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INCOME TAXES
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2022
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]  
INCOME TAXES INCOME TAXES
The following table presents the components of income tax expense of continuing operations for the periods indicated:
Year Ended December 31,
($ in thousands)202220212020
Current income taxes:
Federal$13,290 $7,966 $7,332 
State15,577 6,466 3,713 
Total current income tax expense28,867 14,432 11,045 
Deferred income taxes:
Federal17,992 4,950 (5,663)
State1,086 894 (3,596)
Total deferred income tax expense (benefit)19,078 5,844 (9,259)
Income tax expense$47,945 $20,276 $1,786 

The following table presents a reconciliation of the recorded income tax expense of continuing operations to the amount of taxes computed by applying the applicable statutory Federal income tax rate of 21.0% to income from continuing operations before income taxes for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020:
Year Ended December 31,
202220212020
Computed expected income tax expense at Federal statutory rate21.0 %21.0 %21.0 %
Increase (decrease) resulting from:
Proportional amortization2.2 %4.3 %24.1 %
Income tax credits (investment tax credits and other)(2.8)%(5.5)%(30.6)%
Other permanent book-tax differences0.5 %0.9 %1.9 %
State tax expense, net of federal benefit7.8 %7.0 %0.6 %
Bank owned life insurance policies(0.4)%(0.7)%(3.6)%
Equity compensation (windfall) shortfall tax impact(0.1)%(2.2)%2.2 %
Reserve for uncertain tax positions— %— %(0.9)%
Other, net0.2 %(0.3)%(2.3)%
Effective tax rates28.4 %24.5 %12.4 %
Our effective tax rate for the year ended December 31, 2022 was higher than the effective tax rate for the year ended December 31, 2021 due mainly to (i) higher pre-tax income and (ii) lower tax benefit from share-based awards of $2.3 million, primarily from 2021 including a $2.5 million tax benefit from share-based awards, including the exercise of all previously issued outstanding stock appreciation rights.
Our effective tax rate for the year ended December 31, 2021 was higher than the effective tax rate for the year ended December 31, 2020 due mainly to (i) higher pre-tax income, and (ii) lower net tax effects of our qualified affordable housing partnerships, offset by (iii) higher tax benefit from share-based awards of $2.5 million, primarily from the exercise of all previously issued outstanding stock appreciation rights in 2021.

At December 31, 2022, we had available gross unused federal NOL carryforwards of $346 thousand that may be applied against future taxable income through 2031. At December 31, 2022, we had available gross unused state NOL carryforwards of $24.6 million that may be applied against future taxable income through 2036. Utilization of these NOL carryforwards are subject to annual limitations set forth in Section 382 of the U.S. Internal Revenue Code.
In addition, as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, we had income tax credit carryforwards of $2.5 million and $23.0 million. These tax credits, if unused, will expire in 2042.
The following table presents the tax effects of temporary differences that give rise to significant portions of deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities as of the dates indicated:
December 31,
($ in thousands)20222021
Deferred tax assets:
Allowance for loan losses$27,207 $29,746 
Stock-based compensation expense1,427 1,181 
Accrued expenses3,180 6,198 
Loan repurchase reserve864 1,256 
Federal net operating losses73 172 
State net operating losses1,950 2,762 
Federal income tax credits2,452 23,045 
Unrealized loss on securities available-for-sale16,488 — 
Deferred loan fees1,580 1,692 
Prior year state tax deduction3,155 1,648 
Lease liability9,577 11,752 
Other deferred tax assets4,810 4,897 
Total deferred tax assets72,763 84,349 
Deferred tax liabilities:
Unrealized gain on securities available-for-sale— (3,172)
Investments in partnerships(2,130)(8,857)
Mortgage servicing rights(165)(130)
Amortization of intangible assets(78)(47)
Deferred loan costs(5,100)(4,577)
Depreciation on premises and equipment(6,336)(4,916)
Right of use asset(8,322)(10,240)
Other deferred tax liabilities(114)(1,636)
Total deferred tax liabilities(22,245)(33,575)
Valuation allowance— — 
Net deferred tax assets$50,518 $50,774 
Deferred tax assets are reduced by a valuation allowance when, in the opinion of management, it is more likely than not that some portion, or all, of the deferred tax asset will not be realized. In assessing the realization of deferred tax assets, management will continue to evaluate both positive and negative evidence on a quarterly basis, including considering the four possible sources of future taxable income: (i) future reversal of existing taxable temporary differences, (ii) future taxable income exclusive of reversing temporary differences and carryforwards, (iii) taxable income in prior carryback year(s), and (iv) future tax planning strategies. Based on this analysis, management determined, it was more likely than not, that all of the deferred tax assets would be realized; therefore, no valuation allowance was provided against the net deferred tax assets at December 31, 2022 and 2021.
We believe that our future reversing taxable temporary differences, our ability to utilize tax credits, and our projection of future taxable income should be considered significant positive evidence that the deferred tax assets for income tax credits will be realized in future periods prior to their expiration dates.
ASC 740-10-25 relates to the accounting for uncertainty in income taxes recognized in an enterprise’s financial statements. It prescribes a threshold and a measurement process for recognizing in the financial statements a tax position taken or expected to be taken in a tax return and also provides guidance on de-recognition, classification, interest and penalties, accounting in interim periods, disclosure and transition. We had unrecognized tax benefits of $816 thousand and $925 thousand at December 31, 2022 and 2021. We do not believe that the unrecognized tax benefits will change materially within the next twelve months. As of December 31, 2022, the total unrecognized tax benefit that, if recognized, would impact the effective tax rate was $599 thousand.
At December 31, 2022 and 2021, we had no accrued interest or penalties, respectively. The table below summarizes the activity related to our unrecognized tax benefits for the periods indicated:
Year Ended December 31,
($ in thousands)202220212020
Beginning balance$925 $924 $977 
Decrease related to prior year tax positions(60)(59)(6)
Increase in current year tax positions— 60 120 
Decrease related to lapsing of statute of limitations(49)— (167)
Ending balance$816 $925 $924 

In the event we are assessed interest and/or penalties by federal or state tax authorities, such amounts will be classified on the consolidated financial statements as income tax expense.
We are subject to U.S. federal income tax as well as income tax in multiple state jurisdictions. The statute of limitations for examination by U.S. federal taxing authorities has expired for tax years before 2019. The statute of limitations for the assessment of California franchise taxes has expired for tax years before 2018 (other state income and franchise tax statutes of limitations vary by state).
We account for low income housing tax credit investments under the proportional amortization method. The aggregate funding commitment in these investments totaled $73.0 million and the unfunded portion was $17.5 million as of December 31, 2022. The carrying value of these investments was $45.7 million and $39.0 million at December 31, 2022 and 2021. The proportional amortization of these investments amounted to $4.9 million, $4.2 million and $5.3 million for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020. The tax deduction from these investments totaled $4.8 million, $3.7 million and $7.2 million in 2022, 2021 and 2020. The unused tax credit carryforwards for these investments totaled $2.3 million and $13.2 million as of December 31, 2022 and 2021. For additional information on qualified affordable housing investments, see Note 20 — Variable Interest Entities.