidance provided by the Federal Reserve. That guidance provides that bank holding companies that plan to pay dividends that exceed net earnings for a given period should first consult with the Federal Reserve. To the extent future quarterly dividends exceed quarterly net earnings, payment of dividends in respect of the Company’s common and preferred stock will be subject to prior consultation and non-objection from the Federal Reserve.
Our principal source of funds for dividend payments is dividends received from the Bank. Federal banking laws and regulations limit the amount of dividends that may be paid without prior approval of regulatory agencies. Under these regulations, in the case of the Bank, the amount of dividends that may be paid in any calendar year is limited to the current year’s net profits, combined with the retained net profits of the preceding two years, subject to the capital requirements described above. Accordingly, any dividend granted by the Bank would be limited by the need to maintain its well capitalized status plus the capital buffer in order to avoid additional dividend restrictions. As described below, any near term dividend by the Bank will require OCC approval. During the three months ended March 31, 2021, the Bank received approval from the OCC and paid $12.0 million in dividends to Banc of California, Inc.
During the three months ended March 31, 2021, we declared and paid dividends on our common stock of $0.06 per share in addition to dividends on our preferred stock.
ITEM 3 — QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
Our Risk When Interest Rates Change. The rates of interest we earn on assets and pay on liabilities generally are established contractually for a period of time. Market interest rates change over time. Accordingly, our results of operations, like those of other financial institutions, are impacted by changes in interest rates and the interest rate sensitivity of our assets and liabilities. The risk associated with changes in interest rates and our ability to adapt to these changes is known as interest rate risk and is our most significant market risk.
How We Measure Our Risk of Interest Rate Changes. As part of our attempt to manage our exposure to changes in interest rates and comply with applicable regulations, we have established asset/liability committees to monitor our interest rate risk. In monitoring interest rate risk we continually analyze and manage assets and liabilities based on their payment streams and interest rates, the timing of their maturities and/or prepayments, and their sensitivity to actual or potential changes in market interest rates.
We maintain both a management asset/liability committee (“Management ALCO”), comprised of select members of senior management, and a joint asset/liability committee of the Boards of Directors of the Company and the Bank (“Board ALCO”, together with Management ALCO, “ALCOs”). In order to manage the risk of potential adverse effects of material and prolonged or volatile changes in interest rates on our results of operations, we have adopted asset/liability management policies to align maturities and repricing terms of interest-earning assets to interest-bearing liabilities. The asset/liability management policies establish guidelines for the volume and mix of assets and funding sources taking into account relative costs and spreads, interest rate sensitivity and liquidity needs, while management monitors adherence to those guidelines with oversight by the ALCOs. The objectives are to manage assets and funding sources to produce results that are consistent with liquidity, capital adequacy, growth, risk, and profitability goals. The ALCOs meet no less than quarterly to review, among other things, economic conditions and interest rate outlook, current and projected liquidity needs and capital position, anticipated changes in the volume and mix of assets and liabilities and interest rate risk exposure limits versus current projections pursuant to our net present value of equity analysis.
In order to manage our assets and liabilities and achieve the desired liquidity, credit quality, interest rate risk, profitability and capital targets, we evaluate various strategies including:
•Originating and purchasing adjustable rate mortgage loans,
•Selling longer duration fixed or hybrid mortgage loans,
•Originating shorter-term consumer loans,
•Managing the duration of investment securities,
•Managing our deposits to establish stable deposit relationships,
•Using FHLB advances and/or certain derivatives such as swaps to align maturities and repricing terms, and
•Managing the percentage of fixed rate loans in our portfolio.
At times, depending on the level of general interest rates, the relationship between long- and short-term interest rates, market conditions and competitive factors, the ALCOs may decide to increase our interest rate risk position within the asset/liability tolerance set forth by our Board of Directors.
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As part of its procedures, the ALCOs regularly review interest rate risk by forecasting the impact of alternative interest rate environments on net interest income and market value of portfolio equity, which is defined as the net present value of an institution’s existing assets, liabilities and off-balance sheet instruments, and evaluating such impacts against the maximum potential changes in net interest income and market value of portfolio equity.
Interest Rate Sensitivity of Economic Value of Equity and Net Interest Income
Interest rate risk results from our banking activities and is the primary market risk for us. Interest rate risk is caused by the following factors:
•Repricing risk - timing differences in the repricing and maturity of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities;
•Option risk - changes in the expected maturities of assets and liabilities, such as borrowers’ ability to prepay loans and depositors’ ability to redeem certificates of deposit before maturity;
•Yield curve risk - changes in the yield curve where interest rates increase or decrease in a nonparallel fashion; and
•Basis risk - changes in spread relationships between different yield curves, such as U.S. Treasuries, U.S. Prime Rate and London Interbank Offered Rate.
Since our earnings are primarily dependent on our ability to generate net interest income, we focus on actively monitoring and managing the effects of adverse changes in interest rates on our net interest income. Management of our interest rate risk is overseen by the Board ALCO. Board ALCO delegates the day to day management of interest rate risk to the Management ALCO. Management ALCO ensures that the Bank is following the appropriate and current regulatory guidance in the formulation and implementation of our interest rate risk program. Board ALCO reviews the results of our interest rate risk modeling quarterly to ensure that we have appropriately measured our interest rate risk, mitigated our exposures appropriately and any residual risk is acceptable. In addition to our annual review of the Asset Liability Management policy, our Board of Directors periodically reviews the interest rate risk policy limits.
Interest rate risk management is an active process that encompasses monitoring loan and deposit flows complemented by investment and funding activities. Effective management of interest rate risk begins with understanding the dynamic repricing characteristics of our assets and liabilities and determining the appropriate interest rate risk posture given business forecasts, management objectives, market expectations, and policy constraints.
Our interest rate risk exposure is measured and monitored through various risk management tools, including a simulation model that performs interest rate sensitivity analysis under multiple scenarios. The simulation model is based on the actual maturities and re-pricing characteristics of the Bank’s interest-rate sensitive assets and liabilities. The simulated interest rate scenarios include an instantaneous parallel shift in the yield curve (“Rate Shock”). We then evaluate the simulation results using two approaches: Net Interest Income at Risk (“NII at Risk”), and Economic Value of Equity (“EVE”). Under NII at Risk, the impact on net interest income from changes in interest rates on interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities is modeled utilizing various assumptions for assets, liabilities, and derivatives.
EVE measures the period end market value of assets minus the market value of liabilities. Asset liability management uses this value to measure the changes in the economic value of the Bank under various interest rate scenarios. In some ways, the economic value approach provides a broader scope than net income volatility approach since it captures all anticipated cash flows.
The balance sheet is considered “asset sensitive” when an increase in short-term interest rates is expected to expand our net interest margin, as rates earned on our interest-earning assets reprice higher at a pace faster than rates paid on our interest-bearing liabilities. Conversely, the balance sheet is considered “liability sensitive” when an increase in short-term interest rates is expected to compress our net interest margin, as rates paid on our interest-bearing liabilities reprice higher at a pace faster than rates earned on our interest-earning assets.
At March 31, 2021, our interest rate risk profile reflects an “asset sensitive” position. Given the uncertainty of the magnitude, timing and direction of future interest rate movements, as well as the shape of the yield curve, actual results may vary from those predicted by our model.
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The following table presents the projected change in the Bank’s economic value of equity at March 31, 2021 and net interest income over the next twelve months, that would occur upon an immediate change in interest rates based on independent analysis, but without giving effect to any steps that management might take to counteract that change:

|  | Change in Interest Rates in Basis Points (bps) (1)
($ in thousands) |  | Economic Value of Equity |  | Net Interest Income
| Amount |  | Amount Change |  | Percentage Change |  | Amount |  | Amount Change |  | Percentage Change
March 31, 2021 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
+200 bps |  | $ | 1,553,119 |  |  | $ | 160,661 |  |  | 11.5 | % |  | $ | 246,144 |  |  | $ | 16,209 |  |  | 7.0 | %
+100 bps |  | 1,478,330 |  |  | 85,872 |  |  | 6.2 | % |  | 236,982 |  |  | 7,047 |  |  | 3.1 | %
0 bps |  | 1,392,458 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 229,935 |  |  |  |  |
-100 bps |  | 1,283,959 |  |  | (108,499) |  |  | (7.8) | % |  | 223,730 |  |  | (6,205) |  |  | (2.7) | %

(1)Assumes an instantaneous uniform change in interest rates at all maturities and no rate shock has a rate lower than zero percent.
As with any method of measuring interest rate risk, certain shortcomings are inherent in the method of analysis presented in the foregoing table. For example, although certain assets and liabilities may have similar maturities or periods to repricing, they may react in different degrees to changes in market interest rates. Also, the interest rates on certain types of assets and liabilities may fluctuate in advance of changes in market interest rates, while interest rates on other types may lag behind changes in market rates. Additionally, certain assets, such as adjustable rate mortgage loans, have features which restrict changes in interest rates on a short-term basis and over the life of the asset. Further, if interest rates change, expected rates of prepayments on loans and early withdrawals from certificates of deposit could deviate significantly from those assumed in calculating the table.
Interest rate risk is the most significant market risk affecting us. Other types of market risk, such as foreign currency exchange risk and commodity price risk, do not arise in the normal course of our business activities and operations.
ITEM 4 - CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
An evaluation of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the Act) as of March 31, 2021 was carried out under the supervision and with the participation of the Company’s Principal Executive Officer, Principal Financial Officer and other members of the Company’s senior management. The Company’s Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer concluded that, as of March 31, 2021, the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures were effective in ensuring that the information required to be disclosed by the Company in the reports it files or submits under the Act is: (i) accumulated and communicated to the Company’s management (including the Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer) to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure; and (ii) recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms.
There were no changes in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) under the Act) that occurred during the three months ended March 31, 2021 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.
The Company does not expect that its disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting will prevent all errors and fraud. A control procedure, no matter how well conceived and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the control procedure are met. Because of the inherent limitations in all control procedures, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, within the Company have been detected. These inherent limitations include the realities that judgments in decision-making can be faulty, and that breakdowns can occur because of simple error or mistake. Additionally, controls can be circumvented by the individual acts of some persons, by collusion of two or more people, or by management override of the control. The design of any control procedure also is based in part upon certain assumptions about the likelihood of future events, and there can be no assurance that any design will succeed in achieving its stated goals under all potential future conditions; over time, controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. Because of the inherent limitations in a cost-effective control procedure, misstatements due to error or fraud may occur and not be detected.
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PART II — OTHER INFORMATION
ITEM 1 - LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
From time to time we are involved as plaintiff or defendant in various legal actions arising in the normal course of business.
On April 2, 2019, the first of three shareholder derivative actions, Gordon v. Benett, No. 8:19-cv-621, was filed against current and former officers and directors of Banc of California, Inc. in the United States District Court for the Central District of California. The Gordon action asserts claims for breach of fiduciary duty against Halle J. Benett, Jonah Schnel, Jeffrey Karish, Robert Sznewajs, Eric Holoman, Chad Brownstein, Steven Sugarman, Richard Lashley, Douglas Bowers and John Grosvenor. On June 10, 2019, a second shareholder derivative action, Johnston v. Sznewajs, No. 8:19-cv-01152, was filed against current and former officers and directors of Banc of California, Inc. in the United States District Court for the Central District of California. The Johnston action asserts claims for breach of fiduciary duty and unjust enrichment against Robert Sznewajs, Jonah Schnel, Halle Benett, Richard Lashley, Steven Sugarman, John Grosvenor, Chad Brownstein, Jeffrey Karish and Eric Holoman. On June 18, 2019, a third shareholder derivative action, Witmer v. Sugarman, No. 19STCV21088, was filed against current and former officers and directors of Banc of California, Inc. in Los Angeles County Superior Court. The Witmer action asserts claims for breach of fiduciary duty, unjust enrichment and corporate waste against Steven Sugarman, Ronald Nicolas, Jr., Robert Sznewajs, Chad Brownstein, Halle Benett, Douglas Bowers, Jeffrey Karish, Richard Lashley, Jonah Schnel, Eric Holoman and Jeffrey Seabold. On June 24, 2019, the Witmer Action was removed to the United States District Court for the Central District of California and assigned docket number 2:19-cv-5488. On September 23, 2019, the Court, ordered that the Gordon, Johnston, and Witmer actions are consolidated for all purposes, including pre-trial proceedings and trial, and the matter was captioned In re Banc of California Inc. Stockholder Derivative Litigation, No. SA CV 19-621. On November 22, 2019, plaintiffs filed a consolidated complaint.
In general, the consolidated complaint alleges that our board wrongfully refused demands that the plaintiffs made to our board of directors that we should initiate litigation against the various current and former officers and directors based on their alleged role in the purported concealment of the Company's alleged relationship with Jason Galanis and various statements made by the Company alleged to be false and misleading. The plaintiffs seek an unspecified amount of damages to be paid by the named defendants to the Company, adoption of corporate governance reforms, and equitable and injunctive relief.
On April 5, 2021, the parties informed the Court that they had reached agreement on a Memorandum of Understanding to resolve the action and hoped to be able to file a Stipulation of Settlement within 90 days. The proposed settlement, which requires Court approval, requires only governance changes by the Company and does not contain a monetary component except for a potential award of attorneys’ fees. On April 7, 2021, the Court stayed the time for the Company to respond to the consolidated complaint and ordered the parties to file a Joint Status Report by July 6, 2021 if a Motion for Preliminary Approval of a settlement has not been filed by that time. The parties are currently negotiating the amount of attorney’s fees, if any, that the Company will cause its insurance carriers to pay to counsel for plaintiffs as part of the settlement that is being negotiated.
ITEM 1A - RISK FACTORS
There have been no material changes to the risk factors that appeared under Part I, Item 1A. “Risk Factors” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2020.
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ITEM 2 - UNREGISTERED SALES OF EQUITY SECURITIES AND USE OF PROCEEDS
Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

|  | Purchase of Equity Securities by the Issuer |  |
($ in thousands, except per share data) |  | Total Number of Shares |  | Average Price Paid Per Share |  | Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans |  | Total Number of Shares (or Approximate Dollar Value) That May Yet be Purchased Under the Plan
Common Stock: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
From January 1, 2021 to January 31, 2021 |  | 387 |  |  | $ | 14.71 |  |  | — |  |  | $ | 33,000 |
From February 1, 2021 to February 28, 2021 |  | 33,261 |  |  | $ | 19.32 |  |  | — |  |  | $ | — |
From March 1, 2021 to March 31, 2021 |  | 34,416 |  |  | $ | 19.76 |  |  | — |  |  | $ | — |
Total |  | 68,064 |  |  | $ | 19.52 |  |  | — |  |  |
Preferred Stock (Depositary Shares): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
From January 1, 2021 to January 31, 2021 |  | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
From February 1, 2021 to February 28, 2021 |  | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
From March 1, 2021 to March 31, 2021 |  | 3,730,767 |  |  | $ | 25.00 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total |  | 3,730,767 |  |  | $ | 25.00 |  |  | — |  |  | — |

During the three months ended March 31, 2021, purchases of shares of common stock related to shares surrendered by employees in order to pay employee tax liabilities associated with vested awards under our employee stock benefit plans. There were no purchases of shares of common stock during the three months ended March 31, 2021 related to the Company's previously announced stock repurchase program discussed below.
On February 10, 2020, we announced a repurchase program of up to $45 million of our common stock. The repurchase authorization expired in February 2021. Purchases were made in open-market transactions, in block transactions on or off an exchange, in privately negotiated transactions or by other means as determined by our management and in accordance with the regulations of the SEC. The timing of purchases and the number of shares repurchased under the program depended on a variety of factors including price, trading volume, corporate and regulatory requirements and market conditions.
ITEM 3 - DEFAULTS UPON SENIOR SECURITIES
None
ITEM 4 MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES
Not applicable
ITEM 5 - OTHER INFORMATION
None
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ITEM 6 - EXHIBITS

2.1 | Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated March 22, 2021, between Banc of California and Pacific Mercantile Bancorp (Filed as an exhibit to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on March 23, 2021 and incorporated herein by reference.)
3.1 | Second Articles of Restatement of the charter of the Registrant (Filed as an exhibit to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on June 5, 2018 and incorporated herein by reference.)
3.2 | Fifth Amended and Restated Bylaws of the Registrant (Filed as an exhibit to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on June 30, 2017 and incorporated herein by reference.)
31.1 | Rule 13a-14(a) Certification (Principal Executive Officer)
31.2 | Rule 13a-14(a) Certification (Principal Financial Officer)
32.0 | Rule 13a-14(b) and 18 U.S.C. 1350 Certification
101.0 | The following financial statements and footnotes from the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2021 formatted in Extensible Business Reporting Language (XBRL): (i) Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition; (ii) Consolidated Statements of Operations; (iii) Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss); (iv) Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity; (v) Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows; and (vi) the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. The instance document does not appear in the interactive data file because its XBRL tags are embedded within the inline XBRL document.
104 | Cover Page Interactive Data File (embedded within the Inline XBRL document)

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SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

|  |  | BANC OF CALIFORNIA, INC.
Date: | May 10, 2021 |  | /s/ Jared Wolff
|  |  | Jared Wolff
|  |  | President/Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer)
Date: | May 10, 2021 |  | /s/ Lynn M. Hopkins
|  |  | Lynn M. Hopkins
|  |  | Executive Vice President/Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer)
Date: | May 10, 2021 |  | /s/ Mike Smith
|  |  | Mike Smith
|  |  | Senior Vice President/Chief Accounting Officer (Principal Accounting Officer)

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