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FAIR VALUES OF FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2021
Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract]  
FAIR VALUES OF FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS FAIR VALUES OF FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS
Fair Value Hierarchy
ASC 820-10 establishes a fair value hierarchy which requires an entity to maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value. The topic describes three levels of inputs that may be used to measure fair value:
•Level 1: Quoted prices (unadjusted) for identical assets or liabilities in active markets that the entity has the ability to access as of the measurement date.
•Level 2: Significant observable inputs other than Level 1 prices such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities; quoted prices in markets that are not active; or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data.
•Level 3: Significant unobservable inputs that reflect a reporting entity’s own assumptions about the assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability.
Categorization within the valuation hierarchy is based upon the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement.
Assets and Liabilities Measured on a Recurring Basis
Securities Available-for-Sale: The fair values of securities available-for-sale are generally determined by quoted market prices in active markets, if available (Level 1). We had no securities available-for-sale classified as Level 1 at December 31, 2021 and 2020. If quoted market prices are not available, we primarily employ independent pricing services that utilize pricing models to calculate fair value. Such fair value measurements consider observable data such as dealer quotes, market spreads, cash flows, yield curves, live trading levels, trade execution data, market consensus prepayment speeds, credit information, and respective terms and conditions for debt instruments. We employ procedures to monitor the pricing service's assumptions and establish processes to challenge the pricing service's valuations that appear unusual or unexpected. Multiple quotes or prices may be obtained in this process and we determine which fair value is most appropriate based on market information and analysis. Quotes obtained through this process are generally non-binding. We follow established procedures to ensure that assets and liabilities are properly classified in the fair value hierarchy. All securities available-for-sale were classified as Level 2 at December 31, 2021 and 2020. When a market is illiquid or there is a lack of transparency around the inputs to valuation, including at least one unobservable input, the securities are classified as Level 3 and reliance is placed upon internally developed models and management's judgment and evaluation for valuation. We had no securities available-for-sale classified as Level 3 at December 31, 2021 and 2020.
Loans Held-for-Sale, Carried at Fair Value: The fair value of loans held-for-sale is based on commitments outstanding from investors and current offerings in the secondary market for portfolios with similar characteristics, except for loans that are repurchased out of GNMA loan pools that become severely delinquent which are valued based on an internal model. Loans held-for-sale subject to recurring fair value adjustments are classified as Level 2, or in the case of loans repurchased, Level 3. The fair value includes the servicing value of the loans and any accrued interest.
Derivative Assets and Liabilities:
Interest Rate Swaps and Caps. We offer interest rate swap and cap products to certain loan clients to allow them to hedge the risk of rising interest rates on their variable rate loans. We originate a variable rate loan and enter into a variable-to-fixed interest rate swap with the client. We also enter into an offsetting swap with a correspondent bank. These back-to-back agreements are intended to offset each other and allow us to originate a variable rate loan while providing a contract for fixed interest payments for the client. The net cash flow for us is equal to the interest income received from a variable rate loan originated with the client plus a fee. The fair value of these derivatives is based on a discounted cash flow approach. Due to the observable nature of the inputs used in deriving the fair value of these derivative contracts, the valuation of interest rate swaps is classified as Level 2.
Foreign Exchange Contracts. 
We offer short-term foreign exchange contracts to customers to purchase and/or sell foreign currencies at set rates in the future. These products allow customers to hedge the foreign exchange rate risk of their deposits and loans denominated in foreign currencies. In conjunction with these products, we also enter into offsetting contracts with institutional counterparties to hedge the Company’s foreign exchange rate risk. These back-to-back contracts allow us to offer our customers foreign exchange products while minimizing exposure to foreign exchange rate fluctuations. The fair value of these instruments is determined at each reporting period based on the change in the foreign exchange rate. Given the short-term nature of the contracts, the counterparties’ credit risks are considered nominal and result in no adjustments to the valuation of the short-term foreign exchange contracts. Due to the observable nature of the inputs used in deriving the fair value of these derivative contracts, the valuation of these contracts is classified as Level 2.
The following table presents our financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of the dates indicated:
Fair Value Measurement Level
($ in thousands)Carrying ValueQuoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets
(Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs
(Level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs
(Level 3)
December 31, 2021
Assets
Securities available-for-sale:
SBA loan pools securities$14,591 $— $14,591 $— 
U.S. government agency and U.S. government sponsored enterprise residential mortgage-backed securities191,969 — 191,969 — 
U.S. government agency and U.S. government sponsored enterprise collateralized mortgage obligations241,541 — 241,541 — 
Municipal securities119,015 — 119,015 — 
Non-agency residential mortgage-backed securities56,025 — 56,025 — 
Collateralized loan obligations518,964 — 518,964 — 
Corporate debt securities173,598 — 173,598 — 
Loans held-for-sale, carried at fair value 3,408 — 2,415 993 
Derivative assets:
Interest rate swaps and caps (1)
3,390 — 3,390 — 
Foreign exchange contracts (1)
175 — 175 — 
Liabilities
Derivative liabilities:
Interest rate swaps and caps (2)
3,594 — 3,594 — 
Foreign exchange contracts (2)
146 — 146 — 
December 31, 2020
Assets
Securities available-for-sale:
SBA loan pools securities$17,354 $— $17,354 $— 
U.S. government agency and U.S. government sponsored enterprise residential mortgage-backed securities106,384 $— 106,384 $— 
U.S. government agency and U.S. government sponsored enterprise collateralized mortgage obligations211,831 — 211,831 — 
Municipal securities68,623 — 68,623 — 
Non-agency residential mortgage-backed securities160 — 160 — 
Collateralized loan obligations677,785 — 677,785 — 
Corporate debt securities149,294 — 149,294 — 
Loans held-for-sale, carried at fair value1,413 — 468 945 
Derivative assets:
Interest rate swaps and caps (1)
7,304 — 7,304 — 
Foreign exchange contracts (1)
328 — 328 — 
Liabilities
Derivative liabilities:
Interest rate swaps and caps (2)
7,789 — 7,789 — 
Foreign exchange contracts (2)
313 — 313 — 
(1)Included in other assets in the consolidated statements of financial condition.
(2)Included in accrued expenses and other liabilities in the consolidated statements of financial condition.
The following table presents a reconciliation of assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3), on a consolidated operations basis, for the periods indicated:
Year Ended December 31,
($ in thousands)202120202019
Loans repurchased from GNMA Loan Pools
Balance at beginning of period$945 $19,233 $25,040 
Total gains or losses (realized/unrealized):
Included in earnings—fair value adjustment (1)
57 (1,347)(16)
Additions— — 406 
Sales, settlements, and other(9)(16,941)(6,197)
Balance at end of period$993 $945 $19,233 
(1)Included in fair value adjustment for loans held-for-sale in the consolidated statements of operations.

Loans repurchased from GNMA loan pools had aggregate unpaid principal balances of $1.0 million and $1.1 million at December 31, 2021 and 2020. The significant unobservable inputs used in the fair value measurement of our loans repurchased from GNMA loan pools at December 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020 included an expected loss rate of 1.55% for insured loans and 20.00% for uninsured loans. There may be inherent weaknesses in any calculation technique, and changes in the underlying assumptions used, including discount rates and estimates of future cash flows, could significantly affect the results.
Fair Value Option
Loans Held-for-Sale, Carried at Fair Value: We elected the fair value option for certain SFR mortgage loans held-for-sale. Electing to measure SFR mortgage loans held-for-sale at fair value reduces certain timing differences and better matches changes in the value of these assets with changes in the value of derivatives used as economic hedges for these assets, if any. We also elected to record loans repurchased from GNMA at fair value, as we intend to sell them after curing any defects and, accordingly, they are classified as held-for-sale.
The following table presents the fair value and aggregate principal balance of certain assets under the fair value option:
December 31,
20212020
($ in thousands)Fair ValueUnpaid Principal BalanceDifferenceFair ValueUnpaid Principal BalanceDifference
Loans held-for-sale, carried at fair value in continuing operations:
Total loans
$3,408 $3,638 $(230)$1,413 $1,680 $(267)
Nonaccrual loans (1)
128 143 (15)654 750 (96)
(1)    Includes loans guaranteed by the U.S. government of $38 thousand and $190 thousand at December 31, 2021 and 2020.
There were no loans held-for-sale that were 90 days or more past due and still accruing interest as of December 31, 2021 and 2020.
The assets accounted for under the fair value option are initially measured at fair value. Gains and losses from initial measurement and subsequent changes in fair value are recognized in earnings. The following table presents changes in fair value related to initial measurement and subsequent changes in fair value included in earnings for these assets measured at fair value for the periods indicated:
Year Ended December 31,
($ in thousands)202120202019
Net gains (losses) from fair value changes
Fair value adjustment for loans held-for-sale$206 $(1,501)$106 
Assets and Liabilities Measured on a Non-Recurring Basis
Individually Evaluated Loans: The fair value of individually evaluated loans (previously referred to as impaired loans prior to the adoption of ASC 326) with specific allocations of the ALL based on collateral values is generally based on recent real estate appraisals and AVMs. These appraisals may utilize a single valuation approach or a combination of approaches including
comparable sales and the income approach. Adjustments are routinely made in the appraisal process by the appraisers to adjust for differences between the comparable sales and income data available. Such adjustments are typically deemed significant unobservable inputs used for determining fair value and result in a Level 3 classification.
Other Real Estate Owned Assets: OREO assets are initially recorded at fair value at the time of foreclosure. Thereafter, they are recorded at the lower of cost or fair value. The fair value of OREO assets is generally based on recent real estate appraisals adjusted for estimated selling costs. These appraisals may utilize a single valuation approach or a combination of approaches and adjustments are routinely made in the appraisal process resulting in a Level 3 classification due to the unobservable inputs used for determining fair value. We recorded impairment expense for OREO assets of zero, zero and $145 thousand for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019 in all other expense on the consolidated statements of operations.
The following table presents our financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis as of the dates indicated:
Fair Value Measurement Level
($ in thousands)Fair
Value		Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets
(Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs
(Level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs
(Level 3)
December 31, 2021
Assets
Collateral dependent loans:
Commercial and industrial$12,272 $— $— $12,272 
SBA$3,886 $— $— $3,886 
December 31, 2020
Assets
Collateral dependent loans:
SBA$629 $— $— $629 


The following table presents the net losses recognized on assets measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis for the periods indicated:
Year Ended December 31,
($ in thousands)202120202019
Individually evaluated loans:
Single family residential mortgage$(532)$(169)$(490)
Commercial and industrial(1,491)(10,292)— 
Commercial real estate(555)— — 
SBA(1,888)(2,052)(46)
Other consumer— — (88)
Other real estate owned:
Single family residential mortgage— — (104)
Estimated Fair Values of Financial Instruments
The following table presents the carrying amounts and estimated fair values of financial assets and liabilities as of the dates indicated:
Carrying AmountFair Value Measurement Level
($ in thousands)Level 1Level 2Level 3Total
December 31, 2021
Financial assets
Cash and cash equivalents$228,123 $228,123 $— $— $228,123 
Securities available-for-sale1,315,703 — 1,315,703 — 1,315,703 
Federal Home Loan Bank and other bank stock44,632 — 44,632 — 44,632 
Loans held-for-sale 3,408 — 2,415 993 3,408 
Loans receivable, net of allowance
7,158,896 — — 7,150,703 7,150,703 
Accrued interest receivable30,991 30,991 — — 30,991 
Derivative assets3,565 — 3,565 — 3,565 
Financial liabilities
Deposits7,439,435 6,932,717 506,711 — 7,439,428 
Advances from Federal Home Loan Bank476,059 — 500,323 — 500,323 
Other borrowings25,000 — 25,000 — 25,000 
Long-term debt274,386 — 294,404 — 294,404 
Derivative liabilities3,740 — 3,740 — 3,740 
Accrued interest payable3,546 3,546 — — 3,546 
December 31, 2020
Financial assets
Cash and cash equivalents$220,819 $220,819 $— $— $220,819 
Securities available-for-sale1,231,431 — 1,231,431 — 1,231,431 
Federal Home Loan Bank and other bank stock44,506 — 44,506 — 44,506 
Loans held-for-sale1,413 — 468 945 1,413 
Loans receivable, net of allowance
5,817,375 — — 5,936,708 5,936,708 
Accrued interest receivable29,445 29,445 — — 29,445 
Derivative assets7,632 — 7,632 — 7,632 
Financial liabilities
Deposits6,085,800 5,313,850 773,864 — 6,087,714 
Advances from Federal Home Loan Bank539,795 — 585,416 — 585,416 
Long-term debt256,315 — 273,230 — 273,230 
Derivative liabilities8,102 — 8,102 — 8,102 
Accrued interest payable3,714 3,714 — — 3,714 

The methods and assumptions used to estimate fair value for our financial instruments recorded at fair value on a recurring or non-recurring basis are described as follows:
Cash and Cash Equivalents and Interest-earning Deposits in Financial Institutions: The carrying amounts of cash and cash equivalents and interest-earning deposits in financial institutions approximate fair value due to the short-term nature of these instruments (Level 1).
Federal Home Loan Bank and Other Bank Stock: FHLB, Federal Reserve Bank and other bank stock are recorded at cost, which approximates fair value. Ownership of FHLB and Federal Reserve Bank stock is restricted to member banks, and purchases and sales of these securities are at par value with the issuer (Level 2).
Loans Receivable, Net of ALL: The fair value of loans receivable, which is based on an exit price notion, is estimated based on the discounted cash flow approach. The discount rate was derived from the associated market yield curve plus appropriate spreads. The resulting fair value reflects market price for loans with similar financial characteristics. Yield curves are constructed by product and payment types. Additionally, the fair value of our loans may differ significantly from the values that
would have been used had a ready market existed for such loans and may differ materially from the values that we may ultimately realize (Level 3).
Accrued Interest Receivable: The carrying amount of accrued interest receivable approximates its fair value (Level 1).
Deposits: The fair values of deposits with no stated maturity, including noninterest‑bearing deposits, interest-bearing demand deposits, money market and savings accounts are equal to the amount payable on demand as of the balance sheet date (Level 1). The fair value of certificates of deposit is estimated based on discounted cash flows utilizing interest rates currently being offered by the Bank on comparable deposits as to amount and remaining term (Level 2).
Advances from Federal Home Loan Bank and Other Borrowings: The fair values of advances from FHLB and other borrowings are estimated based on a discounted cash flow approach. The discount rate was derived from the current market rates for borrowings with similar remaining maturities (Level 2).
Long-Term Debt: Fair value of long-term debt is determined by observable data such as market spreads, cash flows, yield curves, credit information, and respective terms and conditions for debt instruments (Level 2).
Accrued Interest Payable: The carrying amount of accrued interest payable approximates its fair value (Level 1).