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Fair Value | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2019
Fair Value. |
Fair Value | Note 14—Fair Value Fair value estimates are dependent upon subjective assumptions and involve significant uncertainties resulting in variability in estimates with changes in assumptions. The following table summarizes the principal amounts, carrying values and the estimated fair values of our financial instruments (in thousands):
|  |  | December 31, 2019 |  |  | December 31, 2018
|  | Principal / |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Principal / |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Notional |  | Carrying |  | Estimated |  | Notional |  | Carrying |  | Estimated
|  | Amount |  | Value |  | Fair Value |  | Amount |  | Value |  | Fair Value
Financial assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loans and investments, net |  | $ | 4,279,611 |  | $ | 4,189,960 |  | $ | 4,228,071 |  | $ | 3,283,342 |  | $ | 3,200,145 |  | $ | 3,249,499
Loans held-for-sale, net |  |  | 847,126 |  |  | 861,360 |  |  | 876,975 |  |  | 472,964 |  |  | 481,664 |  |  | 489,546
Capitalized mortgage servicing rights, net |  |  | n/a |  |  | 286,420 |  |  | 328,995 |  |  | n/a |  |  | 273,770 |  |  | 322,463
Securities held-to-maturity, net |  |  | 111,028 |  |  | 88,699 |  |  | 91,738 |  |  | 103,515 |  |  | 76,363 |  |  | 79,097
Derivative financial instruments |  |  | 173,532 |  |  | 1,435 |  |  | 1,435 |  |  | 400,661 |  |  | 6,113 |  |  | 6,113
Financial liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Credit and repurchase facilities |  | $ | 1,681,146 |  | $ | 1,678,288 |  | $ | 1,677,658 |  | $ | 1,138,135 |  | $ | 1,135,627 |  | $ | 1,135,774
Collateralized loan obligations |  |  | 2,147,467 |  |  | 2,130,121 |  |  | 2,147,944 |  |  | 1,609,524 |  |  | 1,593,548 |  |  | 1,588,989
Debt fund |  |  | 70,000 |  |  | 68,629 |  |  | 70,138 |  |  | 70,000 |  |  | 68,183 |  |  | 70,154
Senior unsecured notes |  |  | 325,000 |  |  | 319,799 |  |  | 331,225 |  |  | 125,000 |  |  | 122,484 |  |  | 123,750
Convertible senior unsecured notes, net |  |  | 300,914 |  |  | 284,152 |  |  | 310,778 |  |  | 270,057 |  |  | 254,768 |  |  | 267,324
Junior subordinated notes |  |  | 154,336 |  |  | 140,949 |  |  | 97,668 |  |  | 154,336 |  |  | 140,259 |  |  | 95,873
Derivative financial instruments |  |  | 347,701 |  |  | 3,097 |  |  | 3,097 |  |  | 108,625 |  |  | 732 |  |  | 732
Assets and liabilities disclosed at fair value are categorized based upon the level of judgment associated with the inputs used to measure their fair value. Hierarchical levels directly related to the amount of subjectivity associated with the inputs to fair valuation of these assets and liabilities are as follows: Level 1 —Inputs are unadjusted and quoted prices exist in active markets for identical assets or liabilities, such as government, agency and equity securities. Level 2—Inputs (other than quoted prices included in Level 1) are observable for the asset or liability through correlation with market data. Level 2 inputs may include quoted market prices for a similar asset or liability, interest rates and credit risk. Examples include non-government securities, certain mortgage and asset-backed securities, certain corporate debt and certain derivative instruments. Level 3—Inputs reflect our best estimate of what market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability and are based on significant unobservable inputs that require a considerable amount of judgment and assumptions. Examples include certain mortgage and asset-backed securities, certain corporate debt and certain derivative instruments. Determining which category an asset or liability falls within the hierarchy requires judgment and we evaluate our hierarchy disclosures each quarter. The following is a description of the valuation techniques used to measure fair value and the general classification of these instruments pursuant to the fair value hierarchy. Loans and investments, net. Fair values of loans and investments that are not impaired are estimated using inputs based on direct capitalization rate and discounted cash flow methodologies using discount rates, which, in our opinion, best reflect current market interest rates that would be offered for loans with similar characteristics and credit quality (Level 3). Fair values of impaired loans and investments are estimated using inputs that require significant judgments, which include assumptions regarding discount rates, capitalization rates, creditworthiness of major tenants, occupancy rates, availability of financing, exit plans and other factors (Level 3). Loans held-for-sale, net. Consists of originated loans that are generally transferred or sold within 60 days to 180 days of loan funding, and are valued using pricing models that incorporate observable inputs from current market assumptions or a hypothetical securitization model utilizing observable market data from recent securitization spreads and observable pricing of loans with similar characteristics (Level 2). Fair value includes the fair value allocated to the associated future MSRs and is calculated pursuant to the valuation techniques described below for capitalized mortgage servicing rights, net (Level 3). Capitalized mortgage servicing rights, net. Fair values are estimated using inputs based on discounted future net cash flow methodology (Level 3). The fair value of MSRs carried at amortized cost are estimated using a process that involves the use of independent third-party valuation experts, supported by commercially available discounted cash flow models and analysis of current market data. The key inputs used in estimating fair value include the contractually specified servicing fees, prepayment speed of the underlying loans, discount rate, annual per loan cost to service loans, delinquency rates, late charges and other economic factors. Securities held-to-maturity, net. Fair values are approximated using inputs based on current market quotes received from financial sources that trade such securities and are based on prevailing market data and, in some cases, are derived from third-party proprietary models based on well recognized financial principles and reasonable estimates about relevant future market conditions (Level 3). Derivative financial instruments. The fair values of rate lock and forward sale commitments are estimated using valuation techniques, which include internally-developed models developed based on changes in the U.S. Treasury rate and other observable market data (Level 2). The fair value of rate lock commitments includes the fair value of the expected net cash flows associated with the servicing of the loans, see capitalized mortgage servicing rights, net above for details on the applicable valuation technique (Level 3). We also consider the impact of counterparty non-performance risk when measuring the fair value of these derivatives. Given the credit quality of our counterparties, the short duration of interest rate lock commitments and forward sale contracts, and our historical experience, the risk of nonperformance by our counterparties is not significant. Credit facilities and repurchase agreements. Fair values for credit facilities and repurchase agreements of the Structured Business are estimated using discounted cash flow methodology, using discount rates, which, in our opinion, best reflect current market interest rates for financing with similar characteristics and credit quality (Level 3). The majority of our credit facilities and repurchase agreement for the Agency Business bear interest at rates that are similar to those available in the market currently and the fair values are estimated using Level 2 inputs. For these facilities, the fair values approximate their carrying values. Collateralized loan obligations, Debt Fund and junior subordinated notes. Fair values are estimated based on broker quotations, representing the discounted expected future cash flows at a yield that reflects current market interest rates and credit spreads (Level 3). Senior unsecured notes. Fair values are estimated at current market quotes received from active markets when available (Level 1). If quotes from active markets are unavailable, then the fair values are estimated utilizing current market quotes received from inactive markets (Level 2). Convertible senior unsecured notes, net. Fair values are estimated based on current market quotes received from inactive markets (Level 2). We measure certain financial assets and financial liabilities at fair value on a recurring basis. The fair values of these financial assets and liabilities were determined using the following input levels as of December 31, 2019 (in thousands):
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Fair Value Measurements
|  | Carrying |  |  |  | Using Fair Value Hierarchy
|  | Value |  | Fair Value |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3
Financial assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Derivative financial instruments |  | $ | 1,435 |  | $ | 1,435 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 369 |  | $ | 1,066
Financial liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Derivative financial instruments |  | $ | 3,097 |  | $ | 3,097 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 3,097 |  | $ | —
We measure certain financial and non-financial assets at fair value on a nonrecurring basis. The fair values of these financial and non-financial assets, if applicable, were determined using the following input levels as of December 31, 2019 (in thousands):
|  |  |  |  |  |  | Fair Value Measurements
|  | Net Carrying |  |  |  | Using Fair Value Hierarchy
|  | Value |  | Fair Value |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3
Financial assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Impaired loans, net (1) |  | $ | 59,657 |  | $ | 59,657 |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 59,657
Non-financial assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Long-lived assets (2) |  | $ | 13,220 |  | $ | 13,220 |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 13,220
| (1) |  | We had an allowance for loan losses of $71.1 million relating to five loans with an aggregate carrying value, before loan loss reserves, of $130.7 million at December 31, 2019.
| (2) |  | We recorded a $1.0 million impairment loss during 2019 on the hotel property we own. See Note 9 for details.
Loan impairment assessments. Loans held for investment are intended to be held to maturity and, accordingly, are carried at cost, net of unamortized loan origination costs and fees, loan purchase discounts, and net of the allowance for loan losses, when such loan or investment is deemed to be impaired. We consider a loan impaired when, based upon current information, it is probable that we will be unable to collect all amounts due for both principal and interest according to the contractual terms of the loan agreement. We evaluate our loans to determine if the value of the underlying collateral securing the impaired loan is less than the net carrying value of the loan, which may result in an allowance and corresponding charge to the provision for loan losses. These valuations require significant judgments, which include assumptions regarding capitalization and discount rates, revenue growth rates, creditworthiness of major tenants, occupancy rates, availability of financing, exit plan and other factors. The table above and below includes all impaired loans, regardless of the period in which the impairment was recognized. Long-lived assets. We review our real estate owned assets when events or circumstances change, indicating that the carrying amount of an asset may not be partially or fully recoverable. In the evaluation of a real estate owned asset for impairment, many factors are considered, including broker quotes, estimated current and expected operating cash flows from the asset during the projected holding period, costs necessary to extend the life or improve the asset, expected capitalization rates, projected stabilized net operating income, selling costs, and the ability to hold and dispose of the asset in the ordinary course of business. We first compare the undiscounted cash flows to be generated by the asset to the carrying value of such asset. If the undiscounted cash flows are less than the carrying value, we recognize an impairment loss by comparing the carrying value of the asset to its fair value. Quantitative information about Level 3 fair value measurements at December 31, 2019 is as follows ($ in thousands):
|  |  |  |  | Valuation |  | Significant |
|  | Fair Value |  | Techniques |  | Unobservable Inputs |
Financial assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Impaired loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Land |  | $ | 58,931 |  | Discounted cash flows |  | Discount rate |  | 23.00 | %
|  |  |  |  |  |  | Revenue growth rate |  | 3.00 | %
Office |  |  | 726 |  | Discounted cash flows |  | Discount rate |  | 11.00 | %
|  |  |  |  |  |  | Capitalization rate |  | 9.00 | %
|  |  |  |  |  |  | Revenue growth rate |  | 2.50 | %
Derivative financial instruments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Rate lock commitments |  |  | 1,066 |  | Discounted cash flows |  | W/A discount rate |  | 13.59 | %
Long-lived assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Hotel proerty |  |  | 10,208 |  | Broker quotes |  | N/A |  | N/A |
The derivative financial instruments using Level 3 inputs are outstanding for short periods of time (generally less than 60 days). A roll-forward of Level 3 derivative instruments is as follows (in thousands):
|  | Fair Value
|  | Measurements Using
|  | Significant
|  | Unobservable Inputs
|  | for the Year Ended
|  | December 31,
|  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Derivative assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance at beginning of period |  | $ | 324 |  | $ | 276 |  | $ | 2,816
Settlements |  |  | (83,992) |  |  | (98,791) |  |  | (79,360)
Realized gains recorded in earnings |  |  | 83,668 |  |  | 98,515 |  |  | 76,544
Unrealized gains recorded in earnings |  |  | 1,066 |  |  | 324 |  |  | 276
Balance at end of period |  | $ | 1,066 |  | $ | 324 |  | $ | 276
The components of fair value and other relevant information associated with our rate lock commitments, forward sales commitments and the estimated fair value of cash flows from servicing on loans held-for-sale are as follows (in thousands):
|  | Notional/ |  | Fair Value of |  | Interest Rate |  | Total Fair
|  | Principal Amount |  | Servicing Rights |  | Movement Effect |  | Value Adjustment
December 31, 2019 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Rate lock commitments |  | $ | 37,657 |  | $ | 1,066 |  | $ | (202) |  | $ | 864
Forward sale commitments |  |  | 483,576 |  |  | — |  |  | 202 |  |  | 202
Loans held-for-sale, net (1) |  |  | 847,126 |  |  | 16,519 |  |  | — |  |  | 16,519
Total |  |  |  |  | $ | 17,585 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 17,585
| (1) |  | Loans held-for-sale, net are recorded at the lower of cost or market on an aggregate basis and includes fair value adjustments related to estimated cash flows from MSRs.
We measure certain assets and liabilities for which fair value is only disclosed. The fair values of these assets and liabilities are determined using the following input levels as of December 31, 2019 (in thousands):
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Fair Value Measurements
|  | Carrying |  |  |  |  | Using Fair Value Hierarchy
|  | Value |  | Fair Value |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3
Financial assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loans and investments, net |  | $ | 4,189,960 |  | $ | 4,228,071 |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 4,228,071
Loans held-for-sale, net |  |  | 861,360 |  |  | 876,975 |  |  | — |  |  | 860,456 |  |  | 16,519
Capitalized mortgage servicing rights, net |  |  | 286,420 |  |  | 328,995 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 328,995
Securities held-to-maturity, net |  |  | 88,699 |  |  | 91,738 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 91,738
Financial liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Credit and repurchase facilities |  | $ | 1,678,288 |  | $ | 1,677,658 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 743,594 |  | $ | 934,064
Collateralized loan obligations |  |  | 2,130,121 |  |  | 2,147,944 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,147,944
Debt fund |  |  | 68,629 |  |  | 70,138 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 70,138
Senior unsecured notes |  |  | 319,799 |  |  | 331,225 |  |  | 331,225 |  |  | — |  |  | —
Convertible senior unsecured notes, net |  |  | 284,152 |  |  | 310,778 |  |  | — |  |  | 310,778 |  |  | —
Junior subordinated notes |  |  | 140,949 |  |  | 97,668 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 97,668

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- Definition The entire disclosure for the fair value of financial instruments (as defined), including financial assets and financial liabilities (collectively, as defined), and the measurements of those instruments as well as disclosures related to the fair value of non-financial assets and liabilities. Such disclosures about the financial instruments, assets, and liabilities would include: (1) the fair value of the required items together with their carrying amounts (as appropriate); (2) for items for which it is not practicable to estimate fair value, disclosure would include: (a) information pertinent to estimating fair value (including, carrying amount, effective interest rate, and maturity, and (b) the reasons why it is not practicable to estimate fair value; (3) significant concentrations of credit risk including: (a) information about the activity, region, or economic characteristics identifying a concentration, (b) the maximum amount of loss the entity is exposed to based on the gross fair value of the related item, (c) policy for requiring collateral or other security and information as to accessing such collateral or security, and (d) the nature and brief description of such collateral or security; (4) quantitative information about market risks and how such risks are managed; (5) for items measured on both a recurring and nonrecurring basis information regarding the inputs used to develop the fair value measurement; and (6) for items presented in the financial statement for which fair value measurement is elected: (a) information necessary to understand the reasons for the election, (b) discussion of the effect of fair value changes on earnings, (c) a description of [similar groups] items for which the election is made and the relation thereof to the balance sheet, the aggregate carrying value of items included in the balance sheet that are not eligible for the election; (7) all other required (as defined) and desired information. + References Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 820 -SubTopic 10 -Section 50 -Paragraph 2 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=117815213&loc=d3e19207-110258 + Details
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