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SHARE-BASED PAYMENTS
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2022
Share-Based Payment Arrangement [Abstract]  
Share-Based Payments SHARE-BASED PAYMENTS
The Company maintains an equity incentive plan, known as the 2021 Amended and Restated Omnibus Equity Incentive Compensation Plan (the “Compensation Plan”), for directors, executives, eligible employees and consultants. Existing equity incentive awards include employee non-qualified stock options, RSUs and SARs. The Company issues new common shares to satisfy exercises and vesting under its equity incentive awards. As of December 31, 2022, a total of 15,768,253 common shares were authorized for future equity incentive plan awards.
Employee Stock Options
The Company, under the Compensation Plan, may grant stock options to directors, executives, employees and consultants to purchase common shares of the Company. The exercise price of the stock options is set as the higher of the Company’s closing share price on the NYSE American on the last trading day before the grant date and the five-day volume weighted average price (“VWAP”) on the NYSE American ending on the last trading day before the grant date. Stock options granted under the Compensation Plan generally vest over a period of two years or more and are generally exercisable over a period of five years from the grant date, such period not to exceed 10 years.
The fair value of the stock options granted under the Compensation Plan is estimated at the date of grant, using the Black-Scholes Option Valuation Model, with the following weighted average assumptions:
Years Ended December 31,
202220212020
Risk-free interest rate2.43 %0.44 %1.27 %
Expected life (in years)3.2 years5.0 years4.6 years
Expected volatility(1)
73.21 %61.96 %61.81 %
Expected dividend yield0 %0 %0 %
Weighted average grant date fair value$4.93 $2.06 $0.82 
(1)     Expected volatility is measured based on the Company’s historical share price volatility over a period equivalent to the expected life of the stock options.

A summary of the Company’s stock option activity is as follows:
 Range of Exercise PricesNumber of SharesWeighted Average
Exercise Price		Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Life (Years)Intrinsic Value
Outstanding, December 31, 2019
$1.70 - $15.61
1,487,433 $3.43 
 Granted
1.76 - 3.06
711,414 1.77 
 Exercised
1.70 - 2.92
(302,707)1.97 
 Forfeited
1.70 - 5.18
(188,541)3.26 
 Expired
4.12 - 5.22
(98,512)4.40 
Outstanding, December 31, 2020
$1.70 - $15.61
1,609,087 $2.91 
 Granted
3.89 - 8.41
169,310 3.99 
 Exercised
1.70 - 7.42
(775,814)2.95 
 Forfeited
1.76 - 5.91
(8,048)3.16 
 Expired
1.70 - 15.61
(51,653)8.14 
Outstanding, December 31, 2021
$1.70 - $8.41
942,882 $2.79 
 Granted
5.84 - 10.03
118,318 6.52 
 Exercised
1.70 - 5.46
(256,315)2.93 
 Forfeited
3.06 - 10.03
(20,700)5.91 
 Expired
1.76 - 5.18
(16,507)2.52 
Outstanding, December 31, 2022
$1.70 - $8.41
767,678 $3.24 1.96$2,313
Exercisable, December 31, 2022
$1.70 - $8.41
627,097 $1.52 1.52$2,232
The total intrinsic value of options exercised was $2.23 million, $2.88 million and $0.42 million for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively.
A summary of the Company’s non-vested stock option activity is as follows:
 Number of SharesWeighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
Non-vested, December 31, 2019223,381 $1.32 
 Granted711,414 0.82 
 Vested(508,630)0.94 
 Forfeited(22,175)0.96 
Non-vested, December 31, 2020403,990 $0.94 
 Granted169,310 2.06 
 Vested(351,934)1.23 
 Forfeited(8,049)1.60 
Non-vested, December 31, 2021213,317 $1.34 
 Granted118,318 4.93 
 Vested(170,349)1.15 
 Forfeited(20,700)4.54 
Non-vested, December 31, 2022140,586 $4.12 

Restricted Stock Units
The Company grants RSUs to directors, executives and eligible employees. Awards for executives and eligible employees are determined as a target percentage of base salary and generally vest over three years. Holders of unvested RSUs do not have voting rights on those RSUs. The RSUs are subject to forfeiture risk and other restrictions. Upon vesting, the employee is entitled to receive one Common Share of the Company for each RSU at no additional payment. During the years ended
December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 the Company’s Board of Directors issued 0.41 million, 0.44 million and 0.74 million RSUs under the Compensation Plan, respectively.
A summary of the Company’s non-vested RSUs activity is as follows:
 Number of SharesWeighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
Non-vested, December 31, 20191,315,536 $2.45 
 Granted740,998 1.65 
 Vested(746,477)2.45 
 Forfeited(216,001)2.13 
Non-vested, December 31, 20201,094,056 $1.98 
 Granted441,241 3.89 
 Vested(635,233)1.94 
 Forfeited— — 
Non-vested, December 31, 2021900,064 $2.94 
 Granted411,467 6.52 
 Vested(518,856)2.93 
 Forfeited(45,250)5.40 
Non-vested, December 31, 2022747,425 $4.77 

The total intrinsic value and fair value of RSUs that vested and were settled for equity was $2.93 million, $2.67 million and $1.21 million for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively.
Stock Appreciation Rights
The Company may grant SARs to directors, executives and eligible employees.
During the year ended December 31, 2019, the Company’s Board of Directors issued 2.20 million SARs under the Compensation Plan with a fair value of $1.25 per SAR. These SARs are intended to provide additional long-term performance-based equity incentives for the Company’s senior management. The SARs are performance-based because they only vest upon the achievement of performance goals designed to significantly increase shareholder value.
Each SAR granted entitles the holder to receive, upon a valid exercise, payment from the Company in cash or Common Shares (at the sole discretion of the Company) in an amount representing the difference between the fair market value (“FMV”) of the Company’s Common Shares on the date of exercise and $2.92 (the closing market price or “Grant Price” at the time of grant). Fair Market Value as used herein means the closing price of the Shares on the TSX or the NYSE American on the last trading day immediately prior to the date of exercise. The term of the SARs grant is five years, with SARs vesting only upon the achievement of the following performance goals: as to one-third of the SARs granted, automatically upon the 90-calendar-day VWAP of the Company’s Common Shares on the NYSE American equaling or exceeding $5.00 for any continuous 90-calendar-day period; as to an additional one-third of the SARs granted, automatically upon the 90-calendar-day VWAP of the Company’s Common Shares on the NYSE American equaling or exceeding $7.00 for any continuous 90-calendar-day period; and as to the final one-third of the SARs granted, automatically upon the 90-calendar-day VWAP of the Company’s Common Shares on the NYSE American equaling or exceeding $10.00 for any continuous 90-calendar-day period. Further, notwithstanding the foregoing vesting schedule, no SARs were able to be exercised by the holder for an initial period of one year from the Date of Grant; the date first exercisable being January 22, 2020. The first two tranches of these vesting performance goals were met prior to the year ended December 31, 2022.
During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company’s Board of Directors issued 0.83 million SARs under the Compensation Plan. No such grants were made for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020. The fair value of the SARs granted during the year ended December 31, 2022 was estimated at the date of grant using a Monte Carlo simulation, with the following weighted average assumptions:
Risk-free interest rate1.68 %
Expected life (in years)(1)
4.98 years
Expected volatility(2)
72.81 %
Expected dividend yield— %
Weighted average grant date fair value$3.99 
(1)Monte Carlo analysis of SARs assumes employee suboptimal exercise at first vesting time for each tranche.
(2)Expected volatility is measured based on the Company’s historical share price volatility over a period equivalent to the expected life of the SARs.
Each SAR granted entitles the holder to receive, upon a valid exercise, payment from the Company in cash or Common Shares (at the sole discretion of the Company) in an amount representing the difference between the FMV of the Company’s Common Shares on the date of exercise and $6.47 (the Grant Price at the time of grant). The term of the SARs grant is five years, with SARs vesting only upon the achievement of the following performance goals: as to one-third of the SARs granted, automatically upon the 90-calendar-day VWAP of the Company’s Common Shares on the NYSE American equaling or exceeding $12.00 for any continuous 90-calendar-day period; as to an additional one-third of the SARs granted, automatically upon the 90-calendar-day VWAP of the Company’s Common Shares on the NYSE American equaling or exceeding $14.00 for any continuous 90-calendar-day period; and as to the final one-third of the SARs granted, automatically upon the 90-calendar-day VWAP of the Company’s Common Shares on the NYSE American equaling or exceeding $16.00 for any continuous 90-calendar-day period. Further, notwithstanding the foregoing vesting schedule, no SARs may be exercised by the holder for an initial period of one year from the date of grant; the date first exercisable being January 25, 2023. As a result, the SARs granted in the first quarter of 2022 for 2021 performance are a long-term equity incentive and are 100% performance based.
A summary of the Company’s SARs activity is as follows:
 Number of SharesWeighted Average
Exercise Price		Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Life (Years)Intrinsic Value
Outstanding, December 31, 20192,165,509 $2.92 
 Forfeited(444,886)2.92 
Outstanding, December 31, 20201,720,623 $2.92 
Exercised(48,201)2.92 
Outstanding, December 31, 20211,672,422 $2.92 
 Granted833,315 6.47 
 Exercised(6,730)2.92 
 Forfeited(46,239)5.95 
Outstanding, December 31, 20222,452,768 $4.07 2.03$5,458
Exercisable, December 31, 20221,092,143 $2.92 1.06$3,593

The total intrinsic value for exercised SARs was $0.05 million and $0.26 million for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

A summary of the Company’s non-vested SARs activity is as follows:
 Number of SharesWeighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
Non-vested December 31, 20192,165,509 $1.25 
Granted— — 
Vested— — 
Forfeited(444,886)1.25 
Non-vested December 31, 20201,720,623 $1.25 
Granted— — 
Vested(1,147,074)1.27 
Forfeited— — 
Non-vested December 31, 2021573,549 $1.19 
 Granted833,315 3.99 
 Vested— — 
 Forfeited(46,239)4.13 
Non-vested December 31, 20221,360,625 $2.81 

The Company's share-based compensation expense, by type of award, is as follows:
Years Ended December 31,
202220212020
Stock options$359 $323 $555 
RSUs(1)
2,244 1,562 1,272 
SARs2,038 273 771 
Total recognized expense(2)
$4,641 $2,158 $2,598 
(1)The fair value of the RSUs granted under the Compensation Plan for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 was estimated at the date of grant, using the stated market price on the NYSE American.
(2)Share-based compensation is recorded in Selling, general and administration in the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss).
As of December 31, 2022, there were $0.19 million, $0.88 million and $1.11 million of unrecognized compensation costs related to the unvested stock options, RSU awards and SARs, respectively, to be recognized over a weighted average period of 1.16 years, 1.82 years, and one year, respectively.