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Pension and Postretirement Benefit Plans | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2017
Defined Benefit Plan [Abstract] |
Pension and Postretirement Benefit Plans [Text Block] | Pension and Postretirement Benefit Plans We sponsor various defined benefit, qualified and nonqualified, pension plans covering eligible employees. Other postretirement benefits (OPEB), including medical and life insurance, are provided for certain employees upon retirement. We also sponsor various defined contribution plans that cover the majority of our employees. Under the terms of the qualified defined contribution retirement plans, employee and employer contributions may be directed into a number of diverse investments. None of these qualified defined contribution plans allow direct investment in our stock. Components of net periodic benefit cost (credit) and other amounts recognized in OCI —
| Pension Benefits
| 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015
| U.S. |  | Non-U.S. |  | U.S. |  | Non-U.S. |  | U.S. |  | Non-U.S.
Interest cost | $ | 51 |  |  | $ | 7 |  |  | $ | 53 |  |  | $ | 7 |  |  | $ | 66 |  |  | $ | 8 |
Expected return on plan assets | (82 | ) |  | (3 | ) |  | (92 | ) |  | (2 | ) |  | (108 | ) |  | (2 | )
Service cost |  |  |  | 7 |  |  |  |  |  | 5 |  |  |  |  |  | 5 |
Amortization of net actuarial loss | 23 |  |  | 7 |  |  | 21 |  |  | 6 |  |  | 18 |  |  | 7 |
Termination benefit |  |  | 1 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Other |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net periodic benefit cost (credit) | (8 | ) |  | 19 |  |  | (18 | ) |  | 17 |  |  | (24 | ) |  | 18 |
Recognized in OCI: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Amount due to net actuarial (gains) losses | 22 |  |  | 4 |  |  | 68 |  |  | 16 |  |  | 40 |  |  | (6 | )
Reclassification adjustment for net actuarial losses in net periodic benefit cost | (23 | ) |  | (7 | ) |  | (21 | ) |  | (6 | ) |  | (18 | ) |  | (7 | )
Curtailment |  |  | (1 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Other |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (1 | ) |  |  |  |  | (11 | )
Total recognized in OCI | (1 | ) |  | (4 | ) |  | 47 |  |  | 9 |  |  | 22 |  |  | (24 | )
Net recognized in benefit cost (credit) and OCI | $ | (9 | ) |  | $ | 15 |  |  | $ | 29 |  |  | $ | 26 |  |  | $ | (2 | ) |  | $ | (6 | )
| OPEB - Non-U.S.
| 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015
Interest cost | $ | 3 |  |  | $ | 3 |  |  | $ | 3 |
Service cost | 1 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |
Amortization of net actuarial gain |  |  |  | (1 | ) |  |  |
Net periodic benefit cost | 4 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 4 |
Recognized in OCI: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Amount due to net actuarial (gains) losses | 2 |  |  | 4 |  |  | (6 | )
Reclassification adjustment for net actuarial gain in net periodic benefit cost |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  |
Total recognized in OCI | 2 |  |  | 5 |  |  | (6 | )
Net recognized in benefit cost and OCI | $ | 6 |  |  | $ | 8 |  |  | $ | (2 | )
Our U.S. defined benefit pension plans are frozen and no additional service cost is being accrued. The estimated net actuarial loss for the defined benefit pension plans that will be amortized from AOCI into benefit cost in 2018 is $28 for our U.S. plans and $6 for our non-U.S. plans. We use the corridor approach for purposes of systematically amortizing deferred gains or losses as a component of net periodic benefit cost into the income statement in future reporting periods. The amortization period used is generally the average remaining service period of active participants in the plan unless almost all of the plan’s participants are inactive, in which case we use the average remaining life expectancy of the inactive participants. No portion of the estimated net actuarial gain related to OPEB plans will be amortized from AOCI into benefit cost in 2018. In October 2017, upon authorization by the Dana Board of Directors, we commenced the process of terminating one of our U.S. defined benefit pension plans. Ultimate plan termination is subject to regulatory approval and to prevailing market conditions and other considerations, including interest rates and annuity pricing. In the event that approvals are received and we proceed with effecting termination, settlement of the plan obligations is expected to occur in the first half of 2019. At December 31, 2017, this plan had benefit obligations of $1,064 and assets of $900. The benefit obligations have been valued at the amount expected to be required to settle the obligations, using assumptions regarding the portion of obligations expected to be settled through participant acceptance of lump sum payments or annuities and the cost to purchase those annuities. Increasing this plan's obligations to reflect the expected settlement value resulted in an actuarial loss of $69 that was charged to OCI in 2017, bringing the unrecognized actuarial losses of the plan to $369 at the end of 2017. If the settlement is effected as expected in 2019, the plan's deferred actuarial losses remaining in AOCI at that time will be recognized as expense. As discussed in Note 3, upon the divestiture of our operations in Venezuela, we eliminated unrecognized pension expense of $11, of which $1 was attributable to noncontrolling interests. Funded status — The following tables provide reconciliations of the changes in benefit obligations, plan assets and funded status.
| Pension Benefits |  |  |  |
| 2017 |  | 2016 |  | OPEB - Non-U.S.
| U.S. |  | Non-U.S. |  | U.S. |  | Non-U.S. |  | 2017 |  | 2016
Reconciliation of benefit obligation: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Obligation at beginning of period | $ | 1,682 |  |  | $ | 309 |  |  | $ | 1,692 |  |  | $ | 288 |  |  | $ | 91 |  |  | $ | 86 |
Interest cost | 51 |  |  | 7 |  |  | 53 |  |  | 7 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 3 |
Service cost |  |  |  | 7 |  |  |  |  |  | 5 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |
Actuarial (gain) loss | 115 |  |  | 7 |  |  | 59 |  |  | 18 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 4 |
Benefit payments | (118 | ) |  | (14 | ) |  | (122 | ) |  | (12 | ) |  | (5 | ) |  | (5 | )
Acquisitions |  |  | 22 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
New plans |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 14 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Settlements |  |  |  | (1 | ) |  |  |  |  | (2 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |
Termination benefit |  |  | 1 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Curtailment |  |  | (1 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Other |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (5 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |
Translation adjustments |  |  |  | 40 |  |  |  |  |  | (4 | ) |  | 7 |  |  | 2 |
Obligation at end of period | $ | 1,730 |  |  | $ | 377 |  |  | $ | 1,682 |  |  | $ | 309 |  |  | $ | 99 |  |  | $ | 91 |
The amount included on the New plans line in the preceding table includes obligations under a pension plan in Switzerland, gratuity plans in India and a termination benefit plan covering certain employees in Italy. We determined in 2016 that these obligations should be included within our defined benefit pension plan obligation and the related disclosures. The adjustments were primarily reclassifications from other noncurrent liabilities to pension and postretirement obligations and did not have a material impact on pension expense.
| Pension Benefits |  |  |  |
| 2017 |  | 2016 |  | OPEB - Non-U.S.
| U.S. |  | Non-U.S. |  | U.S. |  | Non-U.S. |  | 2017 |  | 2016
Reconciliation of fair value of plan assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fair value at beginning of period | $ | 1,454 |  |  | $ | 51 |  |  | $ | 1,493 |  |  | $ | 40 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Actual return on plan assets | 175 |  |  | 6 |  |  | 83 |  |  | 4 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Employer contributions | 2 |  |  | 15 |  |  |  |  |  | 15 |  |  | 5 |  |  | 5 |
Benefit payments | (118 | ) |  | (14 | ) |  | (122 | ) |  | (12 | ) |  | (5 | ) |  | (5 | )
Settlements |  |  |  | (1 | ) |  |  |  |  | (2 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |
New plans |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 4 |  |  |  |  |
Acquisition |  |  | 12 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Translation adjustments |  |  |  | 2 |  |  |  |  |  | 2 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fair value at end of period | $ | 1,513 |  |  | $ | 71 |  |  | $ | 1,454 |  |  | $ | 51 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Funded status at end of period | $ | (217 | ) |  | $ | (306 | ) |  | $ | (228 | ) |  | $ | (258 | ) |  | $ | (99 | ) |  | $ | (91 | )
Amounts recognized in the balance sheet —
| Pension Benefits |  |  |  |
| 2017 |  | 2016 |  | OPEB - Non-U.S.
| U.S. |  | Non-U.S. |  | U.S. |  | Non-U.S. |  | 2017 |  | 2016
Amounts recognized in the consolidated balance sheet: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Noncurrent assets | $ | — |  |  | $ | 3 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Current liabilities |  |  |  | (13 | ) |  |  |  |  | (9 | ) |  | (5 | ) |  | (5 | )
Noncurrent liabilities | (217 | ) |  | (296 | ) |  | (228 | ) |  | (251 | ) |  | (94 | ) |  | (86 | )
Net amount recognized | $ | (217 | ) |  | $ | (306 | ) |  | $ | (228 | ) |  | $ | (258 | ) |  | $ | (99 | ) |  | $ | (91 | )
Amounts recognized in AOCI —
| Pension Benefits |  |  |  |
| 2017 |  | 2016 |  | OPEB - Non-U.S.
| U.S. |  | Non-U.S. |  | U.S. |  | Non-U.S. |  | 2017 |  | 2016
Amounts recognized in AOCI: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net actuarial loss (gain) | $ | 559 |  |  | $ | 88 |  |  | $ | 560 |  |  | $ | 92 |  |  | $ | (8 | ) |  | $ | (10 | )
AOCI before tax | 559 |  |  | 88 |  |  | 560 |  |  | 92 |  |  | (8 | ) |  | (10 | )
Deferred taxes | (10 | ) |  | (22 | ) |  | (17 | ) |  | (24 | ) |  | 3 |  |  | 3 |
Net | $ | 549 |  |  | $ | 66 |  |  | $ | 543 |  |  | $ | 68 |  |  | $ | (5 | ) |  | $ | (7 | )
Excluding the actuarial loss of $69 for remeasurement of the benefit obligations of the plan being terminated at expected settlement value, we recognized an actuarial gain of $47 on the U.S. plans in 2017 as the return on assets exceeding the expected rate more than offset the effect of the lower discount rates used to value our December 31, 2017 pension obligations and the impact of using spot rates to determine pension service and interest expense, as discussed previously. In the fourth quarter of 2017, the Society of Actuaries continued its trend of frequent updates, issuing new U.S. mortality scales (MP-2017) based on historical data through 2014 and preliminary data for 2015. After studying the new data and consulting with our actuarial advisers, we concluded that adopting MP-2017, modified to reflect a long-term improvement rate of 0.75% being attained in 2026, was appropriate. This change in assumption did not have a significant impact on the 2017 valuation. The 2016 actuarial loss was largely the result of decreases in the discount rates used to value our December 31, 2016 pension obligations. Other elements of the actuarial loss include the impact of using spot rates in 2016 to determine pension service and interest expense. The spot rate approach reduces pension expense but the impact is effectively offset by an increase in the actuarial loss. In the fourth quarter of 2016, the Society of Actuaries issued new mortality scales (MP-2016) in the U.S. based on historical data through 2013 and preliminary data for 2014. After studying the new data and consulting with our actuarial advisers, we concluded that adopting MP-2016, modified to reflect a long-term improvement rate of 0.75% being attained in 2026, was appropriate. This change in assumption did not have a significant impact on the 2016 valuation. Aggregate funding levels — The following table presents information regarding the aggregate funding levels of our defined benefit pension plans at December 31:
| 2017 |  | 2016
| U.S. |  | Non-U.S. |  | U.S. |  | Non-U.S.
Plans with fair value of plan assets in excess of obligations: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Accumulated benefit obligation | $ | 16 |  |  | $ | 15 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 15 |
Projected benefit obligation | 16 |  |  | 15 |  |  |  |  |  | 15 |
Fair value of plan assets | 16 |  |  | 18 |  |  |  |  |  | 17 |
Plans with obligations in excess of fair value of plan assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Accumulated benefit obligation | 1,714 |  |  | 334 |  |  | 1,682 |  |  | 272 |
Projected benefit obligation | 1,714 |  |  | 362 |  |  | 1,682 |  |  | 294 |
Fair value of plan assets | 1,497 |  |  | 53 |  |  | 1,454 |  |  | 34 |
Fair value of pension plan assets —
|  |  |  | Fair Value Measurements at December 31, 2017
|  |  |  | U.S. |  | Non-U.S.
Asset Category |  | Total |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | NAV (a) |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3
Equity securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. all cap (b) |  | $ | 62 |  |  | $ | 62 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
U.S. large cap |  | 61 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 61 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. small cap |  | 7 |  |  | 7 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
EAFE composite |  | 65 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 65 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Emerging markets |  | 52 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 52 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fixed income securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. bonds (c) |  | 61 |  |  |  |  |  | 61 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Corporate bonds |  | 464 |  |  |  |  |  | 226 |  |  | 238 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Treasury strips |  | 281 |  |  |  |  |  | 281 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Non-U.S. government securities |  | 26 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 26 |  |  |  |
Emerging market debt |  | 82 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 82 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Alternative investments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Insurance contracts (e) |  | 33 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 33 |
Real estate |  | 35 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 35 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Other (f) |  | 1 |  |  |  |  |  | (10 | ) |  |  |  |  |  | 11 |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | 354 |  |  |  |  |  | 353 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  |
Total |  | $ | 1,584 |  |  | $ | 69 |  |  | $ | 911 |  |  | $ | 533 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 38 |  |  | $ | 33 |
|  |  |  | Fair Value Measurements at December 31, 2016
|  |  |  | U.S. |  | Non-U.S.
Asset Category |  | Total |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | NAV (a) |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3
Equity securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. all cap (b) |  | $ | 76 |  |  | $ | 76 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
U.S. large cap |  | 102 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 102 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. small cap |  | 26 |  |  | 26 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
EAFE composite |  | 119 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 119 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Emerging markets |  | 66 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 66 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fixed income securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. bonds (c) |  | 137 |  |  |  |  |  | 67 |  |  | 70 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Corporate bonds |  | 419 |  |  |  |  |  | 198 |  |  | 221 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Treasury strips |  | 269 |  |  |  |  |  | 269 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Non-U.S. government securities |  | 25 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 25 |  |  |  |
Emerging market debt |  | 65 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 65 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Alternative investments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Hedge fund of funds (d) |  | 66 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 66 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Insurance contracts (e) |  | 16 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 16 |
Real estate |  | 36 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 36 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Other (f) |  | 10 |  |  |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 9 |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | 73 |  |  |  |  |  | 72 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  |
Total |  | $ | 1,505 |  |  | $ | 102 |  |  | $ | 607 |  |  | $ | 745 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 35 |  |  | $ | 16 |
________________________________ Notes:
(a) | Certain assets are measured at fair value using the net asset value (NAV) per share (or its equivalent) practical expedient and have not been classified in the fair value hierarchy.
(b) | This category comprises a combination of small-, mid- and large-cap equity stocks that are allocated at the investment manager's discretion. Investments include common and preferred securities as well as equity funds that invest in these instruments.
(c) | This category represents a combination of high-yield and investment grade corporate bonds, sovereign bonds, Yankee bonds, asset-backed securities and U.S. government bonds. Investments include fixed income funds that invest in these instruments.
(d) | This category includes fund managers that invest in a well-diversified group of hedge funds where strategies include, but are not limited to, event driven, relative value, long/short market neutral, multistrategy and global macro. Investments may be made directly or through pooled funds.
(e) | This category comprises contracts placed with insurance companies where the underlying assets are invested in fixed interest securities.
(f) | Other assets in the U.S. represent interest rate derivatives which had a market value of $(10) at December 31, 2017 and $1 at December 31, 2016.
|  | 2017 |  | 2016
|  | Non-U.S. |  | Non-U.S.
Reconciliation of Level 3 Assets |  | Insurance Contracts |  | Insurance Contracts
Fair value at beginning of period |  | $ | 16 |  |  | $ | 12 |
Actual gains relating to assets still held at the reporting date |  | 3 |  |  |
Purchases, sales and settlements |  | 1 |  |  |  |
Currency impact |  | 3 |  |  |  |
Transfers into (out of) Level 3 |  | 10 |  |  | 4 |
Fair value at end of period |  | $ | 33 |  |  | $ | 16 |
Valuation Methods Equity securities — The fair value of equity securities held directly by the trust is based on quoted market prices. When the equity securities are held in commingled funds that are not publicly traded, the fair value of our interest in the fund is its NAV as determined by quoted market prices for the underlying holdings. Fixed income securities — The fair value of fixed income securities held directly by the trust is based on a bid evaluation process with input from independent pricing sources. When the fixed income securities are held in commingled funds that are not publicly traded, the fair value of our interest in the fund is its NAV as determined by a similar valuation of the underlying holdings. Hedge funds — The fair value of hedge funds is provided by the managers of the underlying investments. Those managers develop a NAV based on market quotes for the most liquid assets and alternative methods for assets that do not have sufficient trading activity to derive prices. Insurance contracts — The values shown for insurance contracts are the amounts reported by the insurance company and approximate the fair values of the underlying investments. Real estate — The investments in real estate represent ownership interests in commingled funds and partnerships that invest in real estate. The investment managers determine the NAV of these ownership interests using the fair value of the underlying real estate which is obtained via independent third party appraisals prepared on a periodic basis. Assumptions used to value the properties are updated quarterly. For the component of the real estate portfolio under development, the investments are carried at cost until they are completed and valued by a third party appraiser. Cash and cash equivalents — The fair value of cash and cash equivalents is set equal to its amortized cost. The methods described above may produce a fair value that may not be indicative of net realizable value or reflective of future fair values. Furthermore, while we believe the valuation methods are appropriate and consistent with other market participants, the use of different methodologies or assumptions to determine the fair value of certain financial instruments could result in a different fair value measurement at the reporting date. Investment policy — Target asset allocations of U.S. pension plans are established through an investment policy, which is updated periodically and reviewed by an Investment Committee, comprised of certain company officers and directors. The investment policy allows for a flexible asset allocation mix which is intended to provide appropriate diversification to lessen market volatility while assuming a reasonable level of economic risk. Our policy recognizes that properly managing the relationship between pension assets and pension liabilities serves to mitigate the impact of market volatility on our funding levels. The investment policy permits plan assets to be invested in a number of diverse categories, including a Growth Portfolio, an Immunizing Portfolio and a Liquidity Portfolio. These sub-portfolios are intended to balance the generation of incremental returns with the management of overall risk. The Growth Portfolio is invested in a diversified pool of assets in order to generate an incremental return with an acceptable level of risk. The Immunizing Portfolio is a hedging portfolio that may be comprised of fixed income securities and overlay positions. This portfolio is designed to offset changes in the value of the pension liability due to changes in interest rates. The Liquidity Portfolio is a cash portfolio designed to meet short-term liquidity needs and reduce the plans’ overall risk. As a result of our diversification strategies, there are no significant concentrations of risk within the portfolio of investments. The allocations among portfolios are adjusted as needed to meet changing objectives and constraints and to manage the risk of adverse changes in the unfunded positions of our plans. Following approval of the plan of termination by our Board of Directors in October 2017, the Investment Committee established new targets for the assets of the subject plan. At December 31, 2017, the plan that we expect to terminate had targets of 10% in the Growth Portfolio (U.S. and non-U.S. equities, high-yield fixed income, real estate, emerging market debt and cash), 88% in the Immunizing Portfolio (long duration U.S. Treasury strips, corporate bonds and cash) and 2% in the Liquidity Portfolio (cash and short-term securities) while the remaining U.S. plans had targets of 45% for the Growth Portfolio, 53% for the Immunizing Portfolio and 2% for the Liquidity Portfolio. The assets held at December 31, 2017 by the plan we expect to terminate were invested 26% in the Growth Portfolio, 73% in the Immunizing Portfolio and 1% in the Liquidity Portfolio while the assets held by the remaining U.S. plans were invested 39% in the Growth Portfolio, 60% in the Immunizing Portfolio and 1% in the Liquidity Portfolio. The Investment Committee is in the process of implementing the adjustments to the asset allocation. Significant assumptions — The significant weighted-average assumptions used in the measurement of pension benefit obligations at December 31 of each year and the net periodic benefit cost for each year are as follows:
| 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015
| U.S. |  | Non-U.S. |  | U.S. |  | Non-U.S. |  | U.S. |  | Non-U.S.
Pension benefit obligations: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Discount rate | 3.55 | % |  | 2.25 | % |  | 3.92 | % |  | 2.48 | % |  | 4.13 | % |  | 2.83 | %
Net periodic benefit cost: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Discount rate | 3.24 | % |  | 2.34 | % |  | 3.29 | % |  | 2.56 | % |  | 3.81 | % |  | 3.75 | %
Rate of compensation increase | N/A |  |  | 3.33 | % |  | N/A |  |  | 3.12 | % |  | N/A |  |  | 4.83 | %
Expected return on plan assets | 6.00 | % |  | 5.92 | % |  | 6.50 | % |  | 5.42 | % |  | 7.00 | % |  | 5.87 | %
The pension plan discount rate assumptions are evaluated annually in consultation with our outside actuarial advisers. Long-term interest rates on high quality corporate debt instruments are used to determine the discount rate. For our largest plans, discount rates are developed using a discounted bond portfolio analysis, with appropriate consideration given to defined benefit payment terms and duration of the liabilities. As disclosed previously, the obligations of the U.S. plan being terminated have been remeasured at expected settlement value. Based on the timing and settlement payments, the U.S. plan being terminated has an implied discount rate of 2.79%. In the above table, the discount rate used to determine U.S. pension obligations at the end of 2017 does not consider the plan we expect to terminate. We had historically estimated the interest and service cost components of net periodic benefit cost for pension and other postretirement benefits using a single weighted-average discount rate derived from the yield curve used to measure the benefit obligation of the plan at the most recent remeasurement date. At December 31, 2015, we changed the method used to estimate those interest and service components for pension and other postretirement benefit plans that utilize a yield curve approach. The new method uses a full yield curve approach to estimate the interest and service components by applying the specific spot rates along the yield curve used in the most recent remeasurement of the benefit obligation to the relevant projected cash flows. We believe this method improves the correlation between the projected cash flows and the corresponding interest rates and provides a more precise measurement of interest and service costs. Since the remeasurement of total benefit obligations is not affected, the resulting reduction in periodic benefit cost is offset by an increase in the actuarial loss. The expected rate of return on plan assets was selected on the basis of our long-term view of return and risk assumptions for major asset classes. We define long-term as forecasts that span at least the next ten years. Our long-term outlook is influenced by a combination of return expectations by individual asset class, actual historical experience and our diversified investment strategy. We consult with and consider the opinions of financial professionals in developing appropriate capital market assumptions. Return projections are also validated using a simulation model that incorporates yield curves, credit spreads and risk premiums to project long-term prospective returns. The appropriateness of the expected rate of return is assessed on an annual basis and revised if necessary. We have a high percentage of total assets in fixed income securities since the benefit accruals are frozen for all of our U.S. pension plans. Based on this assessment, we have selected a 6.00% expected return on asset assumption for 2018 for our U.S. plans not being terminated. The asset portfolio of the U.S. plan expected to be terminated has a higher proportion of assets invested in fixed income investments. As such, we selected an expected rate of 4.10% for this plan. The significant weighted-average assumptions used in the measurement of OPEB obligations at December 31 of each year and the net periodic benefit cost for each year are as follows:
| 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015
| Non-U.S. |  | Non-U.S. |  | Non-U.S.
OPEB benefit obligations: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Discount rate | 3.41 | % |  | 3.69 | % |  | 3.96 | %
Net periodic benefit cost: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Discount rate | 3.70 | % |  | 3.45 | % |  | 3.84 | %
Initial health care cost trend rate | 5.07 | % |  | 5.32 | % |  | 5.62 | %
Ultimate health care cost trend rate | 5.07 | % |  | 5.02 | % |  | 5.03 | %
Year ultimate reached | 2018 |  |  | 2018 |  |  | 2018 |
The discount rate selection process was similar to the process used for the pension plans. Assumed health care cost trend rates have a significant effect on the health care obligation. To determine the trend rates, consideration is given to the plan design, recent experience and health care economics. A one-percentage-point change in assumed health care cost trend rates would have the following effects for 2017:
| 1% Point Increase |  | 1% Point Decrease
Effect on total of service and interest cost components | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | (1 | )
Effect on OPEB obligations | 10 |  |  | (9 | )
Estimated future benefit payments and contributions — Expected benefit payments by our pension and OPEB plans for each of the next five years and for the following five-year period are as follows:
|  | Pension Benefits |  | OPEB
Year |  | U.S. |  | Non-U.S. |  | Non-U.S.
2018 |  | $ | 135 |  |  | $ | 17 |  |  | $ | 5 |
2019 |  | 1,072 |  |  | 26 |  |  | 5 |
2020 |  | 44 |  |  | 17 |  |  | 5 |
2021 |  | 43 |  |  | 17 |  |  | 5 |
2022 |  | 43 |  |  | 19 |  |  | 5 |
2023 to 2027 |  | 204 |  |  | 105 |  |  | 27 |
Total |  | $ | 1,541 |  |  | $ | 201 |  |  | $ | 52 |
Pension benefits are funded through deposits with trustees that satisfy, at a minimum, the applicable funding regulations. OPEB benefits are funded as they become due. Projected contributions to be made during 2018 to the defined benefit pension plans are $16 for our non-U.S. plans. Based on the current funded status of our U.S. plans, there are no minimum contributions required for 2018. Multi-employer pension plans — We participate in the Steelworkers Pension Trust (SPT) multi-employer pension plan which provides pension benefits to all of our U.S. employees represented by the United Steelworkers and United Automobile Workers unions. Contributions are made in accordance with our collective bargaining agreements and rates are generally based on hours worked. The collective bargaining agreements expire August 18, 2021. The trustees of the SPT have provided us with the latest data available for the plan year ended December 31, 2017. As of that date, the plan is not fully funded. We could be held liable to the plan for our obligations as well as those of other employers as a result of our participation in the plan. Contribution rates could increase if the plan is required to adopt a funding improvement plan or a rehabilitation plan, if the performance of plan assets does not meet expectations or as a result of future collectively bargained wage and benefit agreements. If we choose to stop participating in the plan, we may be required to pay the plan an amount based on the underfunded status of the plan, referred to as a withdrawal liability. The Pension Protection Act (PPA) defines a zone status for each plan. Plans in the green zone are at least 80% funded, plans in the yellow zone are at least 65% funded and plans in the red zone are generally less than 65% funded. The SPT plan has utilized extended amortization provisions to amortize its losses from 2008. The plan recertified its zone status after using the extended amortization provisions as allowed by law. The SPT plan has not implemented a funding improvement or rehabilitation plan, nor are such plans pending. Our contributions to the SPT have not exceeded 5% of the total contributions to the plan.
|  | Employer Identification Number/ Plan Number |  | PPA Zone Status |  | Funding Plan Pending/ Implemented |  | Contributions by Dana |  | Surcharge Imposed
Pension Fund |  |  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  |  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015 |
SPT |  | 23-6648508 / 499 |  | Green |  | Green |  | No |  | $ | 11 |  |  | $ | 10 |  |  | $ | 10 |  |  | No

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- Definition The entire disclosure for pension and other postretirement benefits. + References Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 715 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/topic&trid=2235017 + Details
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