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INCOME TAXES (Tables) | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2017
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract] |
Schedule of Effective Income Tax Rate Reconciliation | A reconciliation of income tax expense and the product of accounting income before income tax, multiplied by the combined Canadian federal and provincial income tax rate (the rate applicable to the Canadian parent company) is as follows:
|  |  | Year ended |  |
|  |  | December 31, |  |
| 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015
Loss before income taxes | $ | (27,990 | ) |  | $ | (39,864 | ) |  | $ | (82,357 | )
Combined federal and provincial rate | 26.50 | % |  | 26.50 | % |  | 26.50 | %
Expected income tax recovery | (7,400 | ) |  | (10,600 | ) |  | (21,825 | )
Stock based compensation | 934 |  |  | 704 |  |  | 291 |
Other non-deductible/non-taxable items | (1,303 | ) |  | — |  |  | (2,984 | )
Foreign tax rate differences | — |  |  | (2,962 | ) |  | (10,180 | )
Unrecognized deferred tax assets | 7,769 |  |  | 12,858 |  |  | 34,698 |
Income tax expense | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Schedule of Deferred Tax Assets and Liabilities | The components of the net deferred tax assets and liabilities as of December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 are as follows:
| Year ended
| December 31,
| 2017 |  | 2016
Current deferred tax assets |  |  |
Inventories | 2,148 |  |  | 2,900 |
Short-term investments | 1,216 |  |  | 413 |
Total current deferred tax assets | 3,364 |  |  | 3,313 |
Non-current deferred tax assets |  |  |
Operating loss carry forwards | 74,644 |  |  | 91,441 |
Capital loss carry forwards | 15,286 |  |  | 21,322 |
Deferred revenue and other | 3,695 |  |  | 3,885 |
Mineral properties and deferred costs | 28,080 |  |  | 40,581 |
Asset retirement obligations | 4,844 |  |  | 6,398 |
Intangibles and other | (663 | ) |  | (2,524 | )
Property, plant and equipment | 845 |  |  | (751 | )
Total non-current deferred tax assets | 126,731 |  |  | 160,352 |
Subtotal deferred tax asset | 130,095 |  |  | 163,665 |
Less: valuation allowance | (130,095 | ) |  | (163,665 | )
Net deferred tax asset | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Summary of Valuation Allowance | The following table summarizes the changes to the valuation allowance:
For the Year |  | Balance at |  |  |  |  |  |
Ended |  | Beginning of |  |  |  |  |  | Balance at End
December 31, |  | Period |  | Additions (a) |  | Deductions (b) |  | of Period
2017 |  | 163,666 |  | 4,259 |  | (37,830) |  | 130,095
2016 |  | 153,651 |  | 11,166 |  | (1,151) |  | 163,666
a) | The additions to the valuation allowance result from additional losses incurred, increases to other tax assets such as mineral property and property, plant and equipment. Management does not feel these additions meet the more-likely-than-no criterion for recognition.
b) | The reductions to the valuation allowance result primarily from the decrease in the net unrecognized deferred tax asset due to the change in the U.S. tax law which lowered the corporate tax rate from 35% to 21% beginning 1/1/2018. The decrease in our expected future tax rate results in a reduction in the value of our deferred tax assets by $49,369. As we have a full valuation allowance against our deferred tax asset, a corresponding decrease in our valuation allowance is also required.
Summary of Operating Loss Carryforwards | The following table summarizes the Company's capital losses and net operating losses as of December 31, 2017 that can be applied against future taxable profit.
Country |  | Type |  | Amount |  | Expiry Date
Canada |  | Non-capital losses |  | $ | 31,159 |  |  | 2027 - 2035
Canada |  | Allowable Capital losses |  | 3,285 |  |  | None
Canada |  | Investment Tax Credits |  | 1,211 |  |  | 2023 - 2026
United States |  | Net operating losses |  | 250,518 |  |  | 2026 - 2035
United States |  | Capital losses |  | 54,399 |  |  | 2019

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