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Agreements and Transactions with Related Parties
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2023
Related Party Transactions [Abstract]  
Agreements and Transactions with Related Parties Agreements and Transactions with Related Parties
Support Agreement and Employee Secondment Agreement. We have a support agreement and a secondment agreement with ACM and certain of its affiliates and certain affiliates of a relative of our chief executive officer (“Service Recipients”) where we provide support services and seconded employees to the Service Recipients. The Service Recipients reimburse us for the costs of performing such services and the cost of the seconded employees. During 2023, 2022 and 2021, we incurred $3.2 million, $3.3 million and $3.2 million, respectively, of costs for services provided and employees seconded to the Service Recipients, all of which are reimbursable to us and included in due from related party on the consolidated balance sheets.
Other Related Party Transactions. Due from related party was $64.4 million and $77.4 million at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, which consisted primarily of amounts due from our affiliated servicing operations related to real estate transactions closing at the end of 2023 and 2022 and amounts due from ACM for costs incurred in connection with the support and secondment agreements described above.
Due to related party was $13.8 million and $12.4 million at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, and consisted of loan payoffs, holdbacks and escrows to be remitted to our affiliated servicing operations related to real estate transactions.
In certain instances, our business requires our executives to charter privately owned aircraft in furtherance of our business. We have an aircraft time-sharing agreement with an entity controlled by our chief executive officer that owns a private aircraft. Pursuant to the agreement, we reimburse the aircraft owner for the required costs under Federal Aviation Administration regulations for the flights our
executives’ charter. During 2023, 2022 and 2021, we reimbursed the aircraft owner $0.8 million, $1.1 million and $0.2 million, respectively, for the flights chartered by our executives pursuant the agreement.
In May 2023, we committed to fund a $56.9 million bridge loan ($6.0 million was funded at December 31, 2023) for an SFR build-to-rent construction project. Two of our officers made minority equity investments totaling $0.5 million, representing approximately 4% of the total equity invested in the project. The loan has an interest rate of SOFR plus 5.50% with a SOFR floor of 3.25% and matures in December 2025, with two six-month extension options. Interest income recorded from this loan was $0.4 million for 2023.
In July 2022, we purchased a $46.2 million bridge loan originated by ACM at par ($6.3 million was funded at December 31, 2023) for an SFR build-to-rent construction project. A consortium of investors (which includes, among other unaffiliated investors, certain of our officers with a minority ownership interest) owns 70% of the borrowing entity and an entity indirectly owned and controlled by an immediate family member of our chief executive officer owns 10% of the borrowing entity. The loan has an interest rate of SOFR plus 5.50% and matures in March 2025. Interest income recorded from this loan was $0.2 million for 2023.
In April 2022, we committed to fund a $67.1 million bridge loan (none of which was funded at December 31, 2023) in an SFR build-to-rent construction project. An entity owned by an immediate family member of our chief executive officer also made an equity investment in the project and owns a 2.25% equity interest in the borrowing entity. The loan has an interest rate of SOFR plus 4.63% with a SOFR floor of 0.25% and matures in May 2025. Interest income recorded from this loan was $0.2 million and $0.1 million for 2023 and 2022, respectively.
In February 2022, we committed to fund a $39.4 million bridge loan ($9.4 million was funded at December 31, 2023) in an SFR build-to-rent construction project. An entity owned by an immediate family member of our chief executive officer also made an equity investment in the project and owns a 2.25% equity interest in the borrowing entity. The loan had an interest rate of LIBOR plus 4.00% with a LIBOR floor of 0.25%, that was changed to SOFR in July 2023, and matures in March 2025. Interest income recorded from this loan was $0.4 million and $0.1 million for 2023 and 2022, respectively.
In 2021, we invested $4.2 million for 49.3% interest in a limited liability company (“LLC”) which purchased a retail property for $32.5 million and assumed an existing $26.0 million CMBS loan. A portion of the property can potentially be converted to office space, of which we obtain the right to occupy, in part. An entity owned by an immediate family member of our chief executive officer also made an investment in the LLC for a 10% ownership, is the managing member and holds the right to purchase our interest in the LLC.
In 2021, we originated a $63.4 million bridge loan to a third party to purchase a multifamily property from a multifamily-focused commercial real estate investment fund sponsored and managed by our chief executive officer and one of his immediate family members, which fund has no continued involvement with the property following the purchase. The loan had an interest rate of LIBOR plus 3.75% with a LIBOR floor of 0.25%, that was changed to SOFR in July 2023, and was scheduled to mature in March 2024. In December 2023, this loan paid off in full. Interest income recorded from this loan was $5.6 million, $3.7 million and $2.1 million for 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
In 2020, we committed to fund a $32.5 million bridge loan, and made a $3.5 million preferred equity investment in an SFR build-to-rent construction project. An entity owned by an immediate family member of our chief executive officer also made an equity investment in the project and owns a 21.8% equity interest in the borrowing entity. The bridge loan had an interest rate of LIBOR plus 5.50% with a LIBOR floor of 0.75%, that was changed to SOFR in July 2023, and the preferred equity investment has a 12.00% fixed rate. Both loans were scheduled to mature in December 2023. In November 2023, the bridge loan was upsized to a maximum of $39.9 million ($31.4 million was funded at December 31, 2023) and the maturity date for both loans was extended to October 2024. Interest income recorded from these loans was $2.8 million, $1.3 million and $0.5 million for 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
In 2020, we committed to fund a $30.5 million bridge loan, and we made a $4.6 million preferred equity investment in a SFR build-to-rent construction project. ACM and an entity owned by an immediate family member of our chief executive officer also made equity investments in the project and own an 18.9% equity interest in the borrowing entity. The bridge loan had an interest rate of LIBOR plus 5.50% with a LIBOR floor of 0.75% and was scheduled to mature in May 2023. The preferred equity investment has a 12.00% fixed rate and was scheduled to mature in April 2023. In April 2023, the bridge loan was upsized to a maximum of $38.8 million ($36.3 million was funded at December 31, 2023), and the interest rate was changed to SOFR plus 5.25% with a SOFR floor of 1.00%. In addition, the maturity on both loans was extended to May 2025. Interest income recorded from these loans was $3.6 million, $1.6 million and $0.6 million for 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
In 2020, we originated a $14.8 million Private Label loan and a $3.4 million mezzanine loan on two multifamily properties owned in part by a consortium of investors (which includes, among other unaffiliated investors, certain of our officers and our chief executive
officer) which owns a 50% interest in the borrowing entity. In 2020, we sold the Private Label loan to an unconsolidated affiliate of ours. The mezzanine loan bears interest at a 9.00% fixed rate and matures in April 2030. Interest income recorded from the mezzanine loan was $0.3 million for all periods presented.
We had a $35.0 million bridge loan and a $10.0 million preferred equity interest on an office building. The bridge loan was scheduled to mature in October 2023 and the preferred equity investment was scheduled to mature in June 2027. The day-to-day operations were being managed by an affiliated entity of an immediate family member of our chief executive officer. In September 2021, we entered into a forbearance agreement with the borrower on the outstanding bridge loan to defer all interest owed until maturity or early payoff. Interest income recorded from these loans was $1.3 million for 2021. In the fourth quarter of 2023, we converted these loans in the building to a common equity investment. See Note 3 for details.
In 2019, we, along with ACM, certain executives of ours and a consortium of independent outside investors, formed AMAC III, a multifamily-focused commercial real estate investment fund sponsored and managed by our chief executive officer and one of his immediate family members. We committed to a $30.0 million investment ($25.9 million was funded at December 31, 2023) for an 18% interest in AMAC III. During 2023, 2022 and 2021, we recorded losses of $1.9 million, $2.4 million and $1.3 million, respectively, and received cash distributions totaling $1.1 million and $0.5 million in 2023 and 2022, respectively, associated with this investment. In 2019, AMAC III originated a $7.0 million mezzanine loan to a borrower with which we have an outstanding $34.0 million bridge loan. In 2020, for full satisfaction of the mezzanine loan, AMAC III became the owner of the property. Also in 2020, the $34.0 million bridge loan was refinanced with a $35.4 million bridge loan, which bore interest at a rate of LIBOR plus 3.50%, that was changed to SOFR in July 2023, and was scheduled to mature in August 2023, which was extended to August 2024. Interest income recorded from the bridge loan was $3.1 million, $1.9 million and $1.3 million for 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
In 2018, we originated a $21.7 million bridge loan on a multifamily property owned in part by a consortium of investors (which includes, among other unaffiliated investors, certain of our officers and our chief executive officer) which owns 75% in the borrowing entity. The loan had an interest rate of LIBOR plus 4.75% with a LIBOR floor of 0.25%, that was changed to SOFR in July 2023, and was scheduled to mature in August 2023, which was extended to August 2024. Interest income recorded from this loan was $2.2 million, $1.4 million and $1.3 million for 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
In 2017, we originated two bridge loans totaling $28.0 million on two multifamily properties owned in part by a consortium of investors (which includes, among other unaffiliated investors, certain of our officers and our chief executive officer) which owns 45% of the borrowing entity. The loans had an interest rate of LIBOR plus 5.25% with LIBOR floors ranging from 1.24% to 1.54% and were scheduled to mature in 2020. The borrower refinanced these loans with a $31.1 million bridge loan we originated in 2019 with an interest rate of LIBOR plus 4.00% and a LIBOR floor of 1.80%, which was scheduled to mature in October 2022. In May 2022, this loan paid off in full. Interest income recorded from this loan was $0.8 million and $1.9 million for 2022 and 2021, respectively.
In 2017, we originated a $46.9 million Fannie Mae loan on a multifamily property owned in part by a consortium of investors (which includes, among other unaffiliated investors, certain of our officers) which owns a 17.6% interest in the borrowing entity. We carry a maximum loss-sharing obligation with Fannie Mae on this loan of up to 5% of the original UPB. Servicing revenue recorded from this loan was less than $0.1 million for all periods presented.
In 2017, Ginkgo Investment Company LLC (“Ginkgo”), of which one of our directors is a 33% managing member, purchased a multifamily apartment complex which assumed an existing $8.3 million Fannie Mae loan that we service. Ginkgo subsequently sold the majority of its interest in this property and owned a 3.6% interest at December 31, 2023. We carry a maximum loss-sharing obligation with Fannie Mae on this loan of up to 20% of the original UPB. Upon the sale, we received a 1% loan assumption fee which was governed by existing loan agreements that were in place when the loan was originated in 2015, prior to such purchase. In July 2023, the Fannie Mae loan was paid off in full. Servicing revenue recorded from this loan was less than $0.1 million for all periods presented.

In 2019, we converted an existing bridge loan into a $2.0 million mezzanine loan with a fixed interest rate of 10.00% and a January 2024 maturity. In January 2024, the maturity was extended one year to January 2025. Interest income recorded from this loan was $0.2 million for all period presented. The underlying multifamily property is owned in part by a consortium of investors (which includes, among other unaffiliated investors, certain of our officers and our chief executive officer) which owns interests ranging from 10.5% to 12.0% in the borrowing entities.

In 2015, we invested $9.6 million for 50% of ACM’s indirect interest in a joint venture with a third party that was formed to invest in a residential mortgage banking business. At December 31, 2023, we had an indirect interest of 12.3% in this entity. We recorded income from equity affiliates related to this investment of $0.6 million, $4.9 million and $34.6 million for 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
During 2023 and 2022, we also received cash distributions totaling $15.0 million and $23.8 million, respectively, from this investment, which were classified as returns of capital.
We, along with an executive officer of ours and a consortium of independent outside investors, hold equity investments in a portfolio of multifamily properties referred to as the “Lexford” portfolio, which is managed by an entity owned primarily by a consortium of affiliated investors, including our chief executive officer and an executive officer of ours. Based on the terms of the management contract, the management company is entitled to 4.75% of gross revenues of the underlying properties, along with the potential to share in the proceeds of a sale or restructuring of the debt. In 2018, the owners of Lexford restructured part of its debt and we originated 12 bridge loans totaling $280.5 million, which were used to repay in full certain existing mortgage debt and to renovate 72 multifamily properties included in the portfolio. The loans were originated in 2018, had interest rates of LIBOR plus 4.00% and were scheduled to mature in June 2021. During 2019, the borrower made payoffs and partial paydowns of principal totaling $250.0 million and in 2020, the remaining balance of the loans were refinanced with a $34.6 million Private Label loan, which bears interest at a fixed rate of 3.30% and matures in March 2030. In 2020, we sold the Private Label loan to an unconsolidated affiliate of ours. Interest income recorded from these loans totaled $0.5 million during 2020. Further, as part of this 2018 restructuring, $50.0 million in unsecured financing was provided by an unsecured lender to certain parent entities of the property owners. ACM owns slightly less than half of the unsecured lender entity and, therefore, provided slightly less than half of the unsecured lender financing. In addition, in connection with our equity investment, we received distributions totaling $12.2 million and $11.1 million during 2023 and 2022, respectively, which were recorded as income from equity affiliates. Separate from the loans we originated in 2018, we provide limited (“bad boy”) guarantees for certain other debt controlled by Lexford. The bad boy guarantees may become a liability for us upon standard “bad” acts such as fraud or a material misrepresentation by Lexford or us. At December 31, 2023, this debt had an aggregate outstanding balance of approximately $600.0 million and is scheduled to mature through 2029.
Several of our executives, including our chief financial officer, senior counsel and our chairman, chief executive officer and president, hold similar positions for ACM. Our chief executive officer and his affiliated entities (“the Kaufman Entities”) together beneficially own approximately 35% of the outstanding membership interests of ACM and certain of our employees and directors also hold an ownership interest in ACM. Furthermore, one of our directors serves as the trustee and co-trustee of two of the Kaufman Entities that hold membership interests in ACM. At December 31, 2023, ACM holds 2,535,870 shares of our common stock and 10,615,085 OP Units, which represents approximately 6.4% of the voting power of our outstanding stock. Our Board of Directors approved a resolution under our charter allowing our chief executive officer and ACM, (which our chief executive officer has a controlling equity interest in), to own more than the 5% ownership interest limit of our common stock as stated in our amended charter.