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Loans and Investments | 9 Months Ended
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Sep. 30, 2024
Loans and Investments [Abstract] |
Loans and Investments | Loans and Investments Our Structured Business loan and investment portfolio consists of ($ in thousands):
| September 30, 2024 |  | Percent of Total |  | Loan Count |  | Wtd. Avg. Pay Rate (1) |  | Wtd. Avg. Remaining Months to Maturity (2) |  | Wtd. Avg. First Dollar LTV Ratio (3) |  | Wtd. Avg. Last Dollar LTV Ratio (4)
Bridge loans (5) | $ | 11,169,284 |  |  | 97 | % |  | 702 |  | 7.26 | % |  | 10.5 |  | 0 | % |  | 80 | %
Mezzanine loans | 273,086 |  |  | 2 | % |  | 59 |  | 7.84 | % |  | 50.8 |  | 51 | % |  | 82 | %
Preferred equity investments | 120,082 |  |  | 1 | % |  | 27 |  | 5.27 | % |  | 52.2 |  | 56 | % |  | 80 | %
SFR permanent loans | 3,086 |  |  | <1% |  | 1 |  | 9.88 | % |  | 13.3 |  | 0 | % |  | 40 | %
Total UPB | 11,565,538 |  |  | 100 | % |  | 789 |  | 7.25 | % |  | 11.8 |  | 2 | % |  | 80 | %
Allowance for credit losses | (243,588) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Unearned revenue | (29,303) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loans and investments, net | $ | 11,292,647 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| December 31, 2023 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Bridge loans (5) | $ | 12,273,244 |  |  | 97 | % |  | 679 |  | 8.45 | % |  | 12.0 |  | 0 | % |  | 78 | %
Mezzanine loans | 248,457 |  |  | 2 | % |  | 49 |  | 8.41 | % |  | 56.6 |  | 48 | % |  | 80 | %
Preferred equity investments | 85,741 |  |  | 1 | % |  | 17 |  | 3.95 | % |  | 60.3 |  | 53 | % |  | 82 | %
SFR permanent loans | 7,564 |  |  | <1% |  | 2 |  | 9.84 | % |  | 13.9 |  | 0 | % |  | 56 | %
Total UPB | 12,615,006 |  |  | 100 | % |  | 747 |  | 8.42 | % |  | 13.2 |  | 1 | % |  | 78 | %
Allowance for credit losses | (195,664) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Unearned revenue | (41,536) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loans and investments, net | $ | 12,377,806 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
________________________ (1)“Weighted Average Pay Rate” is a weighted average, based on the unpaid principal balance (“UPB”) of each loan in our portfolio, of the interest rate required to be paid as stated in the individual loan agreements. Certain loans and investments that require an accrual rate to be paid at maturity are not included in the weighted average pay rate as shown in the table. (2)Including extension options, the weighted average remaining months to maturity at September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 was 24.1 and 29.4, respectively. (3)The “First Dollar Loan-to-Value (“LTV”) Ratio” is calculated by comparing the total of our senior most dollar and all senior lien positions within the capital stack to the fair value of the underlying collateral to determine the point at which we will absorb a total loss of our position. (4)The “Last Dollar LTV Ratio” is calculated by comparing the total of the carrying value of our loan and all senior lien positions within the capital stack to the fair value of the underlying collateral to determine the point at which we will initially absorb a loss. (5)At September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, bridge loans included 425 and 354, respectively, of SFR loans with a total gross loan commitment of $3.75 billion and $2.86 billion, respectively, of which $1.78 billion and $1.32 billion, respectively, was funded. Concentration of Credit Risk We are subject to concentration risk in that, at September 30, 2024, the UPB related to 81 loans with 5 different borrowers represented 11% of total assets. At December 31, 2023, the UPB related to 31 loans with five different borrowers represented 11% of total assets. During both the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and the year ended December 31, 2023, no single loan or investment represented more than 10% of our total assets and no single investor group generated over 10% of our revenue. See Note 18 for details on our concentration of related party loans and investments. We assign a credit risk rating of pass, pass/watch, special mention, substandard or doubtful to each loan and investment, with a pass rating being the lowest risk and a doubtful rating being the highest risk. Each credit risk rating has benchmark guidelines that pertain to debt-service coverage ratios, LTV ratios, borrower strength, asset quality, and funded cash reserves. Other factors such as guarantees, market strength, and remaining loan term and borrower equity are also reviewed and factored into determining the credit risk rating assigned to each loan. This metric provides a helpful snapshot of portfolio quality and credit risk. All portfolio assets are subject to, at a minimum, a thorough quarterly financial evaluation in which historical operating performance and forward-looking projections are reviewed, however, we maintain a higher level of scrutiny and focus on loans that we consider “high risk” and that possess deteriorating credit quality. Generally speaking, given our typical loan profile, risk ratings of pass, pass/watch and special mention suggest that we expect the loan to make both principal and interest payments according to the contractual terms of the loan agreement. A risk rating of substandard indicates we anticipate the loan may require a modification of some kind. A risk rating of doubtful indicates we expect the loan to underperform over its term, and there could be loss of interest and/or principal. Further, while the above are the primary guidelines used in determining a certain risk rating, subjective items such as borrower strength, market strength, asset quality, or a borrower's ability to perform under modified loan terms may result in a rating that is higher or lower than might be indicated by any risk rating matrix. A summary of the loan portfolio’s internal risk ratings and LTV ratios by asset class at September 30, 2024, and charge-offs recorded for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 is as follows ($ in thousands):
| UPB by Origination Year |  | Total |  | Wtd. Avg. First Dollar LTV Ratio |  | Wtd. Avg. Last Dollar LTV Ratio
Asset Class / Risk Rating | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020 |  | Prior |  |  |
Multifamily: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass | $ | 59,347 |  |  | $ | 75,239 |  |  | $ | 18,600 |  |  | $ | 9,346 |  |  | $ | 2,010 |  |  | $ | 24,841 |  |  | $ | 189,383 |  |  |  |  |
Pass/Watch | 73,598 |  |  | 343,325 |  |  | 1,322,118 |  |  | 862,048 |  |  | 119,860 |  |  | 113,100 |  |  | 2,834,049 |  |  |  |  |
Special Mention | 123,276 |  |  | 23,457 |  |  | 2,262,487 |  |  | 3,279,171 |  |  | — |  |  | 109,385 |  |  | 5,797,776 |  |  |  |  |
Substandard | — |  |  | 658 |  |  | 365,687 |  |  | 178,775 |  |  | — |  |  | 6,844 |  |  | 551,964 |  |  |  |  |
Doubtful | 20,860 |  |  | — |  |  | 61,588 |  |  | 95,784 |  |  | 14,800 |  |  | 9,765 |  |  | 202,797 |  |  |  |  |
Total Multifamily | $ | 277,081 |  |  | $ | 442,679 |  |  | $ | 4,030,480 |  |  | $ | 4,425,124 |  |  | $ | 136,670 |  |  | $ | 263,935 |  |  | $ | 9,575,969 |  |  | 2 | % |  | 83 | %
Single-Family Rental: | Percentage of portfolio |  | 83 | % |  |  |  |
Pass | $ | 107,355 |  |  | $ | 20,834 |  |  | $ | 7,052 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 135,241 |  |  |  |  |
Pass/Watch | 427,637 |  |  | 369,009 |  |  | 361,725 |  |  | 109,454 |  |  | 37,303 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,305,128 |  |  |  |  |
Special Mention | 5,704 |  |  | 58,949 |  |  | 107,999 |  |  | 84,322 |  |  | 89,218 |  |  | — |  |  | 346,192 |  |  |  |  |
Total Single-Family Rental | $ | 540,696 |  |  | $ | 448,792 |  |  | $ | 476,776 |  |  | $ | 193,776 |  |  | $ | 126,521 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,786,561 |  |  | 0 | % |  | 61 | %
Land: | Percentage of portfolio |  | 15 | % |  |  |  |
Pass | $ | 10,350 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 10,350 |  |  |  |  |
Special Mention | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 8,100 |  |  | — |  |  | 8,100 |  |  |  |  |
Substandard | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 127,928 |  |  | 127,928 |  |  |  |  |
Total Land | $ | 10,350 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 8,100 |  |  | $ | 127,928 |  |  | $ | 146,378 |  |  | 0 | % |  | 96 | %
Office: | Percentage of portfolio |  | 1 | % |  |  |  |
Special Mention | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 35,410 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 35,410 |  |  |  |  |
Total Office | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 35,410 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 35,410 |  |  | 0 | % |  | 94 | %
Retail: | Percentage of portfolio |  | < 1% |  |  |  |
Substandard | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 19,520 |  |  | $ | 19,520 |  |  |  |  |
Total Retail | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 19,520 |  |  | $ | 19,520 |  |  | 0 | % |  | 88 | %
Commercial: | Percentage of portfolio |  | < 1% |  |  |  |
Doubtful | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,700 |  |  | $ | 1,700 |  |  |  |  |
Total Commercial | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,700 |  |  | $ | 1,700 |  |  | 0 | % |  | 100 | %
| Percentage of portfolio |  | < 1% |  |  |  |
Grand Total | $ | 828,127 |  |  | $ | 891,471 |  |  | $ | 4,507,256 |  |  | $ | 4,618,900 |  |  | $ | 306,701 |  |  | $ | 413,083 |  |  | $ | 11,565,538 |  |  | 2 | % |  | 80 | %
Charge-offs | $ | 1,722 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,750 |  |  | $ | 5,488 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 9,960 |  |  |  |  |
A summary of the loan portfolio’s internal risk ratings and LTV ratios by asset class at December 31, 2023, and charge-offs recorded during 2023 is as follows ($ in thousands):
| UPB by Origination Year |  | Total |  | Wtd. Avg. First Dollar LTV Ratio |  | Wtd. Avg. Last Dollar LTV Ratio |  |
Asset Class / Risk Rating | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020 |  | 2019 |  | Prior |  |  |  |  |
Multifamily: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass | $ | 80,814 |  |  | $ | 53,316 |  |  | $ | 26,185 |  |  | $ | 2,010 |  |  | $ | 4,598 |  |  | $ | 20,300 |  |  | $ | 187,223 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass/Watch | 317,358 |  |  | 2,561,938 |  |  | 2,223,155 |  |  | 119,860 |  |  | 84,600 |  |  | 58,044 |  |  | 5,364,955 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Special Mention | 24,424 |  |  | 1,762,539 |  |  | 2,631,689 |  |  | 180,750 |  |  | 140,685 |  |  | 350 |  |  | 4,740,437 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Substandard | — |  |  | 435,878 |  |  | 322,987 |  |  | 8,006 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 766,871 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Doubtful | — |  |  | — |  |  | 13,930 |  |  | 14,800 |  |  | 9,765 |  |  | — |  |  | 38,495 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total Multifamily | $ | 422,596 |  |  | $ | 4,813,671 |  |  | $ | 5,217,946 |  |  | $ | 325,426 |  |  | $ | 239,648 |  |  | $ | 78,694 |  |  | $ | 11,097,981 |  |  | 1 | % |  | 80 | % |  |
Single-Family Rental: | Percentage of portfolio |  | 88 | % |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass | $ | 9,709 |  |  | $ | 608 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 10,317 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass/Watch | 289,482 |  |  | 465,057 |  |  | 144,846 |  |  | 119,692 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,019,077 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Special Mention | 31,131 |  |  | 45,145 |  |  | 218,697 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 294,973 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total Single-Family Rental | $ | 330,322 |  |  | $ | 510,810 |  |  | $ | 363,543 |  |  | $ | 119,692 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,324,367 |  |  | 0 | % |  | 62 | % |  |
Land: | Percentage of portfolio |  | 10 | % |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass/Watch | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 4,600 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 4,600 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Special Mention | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,500 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,500 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Substandard | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 127,928 |  |  | 127,928 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total Land | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 8,100 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 127,928 |  |  | $ | 136,028 |  |  | 0 | % |  | 97 | % |  |
Office: | Percentage of portfolio |  | 1 | % |  |  |  |  |  |
Special Mention | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 35,410 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 35,410 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total Office | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 35,410 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 35,410 |  |  | 0 | % |  | 80 | % |  |
Retail: | Percentage of portfolio |  | < 1% |  |  |  |  |  |
Substandard | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 19,520 |  |  | $ | 19,520 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total Retail | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 19,520 |  |  | $ | 19,520 |  |  | 0 | % |  | 88 | % |  |
Commercial: | Percentage of portfolio |  | < 1% |  |  |  |  |  |
Doubtful | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,700 |  |  | $ | 1,700 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total Commercial | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,700 |  |  | $ | 1,700 |  |  | 63 | % |  | 66 | % |  |
| Percentage of portfolio |  | < 1% |  |  |  |  |  |
Grand Total | $ | 752,918 |  |  | $ | 5,324,481 |  |  | $ | 5,581,489 |  |  | $ | 488,628 |  |  | $ | 239,648 |  |  | $ | 227,842 |  |  | $ | 12,615,006 |  |  | 1 | % |  | 78 | % |  |
Charge-offs | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 5,700 |  |  | $ | 5,700 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Geographic Concentration Risk At September 30, 2024, underlying properties in Texas and Florida represented 24% and 18%, respectively, of the outstanding balance of our loan and investment portfolio. At December 31, 2023, underlying properties in Texas and Florida represented 24% and 17%, respectively, of the outstanding balance of our loan and investment portfolio. No other states represented 10% or more of the total loan and investment portfolio. Allowance for Credit Losses A summary of the changes in the allowance for credit losses is as follows (in thousands):
| Three Months Ended September 30, 2024
| Multifamily |  | Land |  | Single-Family Rental |  | Retail |  | Commercial |  | Office |  | Other |  | Total
Allowance for credit losses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Beginning balance | $ | 151,360 |  |  | $ | 78,450 |  |  | $ | 3,913 |  |  | $ | 3,293 |  |  | $ | 1,700 |  |  | $ | 207 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 238,923 |
Provision for credit losses (net of recoveries) | 12,121 |  |  | 311 |  |  | 307 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (102) |  |  | — |  |  | 12,637 |
Charge-offs (1) | (7,972) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (7,972) |
Ending balance | $ | 155,509 |  |  | $ | 78,761 |  |  | $ | 4,220 |  |  | $ | 3,293 |  |  | $ | 1,700 |  |  | $ | 105 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 243,588 |
| Three Months Ended September 30, 2023
Allowance for credit losses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Beginning balance | $ | 74,295 |  |  | $ | 77,902 |  |  | $ | 1,077 |  |  | $ | 5,819 |  |  | $ | 1,700 |  |  | $ | 8,246 |  |  | $ | 15 |  |  | $ | 169,054 |
Provision for credit losses (net of recoveries) | 14,884 |  |  | 60 |  |  | 162 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (76) |  |  | (15) |  |  | 15,015 |
Ending balance | $ | 89,179 |  |  | $ | 77,962 |  |  | $ | 1,239 |  |  | $ | 5,819 |  |  | $ | 1,700 |  |  | $ | 8,170 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 184,069 |
| Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024
Allowance for credit losses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Beginning balance | $ | 110,847 |  |  | $ | 78,058 |  |  | $ | 1,624 |  |  | $ | 3,293 |  |  | $ | 1,700 |  |  | $ | 142 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 195,664 |
Provision for credit losses (net of recoveries) | 54,622 |  |  | 703 |  |  | 2,596 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (37) |  |  | — |  |  | 57,884 |
Charge-offs (1) | (9,960) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (9,960) |
Ending balance | $ | 155,509 |  |  | $ | 78,761 |  |  | $ | 4,220 |  |  | $ | 3,293 |  |  | $ | 1,700 |  |  | $ | 105 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 243,588 |
| Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023
Allowance for credit losses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Beginning balance | $ | 37,961 |  |  | $ | 78,068 |  |  | $ | 781 |  |  | $ | 5,819 |  |  | $ | 1,700 |  |  | $ | 8,162 |  |  | $ | 68 |  |  | $ | 132,559 |
Provision for credit losses (net of recoveries) | 51,218 |  |  | (106) |  |  | 458 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 8 |  |  | (68) |  |  | 51,510 |
Ending balance | $ | 89,179 |  |  | $ | 77,962 |  |  | $ | 1,239 |  |  | $ | 5,819 |  |  | $ | 1,700 |  |  | $ | 8,170 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 184,069 |
________________________ (1)Includes $6.3 million of reserves on two multifamily bridge loans that we foreclosed on and took back the underlying collateral as real estate owned ("REO") assets at fair value. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, we recorded a $12.6 million and a $57.9 million provision for credit losses on our structured portfolio, respectively. The additional provision for credit losses during both periods was primarily attributable to specifically impaired multifamily loans and the impact from the macroeconomic outlook of the commercial real estate market. Our estimate of allowance for credit losses on our structured portfolio, including related unfunded loan commitments, was based on a reasonable and supportable forecast period that reflects recent observable data, including changes in interest rates, unemployment forecasts, inflationary pressures, real estate values and other market factors. The expected credit losses over the contractual period of our loans also include the obligation to extend credit through our unfunded loan commitments. Our current expected credit loss (“CECL”) allowance for unfunded loan commitments is adjusted quarterly and corresponds with the associated outstanding loans. At September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, we had outstanding unfunded commitments of $2.01 billion and $1.31 billion, respectively, that we are obligated to fund as borrowers meet certain requirements. At September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, accrued interest receivable related to our loans totaling $144.4 million and $124.2 million, respectively, was excluded from the estimate of credit losses and is included in other assets on the consolidated balance sheets. All of our structured loans and investments are secured by real estate assets or by interests in real estate assets, and, as such, the measurement of credit losses may be based on the difference between the fair value of the underlying collateral and the carrying value of the assets as of the period end. A summary of our specific loans considered impaired by asset class is as follows ($ in thousands):
|  | September 30, 2024
Asset Class |  | UPB |  | Carrying Value (1) |  | Allowance for Credit Losses |  | Wtd. Avg. First Dollar LTV Ratio |  | Wtd. Avg. Last Dollar LTV Ratio
Multifamily |  | $ | 473,820 |  |  | $ | 452,237 |  |  | $ | 62,887 |  |  | 0 | % |  | 99 | %
Land |  | 134,215 |  |  | 127,868 |  |  | 77,869 |  |  | 0 | % |  | 99 | %
Retail |  | 19,520 |  |  | 15,058 |  |  | 3,293 |  |  | 0 | % |  | 88 | %
Commercial |  | 1,700 |  |  | 1,700 |  |  | 1,700 |  |  | 0 | % |  | 100 | %
Total |  | $ | 629,255 |  |  | $ | 596,863 |  |  | $ | 145,749 |  |  | 0 | % |  | 99 | %
|  | December 31, 2023
Multifamily |  | $ | 272,494 |  |  | $ | 260,291 |  |  | $ | 37,750 |  |  | 0 | % |  | 100 | %
Land |  | 134,215 |  |  | 127,868 |  |  | 77,869 |  |  | 0 | % |  | 99 | %
Retail |  | 19,520 |  |  | 15,037 |  |  | 3,292 |  |  | 0 | % |  | 88 | %
Commercial |  | 1,700 |  |  | 1,700 |  |  | 1,700 |  |  | 0 | % |  | 100 | %
Total |  | $ | 427,929 |  |  | $ | 404,896 |  |  | $ | 120,611 |  |  | 0 | % |  | 99 | %
________________________ (1)Represents the UPB of twenty-seven and nineteen impaired loans (less unearned revenue and other holdbacks and adjustments) by asset class at September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. There were no loans for which the fair value of the collateral securing the loan was less than the carrying value of the loan for which we had not recorded a provision for credit loss at September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023. Non-performing Loans Loans are classified as non-performing once the contractual payments exceed 60 days past due. Income from non-performing loans is generally recognized on a cash basis when it is received. Full income recognition will resume when the loan becomes contractually current, and performance has recommenced. At September 30, 2024, twenty-six loans with an aggregate net carrying value of $557.0 million, net of loan loss reserves of $37.3 million, were classified as non-performing and, at December 31, 2023, sixteen loans with an aggregate net carrying value of $235.6 million, net of related loan loss reserves of $27.1 million, were classified as non-performing. A summary of our non-performing loans by asset class is as follows (in thousands):
| September 30, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
| UPB |  | Carrying Value |  | UPB |  | Carrying Value
Multifamily | $ | 622,746 |  |  | $ | 591,682 |  |  | $ | 271,532 |  |  | $ | 260,129 |
Commercial | 1,700 |  |  | 1,700 |  |  | 1,700 |  |  | 1,700 |
Retail | 920 |  |  | 910 |  |  | 920 |  |  | 910 |
Total | $ | 625,366 |  |  | $ | 594,292 |  |  | $ | 274,152 |  |  | $ | 262,739 |
At both September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, we had no loans contractually past due greater than 60 days that are still accruing interest. Other Non-accrual Loans In this challenging economic environment, we began experiencing late and partial payments on certain loans in our structured portfolio. For loans that are 60 days past due or less, if we have determined there is reasonable doubt about collectability of all principal and interest, we may classify those loans as non-accrual and recognize interest income only when cash is received. The table below is a summary of those loans that are 60 days past due or less that we have classified as non-accrual, and changes to those loans for the period presented (in thousands).
|  | Three Months Ended September 30, 2024 |  | Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024
Beginning balance (fourteen and twenty-four multifamily bridge loans, respectively) |  | $ | 367,938 |  |  | $ | 956,917 |
Loans that progressed to greater than 60 days past due |  | (110,399) |  |  | (549,249) |
Loans modified or paid off (1) |  | (95,506) |  |  | (946,976) |
Additional loans that are now less than 60 days past due experiencing late and partial payments |  | 157,194 |  |  | 858,535 |
Ending balance (ten multifamily bridge loans) |  | $ | 319,227 |  |  | $ | 319,227 |
________________________ (1)The modifications included bringing the loans current by paying past due interest owed (see Loan Modifications section below). There were no non-accrual loans that were 60 days or less past due at September 30, 2023. During the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, we recorded $21.6 million and $2.8 million, respectively, of interest income on non-performing and other non-accrual loans. In addition, we have six loans with a carrying value totaling $121.4 million at September 30, 2024, that are collateralized by a land development project. The loans do not carry a current pay rate of interest, however, five of the loans with a carrying value totaling $112.1 million entitle us to a weighted average accrual rate of interest of 10.36%. In 2008, we suspended the recording of the accrual rate of interest on these loans, as they were impaired and we deemed the collection of this interest to be doubtful. At both September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, we had a cumulative allowance for credit losses of $71.4 million related to these loans. The loans are subject to certain risks associated with a development project including, but not limited to, availability of construction financing, increases in projected construction costs, demand for the development’s outputs upon completion of the project, and litigation risk. Additionally, these loans were not classified as non-performing as the borrower is compliant with all of the terms and conditions of the loans. Loan Modifications We may amend or modify loans that involve other-than-insignificant payment delays and provide interest rate reductions and/or extend the maturity dates for borrowers experiencing financial difficulty based on specific facts and circumstances. During the third quarter of 2024, we modified seventeen multifamily bridge loans with a total UPB of $678.2 million. These loans included sixteen loans with a total UPB of $663.7 million having interest rates with pricing over SOFR ranging from 3.25% to 4.85% and one loan with a UPB of $14.5 million with a 7.00% fixed rate, and maturities between September 2024 to March 2026. As part of the modifications of each of these loans, borrowers invested additional capital to recapitalize their projects in exchange for temporary rate relief, which we provided through a pay and accrual feature. The capital invested by the borrowers was in the form of either, or a combination of: (1) additional deposits into interest, renovation and/or general reserves; (2) the purchase of a new rate cap; (3) a principal paydown of the loan; and (4) bringing any delinquent loans current by paying past due interest owed. In each case, we reduced the pay rate and deferred the remaining portion of the interest payable until payoff. The pay rates were amended to either SOFR, a spread over SOFR or a fixed rate, with the balance of the interest due under the original loan terms being deferred. At September 30, 2024, these modified loans had a weighted average pay rate of 5.92% and a weighted average accrual rate of 2.62%, and the pay rate on six of these modified loans with a UPB of $341.9 million increases from time-to-time throughout the loan maturities. Within these modifications there were: (1) loans with a total UPB of $118.9 million and $87.5 million that were greater than 60 days past due and 60 days or less past due at June 30, 2024, respectively, which are now current in accordance with their modified terms; (2) two loans with a total UPB of $52.9 million that have specific reserves totaling $4.6 million at September 30, 2024; and (3) thirteen loans with a total UPB of $586.3 million that also included a modification to extend the maturity between twelve and thirty-one months. During the third quarter of 2024, we also modified an additional six multifamily bridge loans with a total UPB of $443.6 million. The modification terms required each borrower to invest additional capital in the form of either, or a combination of: (1) additional deposits into interest, renovation and/or general reserves; (2) the purchase of a new rate cap; (3) a principal paydown of the loan; and (4) bringing any delinquent loans current by paying past due interest owed. The modifications on three of these loans with a total UPB of $206.8 million included extensions of twelve months. During the third quarter of 2024, we also modified a $32.5 million loan that was greater than 60 days past due at June 30, 2024. In the second quarter of 2024, we recorded a specific reserve of $2.5 million on this loan. The third quarter modification bifurcated the loan into a $29.0 million senior position with a pay rate of SOFR plus 0.75%, a floor of 5.75% and an accrual rate of SOFR plus 3.00%, and a subordinated loan of $3.5 million with a zero pay rate and an accrual rate of SOFR plus 3.75%. Both of these loans were extended to a maturity of July 2026. In accordance with the modified loan terms, the borrower agreed to invest $2.0 million of equity to fund interest, operating and general reserves and purchase a rate cap for the life of the loans with a strike price of 5.25%. The $3.5 million loan and the accrual rates on both loans, are subordinate to the new borrower equity plus a return on that capital, and, as such, we have not accrued the interest on those portions of the loans. In addition, we recorded an additional specific reserve of $1.0 million at modification, for a total specific reserve of $3.5 million at September 30, 2024, which fully reserves the subordinate loan. During the second quarter of 2024, we modified fourteen multifamily bridge loans with a total UPB of $361.8 million. These loans contained interest rates with pricing over SOFR ranging from 3.25% to 5.25% and maturities between May 2024 to June 2025. As part of the modifications of each of these loans, borrowers invested additional capital to recapitalize their projects in exchange for temporary rate relief, which we provided through a pay and accrual feature. The capital invested by the borrowers was in the form of either, or a combination of: (1) additional deposits into interest and/or renovation reserves; (2) the purchase of a new rate cap; (3) a principal paydown of the loan and (4) bringing any delinquent loans current by paying past due interest owed. In each case, we reduced the pay rate and deferred the remaining portion of the interest payable until payoff. The pay rates were amended to either SOFR, a spread over SOFR or a fixed rate, with the balance of the interest due under the original loan terms being deferred. At June 30, 2024, these modified loans had a weighted average pay rate of 7.30% and a weighted average accrual rate of 2.04%. These modified loans included: (1) loans with a total UPB of $92.7 million and $12.2 million that were less than 60 days past due and greater than 60 days past due at March 31, 2024, respectively; and (2) twelve loans with a total UPB of $291.9 million that were extended between four and twenty-three months. During the second quarter of 2024, we also modified twelve multifamily bridge loans with a total UPB of $321.7 million. The modification terms required each borrower to invest additional capital in the form of either, or a combination of: (1) additional deposits into interest and/or renovation reserves; (2) the purchase of a new rate cap; (3) a principal paydown of the loan; and (4) bringing any delinquent loans current by paying past due interest owed. The modifications on eight of these loans with a total UPB of $201.9 million included extensions between six and fifteen months. During the second quarter of 2024, we modified a $36.4 million loan that was 60 days past due at March 31, 2024. In the fourth quarter of 2023, we recorded a specific reserve of $5.0 million reducing the carry value of this loan to $31.4 million. The second quarter modification bifurcated the loan into a $32.0 million senior position with a pay rate of SOFR plus 0.50%, a floor of 6.00% and an accrual rate of SOFR plus 3.25%, and a subordinated loan of $4.4 million with a zero pay rate and an accrual rate of SOFR plus 3.75%. Both of these loans were extended to a maturity date of April 2027. In accordance with the modified loan terms, the borrower agreed to invest $4.9 million of equity to fund interest, renovation and operating reserves. The $4.4 million loan and the accrual rates on both loans, are subordinate to the new borrower equity plus a return on that capital, and, as such, we decided not to accrue interest on these loans. In the first quarter of 2024, a borrower of a $13.5 million multifamily bridge loan, with an interest rate of SOFR plus 4.15% and a maturity date in December 2024, defaulted on its interest payments and, as a result, this loan was classified as a non-performing loan. We recorded a specific reserve of $1.5 million on this loan in the first quarter of 2024. In June 2024, the borrower sold the underlying property to a third party who assumed our loan. At the time of the property sale, we entered into a loan modification agreement with the new borrower to reduce the loan amount to $12.5 million, extend the maturity to June 2027 and modify the interest rate to a fixed rate of 8.25% for the first twenty four months and 8.50% for the last twelve months. The new borrower contributed $2.0 million of capital towards a renovation reserve and interest reserve as part of this modification. During the first quarter of 2024, we modified twenty-three multifamily bridge loans with a total UPB of $1.07 billion. These loans contained interest rates with pricing over SOFR ranging from 3.25% to 4.25% and maturities between April 2024 to August 2025. As part of the modifications of each of these loans, borrowers invested additional capital to recapitalize their projects in exchange for temporary rate relief, which we provided through a pay and accrual feature. The capital invested by the borrowers was in the form of either, or a combination of: (1) additional deposits into interest and/or renovation reserves; (2) the purchase of a new rate cap; (3) a principal paydown of the loan and (4) bringing any delinquent loans current by paying past due interest owed. In each case, we reduced the pay rate and deferred the remaining portion of the interest payable until payoff. The pay rates were amended to either SOFR, a spread over SOFR or a fixed rate, with the balance of the interest due under the original loan terms being deferred. At March 31, 2024, these modified loans had a weighted average pay rate of 6.95% and a weighted average accrual rate of 1.86%. These modified loans included: (1) loans totaling $712.9 million that were less than 60 days past due at December 31, 2023; (2) two specifically impaired loans with a total loan loss reserve of $7.0 million and a total UPB of $49.6 million; and (3) fifteen loans with a total UPB of $671.0 million that were extended between twelve and thirty months. During the first quarter of 2024, we also modified sixteen multifamily bridge loans with a total UPB of $692.8 million. The modification terms required each borrower to invest additional capital in the form of either, or a combination of: (1) additional deposits into interest and/or renovation reserves; (2) the purchase of a new rate cap; (3) a principal paydown of the loan; and (4) bringing any delinquent loans current by paying past due interest owed. The modifications on eleven of these loans with a total UPB of $456.5 million included extensions between two and nineteen months. In the fourth quarter of 2023, we modified an $86.9 million multifamily bridge loan with an interest rate of SOFR plus 4.25% and a maturity in November 2023 to: (1) change the pay rate of interest to SOFR plus available cash flow which has approximated $0.5 million per month, and (2) extend the maturity one year. The remaining interest will be deferred to payoff. In the fourth quarter of 2023, we modified three multifamily bridge loans with a total UPB of $241.0 million, interest rates over SOFR ranging from 4.00% to 4.30% and maturities between October 2024 to January 2025 to: (1) defer a portion of the foregoing interest ranging from 2.00% to 2.15% to payoff; and (2) extend the maturity of each loan by one year. We also agreed to waive 25% of the deferred interest if the loans are paid off by the extended maturity dates. In the fourth quarter of 2023, we converted a first mortgage loan and a preferred equity investment in an office building to a common equity investment, which is classified as real estate owned and included in other assets in our consolidated balance sheets. On the date of the conversion, the investment had a net carrying value of $37.1 million, net of an $8.0 million reserve. Upon conversion, we recognized a $2.3 million loan loss recovery as a result of the fair value of the property exceeding the carrying value of our loan and preferred equity investment. We intend to convert the building to residential condominiums. In the second quarter of 2023, a borrower of a $70.5 million multifamily bridge loan, with an interest rate of SOFR plus 3.40% and a maturity date in September 2024, defaulted on its interest payments and, as a result, this loan was classified as a non-performing loan. In September 2023, the borrower sold the underlying property to a third party who assumed our loan. At the time of the property sale, we entered into a loan modification agreement with the new borrower to extend the maturity to September 2025 and reduce the interest rate to a fixed pay rate of 3.00% and an accrual rate of 3.00% for a total fixed rate of 6.00% for a period of eighteen months, after which the interest rate resumes to the original rate for the duration of the loan. The new borrower was also required to fund $10.5 million over time: $2.5 million in interest reserves, which was funded at the closing of the loan assumption, and $8.0 million in capital improvements within fifteen months. If the new borrower fails to timely complete the required capital improvements, it will be required to fund a renovation reserve at the lesser of: (1) $2.5 million and (2) the difference between the $8.0 million capital commitment and the costs actually incurred for such capital improvements. The key principal is also personally guaranteeing the $8.0 million capital improvement. At September 30, 2024, we had future funding commitments on modified loans with borrowers experiencing financial difficulty of $49.0 million, which are generally subject to performance covenants that must be met by the borrower to receive funding. All of the above modified loans were performing pursuant to their contractual terms at September 30, 2024, except for eight loans with a total UPB of $212.5 million which were modified in the first and second quarters of 2024, which includes five loans with a total UPB of $123.2 million that were modified to provide temporary rate relief through a pay and accrual feature. Since these loans are not performing pursuant to their modified terms, these loans are classified as non-accrual loans. Three of these loans with a UPB of $81.0 million have a specific loan loss reserve of $19.2 million. The remaining five loans with a total UPB of $131.5 million have no specific reserves as the estimated fair value of the properties exceeded our carrying value at September 30, 2024. There were no other material loan modifications, refinancings and/or extensions during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 or for the year ended December 31, 2023 for borrowers experiencing financial difficulty. Loan Resolution In July 2024, we exercised our right to foreclose on a property in Waco, Texas, that was the underlying collateral for a non-performing bridge loan with a UPB of $12.7 million, an interest rate of SOFR plus 3.75%, with a SOFR floor of 0.10%, and a net carrying value of $11.3 million, which was net of a $1.5 million loan loss reserve. At foreclosure, we recorded a $1.0 million loan loss recovery and charged-off the remaining loan loss reserve. Additionally, we simultaneously sold the property for $12.3 million to a new borrower and provided a new $12.3 million bridge loan with an interest rate of SOFR, with a SOFR floor of 5.25%, which was deemed to be a significant financing component of the transaction. As a result, we recorded a loss and corresponding liability of $1.0 million as an adjustment to the purchase price which will be accreted into interest income over the life of the loan. The gains and losses of this transaction were recorded through the provision for credit losses (net of recoveries) on the consolidated statements of income. In July 2024, we exercised our right to foreclose on a property in Savannah, Georgia, that was the underlying collateral for a non-performing bridge loan with a UPB of $7.3 million, an interest rate of SOFR plus 3.75%, with a SOFR floor of 0.10%, and a net carrying value of $6.6 million, which was net of a $0.8 million loan loss reserve. At foreclosure, we recorded a $0.8 million loan loss recovery and a gain of $0.3 million. Additionally, we simultaneously sold the property for $7.7 million to a new borrower and provided a new $7.3 million bridge loan with a fixed pay rate of 4.00% and a fixed accrual rate of 2.00% that is deferred to payoff, which was deemed to be a significant financing component of the transaction. As a result, we recorded a loss and corresponding liability of $0.5 million as an adjustment to the purchase price which will be accreted into interest income over the life of the loan. The gains and losses of this transaction were recorded through the provision for credit losses (net of recoveries). In April 2024, we exercised our right to foreclose on a group of properties in Houston, Texas, that were the underlying collateral for a bridge loan with a UPB of $100.3 million. We simultaneously sold the properties for $101.3 million to a newly formed entity, which was initially capitalized with $15.0 million of equity and a new $95.3 million bridge loan that we provided at SOFR plus 3.00%. At September 30, 2024, total equity invested was $21.2 million and is made up of $9.4 million from AWC Real Estate Opportunity Partners I LP ("AWC”), a fund in which we have a 49% non-controlling limited partnership interest (see Note 8 for details) and $11.8 million from multiple independent ownership groups. AWC and one of the other equity members are the co-managing members of the entity that owns the real estate. We did not record a loss on the original bridge loan and received all past due interest owed. In April 2023, we exercised our right to foreclose on a group of properties in Houston, Texas, that are the underlying collateral for four bridge loans with a total UPB of $217.4 million. We simultaneously sold these properties to a significant equity investor in the original bridge loans and provided new bridge loan financing as part of the sale. We did not record a loss on the original bridge loans and recovered all the outstanding interest owed to us as part of this restructuring. Interest Reserves Given the transitional nature of some of our real estate loans, we may require funds to be placed into an interest reserve, based on contractual requirements, to cover debt service costs. At September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, we had total interest reserves of $200.4 million and $156.1 million, respectively, on 588 loans and 537 loans, respectively, with a total UPB of $8.74 billion and $8.44 billion, respectively.

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