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Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2017
Goodwill and Intangible Assets Disclosure [Abstract] |
Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets [Text Block] | Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets Goodwill —The change in the carrying amount of goodwill in 2017 is primarily due to the acquisitions of USM – Warren and 80% interests in BFP and BPT and currency fluctuation. The change in the carrying amount of goodwill in 2016 is due to the acquisitions of SJT Forjaria Ltda. and the aftermarket distribution business of Magnum and currency fluctuation. See Note 2 for additional information. Based on our October 31, 2017 impairment assessment, the fair value of our Off-Highway segment is significantly higher than its carrying value, including goodwill. We do not believe that any significant component of our goodwill is at risk of being impaired. Changes in the carrying amount of goodwill by segment —
| Light Vehicle |  | Commercial Vehicle |  | Off-Highway |  | Power Technologies |  | Total
Balance, December 31, 2015 | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 80 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 80 |
Acquisitions |  |  | 6 |  |  |  |  | 6 |  |  | 12 |
Currency impact |  |  |  |  | (2 | ) |  |  |  | (2 | )
Balance, December 31, 2016 | — |  |  | 6 |  |  | 78 |  |  | 6 |  |  | 90 |
Acquisitions | 3 |  |  |  |  | 20 |  |  |  |  | 23 |
Purchase accounting adjustments |  |  | 1 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1 |
Currency impact |  |  | 1 |  |  | 12 |  |  |  |  | 13 |
Balance, December 31, 2017 | $ | 3 |  |  | $ | 8 |  |  | $ | 110 |  |  | $ | 6 |  |  | $ | 127 |
Non-amortizable intangible assets — Our non-amortizable intangible assets include trademarks, trade names and intangible assets used in research and development activities. Trademarks and trade names consist of the Dana® and Spicer® trademarks and trade names utilized in our Commercial Vehicle and Off-Highway segments. We value trademarks and trade names using a relief from royalty method which is based on revenue streams. No impairment was recorded during the three years ended December 31, 2017 in connection with the required annual assessment. Intangible assets used in research and development activities relate to our strategic alliance formed with Fallbrook Technologies Inc. in September 2012. We use the multi-period excess earnings method, an income approach, to value the intangible assets used in research and development activities. No impairment has been recorded during the three years ended December 31, 2017 in connection with the required annual assessment. Amortizable intangible assets — Our amortizable intangible assets include core technology, customer relationships and a portion of our trademarks and trade names. Trademarks and trade names includes the Brevini® trademark and trade name utilized in our Off-Highway segment. Core technology includes the proprietary know-how and expertise that is inherent in our products and manufacturing processes. Customer relationships include the established relationships with our customers and the related ability of these customers to continue to generate future recurring revenue and income. These assets are tested for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that their carrying amounts may not be recoverable. We group the assets and liabilities at the lowest level for which identifiable cash flows are largely independent of the cash flows of other assets and liabilities and evaluate the asset group against the undiscounted future cash flows. We use our internal forecasts, which we update quarterly, to develop our cash flow projections. These forecasts are based on our knowledge of our customers’ production forecasts, our assessment of market growth rates, net new business, material and labor cost estimates, cost recovery agreements with customers and our estimate of savings expected from our restructuring activities. The most likely factors that would significantly impact our forecasts are changes in customer production levels and loss of significant portions of our business. Our valuation is applied over the life of the primary assets within the asset groups. If the undiscounted cash flows do not indicate that the carrying amount of the asset group is recoverable, an impairment charge is recorded if the carrying amount of the asset group exceeds its fair value based on discounted cash flow analyses or appraisals. There were no impairments for the years ended December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016. During the third quarter of 2015, we impaired the customer relationships intangible asset associated with our exclusive long-term supply agreement with SIFCO. See Note 3 for additional information. Components of other intangible assets —
|  |  | December 31, 2017 |  | December 31, 2016
| Weighted Average Useful Life (years) |  | Gross Carrying Amount |  | Accumulated Impairment and Amortization |  | Net Carrying Amount |  | Gross Carrying Amount |  | Accumulated Impairment and Amortization |  | Net Carrying Amount
Amortizable intangible assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Core technology | 7 |  | $ | 95 |  |  | $ | (88 | ) |  | $ | 7 |  |  | $ | 88 |  |  | $ | (83 | ) |  | $ | 5 |
Trademarks and trade names | 16 |  | 17 |  |  | (2 | ) |  | 15 |  |  | 6 |  |  | (2 | ) |  | 4 |
Customer relationships | 8 |  | 470 |  |  | (403 | ) |  | 67 |  |  | 389 |  |  | (374 | ) |  | 15 |
Non-amortizable intangible assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Trademarks and trade names |  |  | 65 |  |  |  |  | 65 |  |  | 65 |  |  |  |  | 65 |
Used in research and development activities |  |  | 20 |  |  |  |  | 20 |  |  | 20 |  |  |  |  | 20 |
|  |  | $ | 667 |  |  | $ | (493 | ) |  | $ | 174 |  |  | $ | 568 |  |  | $ | (459 | ) |  | $ | 109 |
The net carrying amounts of intangible assets, other than goodwill, attributable to each of our operating segments at December 31, 2017 were as follows: Light Vehicle Driveline (Light Vehicle) – $52, Commercial Vehicle – $34, Off-Highway – $78 and Power Technologies – $10. Amortization expense related to amortizable intangible assets —
| 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015
Charged to cost of sales | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 2 |
Charged to amortization of intangibles | 11 |  |  | 8 |  |  | 14 |
Total amortization | $ | 13 |  |  | $ | 9 |  |  | $ | 16 |
The following table provides the estimated aggregate pre-tax amortization expense related to intangible assets for each of the next five years based on December 31, 2017 exchange rates. Actual amounts may differ from these estimates due to such factors as currency translation, customer turnover, impairments, additional intangible asset acquisitions and other events.
| 2018 |  | 2019 |  | 2020 |  | 2021 |  | 2022
Amortization expense | $ | 9 |  |  | $ | 8 |  |  | $ | 7 |  |  | $ | 7 |  |  | $ | 7 |

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- Definition The entire disclosure for the aggregate amount of goodwill and a description of intangible assets, which may include (a) for amortizable intangible assets (also referred to as finite-lived intangible assets), the carrying amount, the amount of any significant residual value, and the weighted-average amortization period, (b) for intangible assets not subject to amortization (also referred to as indefinite-lived intangible assets), the carrying amount, and (c) the amount of research and development assets acquired and written off in the period, including the line item in the income statement in which the amounts written off are aggregated, if not readily apparent from the income statement. Also discloses (a) for amortizable intangibles assets in total and by major class, the gross carrying amount and accumulated amortization, the total amortization expense for the period, and the estimated aggregate amortization expense for each of the five succeeding fiscal years, (b) for intangible assets not subject to amortization the carrying amount in total and by major class, and (c) for goodwill, in total and for each reportable segment, the changes in the carrying amount of goodwill during the period (including the aggregate amount of goodwill acquired, the aggregate amount of impairment losses recognized, and the amount of goodwill included in the gain (loss) on disposal of a reporting unit). If any part of goodwill has not been allocated to a reportable segment, discloses the unallocated amount and the reasons for not allocating. For each impairment loss recognized related to an intangible asset (excluding goodwill), discloses: (a) a description of the impaired intangible asset and the facts and circumstances leading to the impairment, (b) the amount of the impairment loss and the method for determining fair value, (c) the caption in the income statement or the statement of activities in which the impairment loss is aggregated, and (d) the segment in which the impaired intangible asset is reported. For each goodwill impairment loss recognized, discloses: (a) a description of the facts and circumstances leading to the impairment, (b) the amount of the impairment loss and the method of determining the fair value of the associated reporting unit, and (c) if a recognized impairment loss is an estimate not finalized and the reasons why the estimate is not final. May also disclose the nature and amount of any significant adjustments made to a previous estimate of an impairment loss. + References Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 350 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/topic&trid=2144416 + Details
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