INCOME TAXES

A reconciliation of income tax expense (recovery) and the product of accounting income before income tax, multiplied by the combined Canadian federal and provincial income tax rate (the rate applicable to the Canadian parent company) is as follows:



				Year ended
				December 31,
	2016			2015			2014
Income (loss) before income taxes	$	(39,864	)	$	(82,357	)	$	(86,532	)
Combined federal and provincial rate	26.50		%	26.50		%	26.50		%
Expected income tax recovery	(10,600		)	(21,825		)	(22,931		)
Stock based compensation	704			291			337
Other non-deductible/non-taxable items	—			(2,984		)	(743		)
Foreign tax rate differences	(2,962		)	(10,180		)	(9,884		)
Unrecognized deferred tax assets	12,858			34,698			33,324
Income tax expense	$	—		$	—		$	103

The Components of the net deferred tax assets and liabilities as of December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014 are as follows:



				Year ended
				December 31,
	2016			2015			2014
Current deferred tax assets
Deferred revenue	$	—		$	—		$	948
Inventories	2,900			1,415			1,677
Short-term investments	413			408			188
Total current deferred tax assets	3,313			1,823			2,813
Non-current deferred tax assets
Operating loss carry forwards	91,441			86,807			60,012
Capital loss carry forwards	21,322			21,297			21,507
Deferred revenue and other	3,885			3,987			1,719
Mineral properties and deferred costs	40,581			41,631			23,632
Asset retirement obligations	6,398			3,226			2,138
Intangibles and other	(2,524		)	(3,772		)	(2,134		)
Property, plant and equipment	(751		)	(1,348		)	9,547
Total non-current deferred tax assets	160,352			151,828			116,421
Subtotal deferred tax asset	163,665			153,651			119,234
Less: valuation allowance	(163,665		)	(153,651		)	(119,234		)
Net deferred tax asset	$	—		$	—		$	—

At December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, the Company recorded a valuation allowance against the net deferred tax assets for the above related items in the financial statements as management did not consider it more likely than not that the Company will be able to realize the deferred tax assets in the future.

The following table summarizes the changes to the valuation allowance:



For the Year	Balance at
Ended	Beginning of			Balance at End
December 31,	Period	Additions (a)	Deductions (b)	of Period
2016	153,651	11,166	(1,151)	163,666
2015	119,234	49,582	(15,165)	153,651
2014	85,603	48,501	(14,870)	119,234




a)	The additions to the valuation allowance result from additional losses incurred, increases to other tax assets such as mineral property and other increases arising from the acquisition of Uranerz Energy Corporation and Strathmore Minerals Corp. Management does not feel these additions meet the more-likely-than-not criterion for recognition.

b)	The reductions to the valuation allowance result from foreign exchange rate reductions of tax attributes in Canada as well as utilization of tax deductions in excess of book deductions.

The following table summarize the Company's capital losses and net operating losses as of December 31, 2016 that can be applied against future taxable profit.



Country	Type	Amount		Expiry Date
Canada	Non-capital losses	$	25,699	2027 - 2035
Canada	Allowable Capital losses	3,221		None
Canada	Investment Tax Credits	1,187		2023 - 2026
United States	Net operating losses	224,923		2026 - 2035
United States	Capital losses	54,399		2019

Utilization of the United States loss carry forwards will be limited in any year as a result of previous changes in ownership. For the Energy Fuels Holding Corporation and Subsidiaries consolidated group, management estimates that approximately $75 million in net operating losses will expire unutilized as a result of these limitations.

Utilization of the Canadian loss carry forwards will be subject to the Acquisition of Control Rules in any year as a result of previous changes in ownership.